| 00:00 | Mhm. Okay, so let's talk wave dominated systems. Okay, uh |
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| 00:08 | all of these factors apply to all , but let's talk about those that |
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| 00:13 | dominated by the effect of waves and energy is a function of wind |
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| 00:19 | wind duration effects. So basically And so if we look at the |
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| 00:25 | variation in let's say wave height, is proportional to wave energy, we |
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| 00:31 | there is a latitude control unlike Uh So we've got areas that have |
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| 00:39 | high waves and they're typically in the middle latitude, 40 degrees north and |
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| 00:49 | . And these are the so called forties. Uh And then by the |
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| 00:53 | we get to the equatorial zone we relatively calm conditions. So we could |
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| 00:59 | um defined areas uh particularly in the atlantic and pacific dominated storm waves. |
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| 01:08 | In the equatorial region, the swell , trade winds are I mean to |
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| 01:17 | uh and then there's a shaded area you can't see that well, and |
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| 01:27 | those are areas dominated by tropical And so when we look at the |
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| 01:36 | control, we can see very much dominance of uh in the equatorial |
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| 01:43 | at least of tropical cyclones. Now back for a second, the swell |
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| 01:49 | versus storm waves. Storm waves are within the storm. So when the |
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| 01:55 | comes on shore, the waves that them are the storm waves, a |
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| 02:02 | generates waves that can propagate outside the of the storm. At which point |
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| 02:07 | become swell waves. And so a that is generated down here and actually |
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| 02:14 | up in PNG your lasting coast is swoon. So clearly that effect is |
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| 02:27 | by the storms itself. Down in . Uh That's one of the main |
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| 02:35 | components of the wave energy. Those distance swells that are coming in. |
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| 02:44 | said earlier that the wave energy is height, essentially the square of the |
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| 02:48 | . These are oscillate Torrey waves. we can think about the wave height |
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| 02:54 | the diameter of the oscillating circle, is the crest to crest. Um |
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| 03:01 | wave base is the depth below There's no significant wave motion. Uh |
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| 03:10 | these are the wind energy has been from the atmospheric hydro Spirit. Maximum |
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| 03:19 | , Maximum energy is that interface, decreases with time because of the election |
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| 03:26 | is basically it's lost due to So maximum energy is here decreasing until |
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| 03:33 | at a point is going to notice that point, That depth of wave |
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| 03:41 | is equal to half the weight So if we know the wavelength, |
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| 03:46 | can predict how deep the waiting It also says that there's only there's |
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| 03:54 | unique way face because there's no unique pipe. Their average wave heights. |
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| 04:01 | are average storm wave heights. Now importance of wave base is huge but |
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| 04:07 | still is part of that variability of energy. Now these are oscillate Torrey |
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| 04:15 | . And so um when we think the wave at the crest then it's |
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| 04:26 | maximum horizontal velocity is at the crest the trough, its maximum horizontal velocity |
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| 04:39 | the reverse direction. So this would maximum flood and maximum ebb lost |
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| 04:49 | Now I mean that only in terms forward motion versus reverse motion relative to |
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| 04:56 | direction energy is being transported okay unrelated tides, what this means is the |
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| 05:03 | horizontal velocity will vary in a sinus it'll weigh or run away. |
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| 05:11 | Onshore to offshore. Now that wave if it's in water depths greater than |
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| 05:25 | base, it doesn't feel that It doesn't care if the shape of |
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| 05:30 | deformation of that wave is the same it's in 500 ft of water |
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| 05:36 | But at some point the wave gets water that's shallow enough that it begins |
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| 05:45 | drag them so it begins to deform wave. And it it is transformed |
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| 05:51 | a deep water wave that is water greater than wave based to a shallow |
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| 05:58 | wave. Yeah. And it's it's with a shallow water wave that we |
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| 06:03 | to see the effect of bottom Okay, now if we look at |
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| 06:13 | wave coming onshore, um particularly in , we actually have water piling up |
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| 06:23 | the on the beach, we saw effect in lakes. It happens in |
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| 06:29 | bodies of water too. And so sets up a pressure gradient that creates |
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| 06:38 | an offshore moving current downward and that moving current in rights with a way |
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| 06:51 | motion to give us a combined slope back and forth. And the minds |
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| 07:00 | this case offshore. Now, a of other things pointed out um The |
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| 07:07 | blue dash line is fair with believe forget assuming that there's a fine total |
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| 07:14 | of late flights. Fair weather. storms are all equally big, so |
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| 07:22 | storm ways ready to play down So we get motion all the way |
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| 07:28 | this down here, just do the and in fact, we've got |
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| 07:39 | we got erosion occurring also with the . So this is the zone of |
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| 07:46 | lot of erosion and typically we've got moving offshore being deposited, blow |
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| 08:00 | Okay, now we're gonna get into later. This is a good diagram |
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| 08:09 | show the general variations, but it's bad diagram to really explain storm |
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| 08:18 | but that's in part because there's a going on with you changing the |
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| 08:24 | But what does that show? It orbital motion giving you a nice sign |
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| 08:31 | of way that begins to before is comes on shore becomes a shallow one |
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| 08:37 | stevens, heightens breaks surf splash. gonna look at that gradation of |
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| 08:47 | Okay, and before we do, me just remind you that storm and |
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| 08:53 | student generate offshore moving and the coriolis is such that sometimes it is rotated |
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| 09:02 | the and so we can begin to offshore oriented currents moving down. This |
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| 09:13 | particularly in hurricanes if we get closer . But then the they actually get |
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| 09:24 | by regions. So we have storm bottom currents that are gonna basically be |
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| 09:32 | us our storm deposits offshore. Then have usually in storms but occurring often |
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| 09:42 | channels which are basically taking water through surf zone and bringing it back to |
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| 09:48 | deeper water. Yeah, we got water, shallow water, here's the |
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| 09:59 | . Uh Now we're beginning to see waves heightened, steven wright Washington. |
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| 10:10 | we're gonna look at how each of zones has a characteristic set of faces |
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| 10:16 | sedimentary structures. Now, in order do that, we really need to |
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| 10:23 | how waves transport center. And so we did that in in wave |
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| 10:32 | One of the ways of mimicking the by moving the table back and |
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| 10:37 | See uh you can reproduce the lost , you can reproduce the periodicity, |
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| 10:45 | can't reproduce the asymmetry. We'll see that's a problem. But what we |
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| 10:50 | here is a bed based diagram based stays um ripples thought for a long |
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| 10:59 | that that was the only type of form that you get a response. |
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| 11:04 | ways. It was interesting enough to From less than .1 millimeter to over |
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| 11:16 | meter. And in fact uh in gravel, we need rebels that's completely |
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| 11:25 | than rippled in uni directional flow. gonna stop like that again. And |
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| 11:33 | different. And the only so wind directional water and waves give you different |
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| 11:41 | in terms of the ripples that Yeah. What we see as we |
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| 11:47 | from uh early on rebels, what don't see is what we saw in |
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| 11:57 | is to the nation's three. Instead get what of the where we get |
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| 12:08 | of relationship, things almost look like difference up in the plane dance. |
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| 12:14 | of course, because they're often by onshore offshore this, you know, |
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| 12:24 | . Uh at least I'll find out you knew. Well, see me |
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| 12:29 | compare those two and you see the difference in ways um No more play |
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| 12:41 | ripples way over here. Black dead here. Now it turns out that's |
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| 12:48 | true. Um This is, but not gonna modify it by just symmetrical |
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| 12:58 | . We're gonna have to do other . If we look at a cross |
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| 13:04 | of symmetrical wave symmetrical ripple for my equal deaths. And what happens is |
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| 13:13 | sediment goes offshore then onshore offshore like . Unlike, of course aren't driven |
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| 13:25 | Caribbeans. Thanks. So here we it off your do this wave |
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| 13:34 | Well, and this is an example the type of wave bundles that you |
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| 13:41 | with him sometimes, but often this can't get rid of it. Often |
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| 14:00 | combined those ways with the current that it could be a rip current, |
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| 14:05 | could be a current longshore zone of longshore current in the surf zone, |
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| 14:11 | it could be a storm induced And so that gives you the potential |
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| 14:16 | an s symmetrical way ripple and an sediment transport. So here are |
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| 14:27 | they don't know what in planned like straight crested forks, but as |
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| 14:34 | start to combine the wave motion with current, they become or sending speak |
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| 14:44 | s symmetrical. Here's an example of waivers, I'm in between, but |
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| 14:58 | , um there's uni directional ripples, Torrey ripples. It is important, |
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| 15:09 | just drew a picture of this. , um I just showed you a |
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| 15:15 | of this. We're gonna see the of wave to combine slow uh as |
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| 15:27 | begin to look at the waves coming . So here's some uh types of |
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| 15:36 | strata from ripple and they're being migrated a little longer period of time. |
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| 15:47 | look at this here. These are generated ripples and fourth, some largely |
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| 15:57 | . Get offshore onshore kind of looks little bit of mess actually, I |
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| 16:09 | a better example. Uh But you're at um wait second here, we've |
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| 16:25 | again, wave generated crystal on back the back of the package and |
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| 16:34 | we even have climbing wave rips. are symmetrical ripples that are just basically |
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| 16:39 | pretty actually um time again. So we're combining them, we're combining them |
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| 16:53 | the current. So we're getting more of uni directional net transport. This |
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| 17:03 | purely hostile story back and forth. , we're beginning to get combined slow |
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| 17:12 | that would be an example of combined . So let's look at what's happening |
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| 17:23 | the bottom as those waves come Uh, here's main fair with weight |
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| 17:34 | in in stone weight base, From here, it is from where |
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| 17:46 | storm waves began to hit the shore the waves steepened and breaking. This |
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| 17:55 | a transitional zone. This is the of weight build up. Ah forward |
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| 18:04 | is getting stronger, Water is getting shallow waves are getting steeper until they |
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| 18:12 | . So now we have the breaking breaker zone, rather surf, sound |
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| 18:18 | swat. Okay. And we get zooms of Head forms and seven |
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| 18:34 | The beach, wow. But uh . Short. For sure. This |
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| 18:48 | here here source um this is four deposits the beach face. That's where |
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| 18:58 | water finally. And then we got variety of topography here within the surf |
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| 19:08 | . And we've got things maybe in long short trawl bar bar, press |
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| 19:15 | the waves are breaking. And then we go further offshore, we're getting |
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| 19:20 | variety of spending infrastructures formed in both weather storm environments. Hey, we |
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| 19:33 | that symmetrical oscillate, slow waves now symmetrical and so just like in title |
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| 19:45 | , we can give you any direction seven transport in wave conditions that are |
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| 19:52 | back and forth. The difference here that with a wave, you've got |
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| 19:58 | have as much water going forward as . Unlike tied because you can segregate |
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| 20:04 | the tides into f in the blood . So what happens is as we |
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| 20:15 | higher velocity direction, you have a lower so you are deforming the |
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| 20:28 | And here would be an example where could actually get trouble moving forward landing |
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| 20:35 | nothing moving back or. And that as the wave comes onshore tends to |
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| 20:44 | in such a way that it's higher the onshore direction. Lower offshore. |
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| 20:54 | , that's just the nature of the from actually from here from a swell |
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| 21:01 | there was another way to build up static blame where we see that |
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| 21:08 | Is giving the high celebration forward eventually weight breaks. And then what happens |
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| 21:18 | change again because in the surf zone the breaker to the squash there is |
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| 21:23 | directional, so it's a surfboard that direction flow is by a surfer |
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| 21:32 | But if that's all there is eventually oceans would be empty because all the |
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| 21:36 | is black phone. There's gotta be way of returning the water this movie |
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| 21:43 | need direction. So in some cases actually a a mid current return |
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| 21:50 | But more typically now like odds there a lateral various along the beach. |
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| 22:01 | we've got some areas where the waves moving forward and some with those are |
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| 22:06 | red coats. Keep now Edc lifton In the 60s working with the usgs |
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| 22:21 | they decided he was actually one of original aquanauts and probably never heard of |
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| 22:26 | aquanauts but there was a group of that um and engineers that lived in |
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| 22:33 | underwater Housing in like six months, a lot of research and it was |
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| 22:39 | prepare them for space travel or rather uh for space travel. And so |
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| 22:48 | brought, he was understanding san dermatologist he was used to looking at sediment |
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| 22:56 | the bottom of the scoop here. he put together a team where they |
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| 23:00 | out and they go my energy setting short organ. And what they recognized |
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| 23:10 | that unlike the bed phase diagram that showed earlier, uh there were ripples |
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| 23:17 | here the ripples were s symmetrical getting uh well here they're but as you |
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| 23:28 | as symmetrical you got into mega and you got into cleaner beds and break |
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| 23:35 | something and then you got the interrupt the surf side. And then you |
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| 23:43 | and these are, this is so he found was that there were a |
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| 23:51 | of big bed full, particularly the or something. Uh and actually in |
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| 24:03 | surf zone as well that hadn't been before. and so they took Fox |
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| 24:12 | and when they looked at the the uh they found that below underlying the |
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| 24:20 | for For these large onshore hydrating in sets. And what we're looking at |
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| 24:30 | storm deposit overlaying by. They were fact that in fair weather really like |
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| 24:44 | . And then when they got into , they don't they saw where they're |
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| 24:53 | today in is that what that said that during storms this little it's a |
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| 25:05 | to get. And this is an , like the same deposits that record |
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| 25:14 | so called moving onshore in the breaker itself, you had upper floor regime |
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| 25:31 | . And they over lied. They on top of uh higher energy, |
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| 25:41 | cross stratified policies which presumably were the of the deposits to interrupt it and |
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| 25:49 | actually well. So, so here have some of those powder players cause |
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| 26:03 | . Now, once we get into breaker zone with the breakers and surf |
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| 26:09 | , we begin to get longshore transport and the short of it is if |
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| 26:20 | is the wave direction, this is beach. These are the breakers, |
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| 26:25 | have waves that are moving like but really there is a component of |
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| 26:31 | drift that is set up a long current that is set up within the |
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| 26:38 | cell. And there's also a component longshore transport set up on the beach |
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| 26:45 | the zone by zigzag motion together that the literal transport longshore drift being deposited |
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| 26:57 | that current in the surf zone and drift set up by that zigzag motion |
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| 27:03 | the swap zone. So within that zone things are method we get larger |
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| 27:13 | dunes that are moving both offshore and shore and here in the pleistocene |
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| 27:24 | we're getting gravels that are moving directly . Here we see three dimensional |
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| 27:41 | We're looking in the direction of transport to the beach here we're looking parallel |
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| 27:50 | the beach again. But what we're at now are larger cross beds, |
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| 28:02 | features within the surf zone again. notice there are these coarse grain chunk |
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| 28:07 | , these are stormed office moved Inter planer sitting on top of those |
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| 28:18 | migrating deposits. Uh Just what you'd . Uh Here's the interrupt. This |
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| 28:26 | actually a rip channel, but that's this means. And those inter planers |
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| 28:35 | Some deposits are low angle, low truncation, upper flow regime plane beds |
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| 28:43 | like that. And that beach has up into a foreshore which is the |
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| 28:51 | dip a berm crest and then a seaward dipping foreshore and the landward dipping |
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| 28:59 | short. Okay, and so if did a cross section here, you're |
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| 29:05 | see the concentration of heavy minerals up . You can see course, define |
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| 29:14 | course. And you're gonna see implication bad thickening. There you go. |
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| 29:24 | here's the heavy minerals that are getting like this. And the heavy minerals |
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| 29:29 | concentrated not only at the crest of berm, but especially during transgressions at |
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| 29:36 | short line of maximum transgression. So we think of transgressions and regressions. |
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| 29:45 | of that maximum transgressive short, that's the heavy minerals will have the highest |
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| 29:52 | . Okay. No reason to mention his heavy minerals are important uh deposits |
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| 29:59 | deposits. Okay. Uh So this used as an exploration uh tool for |
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| 30:06 | also for diamonds. That's another story pebbles right here. Now, what |
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| 30:16 | implies is the stronger movement up the than back. You might ask why |
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| 30:23 | that be? Well, first of , some of that water spills |
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| 30:27 | We saw that here. And also some of the water seeps in. |
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| 30:34 | the return surface flow is not as as the forward surface. And this |
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| 30:41 | where we get. And Okay, this is what the antidote is. |
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| 30:47 | , we've seen these. Let's So what are you gonna do with |
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| 30:52 | fa She's track if you want to a regressive sequence. Well, first |
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| 30:59 | all, you recognize that there's a or assembly of these different zones. |
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| 31:07 | , you know about swat zone, , Lower four short search some assemblage |
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| 31:15 | a near shore or offshore transitional. they are basically full grading secrets. |
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| 31:27 | this is the vertical section that you expect. It got very little |
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| 31:36 | there's so little motion in this water that the sand that got out here |
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| 31:43 | the storms. As you get farther farther. You're beginning to see some |
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| 31:50 | center. Infrastructures mainly on shore. these are the onshore bars and |
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| 31:59 | Sure. After in the surf zone got moved back forth. Um left |
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| 32:07 | right. And the maximum grain size gonna be right here at beach. |
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| 32:16 | then above that you've got the So that would be the vertical sequence |
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| 32:22 | we would expect in this type of energy wave dominated stations. They then |
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| 32:30 | to spain and looked at finer grain . What's missing or the dude. |
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| 32:38 | kind of interesting because that's what the was with uni directional currents. What |
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| 32:44 | missing was the dude didn't find So what we're seeing is the kind |
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| 32:53 | melding of the uni directional bet phase in the hospital. Um And we |
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| 33:04 | have large environments. That example of argued that they first published had no |
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| 33:13 | . Then they looked at some areas they were barred and look the |
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| 33:17 | you've got waves coming in just like any steeper steeper breaking with the plane |
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| 33:27 | but then going into waves reforming and got a trough that then is within |
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| 33:37 | surf zone assemblage. So what you've here is the crest, here's the |
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| 33:46 | and those are bars that are replete and this is basically what they |
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| 33:53 | Yeah, not good was the greatest but the breakers are delineating the |
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| 33:59 | And so we got our here here , it shows a little better here |
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| 34:08 | you can actually see this bar, bar and notice where the bars are |
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| 34:17 | , there's like a Uh huh. . Now in some cases you got |
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| 34:27 | set of bars like so earlier right nearly got deeper that are much more |
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| 34:38 | . Now there's still some sin you city in these but not like the |
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| 34:44 | we're talking about in here. And some cases we have multiple bars like |
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| 34:50 | the texas coast that are just straight as far as you can imagine. |
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| 34:58 | . So if we looked at that bar setting ways are coming in, |
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| 35:03 | getting asymmetrical water is coming out, current being deposited in a little rip |
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| 35:12 | bar and then make it, what it through is on the beach. |
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| 35:19 | so we have these zones uh we the the swatch zone here, this |
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| 35:25 | of a wave current mix, a trough, a rip channel and then |
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| 35:35 | bar itself, the bar that's migrating this direction. In this bar here |
|
| 35:41 | have two bars rip channel bar and attached bar. And again, I |
|
| 35:47 | you can see uh here's the this is the bar, uh This |
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| 36:01 | here and then this bar here is on shortly. Yeah. What? |
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| 36:18 | . Yes. from 0 to Okay, so here's the bar moving |
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| 36:32 | , here's a straw royal cleaner uh several low and then very tall and |
|
| 36:47 | that's what it looks like. Uh on, covering the trough, moving |
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| 36:55 | on the ship. So they're moving here, the bars are coming onshore |
|
| 37:01 | you get an interesting effective at any time. Here's the bar purpose. |
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| 37:08 | a trawl channel radiant tribe for But remember this whole thing is gonna |
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| 37:20 | moving ladder so that that ripped channel moving laterally, What is it |
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| 37:28 | It's shaving off the troll. I'm the bottom shaving off. So the |
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| 37:35 | actually has low preservation potential people. in procreation of set, what we |
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| 37:42 | to preserve is the foreshore transition and then offshore, right near shore. |
|
| 37:56 | there's an erosion of service here that not do it. That is the |
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| 38:03 | of the erosion in the river And so the vertical section here, |
|
| 38:11 | only way build up in this erosion can score off going up and |
|
| 38:22 | So this would be a case where surface here. Uh we don't see |
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| 38:30 | channel near shore on floor together. crazy strong. What we're looking at |
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| 38:38 | a little die stem that is removing bar fishies. And we don't see |
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| 38:43 | here. Okay, in the non . So in this model is coursing |
|
| 38:53 | particulars and it actually goes so far . Uh We have talked about um |
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| 39:05 | is a limited sand supply. yeah. Ah This is with the |
|
| 39:17 | , very different. Look. let's look at another effective bars when |
|
| 39:25 | storm moves in offshore, it brings offshore and that beach face is created |
|
| 39:36 | it by a little bar called the that moves onshore and wells onto the |
|
| 39:44 | . So that's this little bar. ? And that bar with onshore. |
|
| 39:54 | so we see evidence of that bar a little 4th grade control On |
|
| 40:01 | My four sets. And you that's how beach ultimately grows under both |
|
| 40:08 | and non storm conditions. So you see something like this in the lower |
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| 40:14 | of the beach deposits. That's a month. Okay, let's move off |
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| 40:23 | them. If that's what we're getting here, what are we getting if |
|
| 40:26 | go off? Well, first of , let's think about the storm generating |
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| 40:30 | due to weight set pressure as we ashore, Ecologist trophic current and it |
|
| 40:44 | stand from the search zone as elements to some offshore coming into that sand |
|
| 41:00 | it's out here. So it's just be boundary. And we can look |
|
| 41:08 | an example of that from hurricane Um where we got all the same |
|
| 41:19 | , I know what I'm saying that's because the box sports couldn't get |
|
| 41:25 | . But here we have uh more 6, 10 liters of great and |
|
| 41:32 | this is hurricane couple uh a finding storm to us. Now, if |
|
| 41:45 | look at that storm departs typically graded . If I we see decreased |
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| 41:55 | decreased wing side, decreased frequency of increased by information and therefore inversely related |
|
| 42:03 | primary limitations. And at some point this zone here, and this is |
|
| 42:17 | much what we're talking about. They looking at the off your variation in |
|
| 42:26 | storm. Thank you vertically uh using . Now you mentioned how many cross |
|
| 42:40 | typically below fair weather and you can this low angle dips um parting delineation |
|
| 42:53 | common that implies upper floor sheet. and they tend to thicken in the |
|
| 42:59 | there's no orientation relative to ways they kind of grow. Ah It's made |
|
| 43:10 | to 50 cm high, five m lamin erosion base and typically felt fine |
|
| 43:21 | . Now that is different than what call sway lee cross traffic. Here's |
|
| 43:29 | he had. That's typical of strong . This is Australian. It's a |
|
| 43:43 | portion fine to medium grade saying no whales are filled as opposed to |
|
| 43:53 | house. Wrong. Now, be , when you look at these, |
|
| 44:00 | it's hard to tell apart is a example um from Utah with beckoning towards |
|
| 44:09 | center. Good. Our marquee, , five degree portion we can see |
|
| 44:27 | you look um location. Uh individual , technically finding another question of how |
|
| 44:41 | you want. The second indians that are verified saying, I swear it |
|
| 44:48 | be a little different. But this these low angle truncation are typical of |
|
| 44:56 | deposits and complicated food. Yeah, supposed to be, you know, |
|
| 45:10 | to see here's the there's a variation of vertical sequence And in this suggestion |
|
| 45:22 | have simple of us and rather more which would include inter mixing with ripple |
|
| 45:29 | other things. Uh And I just out here that uh once that really |
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| 45:38 | of defined this is what we're kind looking and they envisioned it liked urbanites |
|
| 45:45 | he had the sequence be amalgamated, could bring it into little layers. |
|
| 45:54 | You're now well recognized. This is good case of where you don't see |
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| 45:59 | , tell you've been home to look it once it was described, peeps |
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| 46:06 | all over the place. Um So you've got storm what is ready? |
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| 46:20 | , it is the storm deposit. we didn't get a rose. Now |
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| 46:28 | we continue to have combined. This combined from this off current in also |
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| 46:40 | began to see some deposition but it's be flat and or eventually if you |
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| 46:54 | to. So we may be getting T. V. Wave ripples basically |
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| 47:02 | position from suspension. High energy. , it's a little ripple at |
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| 47:11 | So that's what this idealized storm The is a Porsche sometimes pass offshore |
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| 47:26 | rippled on the top. May or not be. But it looks something |
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| 47:30 | this. In fact, the interpretation this is just like a and and |
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| 47:37 | does look a lot like there is exception on that funny problem. Where |
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| 47:45 | the massive ring And that model I Over here there was no massive, |
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| 47:52 | fact in most of the storm causes are true current generated by moved by |
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| 48:03 | . But we don't have this massive is a type of sedimentary gravity |
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| 48:11 | Whereas the storm deposits that we've been about are generated by offshore moving currents |
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| 48:16 | waves notice here, nothing going to , but everything's traction lo policy. |
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| 48:34 | no mess. There's no massive He said we did this farewell |
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| 48:54 | So I've got how many across This by the way, is on |
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| 48:59 | high energy tile beach here we have fine again portion. It's bad proportion |
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| 49:14 | needs to be missing after the storm occupation takes over. So I took |
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| 49:23 | top but it's not working there except and then it's gonna lose some |
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| 49:35 | Uh This particular type is called land . Um It's laminated at the bottom |
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| 49:41 | all scrambled up. Yes, this an attempt, a recent attempt to |
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| 49:51 | to relate the we've got waves, got downloaded farms, but now we've |
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| 50:03 | something. Hyper picnic flows. Hi pickle flows are in fact sediment granting |
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| 50:13 | . You put so much water, much sediment in suspension is being driven |
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| 50:18 | only by the currents, not only the ways, but also the density |
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| 50:26 | those conditions, you'll get your And so what we find is that |
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| 50:34 | get what are coming down under Um inter bedded with the deeper |
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| 50:48 | You can't read this, but it's it's an interesting order um related to |
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| 50:56 | at hyper technol, I have storm and flood generated positive. Um We'll |
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| 51:03 | this. But again, except to how steady the flow is versus how |
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| 51:10 | modified they are will give you different . So we're beginning to recognize the |
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| 51:18 | in the cross stratification. I've been a term called short face and it's |
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| 51:29 | difficult. Well, it's it's a because you can define it in different |
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| 51:35 | . In some cases, it's defined order grading. Whereas relatively speaking the |
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| 51:43 | , which is the definition of the shell in this particular example, so |
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| 51:52 | fair weather wave banks for less marks changed so that a short base would |
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| 52:01 | the area being reworked by. There ways the inner shell extends down to |
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| 52:11 | wave base beyond. Well, actually shell in. So here we've got |
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| 52:19 | generated waves, but not fair weather . More recently, 2020, there's |
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| 52:27 | book that's really discussed this whole But what do we mean by short |
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| 52:32 | ? I haven't had time to integrate and it's a bit complicated. So |
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| 52:36 | just tell you it exists and then a whole another deception. What do |
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| 52:43 | mean by wave base? These are significant questions, but like standstill |
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| 52:55 | just pick one and stick with So that's kind of what I'm gonna |
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| 52:59 | . The vertical seagal's regressive is pretty , particularly for media instinct. |
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| 53:11 | it goes up immediately. Uh and all can agree on what foreshore is |
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| 53:18 | gonna be that upper floor sheet parallel deposits. And we pretty much all |
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| 53:26 | what the shelter because that's where the sand, it's all about debate. |
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| 53:33 | the stuff in the middle and we a hard time to sign. And |
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| 53:39 | one interpretation is that this is storm from where we had Jordan's hand, |
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| 53:48 | the majority. Um If that's the then this might be your face. |
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| 53:58 | I thought I just said, base is still down here. Where |
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| 54:05 | where is the fortune? We all this is chill and this is the |
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| 54:12 | door. What's in between? that's it. You could say that |
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| 54:21 | fair with the way things, which what the previous example did. And |
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| 54:26 | well, that's interpreted for the that's a bad because below that still have |
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| 54:39 | , pretty much all set, but mainly confident other. So this is |
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| 54:49 | good distinction whether or not you want Oh sure. As soon as we |
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| 54:55 | farther down, we begin to get and mud increases and finally the |
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| 55:08 | I will use it is although it's on specifics changes. And I'm gonna |
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| 55:17 | this upper short face With Fair one the Nice and then lower short phase |
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| 55:25 | we get through. And I might it up into approximately difficulty all sand |
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| 55:35 | most. Now if you'll allow me do that, we have a |
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| 55:43 | Um This is the description of the shore shell. You can read it |
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| 55:49 | your own, but you can pretty figure it out if mainly mud and |
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| 55:54 | stringers of sand on the bayou motivation fine. Get up into the Lord |
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| 56:00 | face non amalgamated depths of sand Uh stands with intimated mud stones, |
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| 56:09 | . I'm gonna cross strategies down Higher up we're getting huh? |
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| 56:14 | And coarser grain swelling cross strap, to intense cultivation still because we're below |
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| 56:22 | weather base above fair. One of base of course your grain sand cross |
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| 56:31 | tag it across data. Miner plaintiff , whaley cross trying to force the |
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| 56:38 | This is the zone that we've been about earlier with respect to the um |
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| 56:46 | and non shore barred environment. If knew for sure that the beach is |
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| 56:53 | . Yeah. Uh there's also specific no fossils that are there go into |
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| 57:03 | except to say that uh those are . So now we've got this |
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| 57:10 | If we came back from the beginning meaning the first letter, how |
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| 57:16 | these wave dominated preserved normal progression with sea level. A force progression. |
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| 57:35 | , when sea level drops and you a forced progression, you actually have |
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| 57:40 | erosion circle cutting down deposits. And problem with that is you have, |
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| 57:49 | called sharp face, your face Normal sequence. The problem with that |
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| 58:00 | it's similar and the with so there be some confusion and it would would |
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| 58:12 | relate to how deep the water seven vs 87. Yes. Um |
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| 58:25 | even when I think I understand uh sea level can get in the way |
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| 58:33 | programming sequence I've been described strand The minor exception for way dominated |
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| 58:46 | And it would involve exceptions to a grading barrier. There's a pro |
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| 58:54 | Wave dominated shorelines occurs in writing But here we have a pro grading |
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| 59:02 | line. Why do I say A uh delta where we didn't have |
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| 59:06 | river deposits over here. And and thing has pro grated over many |
|
| 59:19 | So we talked a little bit about fitness versus the distance program. The |
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| 59:33 | we have today is that this is zone of most of our we had |
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| 59:42 | very far then program during time we the basement 6000 years. Um They're |
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| 59:57 | very thick because again, so the examples of good places to start |
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| 60:05 | But as we move into this we're getting into longer times and more |
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| 60:10 | accretion. In fact. Now we're at very sick um for longer duration |
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| 60:20 | up to 80 m. And I remind you this should be by |
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| 60:31 | Second, major how relative sea level of sedimentation would be determined whether that's |
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| 60:38 | or regressive short life that transmits the played dominated government. And the erosion |
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| 60:47 | least from in most of the fair during storms and therefore white samples to |
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| 60:58 | transgressive deposition, you have to go , it's relatively deep water probably below |
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| 61:08 | be about to be a strong And or watching over the plain, |
|
| 61:18 | talk more about talking about. So a pro grading section and here's an |
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| 61:34 | . Here's a beach rich complex. is it programming? Well, the |
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| 61:41 | actually is, but the main thing for programming strand plane to pro grade |
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| 61:47 | disks. You need a continual basis senate or sorts of and it's coming |
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| 61:53 | this river here. So the proximity alluvial deposits into the wave environment will |
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| 62:03 | you not only await on the but allows that sediment to move |
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| 62:07 | Longshore drift to appropriating strength. Here's way dominated belt that is providing notices |
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| 62:18 | of that wave on the belt is significant portion of procreating strength and |
|
| 62:28 | If you go farther down, we've the modern Appropriated about nine we see |
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| 62:38 | there are older be traitors too. so literally what we're looking at here |
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| 62:48 | mhm. A transgression low gradation, , pro gradation. So these are |
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| 62:59 | para sequences or at least two, more here we see a strand plane |
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| 63:12 | that extends 350 km. Okay, the my scene to the fly scene |
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| 63:24 | the fraternity and these are deposits. , so we've got a huge grand |
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| 63:38 | complex. So when we're looking into subsurface with time, we've got a |
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| 63:44 | of possibilities. And the reason we're in the subsurface is we're looking for |
|
| 63:52 | and I've got five case studies, gonna go on and finish this off |
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| 63:58 | then we'll see what we're gonna Um But the first one is uh |
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| 64:08 | the A. P. G. they're looking at places like the book |
|
| 64:14 | , in modern environments, like in . And what they found, what |
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| 64:23 | were doing is looking at porosity and of these finding upwards. I'm |
|
| 64:30 | questioning upward sequences that we just talked . And in the upper shore |
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| 64:38 | uh You could be looking at six , we have at least a lot |
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| 64:44 | good potential, but because they're pro , we have to recognize that there |
|
| 64:54 | packages that are not only gonna be upwards that are gonna be separated by |
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| 65:06 | . These events are typically storm So there's going to be like we |
|
| 65:12 | in the laterally migrating point bar there's to be variation in permeability with each |
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| 65:21 | these beds. And then within these there's variations and sedimentary structures and there's |
|
| 65:28 | variations within the lamp. So this a numerical model that is an attempt |
|
| 65:38 | look at how those perm abilities might stacked together. And this model up |
|
| 65:57 | just kind of assumes that it doesn't into account uh the variability this model |
|
| 66:08 | . And so depending on how you , these will determine how successful you |
|
| 66:16 | in terms of your secondary recovery So that's just a general reservoir piece |
|
| 66:24 | information, here's a specific shore face in Libya. It's lower short face |
|
| 66:31 | upper shore face. Look at the in permeability and notice is between the |
|
| 66:40 | shore face and middle shore face. we haven't defined that. But I'll |
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| 66:46 | tell you that is what I called Shore Phase two proximal short phase. |
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| 66:53 | is the zone where there's no by . This is fairweather wave base below |
|
| 67:04 | weather wave base. We still get . We still get good porosity |
|
| 67:10 | We've lost the porosity permeability. I'm we lost the permeability because of the |
|
| 67:17 | . So that transition we saw here terms of um uh probability you went |
|
| 67:28 | 6000 to down maybe. Well, lot less. It's due to permeability |
|
| 67:41 | if you look at the permeability as function of grain size is the medium |
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| 67:50 | coarse grain deposits, fine grained or here. Lower shore face, middle |
|
| 67:58 | face, short case. What that like. Okay, so again, |
|
| 68:11 | greatest horizontal and vertical permeability down Nothing. Okay. And part of |
|
| 68:20 | is di genesis the da genetic history the coarser grains is different than the |
|
| 68:28 | innovation and our genetic history of the race. And I'm not going to |
|
| 68:34 | into the die genetic story. But say that it's superimposed on the sediment |
|
| 68:42 | , texture, grain size and The second case study is looking to |
|
| 68:49 | scene and offshore in northern Trinidad. a seismic and here's the interpreted cross |
|
| 68:56 | . These are pro grading strand planes many kilometers, tens of kilometers. |
|
| 69:04 | . When you get down and look them, you see that not all |
|
| 69:10 | these platforms are sandy, some are permeability that has segmented the reservoir. |
|
| 69:19 | fact, here the pro gradation is like this. This reservoir is completely |
|
| 69:26 | from this residence and the reason for in cross section you see a hint |
|
| 69:32 | it here in size. Is this ? Remember I said that you can |
|
| 69:42 | regression transgression regression. That transgression results this discontinuity from the pro grading |
|
| 69:56 | And we see these all along And this is an analogous look to |
|
| 70:05 | miocene to modern com very complex strand sequence. And when you try to |
|
| 70:17 | it, don't model it like You can model it taking into account |
|
| 70:23 | trunk ations because if you don't you water production after About 2000 sent. |
|
| 70:37 | , if you model it like you don't get model water production until |
|
| 70:44 | 12. And this is the actual production. I'm excited actually actual gas |
|
| 70:50 | . So this model was the one allowed them to predict How to develop |
|
| 70:58 | field and how to prolong and get production for an additional five years in |
|
| 71:09 | . We've got deep water basin center , we have a coarsening upward member |
|
| 71:16 | the cretaceous right here. This is interpreted fishies. It's a barred |
|
| 71:23 | You recognize these two. Okay. these are the little fishies um across |
|
| 71:33 | strata for uh swell across strata heavily attributed sandstone, trough, cross |
|
| 71:39 | church conglomerate, matrix supported conglomerate, , laminated and massive rooted sense. |
|
| 71:48 | you look at a straddle slice, get these ridges and a few through |
|
| 72:07 | channel features in those ridges which are of fuzzy here are at the same |
|
| 72:14 | the kind of ridges we got over when we looked at that, we |
|
| 72:17 | at this earlier. And the interpretation is that these are strand plane |
|
| 72:29 | each of which have at least potential being separated from one. If we |
|
| 72:36 | at that laterally, we find that separated by channel. So we have |
|
| 72:43 | on one side and not on the because this channel has cut out that |
|
| 72:52 | . We also see that there are funny things going on on the well |
|
| 72:57 | that allow us to predict where those are. And in doing so, |
|
| 73:04 | saying, well, there are many in the seismic record that allow us |
|
| 73:08 | predict where those channels are and from allow us to predict where you're gonna |
|
| 73:14 | your production along a single strand Now it's down dip gas that's typical |
|
| 73:24 | these deep basins and the gas water is a stringer. Why is this |
|
| 73:35 | ? Well, in part because there some um channels but also because they're |
|
| 73:43 | , they're running up the bridges and can't run between the ridges because there's |
|
| 73:50 | more impermeable to clean those pro grating . Now, mineralogy has a lot |
|
| 73:56 | do with this. There is shirt particularly in channels um and Church |
|
| 74:09 | Church does not allow courts overgrowth to um ports, grain, mono, |
|
| 74:17 | , quartz sand does allow courts old to grow. The reason for that |
|
| 74:22 | that churches micro crystalline and you need large optically contiguous rain modern crystal courts |
|
| 74:31 | get courts over this. So the about the church ridges that are productive |
|
| 74:40 | is the lack of so something was and it's not clear what it is |
|
| 74:47 | causing some of the strand beaches to church rich and some to be sports |
|
| 74:55 | bridge. Okay, the last thing mention is remember those sand deposits has |
|
| 75:01 | out here, the storm deposits. conventional reservoirs are gonna be up in |
|
| 75:10 | and that's where most of the things . But it turns out that there's |
|
| 75:15 | stringers of sand can actually have hydro and buoyancy will push them up, |
|
| 75:25 | there's so low permeability that they're not reservoirs unless you frack. But they |
|
| 75:32 | the carrier bets they are carrying the up to the regular reservoirs, but |
|
| 75:40 | sit there and they can be produced well. And so that's sitting uh |
|
| 75:47 | these shelf too short faced sand Uh and there's a huge amount of |
|
| 75:54 | in those conglomerated sand stones. And carrier beds, particularly with horizontal drilling |
|
| 76:02 | increased the capacity, a tremendous Okay. Uh and so here we're |
|
| 76:09 | into the lower beds, uh more debated etcetera, Uh huh, mickey |
|
| 76:15 | drought and the like uh that we now produce as basically unconventional resources. |
|
| 76:24 | , And that's it, that's it strand planes. And that also tells |
|
| 76:29 | a lot about barrier islands. the problem is uh I'm actually gonna |
|
| 76:39 | about a five minute break. I'm introduce barrier islands and I'll decide where |
|
| 76:44 | gonna stop for the exam. I actually add a little bit of barrier |
|
| 76:51 | , friday morning friday first thing, it will be to finish a |
|
| 76:55 | Okay, so let's stop recording |
|
