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00:12 So did anybody else get up out bed this morning? Really excited knowing

00:15 this is the last time you got get up early on Tuesday or thursday

00:19 a long time. Yeah. All , good. And I woke up

00:23 I'm like, whoa, last day have to get up this early until

00:27 fall, but I'll take it. I think is it can be a

00:33 day talking about the autonomic nervous autonomic nervous system really, really

00:39 You've learned about it at some your life, rest and digest versus

00:42 or flight. Right, familiar with ? Heard about that? It's got

00:47 when someone scares you. What do want to do you want to

00:51 Don't wanna punch him in the I want to punch him in the

00:55 , but the bear, I want run. Okay. I always say

00:58 a little bit more about me than else. Right? So, what

01:02 have up here, So that's that's what this is gonna be about.

01:04 gonna see the parasympathetic system is very straightforward. All right. Um

01:11 what we're gonna do is we're gonna that in the midst of all this

01:15 gobbledygook of the autonomic nervous system that actually breaks down into this. It's

01:22 this or it's that okay. That's of how you kind of kind of

01:25 at it. All right, It's they're so different. These two halves

01:31 the autonomic nervous system that it's easy to kind of just create a here's

01:34 lift that this side here's a That's that side. All right.

01:39 what we wanna do is we want put this all in context. All

01:41 . And so, this is what been learning for the last two

01:45 12 lectures of nervous system. And the nervous system we said, remember

01:52 of the central nervous system and the nervous system. So, here we

01:55 peripheral nervous system, we said, peripheral nervous system deals with information going

01:59 and information coming out, right? receive sensory input. We we create

02:04 response. All the processing of what need to do takes place in the

02:07 nervous system. So, we're ignoring for now. All right. And

02:12 , if you're dealing with motor versus , that can be in one of

02:16 places. If you're dealing with you're either dealing motor that's on the

02:21 movement, right? Or you're dealing motor internally. That would be

02:27 Alright, similarly, in sensory it's going to be the same

02:31 I'm actually detecting things externally, which spend a lot of time talking

02:36 or I'm dealing with things internally, that's where we're focused. Okay,

02:41 so, you can see here, this is doing is it's gonna focus

02:45 in on terms of the motor Alright. We're kind of working our

02:49 here because we know this stuff that's . Alright. So, how do

02:54 control my heart rate? How to my breathing rate. How do I

02:59 whether my blood vessels dilate or right? I mean if, for

03:06 , you see somebody that you're really to and they come up to you

03:11 say, hey, how you What happens? You might be cool

03:14 the outside, right? You're hey, whatever, I'm fine.

03:18 going on in the inside, You can't control that. This is

03:25 the autonomic nervous system is all All right. So, we have

03:30 motor. That's what we've been talking . So, now we're dealing with

03:32 here autonomic motor. So, when dealing with visceral sensory that's detecting what's

03:38 on inside the body to make sure stasis is taking place and then the

03:42 is going to be down here autonomic . And this is where the paris

03:46 where the autonomic nervous system is, we divided up in the sympathetic and

03:50 . All right. So, what we dealing with glance, smooth muscles

03:54 cardiac muscles. Right? When someone you that warm fresh brownie, you

04:02 help but your mouth starts watering, ? Because it already knows there's sugar

04:07 and it's like, oh, I that sugar. Okay? You can't

04:12 that. None of you can control heart rate, right? I mean

04:18 you've watched friday the 13th, I it's friday the 13th, man.

04:21 know, it's Halloween? Halloween is where mike Myers dies like 30 times

04:27 . You know the end of the ? It's like, what's he

04:29 He's faking it, His heart stops and then No, he can't fake

04:34 your heart either beats or it You have no control over it.

04:41 . So this is where we're gonna talking about is how do we go

04:44 regulating things internally? Now to break two things down. You can you

04:49 look at this and just kind of all right, what what's my target

04:52 ? One of the responses. So here remember we said with skeletal

04:56 it's always gonna be excitation because that's somatic is dealing with. We can

05:01 inhibit or excite so that we're kind I'm gonna use this analogy but please

05:06 careful with the analogy. It's like a gas and the brake acting on

05:10 system. Okay. You're gonna see we're gonna need to be careful in

05:14 a moment. All right. With muscles, you can tell skeletal muscles

05:18 they move that's voluntary here. It's involuntary. It happens without you thinking

05:23 it. Motor cortex versus brain my elation versus some violations. We're

05:30 to see how it's divided up The neurotransmitter. We've we talked about

05:34 skeletal muscle acetylcholine. We've got different neurotransmitters. We're going to walk through

05:39 as well as what type of receptors going to be involved? Alright,

05:43 this kind of list is kind of nice way to say All right,

05:46 how is this different than the somatic . and so we can use a

05:51 like this to help us really And so up here, this is

05:55 . We already talked about this. the cell body in the somatic nervous

05:59 . So that lower motor neuron where originate? Where in the spinal cord

06:03 it originate? It's in the only person is going to shout this out

06:12 horn. Right? That's where we're go. Right, ventral horn.

06:16 if you want to say anterior that's fine. Alright. In the

06:20 nervous system we said autonomic nerves originating horn? The lateral horn.

06:28 so there's already there's that first When you look at that lower motor

06:32 we said there's only one, There's only one lower motor neuron.

06:35 goes onto the skeletal muscle. And it is. You can see with

06:37 myelin, when you're dealing with the nervous system there are always two

06:43 Alright. The first neuron that's exiting via the lateral horn is called the

06:48 gangly oneK neuron. It's pre gangly it because it terminates on another neuron

06:54 inside a ganglion. You can see nomenclature now pretty straightforward pre ganglion IQ

07:01 the one that leaves the ganglion is post gangly oneK. So that is

07:04 post ganglion neuron. Alright. The ganglion, it can be my Alani

07:08 post ganglion, it will not be eliminated. So, there's that one

07:12 we talked about of Myelin nation and in terms of their targets. We

07:16 said skeletal muscle for somatic. And the targets will be smooth muscle,

07:21 muscle of the glands. So anatomically different structures. Very different. All

07:29 . So, this slide just basically you. So the second neuron,

07:33 post ganglion neuron is the one that the defector. Alright, so 1

07:40 neuron change. Now. The two sympathetic and parasympathetic are different in terms

07:50 how they behave. They innovate all same organs. Every textbooks has a

07:55 like this. They're trying to show the origins of parasympathetic vs.

08:00 But notice do you see any difference the sides over here? No.

08:04 , they're all innovating the same They're organizing or they're innovating to do

08:10 things. Now, here's an easy . All right. When we talk

08:13 sympathetic, we're talking about fight or . That's that's the way we remember

08:18 fight or flight simply says, when am confronted with something that requires

08:25 exercise, excitement or emergency. The . Alright then my sympathetic is going

08:32 be the dominant form of interview or . Alright? So, when someone

08:39 you, what happens to your heart , it goes up? All

08:44 So, you have a choice Your body is saying Something jumps out

08:48 the bushes at me. What am gonna do? I'm either gonna fight

08:52 to survive or I'm going to run from it. And again, what

08:56 just do is kind of depending upon situation and kind of what person you

09:00 , right, the bear jumps out the bushes. Are you going to

09:03 the bear or you gonna run away the bear? Right? You don't

09:08 to answer that. Okay. But it's the heart. All right.

09:14 we're talking about here after I escape fight the bear, my heart is

09:22 , what do I want to do I want to slow the heart

09:24 I can't just let it slow So the parasympathetic is responsible for doing

09:30 opposite. So in this particular pair or sympathetic is like a gas

09:35 . Parasympathetic is like a break simple . Let's go to the digestive system

09:42 I glorify 30 hamburgers. I'm the one that does that. Right,

09:49 . Alright. When I eat a juicy hamburger, I like going to

09:52 coma. You know, my food state. Right? Right? So

09:55 I'm in that rest and digest That's the term we use. We're

09:59 see it's all these other little So you can imagine what am I

10:03 ? Am I accelerating the digestive Am I acting on the on the

10:07 to increase my ability to digest after eaten a whole bunch of food.

10:12 do you think? Yeah. So I'm doing is I'm gas peddling that

10:18 structure those organs now, in this the gas pedal is parasympathetic.

10:26 And so I'm not accelerating using sympathetic sympathetic acts as kind of a

10:34 Right? So when I go run race alright or swimming a meat or

10:41 it is, if I'm playing, not a good idea to eat because

10:45 body doesn't want to digest that stuff it makes you feel nasty. And

10:48 what you do is you end up up everything, let's just get out

10:51 the system so I can do what's to get the job done. The

10:56 part. Right? Yeah. So the idea here is that uh

11:03 parasympathetic is the gas pedal right? digestion, then sympathetic would be

11:09 And so what you're doing is like you eat a large meal before say

11:14 , what's happening is you're now having things fight each other when you exercise

11:20 is going to become dominant. And it's going to basically say stop

11:24 right? And then you kind of food just kind of sits around and

11:27 not digesting it. And it kind impedes your ability to do whatever the

11:32 is. And so you always kind feel like afterwards and I'm not saying

11:36 throwing up is sympathetic. It's it's just that might be the way

11:40 body responds. Yeah. How you sympathetically embarrassed sympathetically is person dependent?

11:49 I played high school football. I it's hard to believe with this

11:51 right? You know, one of closest friends, he was a sinner

11:55 a nose guard and when he played guard he'd go out in the field

11:59 very first play, he was so . He'd be shaking you know and

12:03 get down on all fours and get front of the ball and then you

12:07 throw up. Now trust me when a sinner and someone throws up on

12:12 , the last thing you're doing is about blocking but it's it's you

12:17 that would be an example of just sympathetic response that probably is not particularly

12:22 . But you can think of it terms of like fight or flight if

12:25 a predator, right? And something up on you or poops on you

12:29 pees on you. Are you going want to keep eating it or attacking

12:34 or is that kind of shock you that happens? What do you think

12:38 going to shock you? Actually? one of the ways that prey actually

12:42 of escape from things as they release sorts of horrible things. But digestion

12:49 one of them. Alright, so put this in perspective, sympathetic

12:54 or flight, basically what we're gonna is we're gonna increase heart respiratory

12:58 Blood flows cardiac muscle sweating. Because we're dealing with the ease exertion

13:04 exercise, excitement, emergency. I'm increasing in these areas so that

13:11 can mobilize the blood and the oxygen the fuel to get to those structures

13:16 I can fight or escape when we're with parasympathetic, this is the time

13:22 you what your body spends most of time in. Right? So these

13:25 things are kind of fighting for each . Right? So right now your

13:30 dominant, Right? You're barely staying because you're like, Okay, this

13:34 cool. But when I say, , guess what? We have a

13:36 quiz, it's 80% of your final . What's going to happen? Are

13:41 sympathetic gonna become dominant? Yes. . So right now your parasympathetic

13:47 So really what are we dealing Primarily maintenance? Body maintenance? We're

13:51 uh in terms of the heart rate stuff that's going down, blood pressure

13:55 going down and staying normalized. Uh we're mobilizing in these areas. In

14:02 words where pushing materials towards um excretion lack, you know, you can

14:08 up here the slud salivation lack formation your tears, urination, defecation,

14:14 , I'm in maintenance mode. All . So what we wanna do is

14:19 want to look now in those So we're gonna just keep these two

14:23 are acting opposite to each other. that's kind of the easy thing and

14:27 we can see then anatomically their actually of each other as well. All

14:34 . So, in terms of the . All right, I'm gonna go

14:38 to the previous picture if you look the pre ganglion cells. Remember they're

14:41 out of the spinal cord or at in theory in the spinal cord.

14:46 what they're doing is they're exiting out the central nervous system and they're uh

14:50 going or they exist at a particular when you're dealing with the parasympathetic,

14:55 cranial and sacral. Alright, when dealing with sympathetic, it's thoracic and

15:00 . I'm gonna go back to that picture and you can see here,

15:04 here we are cranial nerves cranial. here you can see the spinal

15:09 So it's not even the brain stem I'm sorry, not even the spinal

15:13 up here. It's cranial and then here they're sacred. So heads and

15:18 for parasympathetic. And then in between of that, that's sympathetic. That's

15:23 thoracic and the lumbar region. Alright there is nothing here in the cervical

15:29 . We'll get to that y in a second. All right. In

15:33 of the length of the pre ganglion , we've got two different ones.

15:36 parasympathetic are long. All right there long. What they do is they

15:41 out and they travel a long distance get to their gangling and then when

15:45 get to their gangly and the ganglia nearly or closely located to the organ

15:50 being innovated. Alright, so you've this long pre ganglion in fiber ganglion

15:56 then you'll have a short post nick fiber and this is where your

16:00 would be. Alright so long. the ganglion then short and then Oregon

16:06 is the opposite sympathetically of this. exit out. Remember you're coming out

16:11 the spinal cord and the thoracic or region you exit out and your ganglion

16:15 right there. It says very, short region. So the pre ganglion

16:20 fiber is very short. You have ganglion and then you have this long

16:24 gangly optic fiber that travels to the . All right. If I go

16:28 and look at the picture, it show real well, we'll see a

16:31 picture a little bit later. so these three things right here kind

16:35 go together in turn these two things of go together as well.

16:41 The number of pre ganglion like And there are the branches that they

16:45 is going to be different. All . So, the pre ganglion fiber

16:49 out and there's a possibility of branching parasympathetic fibers. There's not a lot

16:54 branching going on. It's like if can imagine one fiber, we're going

16:56 say it can have like two It might have up to four

17:00 Alright. And then innovating different post nerve fibers in that gangland With the

17:07 system. It's the opposite here. we're going to have is we can

17:11 as many as 20 or more uh . So you have this short

17:17 And then it has all these branches go to all these other post gangly

17:20 fibers. And those post gang economic go everywhere. All right. And

17:25 the degree of response then means if don't have a lot of branches,

17:28 means I'm directing my response to a specific location. So it's a very

17:34 response response when we're dealing with when we're dealing with sympathetic. On

17:39 other hand, because we're going to many different places, we're activating so

17:43 different things at the same time. on top of that we have a

17:47 that's going to be supported through a system that we're going to see at

17:52 very end of class where the same , the same molecules that are responsible

17:57 same neurotransmitters that are responsible for the response are actually released in the

18:02 And so that travels around and that even a much larger response than what

18:07 expect. Okay, so the degree responses depending upon the number of

18:14 The lengths of all these things are of tied together. And you can

18:18 here this is sympathetic versus parasympathetic. is short. There's long, there's

18:23 they're short, really easy picture to at. So in terms of the

18:28 itself, we said that the parasympathetic either in the cranial region or in

18:34 sacral regions. And these are the structures. This is as easy as

18:39 gets right? Cranial. You can there are 1234 cranial nerves.

18:45 What are we innovating. Just think the structures you know your eyes,

18:49 where you're secretive stuff. So you're all glands, mucus, mucosal glands

18:53 the nose, salivary glands in the . So when I smell something I

18:58 something, I see them that we're the amount of light going into the

19:02 . And then you can think in of all my viscera are gonna be

19:07 through cranial nerve number 10. All . And then down here at the

19:11 very bottom, the sacral region is regulate the lower regions of the viscera

19:16 include the gonads. Real simple. call these the splanchnic nerves of the

19:21 . Splanchnic nerves were going to see sympathetic also has splanchnic nerves, But

19:27 straightforward. Right? We got the motor, we've got the facial nerve

19:31 then we said cranial nerve number When we looked at cranial nerves is

19:35 for everything that's in the guts. this is the parasympathetic autonomic system.

19:42 simple. The complexity comes in Alright. It's a little bit

19:51 I'm going to use the word All right. A little bit more

19:58 . All right now the rules are simple. Remember what we said is

20:02 we're going to originate here in the and lumbar regions. Alright, so

20:08 number one. They're gonna be in lateral horn which we've already learned

20:13 And so what we're gonna do is gonna leave out from that lateral horn

20:19 out of the spinal cord and we're go out here to what is called

20:22 sympathetic trunk. Alright. Other books have different names for it. Sympathetic

20:28 is a normal name. But you see uh para sympathy or para spinal

20:33 para vertebral trunk. That's sometimes a that they'll use. All right.

20:40 what we have here in this sympathetic are a series of ganglia that are

20:44 side by side. We're talking just couple of millimeters outside of the spinal

20:49 and it basically looks like a whole of bumps that have been kind of

20:52 to each other. All right. so there's almost a 1-1 matching.

20:57 even in the cervical region, you're to see the sympathetic ganglia. So

21:01 the sympathetic ganglia in the cervical what you have is you have a

21:05 that comes out and then travels upwards then down here in the lower

21:11 And the sacred regions. What you're to have is you're gonna have a

21:14 that comes out and then travels Alright. So that's how we are

21:18 to cover all these different areas is have fibers that exit out and then

21:22 travel up or down. So even they originate between T. one and

21:26 . two. You've got the whole region covered. Alright. There is

21:31 one sympathetic ganglia as per spinal nerve now, this is where it gets

21:39 . All right. So, when think about the spy this sympathetic

21:45 what we're going to see is that like this little tiny bulb. And

21:50 I want you to envision with this is that there are two doors on

21:55 side. Alright, well two passageways one passageway on the other side.

22:01 how many passages are there? Okay. Two on one, one

22:07 the other. All right. And what can happen is going to be

22:12 upon which doors are available and where are. Right, But simply put

22:17 going to happen Is that a fiber enter into that sympathetic ganglion right through

22:23 of those doors and then it can one of three things. It can

22:27 at that same level and then exit One of the other two doors.

22:32 right. It can go up or can go down to another sympathetic gangland

22:37 then exit out through one of the doors. Right. I mean it

22:41 simply synapse in that one. Or it can do is it can go

22:44 through one door and out the other without every synapse in which is a

22:48 confusing. All right. Now, said that me vocalizing, it doesn't

22:53 it easy to visualize. So we're to see stuff to visualize this in

22:57 a second. All right. But happens is is if you kind of

23:02 in understanding that there's a little bit complexity, but it's not hard to

23:06 draw it out. There's only like things that can happen all right

23:11 in terms of the actual anatomy, remember what we said that there's

23:16 So when we when we're dealing with parasympathetic, the fiber comes out.

23:21 this is sympathetic. But when we with the parasympathetic, cranial nerve,

23:25 travels far out. It goes to the organs at and the gangland is

23:29 the organs. So, you have the ganglion already kind of associated with

23:33 organ. You're innovating? That's why never pointed him out. Right?

23:37 if you're talking about the i it's , oh, the gangland for the

23:40 systems over there by the eye. we don't worry about it.

23:43 But when we're dealing with the sympathetic , what happens is we're gonna have

23:48 structures that are going to kind of in the way because we have such

23:52 short pre ganglion IQ fiber. So have the ganglia. And then we

23:56 other stuff that's going on. The thing are the cervical ganglia.

24:01 cervical ganglia basically existed. So that the cervical ganglia, right? There's

24:06 of them. All right. We the superior cervical ganglia, the middle

24:10 ganglion, the inferior. So And basically what they're gonna do is

24:15 going to try to match up with upper regions. All right.

24:19 you can see here, Right, going ahead and next, that would

24:23 the Superior one. The next I'm kind of going to the thoracic

24:27 . The next one. I'm going the thoracic syrup. Now, the

24:30 news when you're thinking about this stuff it's just gonna organize along the length

24:34 your body. So the highest cervical kind of deal with this region to

24:38 the parasympathetic. The next highest one a little bit further down and the

24:43 one high goes a little bit further . So, basically what you're doing

24:46 you're saying I'm covering basically top middle then bottom of my body and I'm

24:53 of going right back to their And since cervical, we're talking about

24:58 region, that's what it's kind of . Alright, remember this word right

25:03 , are those two words. You seeing those, right? So,

25:07 just going to remind you, for who forgot, right, when we're

25:12 about spinal nerves, spinal nerves, that the first fiber, the motor

25:17 comes out of the spinal cord via ventral route, the ventral root joins

25:21 with the dorsal root, right? , we have root. Let's to

25:24 roots form spinal nerves, spinal nerves divide into three things. What are

25:30 three things that divided into that hate in the front row? I forgot

25:35 tell you, I think I told guys this is Seaworld, I'm Shamu

25:38 you sit in the front row, gonna get splashed. Right. Do

25:43 remember what happens to the spinal It splits into 3 3 paths dorsal

25:53 . Remember that? What does dorsal innovate back in the neck. Then

26:00 I heard you say it. You anterior or ventral is fine. That's

26:05 deals with the spinal nerve. And we said, oh yeah. And

26:07 there's the third one. The remote . I said don't worry about

26:10 We'll get to it. Guess what is? It's get to it

26:15 Alright, so this is the third . All right. Remember what I

26:20 with the spine or with the sympathetic . We have three doors.

26:25 So imagine here you have your three . You have two doors side by

26:29 and one on the other side. said the two doors. I want

26:33 focus on. R your ray. communications. Alright. One is called

26:37 Gray one is called the White. right now, gray and white mean

26:43 in anatomy when you're dealing with nervous . Right. So when we're talking

26:47 white matter, what do we talk ? What what does white matter?

26:56 with? What the with my Right. Gray is. Remember cell

27:06 . Alright. Well these aren't cell here. This is fibers without

27:12 Alright, so white refers to the of Myelin because it gives it a

27:18 appearance. So, the gray communications the white communications referred to fibers that

27:24 either Myelin or fibers that don't have own. All right. Two doors

27:30 fibers, right fibers coming in. is going out. All right.

27:35 flip back a couple slides which of two fibers pre or post has the

27:44 go back and look, I mean got slides. I want to hear

27:47 loud pre So the white ramus is indoor, the gray ramos must be

27:58 outdoor. Okay. If you can't this think of a restaurant back in

28:04 good old days, they'd have actually doors in front of restaurants so you

28:08 see what's going on in the But nowadays they remove those doors.

28:12 ? And you can see in the , But let's just go, we're

28:15 to an old restaurant. We've got flappy doors. All right. You

28:19 go through the indoor and you only out the outdoor. Right? Because

28:24 you went in the indoor or if go out the indoor, you're gonna

28:27 into somebody and there's gonna be the crash and it's gonna be bad and

28:30 gonna clap in the restaurant and you're feel embarrassed and find another job working

28:35 burger king or something. Okay, white ramos indoor into the sympathetic game

28:44 alien gray ramos is the outdoor. we said there's a third door.

28:50 ignore that for. Right. he doesn't have a name. It

28:53 is all right. And then down . Okay, basically we have the

29:00 splanchnic nerves. All right, we're to see this all put together.

29:03 right now these nerves are going to in through the sympathetic trunk,

29:09 So they're following through the white ramos they're not using the gray ramus.

29:14 just gonna keep on going through that door and they form these sympathetic splanchnic

29:19 and they typically are dealing with the in the abdominal region. And what

29:24 do is they travel to a unique of gangland that's further down which is

29:28 pre vertebral. Alright now, I a second ago that there's a name

29:33 para vertebral. Do not confuse those things. So, if you see

29:37 vertebral, which you shouldn't see in class, but in some future class

29:40 , oh, there are two ganglia that I'm dealing with. Alright,

29:45 Para is next to pre is far . Alright now, me saying this

29:51 , doesn't let you see anything. going to see all this put together

29:54 just a moment. All right, here you can see a little bit

30:00 to a little bit detail using the cord. Right here is your lateral

30:05 . Over here, you come out is your route lit there's your ventral

30:08 there. You form the spinal nerves nerve splits. You can see over

30:12 there's the dorsal ramus there's eventual ramus is the white Remy communications or community

30:19 and then on the other side, the grave. I mean, they've

30:22 it over there. Alright. White the grave. So gray lacks my

30:31 . It's the outdoor. White has own pre ganglion fibers. Indoor

30:41 he said. Splanchnic nerves are the that form on the other side of

30:46 gangland. If you're not using the ramus. All right. And so

30:51 we have is we have a whole of nerves and you can see here

30:54 is actually a better picture than the that previously showed you. Here's the

30:58 ganglion. This right here is the Mesen Terek ganglion. We're going to

31:03 to these in just a second. here. That is the inferior

31:07 Terek ganglion. All right. And nerves that are formed to remember up

31:13 high, That would be the the , the inferior and medial cervical

31:22 And that's where you're getting those nerves there. Said notice what we're doing

31:24 we're now down in the thoracic we have fibers that are traveling directly

31:30 and they're joining up to form larger . We have the greater thoracic

31:37 If you have a greater, that you have to have a lesser.

31:41 that we have a lesser thoracic And we have a special one.

31:46 you have a lesser. And you to go smaller, you call it

31:48 least. So greater. Lesser, . Alright. They're all thoracic,

31:53 123, so greater lesser least. . Notice the celiac ganglion gets the

32:03 . The superior Mesen terry gets the in the least. All right then

32:08 here we have the lumbar splanchnic They're going into the inferior mesons terry

32:15 . Right? And then down here have sacred splanchnic nerves. Just like

32:19 saw in the parasympathetic. All right in terms of their divisions, what

32:23 can do is we can then just on the ganglia. Right? So

32:26 say, okay, well the cilia primarily deals with the upper, working

32:32 the stomach, the liver and working to the levels of the pancreas and

32:37 the upper regions of the duodenum. basically you're working downward through the

32:44 All right. Why isn't the heart the lungs on this one? Where

32:48 the where were those innovated by? , there it's parasympathetic. But we're

32:54 sympathetic right now. Remember what's this called? Cervical? Alright, so

33:01 fibers from the cervical sympathetic ganglia. ? So we had the head,

33:11 and the thoracic region by the cervical . So when we get down

33:16 what we're dealing with is just basically , your abdomen and your pelvis.

33:22 celiac is the upper regions of the . Alright, the superior Mesen

33:29 This is referred to as your mesen . Really it's the fat in your

33:32 . And your Mesen terry. And this region is Mesen terry. So

33:37 working your way down through the superior Terek is going to be primarily

33:44 And then when you get down here the inferior mesons, eric it's the

33:48 intestines, plus all the gonads and bladder, etcetera. All right.

33:57 how it's broken down. So head neck, thoracic, that's gonna be

34:04 . All these We are going to through these pre vertebral ganglia.

34:09 remember this is your sympathetic trunk These are those special pre vertebral ganglia

34:16 sit further out. All right, it's still short. And then we

34:21 these long fibers that are going all the place. Now, what I

34:27 to do is I'm gonna show you pathways Once you see the pathways,

34:30 think most of this stuff starts making . All right. So, the

34:38 through which a sympathetic fiber travels can one of these four things. And

34:43 , the fourth thing is kind of unique one. So, really,

34:46 one of three things. And then got this weird thing that happens,

34:50 special. Okay, the first one easiest called the spinal nerve pathway without

34:57 looking at it. What do you it uses the spinal nerve.

35:03 that should be straightforward. All And this is the easiest one to

35:07 . All right. So, think about your ganglion, you can

35:10 here, right? Here's your sympathetic there's the white ramos. There's a

35:13 ramos. There's that back door that form a splanchnic nerve so far.

35:18 good. You got that? We a gangland. We have a white

35:23 ramos ramos And we've got a back if it's there, it's going to

35:26 a splanchnic nerve. All right. , we're looking at the spinal nerve

35:31 . Spinal nerve pathway says in the I'm using or using the spinal

35:36 So that means I'm gonna come out the lateral horn, ventral ventral route

35:42 the spinal nerve, enter in via one wider grade white going into the

35:52 . And then I can do one three things. Now I can synapse

35:56 that gangland. I can go up synapse in the gangland above me or

36:00 can go down and synapse in a below me. Alright? But what

36:05 doing is I'm going in and I'm I'm going to synapse in one of

36:09 ganglia. Alright. And then when send apps that post gangly oneK fiber

36:16 exit out through the gray ramos at level. All right, so,

36:20 can see here, right, this the easy one, you can see

36:23 go in through the white. Here's synapse. I go out through the

36:27 and I go out via the spinal . See what happened. I'm staying

36:33 the same level and I'm using the nerve as my path to where I'm

36:36 to go. Innovate. All right . You can see I'm going

36:40 I go down. I synapse. go out via the gray ramos and

36:45 stayed in my spinal nerve. over here I go I go out

36:50 the spinal cord, ventral spinal White ramos go up synapse, exit

36:56 through the gray ramos and integrate via spinal nerve. So you see in

37:02 of these cases I go in through light, I'm either gonna synapse where

37:07 at or I'm gonna go up or gonna down and I'm gonna synapse All

37:12 . And then I exit where I and then I go out via the

37:16 nerve. Okay, this is the simple of the pathways. Alright.

37:23 where am I going? Basically skin vessels in the skin as well as

37:29 pili muscles. Do you guys remember the erector pili muscle is? And

37:35 skin when you get goose bumps, pili director stick up pili hair,

37:42 stick up muscle number two spanish is in white synapse out gray. Stay

37:56 the spinal nerve. Second one post getting on sympathetic nerve pathway.

38:01 name. Alright, but again, tells you what you are doing

38:05 Right? So, again, predating fiber comes out from the spinal cord

38:10 in through the white. And what gonna do is it can go

38:13 it can go down or stay at same level. All right. And

38:17 gonna send apps in that ganglion and going to exit out through the splanchnic

38:25 . Alright, So notice here instead going back out through the gray,

38:28 going out through the back door kind makes sense and it tells you so

38:33 know that your synapse sing. And the thing that's exiting is the post

38:38 nick fiber and it's using a splanchnic to leave. All right, so

38:47 one in through the white, out the grave. 2nd 1 in through

38:50 white out through the back door. . And what are we innovating?

38:54 our heart loans thoracic region. Some the eye muscles basically structures of the

39:02 . So which structures which sympathetic ganglia using this for the most part

39:08 Give you a big hint sir, . Hey, So number one spinal

39:15 pathway in through the white, Out the great. Use spinal nerve number

39:19 in through the white, out through back door to the structure of the

39:23 in the thoracic region. Yeah. It's not really a spanking nerve at

39:31 point. I'm just since I use term, I'm just sticking with

39:34 It's not a splanchnic nerve. That's a fair question. So don't call

39:38 splanchnic nerve. Alright. Back door better I guess. Yeah. So

39:45 can see here that little spot they're it's coming out there showing you it's

39:49 up that one they just didn't do the lower one. Alright, so

39:53 going out the back door. Number . Now we're dealing with this plankton

39:58 . It's even in the name splanchnic pathways. All right, so you

40:02 look up at the slide here but don't even need to tell you which

40:04 is it going through white. I always go through the white.

40:10 . So here in the splanchnic nerve we go into the spinal gang or

40:15 go into the the sympathetic gangland. notice we don't synapse, we can

40:21 in and we can go down and in we can go up.

40:23 So notice all three cases you can up down or stay at the same

40:27 . Alright? But whatever you do you go up down you're gonna exit

40:31 . And so in this particular case gonna exit out here on the same

40:35 and I'm going out through my splanchnic . I am not synapses and I'm

40:40 keep going until I get to the vertebral ganglion and that's where I'm gonna

40:46 . Right? So again this is abdomen and pelvic regions. So spinal

40:53 pathway in through the white out through gray. Use a spinal nerve second

40:58 . Post ganglion ICC nerve pathway in the white, out through that back

41:03 right? Innovating head and thoracic Third pathway in through the white.

41:09 not send apps, keep going out the back door right? All the

41:15 to the pre vertebral gangling. We're synapse there and then go on to

41:20 organ. This is the admin in pelvic regions. Okay, Is that

41:27 confusing? Yeah. So you say . This one goes out the back

41:33 . So look at the picture you see here. Here's the backdoor

41:36 backdoor again, they're only using two the three. But remember you can

41:40 up or down, it doesn't You know, in this case you're

41:44 you can do either of those They're just trying to keep it simplified

41:47 you can see, so you go through the white, out through the

41:52 door without synapses. Right in the case, remember in the post ganglia

41:57 fiber, we went into the white inside the gangland and then went out

42:03 back door. All right, Ready the Weird 1? The weird one

42:14 really more part of the endocrine system it is sympathetic. All right.

42:21 its origins are in the sympathetic nervous . And so what we have

42:26 we have a fiber that's going to just like what we just saw.

42:29 can see it comes out through the nerve, goes through the white

42:32 out through the back door, bypasses pre vertebral gangland. So completely ignores

42:40 and goes all the way over to adrenal medulla. Now, we've never

42:44 about the adrenal medulla because it really kind of belongs here. But the

42:47 gland is a little tiny dollop of cream that sits on top of your

42:52 to make it sweet and wonderful. if you take a slice through the

42:58 medulla, you're going to see that has two parts to it. Or

43:01 really the adrenaline to part is the cortex and it has the medulla.

43:04 adrenal cortex is responsible for producing a bunch of hormones. You do not

43:08 to know this for the exam. just trying to give you a sense

43:10 what this structure is. Alright. produces the mineral cord accords of glucocorticoids

43:14 the sex steroids. Not all of sex steroids, but it's the one

43:18 gets everything started very early on in . Okay, so you can imagine

43:23 the outside. So the inside the medulla, the middle part is

43:28 modified sympathetic ganglion. It was a ganglion at some point. And then

43:35 said well we don't need to make second half. We don't need to

43:39 other nerve fibers. So those cells shrunk down. And what they do

43:43 they release the same neurotransmitters that the ganglion excels in all the other sympathetic

43:50 would release. Now, I want to think for a second here,

43:57 , the information is up there when are running a race or someone scares

44:05 or you're in a fight or you're a video game and you're winning for

44:09 first time. What is the thing gets pumping through your system? What's

44:16 adrenaline, Right? It's adrenaline all , we're familiar with this. It

44:23 us that that high or those Right? Someone yells at you like

44:28 almost get hit by a car and just sitting there in the car and

44:31 can feel the shakes and you're just , you know, you don't know

44:34 to really do with yourself. It's . It's pumping through your body.

44:40 . Adrenaline actually has a different It's called epinephrine. Alright. Epinephrine

44:48 the hormone and neurotransmitter that is responsible that feeling. And when we

44:56 we have sympathetic innovation, sympathetic innovation to all those different places that we've

45:01 and talked about, but it's also out into the bloodstream just to make

45:07 that every system gets turned on. know, that is supposed to be

45:12 to a sympathetic response. Let me you an example here. No,

45:17 , I'll give you the example in a little bit. Alright. But

45:19 , so the adrenal medulla is responsible pumping out adrenaline. Epinephrine and it's

45:29 by these pre ganglion nerve fibers to so. So it's similar to what

45:34 saw over here. It's just bypassing vertebral and then the post game dynamic

45:39 just no longer really exists. I'm going to put those in quotes because

45:44 there's a cell there. But it's a neuron. All right. It's

45:50 job is to reinforce what the sympathetic is doing in those cases of

45:58 emergency and exertion? Alright. I'm gonna pause there. Yeah.

46:08 . That's correct. It just kind keeps on going and says, hey

46:11 is kind of a nice place. I've got to go over here.

46:15 ? So first case spinal nerve go through the white out through the

46:19 out using the spinal nerve. Second in through the white, go out

46:23 the back door. Innovating the you're synapse though inside the inside the the

46:30 trunk and what you're gonna do, gonna exit through the back door.

46:34 gonna be head, neck thoracic Third case in through the white keep

46:39 going. Do not synapse go all way to the pre vertebral synapse there

46:43 then off you go to your And then the fourth one is this

46:47 medulla pathway basically, you go in the white, pass out through the

46:51 door without synapse and go through the vertebral gangland without synapse and all the

46:55 to the adrenal medulla, that's where going to terminate on these cells that

47:00 epinephrine. Okay, so it sounds but all you're doing is you're making

47:07 modification in each step and if you out of here knowing this, you're

47:15 than all the other A. And students around the country because everyone gets

47:19 in this. Mhm marketer situation. . So. Right. But they're

47:32 specific for the regions that they're Right. Right. So they're not

47:38 to each other. They're just unique . Right? That why they developed

47:44 way or why they're made this I don't know. All right.

47:48 when you go and do the this is how it appears in humans

47:52 mammals. All right. So, getting down to the last couple of

47:59 . All right. Let's deal with neurotransmitters. Everybody's watched Sesame Street when

48:06 were kids. Do you remember One of these things is thank

48:13 The rest of you haven't you ever that everything you need to know in

48:18 you can learn at Sesame Street. . No. Okay, I'd get

48:25 here and sing it for you. I sound like an angry pterodactyl.

48:29 , um, what we got down is one of those little grids.

48:36 , that says, we're going to what does the pre ganglion IQ fiber

48:40 in terms of neurotransmitter for the sympathetic system for the parasympathetic system and then

48:46 does the post ganglion fiber? And I said, it's easier to,

48:50 , I didn't say this part, it's always easier in my mind to

48:54 the thing that's different. And then know what, all the same

48:58 Okay, that kind of makes In other words, if you have

49:01 group of things that you have to and you know that one of them

49:04 different. It's easier than memorizing all things that are the same and the

49:09 that's different. Just figure out which is different. And then you

49:11 all the other ones are the other . Does that make sense? Say

49:15 space for other things like song You know. Lines from tv shows

49:22 the only one. Right? I I'm the only one. All

49:27 So two main neurotransmitter, norepinephrine and of calling, I just told you

49:34 is epinephrine. Norepinephrine is adrenaline or near cousins. All right. They're

49:42 , very closely related. It's just small molecular change. They do the

49:46 same thing. All right. There as a sympathetic neuron or sympathetic

49:53 All right. The neuron you'll always the neuron for the neurotransmitter they're

49:58 So, if you see the word ergic colon ergic refers to the

50:03 acetylcholine. So colon ergic neuron always acetylcholine Adra energetic. You can now

50:11 the name adrenaline comes from adrenaline and ergic neuron releases norepinephrine. All

50:18 So, when you're dealing with the ergic, you can see this gets

50:22 complicated. All sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglion fibers. So, if you're playing

50:27 this thing just put a seat of here in the seat of coal in

50:31 . Right. All parasympathetic post gangly fibers. So you put a seed

50:36 Killeen there all of a sudden. can see it's like well why can't

50:38 just put norepinephrine there and learn that and then, you know, all

50:41 other ones are acetylcholine and the answer have been. You should have.

50:44 , so the only place that you're see norepinephrine is gonna be here in

50:49 post ganglia ionic sympathetic fibers. Now kind of makes sense, right.

50:55 sympathetic results in adrenaline pumping through your then wouldn't it be easy to remember

51:03 the postgame Islamic fiber, the one actually innovates the tissue is releasing the

51:07 substance that's circulating through your body. kind of makes sense. So,

51:12 an easy way to remember that. right. That means on the receiving

51:18 you're going to have to have a that responds to that particular neurotransmitter.

51:24 , if I'm releasing acetylcholine here, means the post gangly oneK cell that's

51:30 the signal has the colon ergic All right. And that's what the

51:36 slide has to deal with. it deals with the question of which

51:40 are found where now Colin ergic There are two basic types. We

51:46 the nicotine and we have the mercury . Now, when you hear the

51:50 nicotine or nicotine, you think of , right? Why do you think

51:55 call nicotine receptors nicotine receptors? Not response but they do. All right

52:04 , I don't know how many of guys know a lot about science but

52:08 is not this idea like they taught in in high school. Right,

52:12 you have your five steps of the hypothesis pathway. Right. It doesn't

52:18 like that. You don't sit there go, hmm, I am going

52:22 do this now. You very often will have a question in your head

52:26 you kind of say what is the of me getting to this happening?

52:30 generally speaking very often what you're doing you're just grabbing stuff on the show

52:34 the shelf and you're hoping something works often. What you do is you

52:37 something and you're like, wait, gotta figure out why this happens.

52:40 then you go backwards and kind of already have the answer and you're now

52:43 to figure out the solution of how got there. Alright. And this

52:47 very much what's happened there. Like got these receptors, we want to

52:50 what binds to them. So, start just dropping things on these receptors

52:54 see what binds to them. for a nicotine receptor, they pulled

52:58 off the shelf and the receptors bound the nicotine irreversibly. He was

53:04 oh, okay, well these are nicotine receptors. So that's the nicotine

53:10 . Now, nicotine receptors are going be activated by acetylcholine. They're found

53:16 your post ganglion excel bodies. All . They're going to be found on

53:23 adrenal medulla and they're going to be on your skeletal muscles. All

53:28 So notice a little picture that we here. So notice we no longer

53:32 preys. We have post and we target. So this would be your

53:37 cell body. That's your target Alright, so where are you going

53:42 find nicotine? It? You're gonna it here on your postgame jalonick cell

53:46 . And you're gonna find it up with regard to the adrenal medulla and

53:51 skeletal muscles. All right now, you bind and nicotine receptor, it

54:00 always always always always excitatory. Now easy thing to do to remember this

54:06 skeletal muscles now skeletal muscle isn't going be on this list, right?

54:11 autonomic autonomic nervous system doesn't innovate skeletal . Do you remember that?

54:16 And I'm nervousness and stuff you don't ? It's smooth muscles, cardiac muscle

54:20 your glands, right? But if excite skeletal muscle, right? If

54:26 send a signal onto a skeletal I'm gonna cause it to contract.

54:29 only way I can get that muscle stop sending the signal. Alright,

54:36 they're always excitatory. So it doesn't now that economic nervous system. If

54:41 releasing acetylcholine onto the nicotine receptor, producing the E. P.

54:46 Which will produce action potentials which will to signal downwards. So you can

54:52 nicotine, nicotine and nicotine muscular on the other hand is a little

54:58 different. All right now again, the same sort of thing. We're

55:02 trying to find things to put on of these uh these receptors. See

55:06 they're responding to and so there's a called muscular green. This toxin comes

55:12 mushrooms. Remember you're when you're walking the forest, don't just eat any

55:17 you come across. Why they'll kill . Why will it kill you?

55:21 filled with mustering, mustering, binds receptors. Signal gets blocked you no

55:27 have an ability to say breathe and fun stuff. All right.

55:33 these are going to be found on effect our cells in the parasympathetic.

55:39 they're going to be found down One of these things is not like

55:42 others. Right? So, if know that musk urine is found on

55:47 target cells downstream in the parasympathetic that means these three are the nicotine

55:53 . Now, like all good There's always gonna be exceptions to the

55:57 . There are some cells in the system that do have muscular tonic receptors

56:01 we're going to ignore that. Okay. We'll let the nursing schools

56:05 with that. All right. those are the ones that are sometimes

56:14 now, the muscular nick receptors can excitatory inhibitory. So, when you're

56:22 with acetylcholine binding the nicotine receptor always If you have acetylcholine binding to its

56:29 neck. Aceptar it's either gonna be excitatory response or inhibitory response. It

56:35 on what the target is. Finally drone ergic receptors. Please do not

56:47 the list. All right. You good with that one thing I don't

56:54 to learn. All right. What want to point out here is there's

56:57 a bunch of types of these. you have the alpha the beta receptors

57:01 can be bound either by epinephrine or . Remember epinephrine is gonna be circulating

57:06 the blood as a result of stimulation the sympathetic system. Right. Depending

57:12 where you're located, they can be or inhibitory. So you can kind

57:16 look at this list and kind of all right. So for example when

57:19 am frightened if I'm you know, jumps out at me and scares

57:25 you know, what would I expect happen? Well, I expect for

57:30 my blood pressure and my heart rate go up. Well that makes

57:33 It's excitatory. Those would be those one receptors. You know, you

57:38 release my bowels. No, because inhibitory. Right. My digestive system

57:44 going to slow down in terms of it's gonna do. Right? So

57:48 shows you that with regard to the we have these different systems that are

57:54 play. So that's why we're able turn things on and turn things

57:58 That's also true over here. Because we have excitatory inhibitory but it's

58:05 easy to see because it's broken down class now these are all going to

58:10 based on G protein coupled receptors. these I mean they're all G protein

58:14 receptors you know, So they work this sort of system than the other

58:19 do. Um I'd like to point out right here anyone have a family

58:29 or you know somebody takes beta regular blood pressure. Yeah I mean

58:37 may or may not it's basically you there's different classes of blood pressure

58:42 So you may have heard the term blocker if you watch enough tv you'll

58:46 an AD for beta blockers that's what blocking those receptors. All right home

59:00 time. How we doing two slides slides should I slow down so you

59:09 to get out of here? Okay I got a story to tell

59:15 All right. First off it's very to think of the thing as being

59:22 off. All right so we know know structurally. Now we know which

59:29 which receptors are located where So now question is how does this all work

59:34 the body? It is not an off system. It's basically two systems

59:38 are in constant battle with each In other words each of them have

59:42 certain degree of tone depending upon your . Parasympathetic is going to dominate or

59:48 is going to dominate your basically you think of it as a seesaw that's

59:51 balance and it's slightly tilting one way the other and you can really tilt

59:55 one way, you can really tilt the other way but for the most

59:58 during your regular daily activity you're kind sitting there doing this type of

60:03 Right. So every both of these have a certain degree of activity or

60:08 associated with them? All right. we have antagonistic effects. Alright.

60:15 what that means is is when we at this picture, we see that

60:19 the same systems are innovated together. when one system is dominating, it's

60:26 activity. When the other system is , it may be inhibiting the

60:32 So those they're antagonized one another. , there are some exceptions to this

60:37 . For example, blood vessels only sympathetic innovation. All right. So

60:43 is no parasympathetic for the blood for vasculature. It basically monitors itself solely

60:49 the sympathetic system. Basically, I'm increase sympathetic activity. I'm decreasing sympathetic

60:54 that causes blood vessels to relax or . But everything else for the most

60:59 has this antagonistic activities. We refer this as dual reciprocal innovation. And

61:07 becomes important in terms of regulating the that's going on. You know,

61:14 terms of activating and energy management. right, So, I want you

61:18 think about this as an example. use every year if you're in a

61:22 driving down to Galveston's And you're driving there's nobody else on the road.

61:26 right. So, we're gonna make a safe thing and you're doing 80

61:31 , but you don't have brakes, are you going to slow down or

61:36 , Take your foot off the How long will it take you to

61:41 ? I'm not asking like that. is not a math question. I

61:44 , how long do you think it take you to stop like a

61:49 It'll take you some time before you down. Right? When I take

61:52 foot off the accelerator, the friction the on the road against my tires

61:56 going to slow me down eventually. will come to a standstill.

62:01 Wonderful. But there's a lot of that's being used in that. So

62:06 want you to picture for a You know finals week is coming up

62:10 ? Some of you are going to to the library and study and you're

62:12 to stay there all night until it . I know during files it doesn't

62:17 does it? The library doesn't But let's say you you you pull

62:20 almost all nighter you're there till like a.m. All right. But you

62:26 way out in B. F. . BF is the parking lot that's

62:31 far away that it might as well Egypt right? And you left all

62:37 friends behind and you're walking across campus in the dark and you cross over

62:43 road to go to that parking Alright now it used to be that

62:47 parking lots to the north here there actually shell parking lots and you'd walk

62:51 you could hear the crunching right as step on the shelves. Well here

62:56 is the middle of the night, o'clock in the morning pitch black,

63:00 that one blue light on the far of the parking lot to tell you

63:03 the police phone is, right and walking and you're you can hear you're

63:08 your feet and then you hear that behind you, Crunch, crunch,

63:12 , crunch, crunch now, what you do? Do you look behind

63:17 ? No, because you know you've that movie, never ever look behind

63:21 , you know that's that's that's just the right move. Alright, so

63:25 do you do start walking a little faster. Crunch crunch crunch crunch

63:29 crunch, crunch, crunch, crunch crunch crunch crunch and then the

63:32 behind you, crunch crunch crunch crunch crunch crunch crunch crunch crunch crunch crunch

63:36 now, what's going on with your ? Okay, now we're just talking

63:43 your heart, right? You're now ready right, what did we

63:47 Fight or flight, right, you're , okay, I'm gonna get ready

63:50 murder the person behind me, whoever is, I've got to fight for

63:53 life or I'm going to run as as I can or I'm gonna squeal

63:58 getting a little puddle of juices, know, whatever the case may be

64:04 , but all of a sudden now heart rate's going up, your breathing

64:07 going up your eyes dilate, that's of the steps, eyes dilate,

64:11 for a path of escape, You're starting to sweat, right?

64:18 a couple of prayers going on. again you start walking a little bit

64:25 and the crunch, crunch, crunch, crunch, crunch crunch is

64:28 and all of a sudden that hand your shoulder. And what do you

64:32 ? You roll around, you're I'm ready to go or you start

64:35 but it's your friend said, you forgot your phone, I want

64:38 make sure that you got it. all of a sudden now your whole

64:43 is going bonkers, right? Your like write your sweat going everywhere.

64:52 tears are just ready to go, . But you're now wasting tons and

64:58 of energy for something that you no need to be concerned about. So

65:04 we didn't have a parasympathetic system then everything would eventually slow down,

65:12 ? Right, Everything would return back normal, but it's much better to

65:17 by controlling the stop with a break it is to coast to a

65:23 And that's what the parasympathetic is. , it's like, oh okay,

65:27 will murder this person later. But , now I'm a little bit

65:31 I'm gonna bring everything back into homo balance into the parasympathetic is working to

65:37 things back to normal, Right? what that dual innovation is for is

65:44 ensure that the systems are balanced to the needs at the time and to

65:49 us to get there as quickly as to save energy. Now, there

65:58 autonomic reflexes. Autonomic reflexes are similar regular reflexes. You don't have control

66:06 them. They're just responsive. We to this as visceral reflexes. They

66:10 the same sort of art that we've before. The difference being is we

66:15 in the different chain one, right? Why do we have

66:20 Well, because autonomic nervous system has neurons in the neuron chain.

66:26 So these are some examples the cardiovascular is how we reduce our blood pressure

66:32 reflex, basically how do we respond food in the body and the nutrition

66:38 ? That's basically the need to go the restroom. And how is this

66:43 controlled? Well, the top level the autonomic nervous system is the

66:51 All right. Basically the hypothalamus is to send signals down to the brain

66:55 . The brain stem is responsible then producing those reflexes and telling you what

67:00 to be done Now, none of stuff works by itself. Right.

67:07 hypothalamus is responding to our interpretation of environment. So the cortex is responsible

67:14 providing that sort of input. So when you see that person that

67:20 attracted to, right? And they know it and they come up and

67:24 talking to you and your heart's doing little, you know, you're pitter

67:29 , right? It's doing that fast path that's a function of because you

67:35 put or elevated the importance of that coming in and having that conversation with

67:42 . If it's just your brother? sister. You know, you're not

67:45 to sit there and you're in a is not going to go up because

67:48 coming to talk to you unless you're angry at them. And in which

67:51 all bets are off. Alright. the cortex provides the input to the

67:57 so that the hypothalamus can interpret how need to respond Viscerally does that kind

68:05 makes sense? That's A&P. I don't think there's any other

68:11 There's no, they're not on the . Hey, we're done. We're

68:15 . Just a test to go. . All right. Well with that

68:22 mind, I do not know if gonna have office hours next week.

68:26 If you email me and say, , I'd like to meet, I

68:29 be able to set something up but do it like on the day

68:31 because I'm not driving up here on day, I have to meet with

68:34 . Right? It's like, will come and meet with me right

68:36 I'm on campus. No, I've got my feet in the pool

68:40 not doing anything. What day is example? May 10th? Alright.

68:47 10th. You guys good luck on finals, Kick some butt. I

68:53 all a's

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