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BIOL 2301 Human Anatomy & Physiology I - 2301_lecture10_0930
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00:06 Yeah. All right. You let's see if we can do everything
00:13 I hope we can get done I don't know that's gonna be real
00:18 . Um The good news Is that skeleton and the skeletal system is not
00:24 difficult. What do we decide it 206? Yeah. See the number
00:29 depends on who you read what age looking at so and so forth.
00:33 the number of bones, it's like there's so many. Oh no they're
00:36 . No, they're not. They're really straightforward. And then we're gonna
00:39 is we're gonna do joints and joints again they're real straightforward. You're gonna
00:44 a lot of time in front of mirror. Or if you're in study
00:46 you're going to be doing all sorts weird movements in front of each
00:48 Like look at this. Yeah. right. So what we're gonna do
00:52 we're gonna start here with the basic . Should probably turn that on.
00:58 , so we're going to first focus the actual skeleton. We're going to
01:01 to the appendix. Her skeleton. axial skeleton is your access So that
01:05 talking about the skull, the vertebral and the rib cage. All
01:09 now notice when you look at this can see there's a lot of
01:12 So you actually run through it a bit quicker than you think? Think
01:15 the perpendicular skeleton. Remember we have arms, two legs or at least
01:19 theory you do. And so it to the girdles that hold or where
01:25 limbs actually attached to the body plus limbs that extend from it. All
01:30 . Now, if you had uh kind of say, All right,
01:33 , what are these two different parts the skeleton do? Well, when
01:36 dealing with the actual you're dealing with , support and carrying other body
01:40 Generally speaking, does that mean it have movement? No, I mean
01:45 does play a role in a help it helps with regard to movement.
01:50 generally speaking, those bones play a in protecting, supporting and caring.
01:54 contrast, the perpendicular skeleton deals primarily movement, locomotion. All right.
02:01 , that's kind of an easy or simple way to kind of look at
02:05 things. So, we're gonna start the skull. We spend a lot
02:07 time talking about skull. Probably more we need to. All right,
02:12 on the exam, you're going to a picture that looks like this.
02:15 right. It's gonna be color So you can actually see where the
02:18 are. But remember the human body have colors. Right? So,
02:25 it's just because that's where we If you're in the lab you're gonna
02:28 working with the natural skull. you need to learn these structures when
02:32 dealing with the hands on stuff. right. So, this is the
02:36 complex structure, which is probably always so much time on it. 22
02:41 . eight of them are cranial 14 facial. All right now. These
02:46 mostly flat bones. But there are regulars in there. We're not going
02:49 sit there and here's a regular Here's a flat bone. Just you
02:52 understood the definition. So use and that definition. The joints that you're
02:58 see between these bones are what are suckers. They're locking joints. They
03:04 hold things together. So there is little movement between each of these individual
03:10 . The only exception of this is mandible which we're gonna get to here
03:13 just a second, which is freely with the uh excuse me, With
03:20 the temporal bone that we're going to to and I didn't want to jump
03:22 all that yet. But you can my mouth moving right when I
03:27 That's the mandible moving. All So, here is our starting
03:33 We're going to deal with the This is the cranium right here.
03:38 right. This is a look from top down into the cranium. All
03:43 , So, we have the We have the base is how we
03:46 of break these two things down. , purpose of the cranium is to
03:51 and do cover and to uh ensure the brain doesn't get damaged. All
03:58 now, there are a total of many bones? eight. Good.
04:03 glad you guys are listening at least of you. All right,
04:06 we have single bones. And we paired bones. Alright. Single bones
04:11 out simple appear in the front frontal . You see how that works Back
04:17 the back. We have the occipital So far. We have 2.
04:22 you can't see because I can't stick finger in there and open my
04:26 Is the hyoid bone. You can it right here sticking out on the
04:31 , right? But here it's obvious you do a satchel section or mid
04:35 cut. All right. So, ETh Boyd. And then lastly,
04:39 have the spin oid the Synthroid. you look at it kind of looks
04:42 a bird or butterfly, you can that. Okay, see this one
04:46 has eyes, right? Is it obvious? And not really? The
04:56 bones are the temporal bones on the of your head, right? And
05:02 the two that stood above it. are the parietal. They're so
05:07 That's 2 4 and then the other make it eight. See that was
05:12 , wasn't it? Yeah, we've done with eight. Okay. Now
05:17 can look in the middle of the bone. We have the big
05:22 But we're all fancy people, we latin, right? Force the foramen
05:27 , right? That's what it Big hole. This is where the
05:30 cord exits out. So you can your brains up here spinal cord comes
05:34 . All right? So, when look at this, we'll see that
05:39 of these bones actually play a role making up different parts of it.
05:43 what we're gonna do is we're gonna first at the floor, the base
05:46 we're going to see that there's these areas what we call fossa. All
05:51 . So there's three foster, there's anterior, middle and posterior. So
05:56 coded. So you can see them from the side. You can see
05:58 one there's two. There's three And these serve to hold or support the
06:04 in the cranium. All right. they're made up of different bones.
06:08 we have up here you can see the anterior we have the frontal
06:11 The ethnic and this annoyed for the fossa. All right. You can
06:16 these kind of coming, remember I right here and said, what is
06:19 ? What are these bones right Temple. Right, that's the temporal
06:25 , right. Do you know why called that? Well, when you
06:29 temple, what do you were what do you think of time?
06:33 , this is why they're called that you get old. The first sign
06:37 graying occurs here. So the sign time passing is at the temporal
06:44 Or excuse me? The temporal bone is brain underneath. Oh, see
06:49 always a reason why they have these names. I shouldn't say stupid names
06:54 that's where it comes from. All . So you can see here this
06:58 fossa is the temporal bones that are up the floor. And then they
07:02 around we can see the wings of solenoid bone. Right? And then
07:09 not quite so much, but you the parietal bones a little bit but
07:13 kind of don't include it. All . And then finally when you look
07:16 the posterior again you can see it's of this larger structure. So that's
07:21 occipital. But you have a little of the temporal included, a little
07:25 of the parietal which you don't really about and that supports the sara
07:29 All right, so the floor is up these of these different bones,
07:36 . These are the joints. so when you think of a
07:41 you probably think of a princess and get that little kind of cute little
07:46 . You sit on your head and look pretty and stuff like that.
07:49 when you think of a crown, want you to think of the statue
07:52 Liberty. Like. So okay, is not the thing that goes around
07:57 top. It's the thing that projects like So, so the first future
08:02 the corona all future going across the . You can see right there,
08:06 separates out the frontal bone and the parietal bones. All right. So
08:12 it is going across the top, can see it goes up and around
08:15 on the other side on the back the school we have a future that
08:20 the shape of a lambda. It's quite a lambda. That's why it's
08:24 lamb deutsche. Not lambdas future kind All right. What do we have
08:29 here is the occipital bone and the parietal bones. All right. Sad
08:36 separates the middle of your body. we said this was the mid sagittal
08:41 . If you move left and it's still saddle. But that would
08:44 the satchels that cuts your left from right. So we have a future
08:48 separates the left and the right parietal . It moves from the corona to
08:52 lamb died. So it divides the basically in half And the last one
08:59 can see right here, it's called squamous or scaly. All right.
09:04 it does. It separates out the and the temporal. Now you can
09:09 there's a little bit more extension So for example, you can see
09:12 the landlord goes a little bit further , but these are kind of some
09:16 basic general joints that you can see buying these bones together to create the
09:21 vault. Sure, that was All right. How many bones?
09:31 , I'm going to keep asking that we go along having bones, you
09:35 keep adding them up. All Now, the face, the face
09:39 like it's a lot harder, doesn't ? Because there's a lot of stuff
09:41 there. Right, Okay, so , we have two single bones.
09:45 right. We have the mandible. here it is in front. That's
09:48 lower bone that makes up your lower . That's right. And then we
09:53 a bone that sits inside the nasal . You can see it right
09:56 That's the bomber and there it is backwards. All right. But it's
10:01 of a one that kind of goes and has kind of this uh bottom
10:05 edge. All right. That goes through the middle. All right.
10:08 then everything else is going to be , including the maxillary, which is
10:12 one right up here. That makes the upper part of your of your
10:16 . Right? So it's actually two that fuse together. And then everything
10:20 is just there's one on each Alright, So really 14 bones is
10:25 lot easier. It's really more like bones that are doubled And then two
10:30 . That makes sense. Six times is 12 plus 2. 14.
10:37 . So what are they? you got the nasal bones. Here's
10:40 two nasal bones makes up the top . That's the hard bumpy part.
10:44 the part when you break your That's what you break. Okay,
10:47 bones. All right. We have lachrymose bones lachrymose bones sit inside the
10:52 cavity when you hear like a You should think tears. All right
10:56 , technically your tears are formed way here and they run inward and then
11:01 pull and fall out right here. , a criminal region is this
11:07 I can't put my fingers further in eyes or the heart. Okay,
11:11 they're kind of behind the nasal All right. The zygomatic bones was
11:17 cheeks? So right out here. right. That's the zygomatic bone.
11:24 right, next is the palantine Think of pallet. Alright, go
11:29 your mouth. All right. That's Maxwell on the front end. You
11:33 a little bit further back. That's palantine bone. Go a little bit
11:37 back. That's the soft palate that you gag. That's what you touch
11:41 you want to throw up. All . That's a special button.
11:46 So palantine is the hard palate. can see it right there easy.
11:50 remember palantine palette. And then we've mentioned the maxillary, which is up
11:55 in the front and the one that can't see. It's really hard to
11:58 in this picture. Um Doesn't help if I show you that picture,
12:03 there they are right there. All . That's the inferior nasal uh
12:08 All right. Now, if you to cut through, let me see
12:12 I have to do a good job either. All right. If you
12:16 on the inside of your nose, you're gonna see is we're gonna see
12:18 bums that kind of extend out from side of the nasal cavity. All
12:23 there called the turbine eights or the concha. So one of those is
12:27 inferior nasal concha. Which is there's one on one each side. All
12:32 . And what they do is they turn the air over when you breathe
12:36 so that your air rotates or swirls the nose so that you can get
12:41 greater sense of what's there. You humidifier the air a little bit
12:44 You can warm the air better. right. So with regard to the
12:49 bones, there's all sorts of things are being formed or result as their
12:55 . So first off, we're gonna up the cavities. So these are
12:59 the special senses. So site that be the orbital's right smell. There'd
13:04 nasal cavity taste. That would be cavity. All right. So we're
13:09 see those. We're going to break down. I mentioned, terminating the
13:13 , create a passage for the passage air through the nasal cavity, passage
13:17 food through the oral cavity. The and the mandible, secure the
13:22 And this is where all your face are attached. Makes sense their facial
13:27 . Face or face bones. Yeah, this so what are we
13:33 ? So the superior nasal cancer are of the structures uh within here.
13:41 see if I can actually get a shot. No, not so
13:44 Let me go the other direction. on. Work with me.
13:50 So if you look at you can way back there there's part of the
13:56 droid, you know that's what the located and there's actually three of
14:01 Yeah. So the there's the inferior media and the superior. But you
14:06 need to worry about that. So one of them is a bone.
14:09 rest of largest extensions. All so this is just a different
14:14 So you can kind of see uh bones from a different angle there.
14:18 can see the palantine, you can the Bowmer, you can see the
14:21 bone. The maxillary. You can see why the max illa is actually
14:25 bones. Um So that's why I this up here. It's the exact
14:28 thing. Just different angles. I you. I think your book actually
14:31 a skull that you can kind of and twist and turn. So just
14:35 twists and turns. All right? with regard to the cavities that are
14:42 formed here, we have the cranial which we've already mentioned, frontal,
14:47 temporal and occipital bones make up the portion of the cavity. Um We
14:54 the orbital cavity. If you look this carefully, you can kind of
14:57 what bones make this up. We got the frontal right up
15:01 We have this thin oid which is blue in the back. You can
15:05 the lack formal, you can see maxillary, you can see the zygomatic
15:10 , Not so clear. Um But it's not going to show but if
15:16 actually have one in your hand you kind of twist and turn and you
15:18 kind of see it um nasal Alright right up here. This is
15:26 air passes through. We've already It has a septum So you have
15:30 left and the right side I should left and the right side again.
15:34 bones? Well we have the f right there. There's a still
15:38 Um You have the palantine. You see the bomber. You can see
15:43 here the maxillary uh nasal bone up the front end uh inferior nasal
15:48 Which is not well shown in this because the farmers sitting in the middle
15:53 there you nasal inferior nasal. All with regard to the oral cavity.
15:59 your mouth. So what is its to the maximum the mandible. But
16:03 can also include the palantine as So these are just the structures that
16:09 bones make up. All right. you can kind of see. All
16:13 well upon looking at this? Let just figure out where my bones are
16:16 that skeleton to kind of help you of see that now bones are
16:21 Have you guys noticed that the bones heavy. Does your head feel heavy
16:25 the time? Well it could be . There's actually holes in the
16:29 Okay. And these holes are called parent nasal sinuses. All right.
16:35 . The purpose here is multi form is to lighten the skull. But
16:38 what they do is they create these that are covered in epithelial tissue that
16:44 air goes in and it warms up air and humidifiers that air before it
16:49 down in your lungs. All It also creates this unique resonance.
16:54 you ever noticed that we all don't the same? Yeah. That's because
16:59 sound comes through they resonate in those small sinuses and create that unique sound
17:05 we all each produce. All And because these are really tiny holes
17:10 big spaces behind them, this is good place for bacteria to find their
17:13 in. And if you've ever had sinus infection basically get all mucous E
17:18 nasty and you feel sticky and It's because that's where the bacteria are
17:22 from the immune system for a short of time. All right. So
17:26 there's four of them are mucous So like I said there's epithelium.
17:30 their mucous membranes that sit inside these tiny holes. You can kind of
17:35 how they're they're positioned. I thought oh I guess I didn't have a
17:39 . So these are their names for bone there I found in. So
17:42 have one of the frontal bone. have one of the f void.
17:44 have one uh in the maxillary and you have one in the finale and
17:48 is just a different looks so that can see that's annoyed, employed,
17:52 and maxillary. Just lightens up the . Guys know where your larynx is
18:02 , It's real easy ladies, it's little bit harder. Guys have bigger
18:06 . Right? That's our little adam's . We can find uh and then
18:09 go right up there and at the of that is a little tiny
18:12 It's not connected to the other That's the hyoid. Alright, so
18:16 it is. You can see hyoid hyoid bone. The key thing here
18:21 that this is what we attach Um I mean not bo excuse
18:25 muscles around the larynx so that we make the unique sounds and stuff that
18:29 have. Um And the key features . Greater horns, lesser horns.
18:35 can see they're attached to ligaments and what basically allows its kind of free
18:38 in that without floating around the All right, How many bones are
18:43 up to now? Place? 10% done. Greater than 10%
18:52 All right. The vertebral column. , these are the bones, the
18:59 . These are the bones that make The primary portion of the access.
19:03 have five divisions. So you see 12345. There's four curvature cervical thoracic
19:10 sacral, you can see the names associated to the region, to a
19:15 region. Here's a little fun You'll see that. We always say
19:19 cervical. 30% of the population has bones there. Yeah, it's really
19:26 . All right. So there's 382 you. So, you can kind
19:31 do the math. About 90 of . Maybe real close to 120 of
19:36 have eight cervical bones. How can tell? Well, you really
19:43 You have to just count them All right. So, we start
19:47 with the cervical vertebrae Has this So basically goes this direction. Then
19:54 have 12 thoracic we have a convex goes um away from the body.
20:02 ? Well, I guess it goes the body. No, I got
20:05 backwards. That's away from body towards body. Away from the body towards
20:09 body because this is where your body . You're not this direction This
20:17 Okay, lumbar lower back sacrum. can see it's fuse that's basically right
20:24 here at the itsy bitsy teeny tiny . We have the coccyx toxic
20:30 Yes. You ever fallen on your ever broken your cock six. And
20:35 you're broken or bruised or coccyx It is the worst ever.
20:41 Because there's a lot of ligaments attached ? All right, so 7 12
20:47 . How do I remember this? time do normal people have breakfast?
20:51 a.m. Let's see this is the That's why I say normal seven a.m.
20:59 you normal people have lunch 12. the normal people have dinner five,
21:04 do they have seconds? Five? again And when you get up in
21:09 middle of the night needs four or get from P. I don't
21:15 Find some way to remember these I think that's easy. 7:12
21:19 Okay. Now if you look at , the names of the vertebrae basically
21:25 with the letter. It tells you the region which it comes and the
21:29 represents where it is in that So C. One is the first
21:33 and C two. C three. four. C five. C.
21:36 . Then you go to the threat terrific Thoracic T. one all the
21:41 down through 12. Then you get lumbar 1-5, so on and so
21:46 . Right? That's the nomenclature that use to identify. The reason we
21:51 this spinal curve is because it distributes different directions. So you're not having
21:58 goes straight down through your body. actually being dispersed along that curvature.
22:04 you can imagine this bone right here pushing away here but that bone right
22:08 to it is pushing weight at an slightly off and it just keeps pushing
22:12 away. So it actually creates less in a direct way the mass is
22:18 the mass but the weight is being so that your body is not carrying
22:22 directly down. All right. It functions more like a spring now,
22:27 , it's hard to see the but if you've ever watched a National
22:30 special with cheetahs, if you ever the cheetah run, it's like like
22:35 , right? The expand and contract this. Your spine does the exact
22:39 thing, expansion contract. Here's a thing in the morning. You're taller
22:42 you are in the afternoon. You that, right? Because all that
22:47 is pressing down and so you shrink of an inch over the course of
22:52 day. All right. Yeah. I do want to .1 thing out
22:57 . Just I'm not going to have on the test, but see one
23:01 a special name. It's called is called the Axis. All
23:07 The atlas holds your cranium, It's just like atlas, you know
23:13 they're holding the globe, it's really holding the the universe on his shoulders
23:19 really what he's supposed to be And then the access is what you
23:22 turn and make your head do like . All right. So each vertebrae
23:27 a structure that follows this pattern. One exception to this rule is
23:33 which doesn't have a body. All . And so what you have is
23:36 have the body The body is actually bone that basically gets stacked on
23:41 All right? So each vertebrae is taking the body and you're stacking the
23:45 body on top of it all the up. You have a hole in
23:49 middle of the bone. That's the foramen. All right. And so
23:53 have here is we have an arch goes around the edge like. So
23:59 . And that arch um is sorry phone is buzzing in my pocket.
24:04 knows what that is. All Um Probably someone trying to sell me
24:08 car insurance insurance. What is it warranties? Um But what you can
24:16 here is the arch is made up different parts. Okay, It has
24:19 lamb inna that's the upper part of arch. And then it has these
24:23 that come down which extend in different . These are called the pericles.
24:28 , this would be the medical one too. And then the laminate goes
24:31 the edge. And then what you see here is we have these
24:34 Here is an extension. Here is extension and there's two on the other
24:38 . Oops. Those are called So, the one in the
24:43 that's when you can feel when you're that back rub or you can see
24:47 somebody that's the spinal process there's only of those. All right. So
24:52 seven processes in total. So there's one you have to that extend
24:58 like so all right out to the . Those are the transverse processes.
25:03 then the ones that are the articular . Remember what we said. Articular
25:07 joint or interaction between two bones. have two pairs of these. We
25:12 one on the left, one on right, we have two that are
25:14 fear facing downward. And then we two that are going up which are
25:19 . If you look at the bone it, the superiors articulating with the
25:24 . Does that make sense? So bone below the superior articular uh processes
25:30 articulating with the inferior articular processes of bone above it. And that's how
25:36 kind of interact and connect. And can kind of see it here.
25:39 an inferior. That's a superior. an inferior. There's a superior
25:45 Okay, so that's spineless. There's trans verse sticking out off to the
25:53 . So there's your basic structure has to 2. Trans verse. One
25:58 is then two down, two For articular. Okay, between each
26:06 is an inter vertebral disc. Much tissue. It provides cushioning and support
26:12 the two bones so they don't squish other and crushing. There's two parts
26:16 it. We have the outside which the annual is fibrosis. This is
26:21 better look down here. This is that's not broken. So you can
26:24 out here. It's basically a bunch collagen fibers and fiber cartilage sitting on
26:28 outside, holding everything on the inside preventing it from coming out. And
26:33 on the inside is a nucleus propulsive this is basically a compressible elastic connective
26:39 , It's kind of like a gel substance. It's not but it's kind
26:43 like that. And so that's the bearing portion. So, when weight
26:47 applied to the nucleus propulsive, it pushes downward and pushes out the annuals
26:53 holds everything in place. And so forces distributed outward, but it doesn't
26:58 , you know, splitting out the and just squishing out the sides.
27:01 you get a terror in the annual , that's when the nucleus proposal can
27:05 out. And if that tear happens be against the spinal cord or the
27:09 nerves, it's incredibly painful because you're applying pressure to an area that doesn't
27:15 to be pressure needs to be applied . That's bad. I throw this
27:22 here, not such. You memorize this stuff, so don't memorize this
27:26 . What I want to show you . So, here we have the
27:30 here. We have the thoracic here have the cervical. Can you see
27:34 this picture? Can you see the of all three? All right.
27:37 body. Body body. Can you the transverse processes of all 3?
27:43 easy 112 and right there a little harder, but they're right out here
27:47 the edge, Right? You can the spinosaurus or excuse the spinal
27:52 Right? So, just to demonstrate you the articular processes, you can
27:57 right here. All right. if you understand the basic structure,
28:04 you're given a vertebrae, if someone a vertebrae in your lap and
28:07 can you identify these parts? You be able to do it right,
28:11 though they are very, very different depending upon where you're located within the
28:17 . Where the rutabaga column. That sense. So, there's a general
28:24 . And then at some point when in the lab, not in this
28:27 , but in your lab, you're be able to pick up one of
28:29 things and they're going to say, , can you recognize L. Three
28:34 a cervical too? Okay, the vertebrae have a unique feature. This
28:43 one of the reasons why you'd be to recognize thoracic vertebrae from any of
28:46 others. They have a trans verse that has a costal facet. Costal
28:55 to ribs. So only the thoracic have ribs associated with them.
29:03 so that should be kind of an thing to remember. Oh yeah,
29:06 I see this little thing that means a rib. So thoracic only have
29:11 . All right, Costal facet? sacrum it's fairly easy to identify Because
29:19 take the five bones and you fused together and it's fairly large.
29:25 you can see the superior articular process right there notice there's no inferiors because
29:33 were all fused together with the one . The inferiors were confused with the
29:37 . That will blow them. All . You can see that there's these
29:41 tiny holes. All right. These the sacred uh for Mina. That's
29:47 plural. So they are for for Mina means just tiny. All
29:51 . So, you've got these and happening here? This is where blood
29:54 and the nerves that are responsible for the lower limbs. They travel through
30:00 holes to get to where they need go. The very, very
30:07 That's the coccyx. And you see Around age 25 is when they finally
30:15 and go through their final ossification And there are many, many ligaments
30:21 . That little tiny structure in the , which is why it's so painful
30:25 you break it. Your sternum sits in the front and it looks like
30:36 tie. Which is why I have picture of the tie up there.
30:40 three parts to the sternum, just there's three parts to a tie.
30:44 have the not gonna tie. You the long part or the shaft.
30:47 you have a little poignant on a . Would you agree with me on
30:51 ? Okay, so just like the . The sternum has three parts,
30:56 not at the top is called the . All right. The elongate part
31:01 called the body and then the little part at the bottom. That's the
31:07 process In adults around age 40. when that ossified is complete. All
31:14 . And this is where many of abdominal muscles are attached. Have you
31:17 been punched? You know, high the belly? I know. None
31:20 you have ever been punched. Yeah. We just did it for
31:25 . Do you remember doing that when younger? For fun? Just punching
31:28 other. Yeah, That's what guys . I'm sorry. You did that
31:34 . All right. Nice. I like that. I mean,
31:39 violence keeps us all in the under . I understand the world is a
31:43 place. All right. So, , if you ever had the wind
31:47 out of you, it's basically you punch right there. Right,
31:53 So manu graham, we have the . It's also called the gladiolas for
31:59 you like flowers. You know the sis? It's a name for the
32:05 sword. So, that's the kind looks like a sword. And then
32:09 if I process all right now, can see this is a flat
32:12 And what does it do? It the heart, Your heart, love
32:16 thoracic cage. And that sternum is so that it protects that structure.
32:24 ribs are tasty. No, I'm . I like ribs like beef
32:31 I'm not a big fan of pork . Beef ribs. Winner winner.
32:34 right. So, the first seven . Remember they're all attach to the
32:39 bone, Right, thoracic vertebrae. the first seven are called the true
32:44 . And the reason they're called the ribs is that they go from the
32:47 vertebrae. They come around there is uh an articular joint that then connects
32:52 the bone of the sternum. So can see it directly connects to the
32:56 . Alright, even here and it is directly connected to the
33:01 All right, with that cartilage. right, when you get to number
33:05 , number eight is not directly connected the Stearman. Number eight is connected
33:08 number seven. Number nine is Number eight. Number 10 is connected
33:11 nine. So, these are called false ribs. And I'm excluding 11
33:15 12 for a second. There also ribs. But these eight through 10
33:20 all attached to the rib above Really it's all attached to seven.
33:24 really doing that. But it's basically is attached they're attached there and they
33:28 attached to seven together. All So, they're false ribs are not
33:31 ribs because they're not directly attached to sternum. And then 11 and 12
33:37 called the floating rooms because they have cartilage. And so they just kind
33:40 float out there and their job is protect the kidneys. All right.
33:48 , when you look at the you look at the structure of a
33:52 . All right. Remember we're We're looking at it. You can
33:55 back over here is the thoracic vertebrae you're going around the side into the
34:00 view? So here you can see coming around this direction. So there's
34:06 portion that comes around the front that's the shaft. All right. Where
34:11 turns is called the angle. So too easy. Right. Yeah.
34:16 . And then I'm just gonna You can see they're here but we're
34:20 come focus back here. The portion the rib that articulates with the body
34:26 the thoracic vertebrae is called the The region of bone of the rib
34:31 extends from the head is called the . So head. Neck. And
34:36 when it attaches to that trans verse that at that costal faucet. That's
34:43 tuber coal. So if you're looking it from the thoracic vertebrae and working
34:47 way around it be head, tuber goal, head, neck,
34:52 coal angle and then shaft. Now type of rib. This bone is
35:00 flat bone. All right. If look at a rib you'd see that
35:04 has this thin ribbon like shape to . It's not round. It's not
35:08 long bone. Its elongated but it not long. It is a flat
35:14 . All right. So again the the neck the two big holes where
35:20 articulates. Then you come around the the angle and then you get the
35:27 . Mhm. And that is your skeleton. How many bones did we
35:33 through, wow. All right. paying attention. I lost count after
35:41 . All right. Yeah, that's good. It's It's really
35:46 So, remember you have 12 ribs two. That's 24. Right.
35:51 12 554. That's 10 14 plus . So 33. Right. And
35:59 you do the facial and cranial. 22. So, how much time
36:03 we spend? Half an hour? telling you this. This this is
36:11 make it more difficult than you need . Now again, this is not
36:15 lab. You're not sitting there and to identify the parts of it.
36:18 can't do that. I point out picture and say, okay, now
36:21 all the different parts. That's that's be really, really hard to
36:25 Right? So, that's why we do that in this classroom. That's
36:28 the lab is for. All So, what that means now is
36:37 gonna start moving to the appendix. skeleton. We have the upper
36:42 We have the lower appendages. We with the girdles. Alright. Girdles
36:47 not the things that you cinch up where to keep the tummy in in
36:51 really tight dress. I mean, guess they are but not in this
36:54 . Alright. A girdle is the point of a limb to the
36:59 All right. And so the upper are called the pectoral girdles. All
37:05 , pectoral muscle pectoral girdle. All . There's two bones that are part
37:09 the pectoral girdle. We have the clavicle is this bone across the
37:15 Right? If you put your arm , you can kind of put your
37:18 around it. All right. It's little harder to find. I had
37:21 friend whose grandmother when he got in would grab him by the clavicle and
37:26 him around the room. That'll teach were younger. All right,
37:31 you don't do that. It All right. This is what we
37:36 our collarbone. Alright. It's on anterior portion of the body. And
37:39 point this out because the other the scapula is on the back of
37:44 body. And so, what you is you have the clavicle coming
37:47 and what it does is it hold arm up and out from their
37:51 It keeps it away. If you your clavicle, your arm falls
37:56 All right. So, again, going to keep this simple. We
38:01 one end the sternal end which is to the sternum. See how And
38:09 means the other end, the chromium is attached to the chrome ian of
38:14 scapula. Okay, So, what have is we're basically just orienting our
38:22 . All right. So there you see and hear down here is our
38:28 . You can see it has this . That's the chromium at the
38:32 This picture is incredibly busy. All . Whenever you look at a picture
38:37 this in any textbook and you're being to learn stuff about it, ignore
38:41 stuff that you don't need to All right. And it's hard to
38:45 because there's a lot of stuff in in your brain says there's lots of
38:48 here. I should know it All right. But the scapula for
38:53 purposes, we're going to keep it , really simple. Now, what
38:56 looking at from this side. This the dorsal surface. So, this
39:00 the side. If you're looking at body, this is the side,
39:02 see if you're looking from the front the body through the thoracic cage.
39:07 is the side you'd see. So is the anterior side. Bright.
39:11 it says costal surface. So it's the ribs. This bone is embedded
39:16 muscle. All right. It's not articulating with the ribs and only articulates
39:22 with regard to the I mean part the girdle and it articulates with the
39:27 part of the army, humorous. right. So, what I wanna
39:31 is I just want to point out features that are kind of important.
39:34 right. On the dorsal side, have this extended ridge. It sticks
39:38 . It's called the spine. All . You can see right there.
39:42 the chromium process that articulates with the right? Which would come across this
39:48 on the front of the body. we have these fossil we have a
39:52 down here. We have a faucet there. Remember fosse's is an indentation
39:56 something is happening in this particular The fossa. The that's below is
40:01 the infra below the spine. In spiciness fossa, the one above the
40:07 is the sucre spot spine is And this is where muscles in the
40:11 are going to be located. You the bad boy over and you have
40:17 sub scapular fossa which again is where are going to be located and the
40:23 serves as a surface on which muscles attached. And then over here which
40:28 not real clear. But basically right on the other side of that humorous
40:33 the glen oid cavity And the Glenwood is where the humor is. The
40:37 of the humerus sits and that's basically shoulder joint. Okay. And across
40:44 Crimean sits up high. Then there's whole bunch of ligaments up there and
40:48 bunch of muscles as well. All . But for our purposes scapula we
40:55 just a couple of things. We to know the spine. We know
40:58 know the chromium. We need to the super scapular, the sub super
41:02 and the interest penis. Fosse's pretty . Draw it up. How do
41:11 draw scapula triangle? Little line off the side. Alright. Little circle
41:16 the Glenwood cavity. So you don't to be a super artist to do
41:20 stuff. All right. Make the line through the middle of the
41:28 A lot of stuff on this but less than you believe. I
41:32 , I'm looking at this thing and like, oh no, it's a
41:36 bone. It's called the humorous It's bone that isn't that was supposed to
41:45 can get like three people will laugh that one. Have you ever banged
41:49 funny bone? Yeah, that's still your humorous. So, the humerus
41:54 not the funny bone. The funny is actually been lower. All
41:59 It's your owner, which we'll get in just a second. All
42:04 So, we're gonna start up here the head of the proximal end.
42:08 what fits into the Glenroy cavity. what causes that shoulder joint. All
42:13 , tuber colds are these big giant . These are attachment sites to
42:18 Sorry, excuse me. To muscles the rotator cuff and ligaments as
42:23 All right. You can see right , they've got grooves when you have
42:27 groove, what do you suppose goes the groove. It's usually usually a
42:34 or blood vessel. All right. , when you see a bone you
42:37 those grooves, that's what's going We have this extension that kind of
42:40 out in the middle. It's called Deltoid to marassi. All right now
42:45 . When I look at that it's I don't know, but it tells
42:48 Deltoid. So this is the attachment for the Deltoid muscle. Deltoid sits
42:52 here and then attach it down to to ferocity. All right. We're
42:57 to go down the shaft to go the very very bottom. Alright so
43:01 we're going to have to bones that the capital of the truck leah are
43:06 con dials. They form what is a conjurer joint. Okay. Right
43:13 them. On the lateral side where is the lateral side of your body
43:17 way or that way if I'm using arm this way. Yeah, it's
43:23 way. Right. So we have lateral epic conned. I'll epi means
43:30 . So it tells you like So when you feel like right over
43:33 it's like look I can feel that is my medial epic. On dial
43:38 here. That's my lateral epic on . Okay lateral. If you want
43:51 do it this way you can feel there. Oh yeah look there's a
43:54 and over here got to kind of around for and it's like okay there
43:58 is. That's the medial. All . And it basically just shows you
44:03 is the point above the joint. sticks out. It's where muscles
44:08 All right. Mhm. So attached central muscles. Now the capital.
44:14 Right is going to be on the . It's the lateral side. All
44:21 . The radius is the bone on lateral side. So the capitulation.
44:24 Is the condo the articulation for the bone on the humerus. The truck
44:32 is the articulation point for the other which is the ulna. Okay,
44:37 we have radius and ulna which we'll to in the next slide I
44:44 All right. So right here this be your elbow or part of your
44:51 ? Moving down. We have the bones the radius of the owner.
44:54 I don't know how you're gonna remember . I just think about a
44:58 The line from the center point of circle out to the edge is the
45:02 . And so the radius sends me to the outside. That's how I
45:06 it. I don't know how you're to remember it but that's how I
45:09 it. Okay. You have to these little tiny tricks. All
45:13 So the radius notice these bones. what the an atomic position is.
45:19 atomic position is palm outward flat like . These bones are parallel to one
45:24 . Okay, When my position is this. So the radius and the
45:30 . They're also articulating with each Okay, so they refer to it
45:35 a radio owner joint. There's one an approximately and there's one on the
45:39 end. So they're not just articulating the humorous, they articulate with each
45:46 in between them. There's a whole of fibrous tissue. This is called
45:49 intra odysseus membrane intra between the bone . All right now we're going to
45:56 up here to the top. This is a terrible picture. The artist
46:00 label the thing correctly. All There's only one thing that's not labeled
46:04 . Remember we said the radius? is the radius articulating with?
46:13 the capitulate. Um Right, So what we have here is,
46:19 our radius right over here to make he has radius. So that's where
46:23 capital um is going to sit up . This is the top of the
46:29 . You can see the little space the truck lee is going to
46:32 That's the true clear notch. what we have here is we kind
46:36 have a hinge joint. All It's not totally a hinge joint because
46:40 some other stuff that we're going to to in just a minute. I'll
46:42 you want to get to the shoulder . All right. Now you can
46:46 here what they've done, this is it's wrong. You can put here
46:49 . Alright. They labeled the truck notch. The acronym process. Everyone
46:56 your arms, look at your See the little pointy thing,
47:01 that's your al acronym, That little part, the part that you dig
47:05 in when you're getting a nice rub your like and you're like,
47:09 yeah, right. That right there the L acronym. All right.
47:13 that's real acronym. Alright, bony the elbow. All right, come
47:19 your wrists. All right. On side. You can see on me
47:25 there. You can see it right on either side. That's the style
47:28 process. There's a stylized process for one, right? So there is
47:33 stylized process of the radius style oid of the ulna. This is what
47:39 the forearm to the wrist. See a lot of stuff up there.
47:43 we talk about all those things? , just the important stuff. Let's
47:51 to the carpal bones at your Alright, there's eight row 4 row
47:57 four. There's all sorts of new . You can go and look up
48:00 dirty new monarchs are much more easier learn. I can't do those in
48:04 . I got as clean as I . All right. And so what
48:07 do is you say, okay, always gonna move lateral to medial.
48:11 , So again, here's my I put it out laterally to
48:16 so I'm going in this direction. once and then twice. The first
48:21 is the scaphoid, followed by the , followed by the trick poetry um
48:26 by the pistol form. Then you back and then trip easy. Um
48:30 capitated hamate. All right, there's a new monarch. There's a
48:36 to go with the new monarch. lunatics try positions that they can't
48:39 Yes, I know some of you , but like I said, that's
48:43 clean as we can get. I'm there's better ones. All right.
48:47 gonna borrow. You have no sleeves down. All right. So,
48:51 you want to do is you want find somebody close friend who allows you
48:55 touch them. And what you want do is you want to play right
48:59 here? This is not your This is not your wrist. These
49:03 right in here where I'm just kind look at that. That's cool.
49:08 just letting me just kind of do know? All right. So when
49:12 hands do that, you found the bones. All right. It does
49:19 like me ever. Not today. . It's already plotting against me some
49:27 try positions that they can't handle. think about it for a little bit
49:32 what the picture is. There's an Did you guys that you watched cartoons
49:37 your kids right. Do you know whenever they should a fight? It
49:41 like a cloud and they have like arm and like maybe like, you
49:45 , stuff coming out. So there's artist who does pictures like this with
49:48 contortionists. And so there's one where actually shows like a fight in like
49:53 office setting and there's three people and literally all twisted around each other.
49:59 right. And so that picture didn't sense. This picture did. And
50:03 again, that's him. It's basically contortionist who are literally bending their bodies
50:07 directions that you shouldn't be allowed to . I mean look at that leg
50:14 that leg come from. I'm just just pointing out its body doesn't bend
50:20 direction. Okay. Yeah. Now got staring at the go, wow
50:25 All right, now we're down to hands. So really we just jumped
50:30 . We went one from the What were the two in the
50:33 One in the arm to in the , eight in the wrist. And
50:36 we get down to the flanges which 14. And then you have two
50:39 these and we're gonna do the same down on the legs. All
50:43 So, the palms of your Right this part right here, this
50:47 why I'm making a big deal. called the metacarpals. The carpools are
50:51 low. This is not your You have long bones in the palms
50:55 your hands. Everyone's gonna have skeletons front of your house. If you
50:58 have a skeleton and you don't have to a lab just about this time
51:02 year, just go check out people's Decorations. Right? And go look
51:07 the hands of a skeleton. And going to see these long bones.
51:11 right, those are the metacarpals. , we start from the lateral
51:15 When work immediately immediately, we just them. It's 12345. That's
51:22 So the metacarpals are easy. There's simple long bones. If you want
51:25 be able to see them make a and then that bone that you're looking
51:30 there is the head of the All right. Your knuckles are the
51:36 of the metacarpals. All right. we get down to the phalanges.
51:41 comes from the singular form. Failing is basically a soldier or basically a
51:46 of soldiers as is what they refer them. So, that's why you
51:49 a failings here. All right. name of the thumb is called the
51:56 . All right. So that's the . There's two flanges in the
52:02 How do I remember this? in an exam, I bring in
52:05 cheat sheet. My body is my sheet. All right. This is
52:12 I say when you do the when you do the bones, remember
52:15 can move in an exam. People gonna look at you funny, but
52:19 okay, right? You can go this. Yeah. If everyone sitting
52:23 playing with their thumb and going, yeah, I see two bones
52:28 That's that's that's okay. That's not . That's remembering that you have a
52:34 that you can think about. All . So, you can see the
52:37 bones, right? We have approximately distal bones. And then when you
52:40 at a finger and you can pick finger you want. This is the
52:43 that moves easiest lee, if you it, how many bones do you
52:47 three? There's two joints in between so it's proximal is the nearest right
52:53 or intermediate. And then finally And you do that for each of
52:59 . Alright. Pollack's number one Than , 345. That's the nomenclature.
53:09 , another picture to scare the crap of you. Mhm. Well,
53:13 mean that's what this does. All , so we're gonna start with pelvic
53:17 Right here, it's actually three bones have fused together. It started off
53:22 you three bones and around the age of age 15, that's when they
53:26 fuse as one structure. There's three here. The easy one to identify
53:32 the ilium. If you feel that crest, you know when you think
53:36 someone's hips, you're like oh here's hips. That point is the crest
53:40 the ilium. It's called the iliac . All right, so that's the
53:45 that's really obvious. The next one called the whiskey. Um It's the
53:49 that's painted red here. Some people issue. Um That's okay. No
53:53 gonna get mad at you if you words right? The way to remember
53:57 issue. Um This is the posterior . This is what you sit on
54:00 whiskey, is your tushy. It's if you say you're issues your tushy
54:05 that's the easy way to think about . All right, so you can
54:08 right down here, this is what sitting on right now and then in
54:11 front, that's the pubis. So pubis bone is key. Um ilium
54:17 together they fuse to form the osce . That's the formal name for the
54:22 bones. All right, there's one each side, alright? They attached
54:29 each other on the medial side to sacrum. So it be the left
54:35 aqsa sacrum, right Oscar Aqsa. then in the front they are connected
54:41 the pubic synthesis. All right, is a special joint between the two
54:46 bones, the left and the right bone. Big gaping hole. It's
54:52 the operator for Raymond. So all nerves that were passing through those little
54:57 for mina inside the sacrum are basically through the operator. Uh Raymond down
55:03 the lower limbs. The joint between femur which is your big bone in
55:12 leg and the hip, it's called assad tabula. You know, again
55:18 you mispronounce is don't be worried about . But the name comes from the
55:22 tabula um refers to vinegar cup. , that's just like well where did
55:28 one come from? The reference refers during the crucifixion feeding the cup up
55:35 christ on the cross. So remember of these guys were monks or whatever
55:39 this stuff. So they're like oh a shape that looks like kind of
55:42 a goblet or a cup and that's they got the name. Right?
55:46 as a tabula. Um So this at the assad pabulum. So you
55:51 see there's the problem right there, can kind of see the shape,
55:54 can see all three bones come and at this point. Now the hip
56:01 or the pelvic bone or the Oscar is a a really good demonstration of
56:09 dive more fizz um in humans. right. If you go and dig
56:12 a skeleton from 2000 years ago and trying to figure out what am I
56:16 at? All you gotta do is at the shape of it and it
56:19 tell you whether or not you're looking a male or female. Alright.
56:23 have these wide hips very very shallow they have this massive pelvic inlet.
56:30 babies men have really, really tall , very, very small pelvic and
56:37 inlets and even the angles in between pubic arch is. There's all the
56:40 is that you can identify. This not just the only place where we
56:45 sexual dime or fascism in humans. is just one of the really easy
56:49 to look at when you're looking at moving down the leg into the thigh
56:56 the femur, biggest bone in the . And again, this is another
57:00 one. If you ever do if you find a femur, you've
57:03 roughly what the size of your person because it almost always equates to exactly
57:08 quarter of the height of the Yeah. Kind of nice.
57:14 sir. No, that's trivia trivial pursuit. All right.
57:22 Which means you're all going to memorize and know it for the rest of
57:25 life because it's useless information. All . Lots and lots of muscle covering
57:32 femur. Here, we have the , right? That's articulating with the
57:37 Ochse at the sc tabula. Um right. You see the long
57:42 All right. We have the con down here at the bottom is the
57:47 where we're going to articulate with the , which is the next bound in
57:51 sequence. All right. You can the epic con dials. Remember.
57:56 condo sits above the con dials. Let's see what else I want.
58:01 just wanted to show you the true . So, here's the greater trust
58:04 . Here's a lesser truck. There's ferocity that fight on here. This
58:10 where the gluteal muscle attaches to global . That awesome muscle. But there's
58:15 three of them. Um The truck again. This is where muscles attach
58:21 one other bone I want to show here is the patella. It sits
58:24 here in the front that your All right. It's actually embedded in
58:30 quadra. Sorry, the quadriceps So, that's for the femur.
58:36 the tendon that's there. And so patella is that sesamoid bone that slides
58:41 front of the need to protect the of the knee during movement.
58:50 I would look at all this stuff here. Do not get confused and
58:55 out about all this stuff over So, that makes sense. Right
59:00 the lab. They're going to point all the stuff over here. Or
59:04 least they should if they're not doing . Well, you know, every
59:07 does something differently, right? But get really excited about the bones and
59:12 in lab. And they're like, , everything. You're like, uh
59:18 . Not everything is important, So, these are just ways to
59:25 and understanding interactions and the things I'm to pull out of things to help
59:29 understand what it's doing? Why is it? Okay, So, in
59:34 lower leg, we have two We have two bones in the
59:37 We have two bones in the lower . All right. The two bones
59:40 the lower leg are slightly different. in the forum we had the ulna
59:44 the radius both interacting with the humorous , we have the femur directly interacting
59:52 the tibia and then the tibia is the fibula. All right.
59:59 those are the two bones tibia How do I remember this F femur
60:05 fibula. That's the order in which are connected. So, you'd see
60:08 here, there's the femur. Here's tibia. There's the fibula fibula does
60:13 interact with the femur. You see always look for the tiny tricks.
60:20 right. Now, the tibia is media located bone. This is the
60:25 bearing bone. So, the weight your body comes down through this,
60:28 fibula does not bear weight. All . It helps in terms of
60:33 And and other things. All uh feature, I want to point
60:39 here is the media Malala's on the tibia. And then over here on
60:44 outside, that would be the lateral that's associated with the fibula. All
60:51 . Now, if you look at like this. All right, keep
60:55 mind. I know once bone this a fibula. Let's just say this
60:58 the tibia. Here are the malian , the pair of them medial and
61:03 . And then what you're gonna do you're gonna take your ankle bones and
61:08 going to set them in there. so, what you've now done is
61:11 created a structure that's much more stable which your body is sitting.
61:17 So, that's why you get this downward. All right. And the
61:21 that we're working with is the palace the ankle, which we're going to
61:25 here in the next slide. All . So, so that's really the
61:31 things I want you to know about two down to the tarsus bones.
61:37 we are in the tar cell. we had the carpal bones, parcel
61:41 or the ankle bones. Okay, , we start here with the
61:46 Then we go to the balcony is your heel. Okay, when you
61:52 down, you're pressing on the Right? So one then we go
61:57 to the navicular and then we have bones. Okay, that's how it
62:02 . So tallis to cal kenya's Over to navicular. Then we go 1234
62:08 . And the four bones are intermediate lateral kuna form. And then
62:13 , is the Q. Boyd. there's your new monarch, tall
62:17 navy medical interns, love cuts, . Okay, so this is a
62:26 on which those two malley oil are either side. It is when you
62:31 of the ankle proper, that's what thinking of. All right. The
62:34 cane ius is your heel. This what the achilles tendon is associated with
62:38 attached to. Then we get down the foot. So, if these
62:44 the tar cell bones, then this the meta parcel. And then down
62:51 are the phalanges. All right, name of the big toll is the
62:55 Pollocks Alex greek anthology. Well, that you're far better. I haven't
63:03 greek mythology in fifth grade. So right, so, apparently, brothers
63:10 and Pollocks, I don't know who are, what they did.
63:15 again, each of your toes has , 1, 2, 3.
63:19 Sorry 123 Alex does not Alex has . Alright, again, you can
63:26 off your shoes and check that out a test. I think they might
63:29 a little upset with you. you know, Yeah, you wear
63:34 , put them on your desk and your toes. All right.
63:38 this is the last thing I wanna about them, we're going to jump
63:41 the joints, okay. And joints I think are really, really
63:44 Remember your foot has arches? Even you have really, really crappy arches
63:48 I do, there's always an arch the purpose, There's a medial
63:52 So you can see here that's on inside of your foot, that would
63:54 this way you have a lateral arch a little bit more shallow. And
63:57 you have an arch that crosses between media and the lateral arch. All
64:01 , That would be the transverse The purpose of these three arches is
64:05 actually create a spring on which the of your body distributes weight and and
64:14 force away from the center point of arch. All right. So,
64:19 can imagine every time you take a , that spring basically kind of spreads
64:24 and then basically will spring back up each step and then the forces being
64:29 out this way, it's being distributed that way. And that is being
64:34 laterally immediately along the outer arches. , If you're like me anyway,
64:43 see I'm not telling you what I way, You know? So that
64:46 is not going straight down into my Kanye's it's being distributed outward in all
64:51 directions, like balconies is happier for . Right? So that's the purpose
64:58 these arches. All right, and ligaments and tendons and muscles and all
65:04 of things. If you've ever had fasciitis, what you're doing is that's
65:08 of those ligaments and tendons. All . 20 minutes. Yes. Uh
65:23 . Yes, but the spring is as tight. Let's just call it
65:27 way. All right. So you still think of it as All
65:30 So here is a type, you , this would be a really,
65:32 high arch. What would what would flat arch look like would be like
65:38 arch is still there, Right? there, but not like that.
65:44 have incredibly flat feet. My son incredibly flat feet. My daughter has
65:47 wife's feet which have high arches. ? And so you can still see
65:51 . If you go look at a in the sand, you can see
65:54 arch. It's still maintained both media but it's still flatter. Okay,
66:00 wear crocs for a long period of . You'll flatten your feet. I
66:03 know if that's true. It just like it. Oh, ready for
66:09 . I know. I know it like we just ran through everything but
66:15 there's there's not a lot to I mean the bones, bones you
66:20 gonna say that Oh no, Everything's on the test. Oh all
66:27 . What is the joint? A is where a bone meets another
66:30 It means cartilage or meets teeth. called an articulation. And we classified
66:35 by function or by structure. All . I like throwing this picture
66:41 All right. First off, we with mobility. My wife is a
66:43 therapist. She still has a Did you guys learn how to use
66:46 when you're like in like second Yeah. So you grow up,
66:51 you become a physical therapist, you get to play with that toy.
66:55 , So range of motion basically what is the normal extent of mobility
67:00 specific joint? Right? So, you can do is you take out
67:03 protractor, you say move this and can actually determine whether or not somebody
67:08 has that same mobility based on what understanding of what that joint should
67:12 So, it's measured in degrees. refers to the movement in a freely
67:18 synovial joint. All right. Most the joint. We're going to talk
67:21 our synovial but we've got to talk the things that are not synovial as
67:24 . All right. So, when think of a joint, you're thinking
67:26 a Synovial joint, then there's degrees freedom. These are the number of
67:30 . This gets kind of confusing because think mathematically you think in the
67:34 You think in the Y. You think in the Z, right.
67:37 . Is the third dimension. one dimension. Two dimensions. Three
67:42 would be back and forth this But that's not really the degree.
67:45 not the the axes we're looking So here is the shoulder joint.
67:50 , what can I do with my , I can move in this
67:52 Right. I can move in this and I can move in this
67:57 All right now. Even if I this, I mean, I'm doing
68:01 lot of movement down here, but movement is here as well. I
68:04 turn that way so that would be of freedom. All right. I
68:11 you guys to put a big star here beside the muscle tone. I
68:15 you this is a question on the and I guarantee you half of you
68:18 going to miss it. All right that affect joint stability. There are
68:24 of different factors versus the surface Alright, Each joint has a specific
68:29 . Some things fit really well Things that don't fit well and there
68:32 things that don't fit well together. more you things that fit well
68:37 In other words, the shape matches , the less degrees of freedom.
68:40 have less movement. You have you great stability but you have less
68:46 So there is an indirect correlation between and movement. Okay, so the
68:51 important factor in determining the strength of joint and joint stability is actually muscle
69:00 tow here, for example. You get a lot of movement, but
69:08 get good protection. Select suit you're there. Things don't move a
69:11 Right? I would say it's a joint but there's no movement. So
69:17 don't look at stability. You have compare stability the movement. All
69:21 If you look at the ligaments, crisscross and basically I mean, I've
69:25 people walking across campus with the tape the knee. You know, it's
69:29 what are you doing? Well, basically you're creating greater support. You're
69:32 like I'm putting more ligaments around that to great greater support. And it's
69:38 the more ligaments you have, the strength you have in a movable
69:43 But that's still that's more important than articular surface. But it's still not
69:47 most important thing. It's the muscle around that joint. That creates the
69:54 stability in that joint. All So the muscles are very very valuable
70:01 joint stability. All right. It's most important. All right. So
70:08 strong bodies have healthy strong joints. means you can still get hit in
70:14 knee and tear ligaments and stuff. . These aren't meant to be hit
70:19 that. All right. But if have strong muscles surrounding the knees mostly
70:26 and stuff then you're going to have knee joints. Yeah. Speaking of
70:31 . Mhm. There you go. . No, but it does stretch
70:37 little bit questions. If I sit cross my legs Like criss cross
70:42 Sorry I still have young kids. then. Does that impair it just
70:47 and then sitting in a position for long period of time. Just like
70:50 . If you sit like this for long period of time, your arm
70:52 stiffen up. Nothing. All So remember we said structure. Structure
70:58 one of the ways that we we label these things. So first structurally
71:03 can have a fibrous joint, has tissue, cartilage and joint has
71:07 You see how hard this stuff It's just like and then you have
71:11 joints. That's the weird one. . Are the fluid filled cavities?
71:15 right. So we're gonna look and going to see this cabbie that's filled
71:17 fluid. We also classify them based movement. So these two things are
71:22 independent. They actually work together. have seen Arthur sees. These are
71:27 joints. Sin without Arthur sis refers movement. So without movement and fee
71:34 partial. So there's partial movement. then finally, Die Arthur sees.
71:38 would think too, and I don't where the name came from, but
71:41 means freely movable. So when you at a joint you should ask,
71:44 this a movable joint? It slightly forward does not move at all.
71:48 is it a sin Arthur sees? it an amp Arthur C is a
71:51 . Arthur sees. There are four types of movement, gliding movement,
71:57 rotational or special. We're gonna just of look through them. So here's
72:00 gliding movement. It's a very simple is what we were doing a little
72:04 earlier when I was playing with her , basically you have two surfaces that
72:08 rub up against each other without any of overt or obvious angular change.
72:15 right. So, when you're looking for example, the carpal bones and
72:18 Tarso bones, they rub up against other and they move like so they
72:25 do this. Okay, so that be a gliding movement. And if
72:30 want to practice this in front of , you can just say I am
72:34 queen and you can start doing the wave. All right. There's no
72:39 like well, I can see your moving like that. Yes, but
72:42 some of many, many joints But it's that slight movement. You
72:46 really do much with your wrist. right. So, plain joints typically
72:52 this limited, limited movement, angular are a little bit easier ones.
72:58 is all right. Election is the of extension. So, there's
73:06 Right? Typically what we're doing is talking about the change in the angle
73:12 two bones. All right. And you can see here we're looking at
73:16 anterior posterior plane. Is this the post, airplane? No.
73:22 So, really this would be the we're talking about. All right.
73:27 this would be flexion. This would extension. Right. Now, I
73:31 do it this way. There's There's extension flexion extension. All
73:37 If I'm going out to the side this that would be flexion. That
73:43 be extension. This is lateral flexion . Alright, hyperextension. That's extending
73:50 180°. Some of your double jointed. you can kind of do this.
73:54 at my elbow and it's like, , right. You know, that's
73:57 as far as I can go. of you can do farther than
74:00 All right. Now, any All good swimmers. I mean,
74:06 really competitive swimmers are like, Like go like 200, 200 2
74:15 I don't know. They're making up . I had a friend who swam
74:19 stanford almost made the olympics. And was just like joints everywhere were crazy
74:26 you get picking up by space alien putting their ufo and sent off into
74:31 . What is that called? So, when things move away from
74:35 body abduction, we never talk about happens when the aliens return people That's
74:41 abduction. So, returning back Abduction. Alright, When you combine
74:49 extension abduction, abduction and kind of this kind of movement circum deduction.
74:56 , you see it moves in all directions. All right, rotation.
75:02 when you say no, but that's the only flight. Have you did
75:06 hokey pokey. Put your left foot . Put the left foot out.
75:11 real like this. You guys can't it back there, but All
75:16 that's rotation. All right. See so many things you can do,
75:22 know I think there's one person who's dance major inherited. I mean come
75:26 with your dance. Can't do that the past, but you can certainly
75:30 it in the chair. All Alright. Hard ones pronation and
75:37 You usually hear it with regard to feet that inappropriately used. It's not
75:42 used. Alright, so again, we're looking at here is the crossing
75:45 the radius and the ulna. in this position, radius and the
75:50 are parallel. All right. So in the pro native state when I
75:56 my hand like So remember the radius over here, right? The onus
76:01 over there and when I cross basically radius is now going this way my
76:08 is going this way they crossed over other. All right. Just because
76:12 twisted. So that would be super hoop. I got it backwards pronation
76:17 they're crisscrossed separations when they're parallel. right, So let me do that
76:21 in this position. You're separated in position. You're pro nated. 78
76:25 . 878 cronuts update crony. if you forget like I just did
76:30 look at the picture equals VS. X. It's showing you that when
76:36 talking about feet we have something we differently. We don't use separate
76:40 Even though runners and shoes and stuff that. Talk about that. It's
76:44 version and inversion E version is when outside of your foot goes upward.
76:49 is when the inside of your foot upward. So you can kind of
76:52 it here. You can twist your that way. So I'm diverting and
76:57 . All right. When you point toe up towards your body, that's
77:00 dorsal flexion. When you point your down like a ballerina, that's planter
77:04 . Planter is the bottom of your . So plant reflection is I'm pointing
77:09 the bottom of my foot. Pro and retraction. Pro traction when you
77:17 something forward, retractions when you pull back in. So think about walking
77:22 a pigeon. You can do with job too. Protection retraction.
77:36 Well something is shocking to you. And when someone says to close the
77:43 , well we have elevation. What primates unique from other creatures? As
77:49 have thumbs? Right? Not just . What kind of thumbs? Opposable
77:55 ? Opposition means I can take my and touch my fingers with it.
77:59 right. So that's opposition. And when I separate that reposition, see
78:06 it is just um in front of mirror. Just doing that. All
78:15 . How much time we got one . All right. So with one
78:20 we got through half that. I'm not here. Here we
78:23 That's what you need to know. right? So when we come back
78:27 is where we're gonna start is we're start here with the fibres joints.
78:31 gonna rip through them because they don't that long and then we're gonna start
78:34 with action potentials. Action potentials. . We're jumping into nerves now.
78:42 . So come Tuesday, that's what going to talk about. Mhm.
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