| 00:21 | Ok folks, let's get started Um 14 we only have a couple |
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| 00:33 | five plants from that. So then . So 1617 immune system. |
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| 00:43 | I'm gonna start the immune system a minutes. So that will go on |
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| 00:50 | next week and then on to So back to weekly quizzes um |
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| 01:00 | Uh So just be aware of that up due on monday. So uh |
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| 01:07 | . O. Exam two was opened yesterday so I forgot to mention that |
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| 01:11 | today's email. So uh do take look at it. You got |
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| 01:15 | Uh let me know but give yourself chance to go through it, see |
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| 01:19 | you can go through the questions. may just see if you can figure |
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| 01:22 | out. If not I'll certainly let uh let me know. Okay. |
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| 01:28 | Let's see. So our exam is for another three weeks yet but the |
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| 01:36 | er for that will open next friday that exam. Okay so um |
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| 01:44 | rapidly approaching the end here. Okay Let's look at so again as I |
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| 01:57 | several times already, 14 is a of terms. Right? So you've |
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| 02:01 | a a list here. I just literally just went to the slides and |
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| 02:08 | just put them and group them all . Okay? So uh so this |
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| 02:13 | really just writing these things out and remembering them. Okay. Um So |
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| 02:23 | last time. Okay we talked about last very last thing we talked about |
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| 02:29 | epidemiology. Right? So that's using data basically looking at data which are |
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| 02:41 | regarding instance incidences of disease. and looking at it in different ways |
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| 02:48 | it to, to um, maybe cause of the disease to find out |
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| 02:54 | you can prevent disease. Um, to use it to, to figure |
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| 03:01 | what's the source of the illness. there a particular demographic group that's more |
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| 03:07 | to it? So lots of different to use the data? Um, |
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| 03:11 | these are some examples here. There's ways. So what they described as |
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| 03:16 | , analytical and um, uh, other one, the other one is |
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| 03:26 | experimental. Okay. And grant there some overlap between these because they're all |
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| 03:30 | at data. Okay. All three course are, but in um descriptive |
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| 03:36 | I just realized Jon snow, you know who Jon snow is. |
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| 03:42 | of Thrones. It's so that's not Jon snow obviously, although they're both |
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| 03:47 | . I guess so. But mm The so he used, his |
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| 03:56 | was kind of after the fact more less so color outbreak in London, |
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| 04:02 | is very common thing during these times mid 1800s. I think people use |
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| 04:07 | main river going through London that's kind their water source for everything both to |
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| 04:12 | and dump into. Um, and water would be pumped there in various |
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| 04:17 | with like a old fashioned, you not be aware of, you |
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| 04:21 | back back in these days and you the water with one of these things |
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| 04:24 | out of a spout in the middle the neighborhood. And that's where people |
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| 04:27 | to collect water. And so just going around to these neighborhoods, he |
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| 04:32 | basically looked at um death records of , People dying from cholera. And |
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| 04:38 | um kind of went from house to asking okay, who who in your |
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| 04:43 | had it, where were they at they became sick, these kind of |
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| 04:48 | . And then kind of pieced together map of the area um in downtown |
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| 04:53 | and saw a high number of cases the red arrow was at. That |
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| 04:57 | traced to a particular pump and it a faulty uh contaminated or something when |
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| 05:05 | changed it out to a brand new . The instances of cases went way |
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| 05:11 | . But you wouldn't have known that you hadn't done this kind of these |
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| 05:15 | . And so um that's what we descriptive. And so the analytical is |
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| 05:22 | looking at a ton of statistical this is what Florence nightingale did. |
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| 05:28 | looking at typhus, typhus is a that is really um a disease of |
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| 05:38 | sanitary conditions, bad hygiene, close being together, um could be um |
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| 05:48 | know, it's carried by fleas, types of fleas and ticks lice |
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| 05:54 | many are carried by rodents, mice rats and things. And so um |
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| 05:59 | just kind of like a fever and headache and symptoms become worse after |
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| 06:06 | But it was a common in this and before this time it was very |
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| 06:11 | because of course didn't have the sanitary we do nowadays in most places. |
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| 06:16 | so that contributed heavily to that But she was interested in looking |
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| 06:20 | you know, what is the nature this compared to our military, |
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| 06:24 | Looking at military members of the military to just the average, you |
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| 06:29 | civilians. Okay. And what is difference in terms of these cases of |
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| 06:34 | ? And so let me flip flip real quick just to show you. |
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| 06:38 | , he's just looking at this is looking at both typhus and cholera, |
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| 06:44 | label that contagious diseases. She was looking at both of these, but |
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| 06:48 | typhus cholera was a waterborne, you , people contaminated water. And so |
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| 06:54 | course in the military, there were together at this time. You |
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| 07:00 | they may not have had the best , uh, maybe not bathing |
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| 07:05 | stuff like that. Um she especially for those that are just soldiers |
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| 07:11 | were in England right, had a incidence and the general public. |
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| 07:16 | .2 verse 18. But then we at soldiers actually in war war time |
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| 07:22 | a I forget the Crimean war uh it was much higher. And so |
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| 07:28 | attributed to that she attributes, she she investigated this and saw, |
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| 07:33 | what's different here in this group compared these other two groups is the poor |
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| 07:39 | , Right? So that's that's what immune system plus unsanitary conditions, poor |
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| 07:46 | , poor um just day to day overall. And so altogether contributing to |
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| 07:52 | uh these higher instances of typhus. so when she saw this and |
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| 07:57 | well let's do X, Y and . To minimize these things get better |
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| 08:02 | , cleanup, bathe regularly, etcetera. And of course instances go |
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| 08:09 | down to 42 to 2%. Pretty . Okay. And so apparently she |
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| 08:14 | had like 1000 page report with a of tons of graphs and data and |
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| 08:19 | and things. That's of course that fits it. Being an analytical um |
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| 08:26 | um epidemiology. Okay, experimental. kind of like uh basically taking up |
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| 08:34 | experiment and a control group and in experimental group in similar ways. I |
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| 08:39 | have briefly talked about this earlier, way back in the first chapter, |
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| 08:45 | he instituted the use of uh antiseptics acceptance. And so in the hospital |
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| 08:53 | was working at um he saw that in the hospital, the ward where |
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| 09:02 | went to to give birth, that was a super high incidence of this |
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| 09:07 | called childhood fever is kind of the term. Purple fever is the medical |
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| 09:13 | is due to streptococcus bacterium acquired during . The baby uh can contract it |
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| 09:22 | well as it can spread into the and then also affect the mother. |
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| 09:26 | both mother and baby can be Um and so he said well what |
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| 09:32 | what's contributing because he saw this group in the hospital that had a really |
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| 09:37 | incidence of this disease and then he um you know women that didn't come |
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| 09:43 | the hospital gave birth outside the hospital uh used the midwife that they outside |
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| 09:50 | hospital that they were much lower instance this. And so he looked and |
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| 09:54 | what's the common denominator here? Well these other groups um wash their |
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| 10:01 | It was a regular practice of washing as a woman about to give |
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| 10:06 | And in the hospital, the area maternity ward number women were giving |
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| 10:14 | The doctors that did that were the doctors. So they would be like |
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| 10:20 | 2nd year medical students that would come of a uh cadaver awards. So |
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| 10:28 | course as a doctor, you work cadavers to study the body and how |
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| 10:31 | works and what not, they would directly from there to the maternity |
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| 10:36 | Of course dirty and bloody and hands not clean and not privately. That's |
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| 10:41 | what contributed to the high incidence of child bed fever. And so when |
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| 10:45 | instituted said you aren't going in there you wash your hands. And so |
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| 10:50 | that, I mean the numbers dramatically , much like the what we saw |
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| 10:55 | uh with uh typhus, like a that's that like that very significant drop |
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| 11:02 | again just washing your hands, So, um, but actually back |
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| 11:07 | the day, it was a much soap to with this lye soap, |
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| 11:12 | is actually very, almost like washing with bleach almost. Right? So |
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| 11:16 | definitely gonna kill any bacteria likely kill of your own cells on there, |
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| 11:21 | will definitely lead to this drop in number of diseases of this particular one |
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| 11:28 | , referring to child bed fever. , you know, we all heard |
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| 11:33 | clinical trials when the drug is on market then you test different groups, |
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| 11:38 | ? Could be one gets a placebo doesn't these kind of things that all |
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| 11:43 | into the the umbrella of experimental Okay, so, um, the |
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| 11:54 | reporting. So I mentioned this already well. So case reporting and nationally |
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| 11:59 | diseases kind of goes hand in Okay. So there are just quickly |
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| 12:05 | do not memorize this table obviously. these are the nasty notifiable diseases. |
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| 12:13 | what you might think, communicable obviously things like measles, mumps, |
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| 12:18 | , um, uh, influenza Um, and then certainly all of |
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| 12:25 | sexually transmitted diseases following this group, , and then certainly a number of |
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| 12:29 | . Okay. And it's with this , of course, how you can |
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| 12:36 | , see if there's an outbreak is what's going on and try to |
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| 12:40 | that chain of transmission. We call . Okay, to to um, |
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| 12:44 | contain the disease. So essential information have. So we can uh, |
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| 12:50 | it's basically all that information is put together in this publication here. |
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| 12:58 | . Which covers every infectious disease, think even non infectious diseases too. |
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| 13:05 | on a weekly basis, you they track all this data if they |
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| 13:08 | something that's, you know, spiking or what have you and report on |
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| 13:12 | course and follow it to see it something significant. Um, you |
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| 13:18 | if you're interested, you know, just google that and you can see |
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| 13:21 | actual weekly reports here. But once the end of the year are kind |
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| 13:25 | interesting. It's kind of a review the previous year and the it has |
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| 13:31 | infectious disease and the number of cases during the year. Um, but |
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| 13:37 | so with that the terms you see and mortality. Okay, So, |
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| 13:45 | , I'm sure you've all heard of , obviously mortality rate. The number |
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| 13:48 | deaths. Right. It's about deaths these diseases, morbidity is the symptoms |
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| 13:55 | rather the instance of a specific Okay, you don't necessarily die of |
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| 14:00 | . But you reported two people reported have it. It's been confirmed from |
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| 14:06 | that they have the disease. whether they fall into the mortality |
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| 14:11 | of course, depends if they die number than mortality, Mortality and morbidity |
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| 14:33 | . That's like 100% mortality rate. get the symptoms of disease and you |
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| 14:37 | . All right. So you're not to be the same. Okay. |
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| 14:42 | mean, I guess it be close it was something like Ebola, but |
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| 14:46 | with that it's not equal. So morbidity is gonna be higher. |
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| 14:51 | You have a lot of people that down with influenza, right, contributing |
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| 14:55 | the morbidity numbers. But how many gonna actually die? Much less? |
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| 15:00 | gonna die than actually? Yeah. that make sense? That morbid is |
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| 15:04 | to be immortality how they relate? . Um Okay, so I see |
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| 15:13 | that ends 14. Okay. Any about it? Okay, so let's |
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| 15:21 | so we're going to in a So two parts here innate and adaptive |
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| 15:26 | immunity 17. And that 17 is of those uh you're gonna kind of |
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| 15:32 | on it yourself? Right. So I think the material should be |
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| 15:38 | the lecture video and stuff. So ahead and take a look at that |
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| 15:41 | already. For 17. For Okay. And we'll go through that |
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| 15:45 | Thursday. Okay, I'll have a of questions and kind of frame it |
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| 15:51 | that. So you've seen this already times, but again, just to |
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| 15:56 | we're not gonna focus on this is this really host offenses. Okay, |
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| 16:05 | which of course relates to, you , do you come down with |
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| 16:08 | What's your level of resistance or you're so resistant? You're more susceptible. |
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| 16:14 | . Of course, that relates to your immune system obviously. Okay, |
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| 16:19 | with the innate immune system, that's you come out of the, you |
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| 16:24 | , come out right, you're born boom, you've got that innate immune |
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| 16:28 | already working not, you know, a baby, obviously not at the |
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| 16:32 | level as it will a few months years from that point, but you |
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| 16:37 | have obviously skin, that's a physical , certainly part of the immune |
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| 16:41 | You have mucous membranes lining your body and whatnot, That's that's part of |
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| 16:46 | . Um We call the innate immune non specific. Okay, and there's |
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| 16:53 | reason for that. But let's look at this question here, just to |
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| 16:57 | if we can come up with something . So remember, so as we |
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| 17:01 | through this, your your innate and immune system, you can look at |
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| 17:06 | as 12 and three in terms of . And one way to visualize that |
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| 17:12 | really if you're a if you're a out here, right, and it |
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| 17:17 | to the body. Okay, what the layers it's going through? |
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| 17:22 | As it penetrates deeper into your if it does. Okay, and |
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| 17:26 | that's one way to look at it terms of first line, second |
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| 17:28 | third line. Okay, um let's here. Um so as you're answering |
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| 17:39 | , so specific versus non specific. specific the immune system is the adaptive |
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| 17:46 | system. Okay, because it relies on binding of components to each other |
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| 17:57 | antibody very often. So there's there's definite specificity to it because it involves |
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| 18:02 | binding to an antigen. Okay and what sets in motion. All the |
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| 18:08 | that follow. Okay your innate immune is not oh there is molecules binding |
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| 18:15 | certain in part of the process. not all centered on that, it's |
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| 18:21 | microbes coming in and you have different that they can encounter and may or |
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| 18:27 | not get through but it's not as as adaptive system. Okay So let's |
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| 18:33 | down here from 10. Alright. Yeah that's uh yeah it's corrected fever |
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| 18:51 | is is I think more of a line of defense. Okay and so |
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| 18:57 | look at um both sides of this here. Here we go. So |
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| 19:04 | not specific and specific. Okay so new system falls into that category. |
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| 19:09 | specific. Um So first line so I said picture microbe here is coming |
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| 19:15 | what's gonna encounter first skin skin barrier if it gets into your nose or |
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| 19:21 | maybe mucous membranes line your nasal Um You ingest it right? Your |
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| 19:28 | membranes coat your throat and then your . And so basically a colleague of |
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| 19:35 | that teaches A. And P. human fit said this gives the analogy |
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| 19:40 | the body is a donut. Okay right through right? So your mouth |
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| 19:46 | alright the whole right exposed to the right? But they have your fist |
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| 19:52 | your guts and everything else around So of course uh what goes through |
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| 19:56 | hole is what you breathe in And of course that will contain uh |
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| 20:03 | with everything encounter right in the mucous as they pass through. So um |
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| 20:10 | skin membranes and don't ever forget your own microbiome right there. They're part |
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| 20:17 | that certainly as well. Okay now going to be somewhat redundant because um |
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| 20:25 | your first line defense you can look these especially um skin and mucous membranes |
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| 20:35 | as a physical barrier. Okay. they also produce a chemical barrier which |
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| 20:42 | skin and mucous membranes produce chemicals and chemicals also can interact and uh counteract |
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| 20:52 | that committee. So so your first of defense is both a chemical physical |
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| 20:57 | chemical barriers as as you'll see um line defense. So getting past your |
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| 21:05 | line then. Second line I kind characterize as cells specific cells that are |
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| 21:12 | to interact with pathogens to get rid them and also processes. So I |
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| 21:17 | like inflammation fever. These I call these of course are particular cell types |
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| 21:27 | now. Even the processes of course cells. Okay but you when your |
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| 21:32 | ways to fight infection of course is figural psychosis, literally just engulfing pathogens |
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| 21:39 | breaking them up license. Okay so a number of number of cells and |
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| 21:46 | processes that are part of the second of defense. And so the third |
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| 21:49 | which will will get to until next from the day is your data review |
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| 21:55 | . So this requires um it only activated. Okay so they respond two |
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| 22:09 | what activates that system. Right? And so uh that's why we have |
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| 22:17 | that's what we call it specific. you have cells in your immune system |
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| 22:22 | the immune system we'll recognize antigens. um antibodies is one way production of |
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| 22:31 | . You can of the thousands if millions of potential engines out there. |
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| 22:36 | can likely produce antibodies to each and one of them allergies are about kind |
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| 22:47 | a hyper response to certain antigens and any case the uh and so T |
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| 23:09 | and B. Cells and also a other types. And we're also going |
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| 23:18 | see is that there will be cell that will bridge that both sides you |
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| 23:29 | cell types that both are part of adaptive and DNA. And so they |
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| 23:34 | kind of connected to. So um knowing I just told you now let's |
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| 23:43 | see this is a this is a response faster right. Or the |
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| 23:56 | So I'm gonna have to run the on this one. Hey winding |
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| 24:29 | Alright count down from four. So it's definitely gonna be an eight and |
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| 24:40 | really has to do with that that to Well the energon the energy in |
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| 24:49 | or response to energy which is what adaptive immune system relies on. |
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| 24:57 | Um There are 2 2 things. is um identify. Okay, |
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| 25:09 | Find it so to speak. And then bind it. Uh It's |
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| 25:22 | be very not scientific but I'll just new stuff. Okay, I'll elaborate |
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| 25:32 | that. Of course it's a lot that. But do stuff means um |
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| 25:38 | identifying to recognizing, finding it There's a time element that doesn't happen |
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| 25:43 | , right? Uh then bind engine then that then induces a lot of |
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| 25:51 | going on inside the cell. making different types of molecules etcetera |
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| 25:56 | And then um that that then leads so they do stuff is then does |
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| 26:02 | believe or sell itself buys an engine then stuff happens. Right, More |
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| 26:07 | happens. So it's uh for now is this is why we'll get the |
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| 26:13 | and bolts next week. But um yeah, this all takes time. |
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| 26:19 | of course the native resources right Right. It's a better it stops |
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| 26:25 | so again, put the kind of terms in this chapter together here. |
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| 26:34 | we get I broke it down and of chemical defenses, physical barriers, |
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| 26:38 | mucous membranes, right? Um Different types we see here. Okay. |
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| 26:47 | Another cell type here that the immune relies on Auntie Gin. This is |
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| 26:53 | one side to kind of something you'll over and over. Okay. So |
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| 26:58 | it's basically a generic term chemicals that basically tell other cells of the immune |
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| 27:07 | what to do. And they have variety of different functions as you'll |
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| 27:12 | Um And names. Right? The kind of a generic name but their |
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| 27:17 | names for all these things um and there are some processes here in this |
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| 27:24 | . Okay. Um pam oops. . Not sure what that is |
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| 27:29 | We'll talk about it. Figure The other thing is the type of |
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| 27:37 | your body has to deal with. . Will require two different strategies. |
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| 27:46 | you're gonna have pathogens who do their . So now this is in your |
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| 27:52 | . Okay. Do their thing by outside yourselves. Right so we call |
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| 27:57 | cellular pathogen. Okay. But then types that go inside yourselves and that's |
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| 28:03 | motive infection viruses. So you have interest cellular and intracellular pathogens but you |
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| 28:11 | to have two very different ways of with that. Okay because when a |
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| 28:16 | is inside itself it's kind of hidden the body. Okay. And so |
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| 28:22 | has to be a way to identify kind of infected cells and there |
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| 28:26 | Alright so so they're gonna be way deal with both. Okay so you |
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| 28:32 | the rule of thumb typically is fabulous . Won't work if it's inside of |
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| 28:38 | cell. Right? Certainly if it's susceptible to fake a psychosis engulf it |
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| 28:44 | chew it up. So we'll see are several strategies for what type of |
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| 28:50 | is how we can be used to it maps. Okay champs champs |
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| 29:14 | A. M. P. Yes it's so two operative right for |
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| 30:41 | . Um And so and also your doesn't go into it and I'm not |
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| 30:46 | touch you on it. Cells have . We have a bunch of cells |
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| 31:24 | your body that have peace. Um And when they encounter passages like this |
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| 31:32 | that that signal sort of a defect sets into motion the production of |
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| 31:41 | Okay as I mentioned you have a of different functions. Okay. From |
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| 31:47 | a few. Okay I will mention as we go through but uh come |
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| 32:31 | With Octopus with a bunch of eight right? That would be an active |
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| 32:40 | no arms. Right? That's an the part of me. They infection |
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| 33:04 | is to get yourselves to that And so chemo taxes right? This |
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| 33:11 | toward a chemical and so that's what does. Okay so if you have |
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| 33:16 | skin cut or wound or something here whatever these chemo tactic signals will draw |
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| 33:24 | immunity themselves there. Uh inflammatory response um That will go through that. |
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| 33:31 | today. But next time. So these are typical responses. We've all |
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| 33:35 | fever. We've all had inflammation. ? These are specific responses really. |
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| 33:41 | is really about um containing that's just where it entered the body so to |
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| 33:51 | . So we have like a splinter it's contaminated and you have an infection |
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| 33:56 | the inflammatory response was meant to kind continue right there and not let it |
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| 34:02 | . Um fever has its own use activate T. And B. Cells |
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| 34:09 | that's activating the adaptive. So again are just four things five things but |
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| 34:15 | of kind of doing a bunch of stuff as well. Okay all all |
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| 34:20 | of activating some part of the immune . Okay so back to what so |
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| 34:26 | of this system on this slide here total like receptor system right This is |
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| 34:33 | like it's it's it's like pulling the smell smoke in the building and you |
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| 34:41 | the fire alarm to alert everybody. kind of what this is kind of |
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| 34:47 | alert the body let's get let's get kind of thing. Okay and I |
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| 34:54 | do that and outside of kinds because will get certain cells to respond as |
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| 35:01 | . Okay so to like receptors kind the alarm system so toll like receptors |
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| 35:07 | these things. Right these things do kill anything. Okay they don't have |
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| 35:13 | role in killing a pathogen. Their is in warning the body of a |
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| 35:19 | pathogen is present. And let's get do something. Okay that's what it |
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| 35:24 | . Right? Um so again it's obvious to you but the total receptor |
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| 35:32 | not a cell is a protein on cell surface that interacts with a |
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| 35:38 | A. M. P. And activates it. Um Okay so first |
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| 35:43 | defenses so it's gonna be a little redundant as I said. So we |
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| 35:46 | at it first as a physical So skin of course is a very |
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| 35:52 | thick layer of multiple layers of Okay epithelial cells. And so that |
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| 35:59 | itself provides a strong barrier. But you put in this kind of protein |
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| 36:06 | that kind of holds it together and it keratin, keratin. Okay keratin |
|
| 36:11 | very and it's on the surface of body it's very thick on your fingernails |
|
| 36:19 | your fingernails are basically tearing your Okay. But but your body is |
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| 36:24 | with this skin is covered with this well so it makes it very almost |
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| 36:29 | Impenetrable but very stout barrier. But do have of course natural openings in |
|
| 36:35 | skin. Right? You have Right? Sweat glands, hair |
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| 36:41 | So these are kind of can be openings where bacteria may be able to |
|
| 36:45 | . Okay and of course you have cut or otherwise away from bacteria to |
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| 36:52 | your skin through a wound. That's what we call subcutaneous infection. So |
|
| 36:57 | membranes of course line which means that G. I tract obviously G. |
|
| 37:03 | track respiratory track etcetera. Okay and simply have a structure like this a |
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| 37:11 | we often call a basement membrane. need to worry about that term. |
|
| 37:16 | as the blue kind of like the on top of that you have various |
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| 37:21 | . This would be cells from your goblet cells are part of that. |
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| 37:26 | And so but again very thick, and often producing uh always hold your |
|
| 37:35 | . Remember to produce some sort of secretion. What's the mucus is a |
|
| 37:40 | right to keep the cells moist uh the intestine and serves also the function |
|
| 37:45 | helping food pass through. But mucus nature of it can also help track |
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| 37:54 | uh plus your your cilia in your form this thing called Salieri. You're |
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| 38:15 | felt to see 54 3 uh and hair and track stuff right? Just |
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| 39:10 | the cilia in your throat. Um and saliva. Uh So you always |
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| 39:18 | your eyes. Well some are your but that you know, tears are |
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| 39:25 | that to kind of keep washing wash microbes up, live what wash |
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| 39:31 | your teeth and whatnot. Um So then as well earwax, earwax does |
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| 39:38 | a function. I think that maybe trap bugs in your ears. |
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| 39:45 | it's gonna be bugs as well, insects anyway. Um but certainly digestion |
|
| 39:52 | ? You eliminate lots of facts, past your system. Uh epiglottis, |
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| 39:58 | the cover your wind pipe wall. you don't get things in your |
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| 40:02 | So yeah all these are part of helping kind of prevent at least as |
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| 40:08 | they can microbes from getting into your and where they're at more or |
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| 40:13 | Okay so again all of these, of these will also act as chemical |
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| 40:20 | . Okay so because they all have tends to be kind of a salty |
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| 40:29 | acidic because the kind of molecules that produced there. And so that in |
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| 40:33 | is a way to kind of um effect we can actually live there. |
|
| 40:39 | , staphylococcus like those conditions with july is one of the main bacteria you |
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| 40:45 | on your skin. Another one uh . So survive a gastric juice. |
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| 40:52 | very low ph um vaginal secretions. acidic urine is also actually slightly acidic |
|
| 40:59 | the one common thing in all many these is circled them here is |
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| 41:04 | Okay in multiple places, write down right hand, is that material That |
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| 41:17 | what they're so only. Okay so so definitely a defense against the bacterial |
|
| 41:24 | um that happened so long. And again as mentioned before we talked about |
|
| 41:30 | that this is part of your innate system as well, your microbiota. |
|
| 41:35 | their mere presence alone keeps other things taking hold um and they produce their |
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| 41:44 | kind of micro environments that can oftentimes things from so very essential. Um |
|
| 41:53 | so first line uh physical and chemical then after them are second line. |
|
| 42:01 | so we start with kind of different types uh specific cell types involved. |
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| 42:06 | you break down blood plasma fraction, centrifuge it um you have a protein |
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| 42:14 | , the platform that contains anti biasing and other types of proteins. The |
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| 42:22 | other part of this contains what are form elements. So red blood |
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| 42:25 | Red blood cells um Our basically our sacks of hemoglobin and hemoglobin binds |
|
| 42:37 | Okay uh red blood cells don't have nucleus. Okay. Um But uh |
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| 42:45 | also are not really cells are fragments involved in clotting but the cell types |
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| 42:51 | course are your leukocyte, your white cells um of various types. And |
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| 42:56 | these terminology of the granule sites and granule sites a little bit deceiving because |
|
| 43:05 | they all they all can have Okay, it's just that way, |
|
| 43:12 | at them under a light microscope, much more obvious in these types |
|
| 43:18 | Basic skills you look at and go that's a that's a grainy appearance. |
|
| 43:22 | . Not because they have lots of . Okay. Um It's just not |
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| 43:26 | visible under a microscope. But these although although they do have but anyways |
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| 43:33 | sometimes with terms it's a historical thing it never changes but that's that's how |
|
| 43:38 | still in front of the granule sites a granule sites. Um And so |
|
| 43:44 | go through each of these here alright neutrophils are gonna be your Early on |
|
| 43:52 | is neutrophils that are your primary fake cell types that do the bulk of |
|
| 43:59 | work initially. Right? Um so are in blood. So you see |
|
| 44:05 | 70%, don't worry so much about percentages but just to show that they |
|
| 44:12 | in the highest quality of your And so if they're in your blood |
|
| 44:18 | you have an infectious agent that's in tissues outside the blood, right, |
|
| 44:23 | you have to get them out of blood into the surrounding tissues. |
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| 44:28 | And that's what interferes do. so the exit blood is all part |
|
| 44:33 | that inflammatory response which was going next . But it's uh but you |
|
| 44:42 | aren't you floating around everywhere in your , there in your bloodstream? And |
|
| 44:45 | have to get them out of the . And there's a mechanism that they |
|
| 44:49 | let that happen. But they are primary infection fighters early on, they |
|
| 44:52 | taken over later. They um One thing. So you might look at |
|
| 44:59 | these cell types. They have like weird um morphology. Well they look |
|
| 45:05 | inside. You have these purple this is actually the D. |
|
| 45:10 | A. Chromosomes and they just form like sacks inside. They're all |
|
| 45:17 | But that's just how they look. what they call them, polity morpho |
|
| 45:24 | , probably more like it means many kind of nucleus just kind of a |
|
| 45:29 | future of those types. Basic So basic fields, unlike neutral fields |
|
| 45:35 | not specific cell types. They're thing to um release toxins typically and other |
|
| 45:42 | of cyber crimes. And so um so um lots of chemical services, |
|
| 45:57 | basically the amount in their blood is that high. So uh if you |
|
| 46:02 | hay fever, things like that, can probably blame your basic feels |
|
| 46:06 | Um so these are big acidic uh this big contributors and inter fields but |
|
| 46:16 | they do can act is in very pathogens by large. I mean we |
|
| 46:21 | about these worms before, right? those those can be attacked by |
|
| 46:26 | Their their thing is often to produce of tires and they actually interact with |
|
| 46:33 | pathogens. Um so again large practically like a big helmet or something like |
|
| 46:41 | right center field will be attracted to site and they actually interact with um |
|
| 46:51 | react with antibodies. So we'll see antibodies will interact with different of your |
|
| 46:57 | system selves in different ways. So antibodies our antibodies to the worm that |
|
| 47:06 | fills can also bind the antibody. then you get these all together. |
|
| 47:10 | a way to kind of collect a of sender films together so that when |
|
| 47:15 | release toxin right? You have a of toxin. So it's a way |
|
| 47:20 | concentrate center fields around the big right? Because you're gonna have to |
|
| 47:26 | have a lot of toxin and take of these things down. So you |
|
| 47:30 | get a bunch of center fields there have them hook onto the thing then |
|
| 47:33 | will release a toxin altogether and take down. So it's kind of how |
|
| 47:38 | work. Um so but again these these fully grown things are investing in |
|
| 47:47 | . B. Is short for Okay so like I said, you'll |
|
| 47:55 | see interactions between withdraw antibodies kind of this right? Like a why why |
|
| 48:03 | And these are all points that can . And so these this part |
|
| 48:08 | the two that are close together those and the bottom part is one that |
|
| 48:13 | buy into a cell type right? of some sort and even if it |
|
| 48:19 | one type that can do that, others that you'll you'll see as |
|
| 48:22 | Okay. Kind of jumping the gun but because I'll repeat this again but |
|
| 48:26 | we're here it seems like a good . Um So let's uh don't worry |
|
| 48:34 | you can get this thing wrong because gonna go through it again anyway when |
|
| 48:38 | get the antibodies and antigens. Um let's see what else is here we |
|
| 48:45 | . Okay so a grandiosity. These your macrophages. Dendritic cells. So |
|
| 48:52 | macrophages and dendritic cells start out as model site. So motorcycles circulating the |
|
| 48:58 | . But then they go to your system. Your lymphatic system plays a |
|
| 49:05 | part especially in your adaptive immune Okay so your B cells, your |
|
| 49:11 | cells macrophages. Dendritic cells they kind hang out in your lymphatic system, |
|
| 49:16 | what they do. Okay so if have had an infection and your doctor |
|
| 49:22 | this on your throat, right swelling maybe your armpit swell. Okay and |
|
| 49:30 | get painful. Um They're highly concentrated lymphatic vessels, right? And so |
|
| 49:36 | swell because the the cell types in are growing and proliferating right to fight |
|
| 49:41 | infection and that's what caused the Um The uh but they are so |
|
| 49:48 | macrophages and dendritic cells are specific but have this function. Okay, they |
|
| 49:56 | antigen presenting cells. So again these cell types that link up with the |
|
| 50:01 | immune system and uh and they can activated by your activity system. Have |
|
| 50:11 | functions there. Okay so engine presentation a big function that really has to |
|
| 50:18 | with um to alerting the body to their pathogens. I'll hold out for |
|
| 50:28 | . We'll wait. But energy building or a pc. They're also called |
|
| 50:35 | short text. So I'm adventurous Okay Now, very recently they are |
|
| 51:26 | of trying to exploit this activity and by genetically fixing natural killer cells to |
|
| 51:35 | able to be better at this function recognize different types of tumor cells. |
|
| 51:41 | using it to be a cancer fighting . Okay. There's a lot of |
|
| 51:45 | being done on that at the medical on that. Um But our context |
|
| 51:50 | we're looking at cells are infected. , so what happens is let me |
|
| 51:58 | I'm going to I just need to real quick to see. Okay. |
|
| 52:02 | it. Uh So the MHC that's the thing we need to talk about |
|
| 52:08 | affects a lot of different things Okay. So uh so natural killer |
|
| 52:14 | to look for infected or cancer So the thing is elaborate here in |
|
| 52:19 | second. So if your cells have certainly have different types of molecules on |
|
| 52:28 | surface. Okay. I'm just and of those and as opposed to your |
|
| 52:36 | healthy cells have all different types of on the surface, but they also |
|
| 52:42 | have and see energies. Okay, just drawing it like this just for |
|
| 52:48 | obvious. Um So the think of as a barcode there, you're a |
|
| 52:59 | on all of yourselves that identifies the to yourselves. So it's your own |
|
| 53:03 | barcode on all of yourselves comprising all tissues. Okay. So and they're |
|
| 53:10 | to be there. Okay, when not there, that's the signals, |
|
| 53:15 | . Weird. Something's not Right. . So if they're lacking or if |
|
| 53:20 | are only very few this or this they lack or have one or |
|
| 53:28 | that's something weird. The body that's not right. All right. |
|
| 53:32 | so that's what natural killer cells look for. Okay. And so they |
|
| 53:36 | of I guess they kind of hover the cells and they can recognize that |
|
| 53:40 | got the usual are supposed to have things and it's lacking. That's the |
|
| 53:47 | . Right? That cells not what supposed to be something wrong with |
|
| 53:51 | Okay I'll be infected. Okay. so infected cells like with a virus |
|
| 53:58 | other types, They can alter not of them, but many can alter |
|
| 54:03 | happens on the surface of the The types of things that end up |
|
| 54:07 | . And that's what natural killer for example, can detect that. |
|
| 54:11 | then the signals get rid of the , get it out of the |
|
| 54:14 | It's ineffective. Something's not right. also cancer cells can also produce that |
|
| 54:21 | appearance. Not all cancer types, some can and that also is a |
|
| 54:26 | of the cells not normal. Get of it. So that's what natural |
|
| 54:29 | cells do. Okay. Kind of for that. I'll elaborate. And |
|
| 54:32 | may see engine second, but that's of what any questions about that. |
|
| 54:38 | that's that's kind of what they Okay, so um so when they |
|
| 54:43 | bind, what do they do? , they I can hear it make |
|
| 54:48 | easier. Let's do this race. , so when they bind to |
|
| 54:59 | so they will um secrete these So preference. So think of |
|
| 55:08 | If you perforate something, you put punch a hole in it. |
|
| 55:12 | so preference is kind of like Almost protein tunnels. They stick into |
|
| 55:16 | cell and stuff we cut and the . Okay, enzymes are enzymes. |
|
| 55:25 | apoptosis is a feature um it's a feature of all yourselves. It's what's |
|
| 55:33 | a programmed cell death. So when cells are age and they don't work |
|
| 55:39 | anymore. Or something else damages The body says kill yourself, go |
|
| 55:45 | apoptosis basically. Right? You had sunburn, right? And you got |
|
| 55:51 | skin was peeling, That's the way see. It was red, it |
|
| 55:55 | hurt. And eventually the skin That is basically apoptosis going on. |
|
| 57:44 | the uh ability to come, what refers to is his. So oh |
|
| 58:24 | underneath. So you have two right? one and 2. The |
|
| 59:06 | way when I said uh huh. different. That's how uh with these |
|
| 60:17 | in different ways um and create different . Okay. And those effects can |
|
| 60:24 | the parts effect itself. Okay. it lacks MHC antigens, it'll be |
|
| 60:29 | rid of. Okay. Um the other types interact with other T cell |
|
| 60:40 | , interact with macrophages etc. We'll about that as we get into Chapter |
|
| 60:45 | next week. Okay. But the is, it makes the engines it's |
|
| 60:49 | critical to have a system like right? Otherwise, if you had |
|
| 60:53 | infectious agent in you, how would body know is even foreign or |
|
| 60:59 | Right. So you already have a in place with all your cells making |
|
| 61:03 | all your tissues that have those barcodes on them that are telling your body |
|
| 61:09 | is yours. Okay. So if else comes in that doesn't have that |
|
| 61:14 | then your body can say, oh something, not right, Foreign. |
|
| 61:18 | an agent, right, Do something it. So that's having that system |
|
| 61:22 | place allows you to detect something that's part of that system. Okay. |
|
| 61:28 | of course there's even times when your will attack its own, right? |
|
| 61:35 | your auto immune diseases. Right? certainly tissues become, you know, |
|
| 61:40 | body does fight them. That's you , for other different reasons. But |
|
| 61:44 | having a system in place like this you to detect something that's not not |
|
| 61:49 | same as what what that is. pathogens some sort. Okay. The |
|
| 61:55 | system as mentioned is an important So it's not um in terms of |
|
| 62:02 | immune immunity, the be checked against types of things you breathe in things |
|
| 62:11 | eat. Okay. Your your lymphatic will um can be particularly dense in |
|
| 62:18 | parts of your body. Like your particularly dense in lymphatic tissue, your |
|
| 62:23 | your throat, uh very dense. growing areas very dense tissue, swear |
|
| 62:31 | T cells, B cells, Dendritic cells hang out okay? Um |
|
| 62:40 | uh the uh and your spleen has synthetic tissue. You can filter out |
|
| 62:47 | in your blood for example. You have uh lymphatic tissue would concentrate |
|
| 62:55 | different parts of your skin, under skin, your intestinal wall. |
|
| 63:00 | And so how the lymphatic system uh it's a system of vessels of |
|
| 63:06 | But unlike vascular system, there's not heart pumping in fact typically move through |
|
| 63:16 | and through muscle contractions and through the of your arteries and arteries and |
|
| 63:25 | And so your arteries because lymphatic vessels very close to these things. Okay |
|
| 63:29 | so that kind of assists in pumping basically with lymphatic fluid lymphatic system is |
|
| 63:37 | for is to pick up fluid that's from your capillaries. Right? So |
|
| 63:43 | veins and arteries um intersect very very one cell thick vessels called capillaries. |
|
| 63:52 | called capillary bed. And um that's these are concentrating your vital organs. |
|
| 63:58 | so it feeds them, right? you exchange materials in the capillaries, |
|
| 64:02 | waste back and forth. And of when that happens you lose fluid from |
|
| 64:10 | blood volume, You lose fluid from vascular system. So you have to |
|
| 64:13 | able to recover that and dump it in. Right? That's what the |
|
| 64:17 | system does. It collects that what's interstitial fluid. Okay. It collects |
|
| 64:23 | and basically it dumps it back in here around your clavicle. And there's |
|
| 64:28 | where it dumps back into your cardiovascular and so it kind of helps to |
|
| 64:33 | blood volume and and because you do fluid from your cardiovascular system and that |
|
| 64:40 | pick it up. Okay. But it's a place where your these cell |
|
| 64:46 | reside. Okay. And so it's important for that. Um Now here's |
|
| 64:54 | example of your intestinal uh kind of lymphatic tissue very dense in your intestinal |
|
| 65:02 | intestines is in these pirate patches. , so very dense. And what |
|
| 65:07 | looks like in there is you have kinds of what are called m cells |
|
| 65:12 | between your normal kind of cells in intestine that are about absorbing food and |
|
| 65:18 | . Right? And so here are microbes coming through. You have um |
|
| 65:24 | system cells and macrophages and things that any kind of microbes that are that |
|
| 65:30 | in there to get rid of And so you'll have these is a |
|
| 65:34 | section and you see the dense tissue here pires throughout your intestines. Okay |
|
| 65:44 | so here so figure acidosis. Okay again this is one of your main |
|
| 65:52 | fight infection. Okay so your primary are macrophages, dendritic cells and um |
|
| 66:01 | . Okay and so in terms of they can be what are called wandering |
|
| 66:08 | fixed. Okay so wandering like the implies you can travel throughout your lymphatic |
|
| 66:14 | uh wandered around engulfing you know pathogens have you fixed or stay in one |
|
| 66:22 | . So very common to have for al Viola macrophages living a lifetime in |
|
| 66:28 | lungs and they pick up any kind microbes that might be there. Um |
|
| 66:34 | so the grandiose sites like neutrophils, , infections early in the infection |
|
| 66:47 | how this happens. So first get or dendritic cells to the site of |
|
| 66:58 | number one that's chemo taxes then stick the pathogens that part of that is |
|
| 67:05 | engulf mint process. Take it in then break it apart license. Okay |
|
| 67:11 | the four step process. And so so here you see here's a |
|
| 67:18 | Okay. And part of the binding is these pants, right? So |
|
| 67:25 | not just ingesting and figure sensitizing the but also releasing set of alert other |
|
| 67:33 | in the body. So they have as well. That and so um |
|
| 67:40 | is something we'll talk about later. the uh sometimes you have microbial types |
|
| 67:49 | are easier to buy it easier as be taken in than others. Other |
|
| 67:55 | are maybe have a very thick Okay. That makes them less able |
|
| 67:59 | be bound and taken in. That's it's a virulence factor. And so |
|
| 68:03 | do you deal with that? Will produce other chemicals that can code |
|
| 68:07 | And then that can be taken That's what do right. Something like |
|
| 68:12 | complement these coat the pathogen and then what's taken in. It makes it |
|
| 68:19 | to figure ties. Okay, the part. So you have a vehicle |
|
| 68:27 | it's engulfed right into a vehicle called figure zone. And then our feeding |
|
| 68:34 | . And then that fuses with the all Okay. And that's kind of |
|
| 68:38 | digestive organ. L that will then down the microbes either through production of |
|
| 68:45 | radicals. We talked about that Um these are toxic to the cell |
|
| 68:51 | have license line to break down cell and ultimately getting rid of it. |
|
| 68:57 | , now the thing about a about is these can also the particles that |
|
| 69:07 | you see some of these being These can also be the NHC module |
|
| 69:15 | these can present. And so microfiche also be an engine presenting cell, |
|
| 69:20 | ? A Pc. And they can that by taking some of this material |
|
| 69:26 | with MHC molecules in the cell then to the surface and now the engine |
|
| 69:34 | visible to the immune system. That respond in a different way. |
|
| 69:41 | that's what the engine presenting cell does you, allows the body to see |
|
| 69:45 | engine and respond to it. if I hadn't seen it before. |
|
| 69:50 | um the so I just mentioned about optimization, that not everything is easily |
|
| 70:00 | with thai so that's things like a capsule typically aren't. So they enhance |
|
| 70:05 | you can produce antibodies to it. then those antibodies are bound to the |
|
| 70:12 | . Right? And then the cell has a receptor that combined to that |
|
| 70:18 | the antibody Right? And then the thing gets taken in. Right? |
|
| 70:24 | it's a way to make something that not easily monetized. Okay, similarly |
|
| 70:29 | same process can occur. You can it with antibody compliment compliment kind of |
|
| 70:37 | soluble protein factors. So that can to sell and communication as well. |
|
| 70:45 | it's a way to figure these things aren't easily fixed. Okay, |
|
| 70:50 | observations of the molecule that code so can be an antibiotic compliment optimization is |
|
| 70:56 | process of taking it this way. . Um, that's a good way |
|
| 71:03 | pace. To stop. Right, . Thanks for hanging in there. |
|
| 71:07 | , we'll see you next weekend and |
|
