| 00:00 | Mhm. Morning y'all Today. Before go any one step to wait till |
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| 00:11 | to watch the championship game. So me. No one cared. Did |
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| 00:16 | know that there was basketball last No one knew? Okay, one |
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| 00:22 | . Alright. Just so you know one. So if you had a |
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| 00:27 | there you go. Um What we're today is well we have a test |
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| 00:32 | thursday so go ahead and boom now hmm Man, you guys are just |
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| 00:38 | awake? Should I throw money at ? Yeah. See now you wake |
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| 00:44 | , it's not like it's worth All right. So today, what |
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| 00:48 | gonna do? We're gonna start with cranial nerves. So we're still dealing |
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| 00:51 | the cerebrum. We're gonna finish with nerves. Cranial is quick and easy |
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| 00:54 | though it always feels like they're horrible nasty and hard because big long scary |
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| 00:59 | , right? But then what we're do is then we're gonna do a |
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| 01:01 | tour through the rest of the brain . So we're gonna talk about the |
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| 01:04 | stuff along. Talk about the cerebellum we come back to the cerebrum and |
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| 01:07 | gonna finish up in the surrey All right. And then we go |
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| 01:10 | , we study really hard to get on the test. We go out |
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| 01:13 | hard woo. And then we come and we finish out the semester with |
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| 01:16 | more classes. Sound good. so that's our starting point here. |
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| 01:22 | the cranial nerves we learned that the nerves are named because they come out |
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| 01:26 | the spinal cord. So cranial nerves named because they come out of the |
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| 01:32 | cranium. Yeah, they and their is going to be either the cerebrum |
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| 01:38 | the brain stem. Right? And you can kind of see here and |
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| 01:42 | named first off there are paired so like spinal cords are paired. So |
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| 01:46 | can see here is the pairing pairing the way down there named based on |
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| 01:50 | functionality. Now we name them in of two ways. All right. |
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| 01:55 | they? We name them a by them. Right. And so we're |
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| 01:58 | start with the one that's furthest or most rasta role which is a term |
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| 02:03 | probably haven't used we haven't used Roster of this term that they used |
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| 02:07 | neuroscience to refer to forward or towards nose. Alright. So if you |
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| 02:13 | about a dog, a dog is to see rostrum because their heads like |
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| 02:17 | just pretend my body's behind me so heads forwards to the front of the |
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| 02:21 | is over here towards the nose. . Humans on the other hand are |
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| 02:25 | like dogs. Our heads aren't shaped this so we don't use roster all |
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| 02:29 | much except when we're talking about the system right? So You can say |
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| 02:34 | most anterior if you'd like to but not entirely correct. But you may |
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| 02:39 | that sometime in the future. So we look at the most anterior or |
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| 02:45 | troll cranial nerve. And then we count downward until we get to number |
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| 02:49 | . So that's how they are But then their real names come from |
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| 02:53 | their function, their job. If spinal nerves are responsible for innovating your |
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| 02:59 | then the cranial nerves are mostly responsible innovating your head and your neck. |
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| 03:04 | one exception. The one exception is the easy one to remember its cranial |
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| 03:09 | number 10. And when we get you'll see why. Right? So |
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| 03:15 | is what they're involved in. All ? You're special senses for the most |
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| 03:19 | sight, hearing, taste, sensations of the face, eye |
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| 03:24 | movement around the head and neck Alright, so we're talking about chewing |
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| 03:29 | swallowing and facial expressions. So when start thinking about things that are gross |
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| 03:33 | you go oh that is a facial . Alright. That's one of the |
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| 03:38 | nerves that are doing that. Even . All right. And so what |
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| 03:42 | means is these types of nerves may either somatic or autonomic systems. Sometimes |
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| 03:50 | do both. Now remember when we about autonomic, we haven't learned about |
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| 03:54 | autonomic nervous system but when you hear word think things I do not control |
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| 03:59 | my brain in other words I can't about it and make it happen |
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| 04:04 | It is working independent of my That makes sense. And we've talked |
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| 04:10 | salivation before, You cannot stop If someone presents you with something that |
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| 04:17 | your autonomic nervous system that causes you salivate, right? I can give |
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| 04:23 | the best example. I can think how many of you guys would love |
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| 04:25 | get up here and start talking in of a classroom full of 500 |
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| 04:30 | And the hands stay down. Let's it the opposite way. How many |
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| 04:33 | you have a deathly fear of public ? Yeah. See you're so scared |
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| 04:39 | can't put your hands up. It's this is what I'm looking at up |
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| 04:42 | . It's like I'm a little right? So for those of you |
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| 04:48 | have that great fear when you get here and start talking to people, |
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| 04:51 | first thing that's gonna happen is those , horrible sweats and begin all over |
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| 04:55 | body, right? So now you're out about the sweating. And the |
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| 04:58 | thing that happens is your mouth dries as if you swallowed so much cotton |
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| 05:02 | there is no moisture in your body further, right? For those of |
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| 05:06 | who've done public speaking, do you what that feels like? Plus the |
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| 05:11 | heart beating, right? And the nasty shakes. That's autonomic. You |
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| 05:15 | stop that, right? You can't body stop that. It can't |
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| 05:20 | So that's autonomic. Somatic is basically things that you can control. Things |
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| 05:23 | voluntarily controlled. So me wiggling my like this is me voluntarily and controlling |
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| 05:29 | right. The one I said that odd man out is also they innovate |
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| 05:35 | , innovates the thoracic and abdominal And it's autonomic. We'll get to |
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| 05:40 | . All right. So that's our point. And so when you look |
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| 05:44 | these names, don't let the big scare you. Look at what the |
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| 05:48 | says. There's gonna be times when look and go, I don't know |
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| 05:51 | it means. And then you just to memorize that one word. |
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| 05:54 | but we're gonna start a cranial Number one, cranial nerve, number |
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| 05:57 | is the olfactory nerve. It is for the sense of smell. All |
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| 06:02 | now, if you look at you'll see. And even in the |
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| 06:05 | you kind of see this this thing it says look that's the olfactory |
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| 06:08 | That is not the olfactory nerve. get really, really close and you |
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| 06:12 | at all these little tiny things hanging the things that look like the bristles |
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| 06:18 | a toothbrush. Those are the olfactory and they are going into the olfactory |
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| 06:24 | . The bulb is big and everyone at the bulb and goes, oh |
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| 06:27 | the olfactory nerve, not the olfactory , it's the the thousands of nerves |
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| 06:32 | are innovating into that bull are the nerves, plural. Alright. From |
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| 06:38 | olfactory nerves, we moved to cranial number two. Which is the optic |
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| 06:42 | . The optic nerve is responsible for sense of sight so far. So |
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| 06:46 | . Pretty easy. Right? Third motor says in the name what it |
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| 06:53 | . Ocular deals with eyes. Motor with movement. So it's the eye |
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| 06:57 | nerve. Now it doesn't do all eyes or all the movement of the |
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| 07:02 | . We're going to see that there other nerves that play a role in |
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| 07:04 | movement. But this is the big . It is responsible for many. |
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| 07:09 | just gonna point. I think this the one they're trying to show you |
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| 07:12 | they're responsible for many of the muscles are bound to the outside of the |
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| 07:17 | so that you can roll your eyes and look around the space. The |
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| 07:22 | thing that it's responsible. So that's somatic part here. We can see |
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| 07:25 | first autonomic autonomic. It's responsible for sphincter pupil. What is thinker |
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| 07:31 | Well, we haven't talked about the yet. That's gonna be in the |
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| 07:33 | section. But the speaker puppy really the muscle that when it contracts basically |
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| 07:39 | your eyes to to let in less . Okay, so it responds to |
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| 07:45 | amount of light in a non economic you don't have to think about. |
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| 07:49 | , there's too much light. So need to constrict. Alright, there's |
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| 07:53 | a dilator that is also autonomic. going to be through the autonomic nervous |
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| 08:00 | . So this is just one of pair of muscles. The 4th 1 |
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| 08:05 | our first weird one. Alright. clear. I don't know a good |
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| 08:10 | to remember this other than that it responsible for one extrinsic eye muscle. |
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| 08:17 | all it does is one muscle and allows you to look down and |
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| 08:22 | So, when you're like sitting still you're kind of like, I want |
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| 08:25 | see that person's paper over there because answers are always better than mine. |
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| 08:29 | you're sitting there doing this that down to the outside Is a result of |
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| 08:34 | trow clear muscle. Cranial nerve number . So, so far, pretty |
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| 08:39 | . Olfactory optic ocular motor than weird clear. All right. We go |
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| 08:46 | the next group of four Cranial number five is the trigeminal nerve. |
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| 08:53 | , how many of you are And know it. All right. |
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| 08:56 | the gemini? What is a It's a twin. So, try |
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| 09:03 | would be a triple it. And that's why it's named this |
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| 09:08 | So, it's this big massive nerve that then splits into three monstrous |
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| 09:15 | Those are the triplets. And they and they innovate the sensory fibers of |
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| 09:21 | face. Or they innovate the face that you can detect the sensitivity or |
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| 09:25 | sense of other things that they innovate muscles and those are the muscles that |
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| 09:30 | use for chewing. Alright, trigeminal chewing facial sensory Cranial number number |
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| 09:40 | is again one of those weird eye . All right. Now. This |
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| 09:45 | called the abductions. The abductions is because it is the muscle that abducts |
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| 09:51 | I. It's the lateral rectus. not gonna worry about the lateral |
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| 09:54 | Just think extrinsic I muscle, it a role in abducting the I. |
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| 09:58 | so this is what allows you to laterally. My daughter was born without |
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| 10:03 | of her ablutions muscles or her abductions . So when she looks one |
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| 10:07 | both eyes move. But when she the other way this eye stops and |
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| 10:11 | other one goes, it's weird, know? So that would be an |
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| 10:16 | . All right. That's the So it allows lateral movement of the |
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| 10:22 | , it pulls on it pulls your outward. Cranial nerve. # seven |
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| 10:26 | the facial nerve. Now, you , that's going to intervene what the |
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| 10:32 | see you see so far. These not hard names if you just attach |
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| 10:37 | what they do and so what are doing? Its muscles of facial |
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| 10:42 | So just think of the you you , and or smiling at somebody or |
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| 10:46 | probably heard the statement and it's the one of those old timey memes. |
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| 10:50 | takes more muscles to frown than it to smile. You've heard that |
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| 10:54 | I'm sure. Right? So there that's the facial nerve. Alright. |
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| 10:59 | also has autonomic and so it plays role in producing saliva. It also |
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| 11:06 | a role in the tear ducts and top of that it plays a role |
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| 11:12 | taste. And so it's responsible for Anterior 2/3 of the tongue. |
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| 11:17 | So usually what we do is we the tongue into the part that we |
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| 11:20 | see which is the interior 2/3 and the part that we can't see which |
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| 11:25 | the or the posterior third. And we're dealing with that front part of |
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| 11:29 | time. Okay, that's facial. here's our first big nasty word, |
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| 11:36 | is a big mash up of two , the stimulus cochlear. Alright, |
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| 11:42 | vestibular cochlear is a nerve that has branches, one that goes to the |
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| 11:47 | apparatus, one that goes to the cleo hence the name, right? |
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| 11:53 | mean we just said where it went and that's how most things are named |
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| 11:57 | the body. So you're looking at going, I don't know what those |
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| 12:00 | things are, we gonna learn about in the next unit, but I'm |
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| 12:02 | help you out here. If you inside of the of the temporal |
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| 12:07 | you're gonna see the structures for hearing for equilibrium or balance. Alright, |
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| 12:13 | what keeps you upright? The thing helps you keep upright? The balanced |
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| 12:18 | is called the stimulator apparatus. The that allows you to here is called |
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| 12:23 | cochlea. So the nerve goes into structure so that you can then do |
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| 12:29 | two special senses hear things and sit without throwing up. You know, |
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| 12:36 | talking about for those of you don't getting on roller coasters because it makes |
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| 12:39 | go, okay, the stimulus Cochlear so far, that's eight And now |
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| 12:50 | moved down to the last 12. 12. Last four. Now when |
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| 12:58 | study all these things I should I know I'm interrupting here is this |
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| 13:02 | is one of those things you have memorize. I hate memorization, but |
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| 13:06 | is, it's just a memorization So you have to kind of create |
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| 13:09 | and stuff to help you remember? is, what the next one. |
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| 13:14 | nerve number nine is glossy differential. , it's another mashup glossy refers to |
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| 13:20 | tongue. Pharynx is the back of throat. It's where your your throat |
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| 13:25 | begins. Alright, So glossy differential going to innovate That lateral third or |
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| 13:31 | the posterior 3rd of the tongue as as the regions of the pharynx. |
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| 13:39 | , so the throat, so one Real Muscle. So what muscle in |
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| 13:45 | throat and your salivary glands as well the taste and sensory regions of the |
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| 13:50 | . Have you ever tasted something so That makes you gag, not just |
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| 13:55 | just on the tongue, but you feel like in the back of your |
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| 13:58 | . Yeah, that's what we're getting here when we talk about glass. |
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| 14:01 | for angel. Alright, So you just call it the tongue and throat |
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| 14:09 | meal number. Number 10 is the that you know, if you're tattooing |
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| 14:11 | on your body, you know, like ok, I've got caffeine tattooed |
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| 14:14 | my body. I've got, you , all the weird science stuff. |
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| 14:17 | this is the one that you tattoo your body. This is the full |
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| 14:21 | tattoo one, Right? So cranial number 10 is being represented by |
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| 14:26 | Alright, This is responsible for all ventral sensory input of the body. |
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| 14:33 | it means is is that it goes innovates all the organs of your |
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| 14:38 | So, starting with your lungs, heart, your digestive system, Everything |
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| 14:44 | the way down is going to be through the vagus nerve. All |
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| 14:50 | And it's also how we regulate their . So when we say that you're |
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| 14:54 | um capable of of of making your slow down or speed up. |
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| 15:01 | Because the autonomic nervous system is doing itself through the vagus nerve. That's |
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| 15:07 | nerve number 10. All right. smooth. Cardiac muscle glands of the |
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| 15:13 | and the thorax. In terms of , there's regions of the fairing, |
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| 15:17 | the throat and of the larynx. , I can help you make you |
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| 15:24 | Cranial Nerve # 10. Cranial nerve 11 is called the accessory nerve. |
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| 15:30 | only way I remember this is because time a long time ago I dated |
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| 15:33 | girl who loved accessories. What are , ladies jewelry. So she liked |
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| 15:41 | , but mostly she liked necklaces. what does the accessory nerve do remember |
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| 15:48 | head and neck? So accessory in case is the muscles of the next |
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| 15:52 | ? External Clyde um Asteroid everyone. . I want you to take a |
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| 15:55 | breath. Do you see how I my my shoulders up? That's external |
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| 16:01 | . Um asteroids. Alright, so plays a role in those muscles. |
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| 16:08 | somatic in nature. But well you I just think neck accessory And the |
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| 16:12 | one criminals remember 12 is hipaa glass . We already learned glossy refers to |
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| 16:18 | tongue. Hypo means below. So is below the tongue. This is |
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| 16:22 | for the extrinsic and extrinsic tongue intrinsic means muscles inside the tongue. |
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| 16:29 | are the muscles that are outside the to help it do its wiggly |
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| 16:33 | All right. So those are the nerves. Now if you look at |
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| 16:39 | list for the first time and never these words, some of these are |
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| 16:43 | of scary words. But now that know where those words come from, |
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| 16:47 | not quite so scary as if you done this on your own. And |
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| 16:52 | remember sitting in your seat and someone said here, you gotta memorize these |
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| 16:55 | things and then they moved on and like the nightmare, your vestibular. |
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| 17:02 | Don't be scared by the big And I promise you for those of |
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| 17:05 | who are going to be sticking around unit for which I hope is all |
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| 17:08 | you. But I know that's not gonna be the case. I mean |
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| 17:11 | is a class of 325. And looking at about 100 students. So |
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| 17:16 | might be some people not planning on around, right? I promise you |
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| 17:21 | the next unit, we're gonna be at some structures that have names that |
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| 17:24 | like $10 words. Which are probably about $7 now, Okay. And |
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| 17:30 | just like, okay, I'm not be scared of $10 words, I'm |
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| 17:33 | to look at them and I'm gonna what the little bits parts are because |
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| 17:36 | just mash ups, right ready to going through the rest of this |
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| 17:42 | Alright, so what we're gonna like I said, we we started |
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| 17:45 | the cranial nerves were just kind of , okay, there's a portion of |
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| 17:48 | peripheral nervous system that originates out of cranium, so it's gonna come out |
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| 17:52 | the cerebrum and portions of the brain . All right. And then so |
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| 17:57 | we're gonna do now is we're gonna back in, we're gonna finish up |
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| 17:59 | structure of the brain and we're gonna here with the cerebellum, then we're |
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| 18:04 | go to the diane cephalon and then gonna go back to the cerebrum and |
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| 18:08 | gonna start breaking down the parts of cerebrum and what they do. |
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| 18:12 | so the cerebellum literally means little Alright, it accounts for about 11% |
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| 18:18 | your total brain mash. It's brain not mash um it's also the second |
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| 18:23 | structure of the brain when we draw things, it really just kind of |
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| 18:27 | out. I don't think we have picture here showing it. So, |
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| 18:29 | just wait and I'll show you it's so we think of the cerebral and |
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| 18:32 | just that little thing that's stuck in back. All right. The way |
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| 18:36 | kind of think about it for those you who are tech savvy, it's |
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| 18:39 | the Gpu to your CPU and further who aren't tech savvy. I just |
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| 18:44 | big words that don't mean anything to . So just ignore me. |
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| 18:49 | it's a portion of the brain that derived so that you could do special |
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| 18:54 | so that you can send stuff back to the brain before you do some |
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| 18:58 | of action. That's really what its is. Alright now, it's connected |
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| 19:04 | the brain stem via the pond. , we said, remember we looked |
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| 19:07 | the pond and we said there's these that go in and out and we |
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| 19:11 | the different areas, We have the , superior and middle paid uncles. |
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| 19:15 | that? We said there was cerebellum uncles and their cerebral podunk als these |
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| 19:20 | the cerebellum. So that's referring to cerebellum. All right. So here |
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| 19:26 | have those potential looks in and I there they are. And so what |
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| 19:30 | doing is we're sending information to and the cerebellum does not directly connect to |
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| 19:36 | and does not directly connect to things stream of the nervous system instead, |
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| 19:44 | processing information so that things can And so what you're gonna do is |
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| 19:49 | gonna send information to it and then goes back to the brain before it |
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| 19:54 | on down. All right now, we've done here in this little cartoon |
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| 20:00 | this is the structure of the cerebellum here. That would be the cerebrum |
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| 20:05 | there. There's the brain stem. what they've done here is they've taken |
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| 20:09 | and they've stretched it out. So you can see the little blue, |
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| 20:12 | the blue out there. What they've is they've just kind of taken it |
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| 20:15 | they peeled it upwards so that they kind of show you all the structures |
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| 20:18 | of side by side. Now, going to stay on the side here |
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| 20:22 | quick just because I want to demonstrate we don't know everything about all our |
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| 20:29 | parts. All right. When we about the cerebellum, this part is |
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| 20:35 | , is that when we think about , we think about it being involved |
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| 20:38 | movement. Okay, It helps in of planning and conducting movement. |
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| 20:44 | for example, you see a bottle you're like, your brain says, |
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| 20:48 | want that bottle, How do I about doing that? And the cerebellum |
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| 20:51 | , here's a plan, Why don't execute that plan? And it |
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| 20:54 | your brain says, okay, I'll that and you begin that motion to |
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| 20:58 | out and grab the bottle now on way you're going to make about a |
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| 21:01 | mistakes between taking your hand and pushing out and grabbing. And so the |
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| 21:06 | is constantly uh responsible for reinventing the in motion. So in other |
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| 21:13 | what it does is it makes calculations real time to ensure that you're executing |
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| 21:18 | plan and then making corrections along the so that the plan is able to |
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| 21:23 | whatever the action is trying to All right. And so when we |
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| 21:27 | about the cerebellum and that's how we about it. About three years |
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| 21:32 | the group up in Arkansas had they called themselves the MRI group. |
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| 21:37 | basically you can think about like there's bunch of scientists and other geeks who |
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| 21:41 | with the scientists and said, hey have access to an M. |
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| 21:44 | I. Machine at night, let's with it and see the different parts |
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| 21:48 | the brain and see what they And they wanted to focus on the |
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| 21:51 | primarily. And so they started going there asking real simple questions of what |
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| 21:56 | it do, and what they determined that the cerebellum is not limited to |
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| 22:02 | of movement, but also planning and about thinking so in other words, |
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| 22:10 | has a much more larger role that don't quite understand now for the purposes |
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| 22:16 | Nico's sam and we're going to talk this more in the next unit. |
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| 22:20 | has to do with movement. We're ignore the other part. But I'm |
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| 22:25 | you this because where you go in future, they may say something different |
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| 22:29 | what I just told you right And you'll be like, don't knowingly |
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| 22:34 | to me. I didn't lie to . I'm trying to just keep you |
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| 22:37 | to date, even though it's not the books. All right. |
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| 22:40 | this little structure here has some some that are responsible for different things that |
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| 22:47 | do know. Alright. And so like the cerebrum it has folds but |
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| 22:53 | don't call the folds gyrus is and don't have sulk. I that's that |
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| 22:59 | them. So, the fold would that sulcus, right? Instead, |
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| 23:02 | we call them is we call them . All right now, what does |
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| 23:07 | mean? Anyone? No. In in its original, I think in |
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| 23:13 | latin, but it could be Yes, no. Is there something |
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| 23:20 | right now in the springtime that has a associated with it? Like I |
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| 23:27 | trees and what are we referring to . Alright, So folio to means |
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| 23:35 | . All right. Now, the I point this out is because this |
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| 23:38 | in here, you can kind of the white branches in a little bit |
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| 23:42 | the cases those are referred to as the white matter of the cerebellum. |
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| 23:49 | , they're referred to as the arbor . All right now, if you |
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| 23:54 | at that, you're like, wait second. Alright, Arbors tree vitae |
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| 23:58 | life. So, this is the of life with its folio. |
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| 24:06 | Whatever. All right. Now, gonna be nuclei within the white matter |
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| 24:11 | the folio represent the gray matter. already learned what's white matter? White |
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| 24:16 | are tracks. Gray matter is where happens? The P assessing. All |
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| 24:26 | . So, we have a lot processing take place and then we have |
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| 24:29 | tracks that lead to take the information . Alright? So, if you |
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| 24:33 | this and divide it into these three , the regular lobe, this little |
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| 24:37 | area right here is primarily responsible for control of balance and eye movement. |
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| 24:44 | right. So, in other it's helping you to reconcile your head |
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| 24:51 | and your eye movement and keeping your is kind of its role. All |
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| 24:57 | now, I'm just going to make up right here. So, but |
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| 25:00 | to help you remember, have you watched a pigeon walk? Right. |
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| 25:06 | come the pigeon doesn't fall over? , it's because of this region right |
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| 25:11 | , we don't have to do All right. We can run and |
|
| 25:16 | and we're able to maintain balance because the information being processed in the |
|
| 25:21 | You know, regular lobe. The in between. So, we have |
|
| 25:26 | is called the the longitudinal fissure when talking about the three bedroom. So |
|
| 25:32 | that same kind of structure is referred as the verma's right here, the |
|
| 25:36 | plays an important role in posture. sitting upright, the ability for you |
|
| 25:42 | stand upright and sit upright is a of the muscles controlling those different parts |
|
| 25:47 | the body. So you can see there's muscular control plays a role in |
|
| 25:51 | motion, fine motor coordination, and you to create fine smooth movement. |
|
| 25:58 | right, now, you can think it anyway. You want you while |
|
| 26:00 | writing a letter, you know? right, While you're dancing while you're |
|
| 26:05 | . All right. So you're not herky jerky. Alright, That is |
|
| 26:09 | role there is. Making sure that muscles are contracting at the right time |
|
| 26:15 | the right place in order to create smooth movement. And then these lateral |
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| 26:21 | , the things on either side of central verma's basically they play a role |
|
| 26:26 | planning, practicing and learning those All right. For those of you |
|
| 26:32 | have done any sort of athletic right? You don't just go onto |
|
| 26:36 | basketball court and you don't just start three pointers, right? You don't |
|
| 26:40 | out on the baseball field and start home runs, right? You don't |
|
| 26:45 | by just jumping off the edge of pool and landing in perfect. No |
|
| 26:52 | forward dive. It takes what to that happen. Practice right? You |
|
| 27:00 | what the best form is. You the best form over and over and |
|
| 27:03 | again. Just another example, I a friend right now who's just taking |
|
| 27:07 | tennis for the first time in like years. All right. So, |
|
| 27:12 | about how old you are at 10 on top of that. That's how |
|
| 27:15 | since she last played tennis. And so her coach is basically |
|
| 27:20 | I don't care if you get the over the net when you serve. |
|
| 27:22 | want you to practice what form I you to get the motion. We'll |
|
| 27:28 | about getting the ball over the Once you learn how to create the |
|
| 27:32 | form, that's what the lateral hemispheres responsible for. You want to execute |
|
| 27:38 | . You want to do it with . All right. We are going |
|
| 27:42 | go through and we're going to figure how to make it happen. That |
|
| 27:46 | the responsibility of cerebellum, making the do those things and then ultimately the |
|
| 27:52 | of the cerebrum. All right, this is where the planning for that |
|
| 28:01 | . The next structure remember we have , here's a better thing. You |
|
| 28:04 | see how the cerebellum, It's rather . Here's the cerebrum. The biggest |
|
| 28:09 | here is the brain stem. And on top of our little cone of |
|
| 28:13 | brain stem is we have the diane . This is actually a more ancient |
|
| 28:18 | of the brain. The cerebrum and cerebellum are more modern parts of the |
|
| 28:24 | , you know? So, if go look at in more primitive |
|
| 28:27 | you may not see a well developed . You may not see a well |
|
| 28:30 | cerebellum, but you'll see a well diane cephalon. Alright. And there's |
|
| 28:36 | bunch of structures and you can see thalamus and then there's uh structures relative |
|
| 28:41 | the thalamus. And so I'm just point it out now. So, |
|
| 28:44 | the thalamus that actually has two right? And they're connected to each |
|
| 28:49 | by a small bridge. And that small bridges being shown there. |
|
| 28:53 | this is the um uh the third that lies in between the thalamus. |
|
| 29:00 | right. So, it's right in . All right. Now, whenever |
|
| 29:05 | think of the diane cephalon total. all these structures, they play a |
|
| 29:09 | in controlling your visceral activities. All . And it's kind of divided into |
|
| 29:15 | different areas. And what I'd like do is just kind of break it |
|
| 29:19 | for you when you think of the . What I want you to think |
|
| 29:22 | is that it is the first place sensory information goes before it's processed and |
|
| 29:29 | . The way I like to think it is that it acts like the |
|
| 29:32 | , males or the post office and where information needs to go. |
|
| 29:38 | that also implies that the information doesn't where it's supposed to go. But |
|
| 29:42 | not actually the case. Alright, is traveling on very specific track. |
|
| 29:47 | the thalamus is the first place that sorts it. So that information can |
|
| 29:51 | sent to multiple areas for processing. , so it kind of sorts it's |
|
| 29:56 | information filter. All right, so going to take all sort of input |
|
| 30:01 | all sorts of different areas. one of the ways you can think |
|
| 30:06 | this is that it does have a degree of processing that takes place in |
|
| 30:10 | thalamus. All right. What I up here is it's crude awareness versus |
|
| 30:16 | awareness. Alright. For those of have taken any sort of philosophy class |
|
| 30:20 | learned about Renee dechert, have you heard that name, Grenada cart? |
|
| 30:25 | you watch monty python. So, one person knows knows the philosopher song |
|
| 30:32 | I think this is Renee dake I think therefore I am, I |
|
| 30:39 | who I am, because I'm aware self is really what he's saying |
|
| 30:44 | when I think of who I I'm aware that I'm here, so |
|
| 30:48 | must exist. Alright, Very, deep thinking. Alright, I'm not |
|
| 30:53 | fun of them but it's a it's unique idea Alright. The thalamus has |
|
| 30:58 | aware awareness of self. It just , it is the I am |
|
| 31:03 | so the way you can think of thalamus is that when you get touched |
|
| 31:07 | goes, I am being touched. , but when that information gets sent |
|
| 31:12 | to the sensory input areas, like being touched by a spider. |
|
| 31:16 | That's that awareness of what's going on you. So the thalamus doesn't play |
|
| 31:21 | role in the complex portion of the . It's in the very basic crude |
|
| 31:28 | awareness right? I have here pleasant unpleasant. I'm being touched by something |
|
| 31:36 | . Don't know if that's a good yuck. Right. It stinks or |
|
| 31:41 | bad, not smell good. How's ? Right? Light bright, |
|
| 31:46 | dark, you know, or something those lines. Now, there's areas |
|
| 31:52 | the hypothalamus that are responsible for processing for that first level of processing. |
|
| 32:00 | right. These are called the jew nuclei. That would be plural, |
|
| 32:04 | singular. Alright. And they're broken . You can see there's 123 of |
|
| 32:08 | here. The mediagenic Hewlett is responsible auditory information. Alright. Some medial |
|
| 32:17 | lateral genic. Hewlett is sensory input the eyes. So, when that |
|
| 32:22 | , when you're looking around, that first goes to the I I mean |
|
| 32:26 | the lateral Jinich units and then it's to the primary cortex and then that |
|
| 32:31 | is then broken down into all sorts stuff and it's processed in multiple |
|
| 32:36 | All right. But that's the first it goes. I'm seeing something. |
|
| 32:41 | . That's a lateral Jinich Yeah. the ventral junik Hewlett these are the |
|
| 32:46 | sensory pathways. Now, not all information is going to find its way |
|
| 32:50 | the thalamus will point out where it's upset but completely skips it. But |
|
| 32:54 | least these two are the most The medial and the lateral that's auditory |
|
| 32:58 | visual. And if you think about , most of your life is based |
|
| 33:04 | those two things. If I took your headphones and your phones, you |
|
| 33:09 | would be some pretty sad puppies, you? If you had to walk |
|
| 33:13 | with earmuffs and blindfolds, there wouldn't a lot of like walking around with |
|
| 33:20 | , Could you live without tasting something again? You don't think so. |
|
| 33:26 | mean as long as I'm getting the , you're probably good to go, |
|
| 33:32 | ? But if you couldn't watch your youtube, I don't know. You |
|
| 33:37 | you might do some serious anger I've watched my kids when I take |
|
| 33:42 | phones away. Just say it. right. There are other nuclei that |
|
| 33:49 | located there just as well just to kind of round this out so they |
|
| 33:54 | regulate motor function. So you're gonna seeing this a little bit now over |
|
| 33:57 | over again. You're gonna wait a . Did you just tell me the |
|
| 33:59 | wasn't responsible for motor? Yes. is the thalamus, we're gonna get |
|
| 34:03 | another structure and go wait a Did you just tell me the thalamus |
|
| 34:06 | cerebral? Yes. There's like this pathway of stuff. Right? So |
|
| 34:12 | some motor processing that's taking place in thalamus and these are found in the |
|
| 34:17 | ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclear. . And so they are playing a |
|
| 34:22 | within the context of these other We're not gonna worry about that one |
|
| 34:28 | . We'll worry about that one in next unit. All right. Um |
|
| 34:33 | there are some nuclear activities are found the anterior region of the media that |
|
| 34:36 | gonna play a role in the limbic . The limbic system we're going to |
|
| 34:39 | a little bit later plays an important in emotional responses to stimuli. All |
|
| 34:49 | . The sub thalamus sits just underneath thalamus and that's to clarify or to |
|
| 34:55 | it from the hypothalamus which is also the thalamus. Alright. So you |
|
| 34:59 | a sub thalamus and then you have hypothalamus. Alright. Sub thalamus has |
|
| 35:05 | tracks that go up and down and also some nuclei in there. They |
|
| 35:10 | extend uh regions of the red nuclear the substantia nigra are traveling up to |
|
| 35:15 | sub thalamus basically. They share information the basal nuclei and again it deals |
|
| 35:22 | motor function for the most part. right. Yes ma'am. Okay, |
|
| 35:37 | . Yeah. So what I will do anything. This is a |
|
| 35:42 | very fair question asked. I'm not throw this picture up here and say |
|
| 35:46 | me the thalamus. Show me the thalamus. Show me it's ideally what |
|
| 35:50 | trying to do is think of. are different regions of the dying cephalon |
|
| 35:54 | are responsible for different things. But it's a primitive part of the |
|
| 35:58 | It's going to be dealing with primitive . Alright. So movement is a |
|
| 36:02 | activity, right? You see You chase it because it's a bug |
|
| 36:06 | you're going to eat it. Well you guys but a lizard for |
|
| 36:10 | Right? So ideally what you're not you're not gonna see this picture. |
|
| 36:15 | that's right now in the lab. can't speak what the lab does. |
|
| 36:22 | may just open up a dying Say label, start labeling stuff. |
|
| 36:28 | professors do different things. All Epi epi means above, which is |
|
| 36:37 | confusing because if you look at the as it sits way back here in |
|
| 36:40 | back. Alright, so it's in post here region. Alright. But |
|
| 36:45 | when they label its this this superior region in the dying cephalon to things |
|
| 36:51 | the epithelium. Is that I want to be aware of is to have |
|
| 36:54 | newer nuclei notice that it's not labeled the picture, right? So I'm |
|
| 36:59 | ask you where it is. You need to know the region of |
|
| 37:02 | of the diane cephalon was located, plays a responsible or it's responsible primarily |
|
| 37:08 | visceral emotional responses to odors. All , Sephora addicts. You guys, |
|
| 37:17 | I see who you are when I the word you smiled. That's an |
|
| 37:22 | response because you're actually connecting the memory smell right to something and you're |
|
| 37:29 | oh, that makes me happy. a visceral response, right? Something |
|
| 37:33 | like hmm, visceral and emotional going . Alright, that's the habit helium |
|
| 37:40 | . It also plays a role in regard to the limbic system. |
|
| 37:44 | the limbic system plays a role in . Not just happy, but |
|
| 37:47 | frightened, scared, all the fun are there. And so this is |
|
| 37:52 | you start associating emotion with visceral uh , or visceral stimuli is the word |
|
| 38:01 | looking for. Peniel gland is really interesting. We still don't know |
|
| 38:06 | about this, but what we basically about is that it is responsible for |
|
| 38:10 | your internal clock. All right, of the things that does, it |
|
| 38:15 | melatonin to help regulate your circadian When we think circadian rhythms, If |
|
| 38:19 | taken biology long enough, you probably about those cute little arctic rabbits, |
|
| 38:23 | called arctic hares, and they're brown the summer and their white in the |
|
| 38:27 | , and it's like, okay, a circadian rhythm, but circadian rhythms |
|
| 38:30 | be shorter, they can be For example, you have a diurnal |
|
| 38:35 | . Alright, there are many hormones your body that are regulated differently across |
|
| 38:40 | course of the day. For one of the reasons you wake up |
|
| 38:44 | the morning is your body temperature naturally . Alright, and that's part of |
|
| 38:49 | to get up trying to get the revving body temperature rises, that's your |
|
| 38:53 | signal to kind of wake up and a result of the hormones that are |
|
| 38:57 | produced in the pineal gland to make do this stuff and the types of |
|
| 39:01 | there which are called clock for So this is your biological clock. |
|
| 39:06 | is the big one that we're most of. Some of you take melatonin |
|
| 39:11 | ? Like I can't go to I'm gonna take me some melatonin take |
|
| 39:15 | couple of milligrams of melatonin a couple minutes later, you're like, |
|
| 39:17 | I'm a little sleepy now, I'm go to bed and you go to |
|
| 39:20 | because it's one of those things that to regulate the sleep wake cycle. |
|
| 39:26 | timing of puberty. All right. controlling puberty is a weird thing and |
|
| 39:33 | not gonna go into it all, there's a lot of organs that are |
|
| 39:36 | . But when is the time to puberty? Well, Your opinion, |
|
| 39:40 | decides when that happens. Some of started at the age of eight. |
|
| 39:43 | when you started at the age of and all the numbers in between. |
|
| 39:52 | Kenny. Oh, glenn, thanks internal clock. Yes. Video gland |
|
| 39:59 | . Why? Thank you being a there? He is. Right. |
|
| 40:04 | . So that's just probably a comfort . Right? I mean, |
|
| 40:08 | but by lowering your body temperature. if you've noticed it's probably easier to |
|
| 40:12 | when it's cooler because what your body doing is lowering its temperature and so |
|
| 40:16 | kind of understands when I have a temperature, I'm supposed to be kind |
|
| 40:20 | slowing things down. Alright, so internal change inside you is being controlled |
|
| 40:26 | mechanisms of the pineal gland. It's necessarily the temperature itself that regulates whether |
|
| 40:31 | not you wake up or not. I'll just point out so lots of |
|
| 40:35 | on on sleep wake cycles. But just kind of interesting. Anyone |
|
| 40:39 | a morning person, I mean if taking this class, you're not really |
|
| 40:42 | morning person, you're kind of being here but there are morning people you |
|
| 40:45 | up. Do you need an alarm get up in the morning? |
|
| 40:48 | it's like they just wake up what ? Like 65,530. Just so |
|
| 40:54 | For those of us who are not people, those of us who are |
|
| 40:57 | owls. It's just like this is foreign to us. But what it |
|
| 41:02 | is that your opinion gland is basically this is the time you wake up |
|
| 41:06 | . If we didn't have alarms and could do whatever you wanted to, |
|
| 41:09 | still being regulated through your opinion, . Right? And for like |
|
| 41:14 | I will wake up naturally if given choice like during the pandemic and I |
|
| 41:18 | have to do anything. I didn't him time. I would wake up |
|
| 41:21 | 11:00 AM, right? It's whoa about time I got back to |
|
| 41:25 | normal sleep cycle and what time would go to bed like three o'clock in |
|
| 41:30 | morning because that's my cycle for the people. It's like three o'clock in |
|
| 41:34 | morning is like, that's like, , I'm starting to wake up at |
|
| 41:38 | time, right? And when, nine o'clock comes rolling around, I'm |
|
| 41:41 | looking at is that when your body starting to shut down. Yeah. |
|
| 41:46 | that's what we're talking about and I point out pinot blend is not the |
|
| 41:50 | one that's that plays this role. gonna see there's other structure that play |
|
| 41:54 | role in the sleep wake cycle. hmm sort of All right. The |
|
| 42:02 | is, can we train the pineal to do stuff? You can kind |
|
| 42:06 | All right. So one of the of advice I give to most students |
|
| 42:09 | early on when I'm, when I'm the opportunity to talk to him is |
|
| 42:13 | a regular sleep wake cycle. So if you so if you have to |
|
| 42:19 | like the morning class, like Tuesday Thursdays, but then Monday Wednesday |
|
| 42:22 | . You don't have a morning you can sleep into 11. Don't |
|
| 42:25 | that. Alright? Basically, if have to wake up at six, |
|
| 42:29 | make 6:00, that's your wake up . Right? Because you'll actually have |
|
| 42:33 | better sleep cycle, which means you better rest. That means you have |
|
| 42:36 | performance over time. You make your time the same, You make your |
|
| 42:40 | time the same across all days. there is a training there now, |
|
| 42:43 | what's kind of interesting. All work in rats and mice actually and |
|
| 42:48 | humans and they want to play with . And so what do you |
|
| 42:51 | So the pineal gland is is partially by blue light. Right? So |
|
| 42:57 | your phones produce blue light. So you can't fall asleep because you've been |
|
| 43:01 | your phone up until the moment you to bed. That's part of the |
|
| 43:03 | why. Alright, so get blue filters on your phones. That's number |
|
| 43:08 | . But what they've done is the that is they put people on 100% |
|
| 43:11 | cycles. Rat 100% dart cycles. put them in 100% light cycles. |
|
| 43:16 | rats and mice are nocturnal. And happens is is their perception of day |
|
| 43:24 | because their internal clock is not 24 . It's something like 23 hours. |
|
| 43:30 | what happens is you slowly shift your because you're not quite sure how to |
|
| 43:37 | to the normal lights and dark So yes, you can kind of |
|
| 43:42 | of but you can see it takes . It's not just simply turning on |
|
| 43:46 | alarm. We need the alarms because are not naturally waking up when we're |
|
| 43:51 | to be waking up when we because required to because we have to be |
|
| 43:58 | early Tuesdays and Thursdays. All hypothalamus hypothalamus is this region down |
|
| 44:07 | Alright. So trying to distinguish between here's the hypothalamus. It is the |
|
| 44:12 | inferior portion of the diane cephalon. and lots of nuclear, lots of |
|
| 44:16 | tracts. It is what we call the master gland of the body. |
|
| 44:21 | is responsible for maintaining overall body All right now, that's kind of |
|
| 44:28 | you know, I trained in the of endocrinology. Endocrinology deals with hormones |
|
| 44:35 | so we like to make big claims this little structure. All right, |
|
| 44:40 | it does control a lot of Alright. Um So visceral control of |
|
| 44:45 | body. So, we're talking about you're hungry, when you're thirsty, |
|
| 44:49 | you're sleepy, all these things are regulated here, plus a whole bunch |
|
| 44:53 | hormones that will learn um In and two two structures of interest. If |
|
| 45:00 | look at this structure that we have two lumps that kind of sit out |
|
| 45:04 | bulges on the ventral surface. They a role in olfactory reflexes and |
|
| 45:08 | emotional response to odors. So when smell something horrible? Because let's face |
|
| 45:13 | we all have that big pile of . Right, We're not quite |
|
| 45:17 | Is it dirty? Is it Is it dirty? Is it |
|
| 45:19 | So what do you do? Pick up? Let's take that good old |
|
| 45:24 | . And if it smells bad, do you do? Alright, pull |
|
| 45:27 | the mammal everybody? Alright? Um would be uh factory reflex. Pulling |
|
| 45:34 | away. Alright. The infant dibble refers to this structure here. So |
|
| 45:38 | trying to show it there, what down infant nebula literally means stock and |
|
| 45:44 | it looks, if you look at , this kinda looks like a mushroom |
|
| 45:46 | down. And so this is a of the hypothalamus that extends to the |
|
| 45:51 | gland. There are hormones that are in the hypothalamus that regulates hormones produced |
|
| 45:56 | the pituitary, the pituitary gland. so that is the way that regulation |
|
| 46:02 | place. All right again, we'll with pituitary A. & p. |
|
| 46:11 | . Now it's really easy to look this slide and say, oh I've |
|
| 46:13 | to memorize all the jelly beans, see the jelly beans up there, |
|
| 46:16 | memorize jellybeans. Purpose of this is show you there's lots of different |
|
| 46:20 | there's different regions that are responsible for things. This is a big giant |
|
| 46:26 | to kind of give you a sense home, a static regulation through the |
|
| 46:31 | . So emotional responses, body temperature I'm hungry when I'm thirsty. What's |
|
| 46:37 | sleep wake cycle controlling the hormones of body. These is this is all |
|
| 46:42 | to be done through the hypothalamus. right, and it's not the sole |
|
| 46:47 | where some of these things are being . So the hypothalamus maybe talking to |
|
| 46:53 | system that regulates something downstream alright. we like to think of it as |
|
| 46:57 | master control. So the dyin you can see kind of plays his |
|
| 47:07 | in dealing with visceral input, right moving through the body comes up, |
|
| 47:14 | and then sent back down. We some stuff about motor stuff but motor |
|
| 47:18 | is simply uh an extension of what viscera needs when my stomach is |
|
| 47:24 | what do I do? Do I there and just complain about it? |
|
| 47:29 | , I make those seven steps to refrigerator in glory. That's a scientific |
|
| 47:36 | globe, right? Just shove food my mouth till I'm happily satisfied or |
|
| 47:45 | satisfied. So what I want to now is I want to turn back |
|
| 47:49 | the cerebrum because when we think about brain we think about there's all these |
|
| 47:55 | that I do, how do I about doing them? And we get |
|
| 47:58 | the cerebrum and this is where it starts. Alright, so we're returning |
|
| 48:04 | to those lobes and asking the what do the lobes do? |
|
| 48:13 | So back to rene day cart I therefore I am. The screen room |
|
| 48:20 | responsible for thoughts responsible for sensory It is light, it is |
|
| 48:28 | right? It's not just oh there's change that's a bright white light, |
|
| 48:34 | a dull white light. Okay, a fuzzy tennis ball that I'm |
|
| 48:39 | Alright, that's a cold ice Alright. That is conscious perception. |
|
| 48:47 | . Also the memory, the memory things. I mean not just of |
|
| 48:52 | but of places of smells of All those things are being processed and |
|
| 49:02 | in the cerebrum, all the complex you do. Intelligence is being able |
|
| 49:10 | remember things, right? So it's storing up ideas and facts, |
|
| 49:17 | knowing what to do with them making good decisions versus bad decisions. |
|
| 49:23 | the types of decisions you need in to survive. For example, all |
|
| 49:27 | voluntary motor activities, all your visual , all your auditory activities. For |
|
| 49:32 | , these are being controlled at the of the cerebral we've talked about gray |
|
| 49:39 | and white matter and we said in street from there are different regions of |
|
| 49:43 | matter and I want to first focus on the cortex. All right. |
|
| 49:47 | just a reminder you can see down it's labeled but it's all of this |
|
| 49:51 | all the way around. So, refers to the outer edge of a |
|
| 49:59 | . All right. So, it both an anatomical and functional organization to |
|
| 50:05 | . Alright. We remember we said the brain is divided into two |
|
| 50:08 | So we can look at the cortex one side versus the cortex on the |
|
| 50:12 | side and we're going to see that some unique differences between the two. |
|
| 50:17 | right. Now, in this I'm bringing this up now, but |
|
| 50:21 | not going to see it in this because we will see it a little |
|
| 50:24 | later. There are six anatomical layers the cerebral cortex. This little |
|
| 50:29 | If you look at it, it's into six layers and much of the |
|
| 50:32 | has these six layers whenever you're looking the gray matter in the cortex. |
|
| 50:37 | and the gray matter or the cortex change in height depending upon where you |
|
| 50:43 | . So, I'm just making up like so say over in the auditory |
|
| 50:48 | layer one is thick but over in visual cortex layer one of them. |
|
| 50:53 | right. So this is just to you we have to have uh the |
|
| 51:00 | fissure here is what separates the 22 . Alright. They are not equal |
|
| 51:06 | function. They're connected to each other the corpus callosum. So right |
|
| 51:11 | you can see the corpus callosum. I go back to the diane cephalon |
|
| 51:16 | this right here is the corpus All right. That's corpus callosum. |
|
| 51:27 | that's how you can send those tracks the left and the right side. |
|
| 51:33 | No functional area of the cortex is going to act alone. And typically |
|
| 51:37 | we say is that the right hemisphere responsible for the left side of the |
|
| 51:40 | , similar to the left hemisphere is for the right side of the |
|
| 51:44 | There's gonna be some exceptions to that . But just if you live with |
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| 51:47 | rule, you're probably good to okay, And we'll see when the |
|
| 51:50 | pop up. All right. So we point to a section in what |
|
| 51:56 | was saying that they don't act alone so I made my point to something |
|
| 52:00 | say this right here is responsible for . I'm going to say that |
|
| 52:04 | I'm gonna say this is responsible for but understand that it's that's not where |
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| 52:08 | comes from. It's the the place it ultimately is going to be |
|
| 52:15 | There are other areas that play a . But it's like if you damage |
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| 52:18 | , you aren't getting speech. the easiest way to think about the |
|
| 52:25 | is to break it down into functional . All right. three types of |
|
| 52:30 | areas. We have motor areas. are responsible for movement and that's going |
|
| 52:36 | be voluntary movement for the most part have since areas, these are responsible |
|
| 52:41 | processing sensory input. And then we have the association areas. This |
|
| 52:46 | where you integrate information. Alright. we integrate information, what we're saying |
|
| 52:51 | we got this thing and we have thing, they're unrelated, but we |
|
| 52:54 | them together. Now we have a understanding about something. When I was |
|
| 52:58 | kid, we used to have Halloween . Did you ever have a Halloween |
|
| 53:02 | ? Okay. And you go to Halloween parties? They were never never |
|
| 53:06 | because that's not how they worked. you'd go in with all these little |
|
| 53:10 | graders before they give you all the . And what they would do is |
|
| 53:14 | turn off all the lights and the would come in like with the spooky |
|
| 53:17 | , like, ooh. And then say, here's a bowl. Put |
|
| 53:20 | hand in the bowl? You're touching and you'd be like eyeballs. |
|
| 53:27 | And what were you touching grapes? . I mean it was cold |
|
| 53:31 | but what you did was you allowed to deal with the century input and |
|
| 53:36 | try to associate with the language that doing. It was like here you're |
|
| 53:40 | brains in your head, It's brains it was like cold spaghetti or brains |
|
| 53:46 | you went to the wrong house. right, dealing with the motor |
|
| 53:55 | Motor areas are pretty straightforward. You're see a lot of primary whenever you |
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| 53:59 | primary understand that's the first area. the primary structure. That means that |
|
| 54:03 | are other structures that play a role it. Alright. But what we're |
|
| 54:07 | is we're focusing on on the big . So we have the primary motor |
|
| 54:12 | . So when we're dealing with motor , these are all going to be |
|
| 54:16 | primarily located in the frontal lobe. , you can look at the |
|
| 54:20 | Do you see this is the one has the label that has all the |
|
| 54:23 | in it. All the other labels empty. Alright, so motor you |
|
| 54:28 | already say primarily is in the frontal . Okay, I get this |
|
| 54:32 | So I got the motor cortex So the motor cortex deals with voluntary |
|
| 54:36 | of the skeletal muscles. We have area. Who speaks spanish here? |
|
| 54:42 | is the word in spanish for mouth . Alright, broker boca. Do |
|
| 54:51 | see what I did there. I an association for you. Made it |
|
| 54:56 | , Okay Broca's area is responsible for muscles controlling speech. Now notice here |
|
| 55:02 | didn't say it was responsible for I said it was responsible for the |
|
| 55:07 | of the mouth muscles. Speech is result of that. If we take |
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| 55:12 | your muscles in their mouth and you move. Do you make words? |
|
| 55:16 | , let's just show you I it's me pushing air back and forth helping |
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| 55:23 | mouth move in the right way, the words to help you understand the |
|
| 55:31 | The frontal eye field. All frontal eye fields roughly around their primary |
|
| 55:37 | . Is this blue thing broke his roughly this purple thing and we're going |
|
| 55:41 | see there's this other area up here we're gonna deal with a little bit |
|
| 55:44 | . Alright. The frontal eye field movement of the eyes. If we |
|
| 55:48 | your head in a vice and don't you move, can you still look |
|
| 55:51 | the room? Yeah, do Alright. It's telling your eyes where |
|
| 55:56 | look like when the teacher says don't at the piece of paper on the |
|
| 56:01 | , the person next to you. do you do? I mean you |
|
| 56:03 | you you just told me not to I have to because you just told |
|
| 56:07 | not to. Right, So that's frontal eye field. All of that |
|
| 56:13 | the prime or in the frontal This picture demonstrates the organization of the |
|
| 56:22 | cortex and what you're looking at is is referred to as the motor |
|
| 56:26 | The word homunculus means human like. . Not quite human But kind of |
|
| 56:32 | one. If you look at the the pictograph of the human up |
|
| 56:37 | Is it a human? No, kind of weird looking, right? |
|
| 56:41 | kind of like a human but it's quite that. But what it shows |
|
| 56:47 | is in that pre central gyrus which where the primary motor cortex is |
|
| 56:51 | You can see shown here, the of your body follows the body pattern |
|
| 56:59 | Or the organization of the cortex follows body pattern of your body, |
|
| 57:03 | So your feet followed by your followed by your knee all the way |
|
| 57:07 | through. And then you get over and the regions of the head are |
|
| 57:12 | shown and ultimately the regions of the cavity are representative. So there's this |
|
| 57:19 | that you can clearly follow that demonstrates the brain knows where information needs to |
|
| 57:27 | so that it can then send information to make you wiggle your finger. |
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| 57:31 | right. So it's what we refer as Samata typically organized tomato body typical |
|
| 57:38 | the body pattern. Alright, now does exhibit plasticity. Alright, So |
|
| 57:46 | we learn to manipulate or move, our hand that will take over a |
|
| 57:52 | bit more space. Um As we to to become more refined in that |
|
| 57:58 | for example, the easier way to about if I lose my limb and |
|
| 58:01 | stopped moving my limb I no longer that part of my brain where I |
|
| 58:06 | need to regulate how my fingers And so those areas will diminish if |
|
| 58:11 | stop regulating finger movement. Right? it does exhibit this sort of plasticity |
|
| 58:18 | it's still well organized. Okay so are the motor areas. Three motor |
|
| 58:26 | that you need to know. Primary cortex. M one broke his area |
|
| 58:31 | speech and three the frontal eye field moving your eyes. All in the |
|
| 58:37 | lobe. The cement or the century are located in all the others. |
|
| 58:42 | you notice frontal lobe is missing everything the other lobes. We talked about |
|
| 58:48 | something listed in their little tiny So we're taking a lot of information |
|
| 58:54 | and we're processing it and then we it up to the frontal cortex to |
|
| 58:57 | us how we're supposed to respond. so just kind of walking through you'll |
|
| 59:02 | that all of these are labeled meaning this is the primary place where |
|
| 59:06 | stuff is processed and it's excluding all other one. And so we usually |
|
| 59:10 | you see an S. Or when usually see a one like S one |
|
| 59:13 | . One they're referring to like yeah are many other areas underneath this. |
|
| 59:18 | I'm just gonna start up here in parietal lobe. The parietal lobe is |
|
| 59:22 | for Samantha sensory that's your sense of . All right. So when you |
|
| 59:28 | something fuzzy, you recognize fuzziness, might recognize shapes, so on and |
|
| 59:33 | forth. That would be status sensory . All right. Visual cortex is |
|
| 59:41 | in the occipital lobe right back Alright. It receives visual input from |
|
| 59:45 | eye. So the information from the comes in, goes through lateral nucleus |
|
| 59:50 | arrives in v. one. And that information is broken down and it's |
|
| 59:54 | off to other areas which we're not to get into. So, occipital |
|
| 59:59 | vision. Mhm. You see I'm of repeating myself from a couple of |
|
| 60:03 | ago, go back and look, yeah, he talked about the lives |
|
| 60:07 | what they do. Number three. auditory cortex is located over here in |
|
| 60:11 | temporal lobe. It plays a role processing auditory signals. So the things |
|
| 60:18 | you hear primarily factory cortex is also in the temporal. So this is |
|
| 60:25 | perception of smell. It's understanding what smell is. So when you smell |
|
| 60:31 | you're like hmm that's strawberries. When smell artificial strawberries like that almost smells |
|
| 60:35 | strawberries. Okay. And lastly, have the primary gustatory cortex, this |
|
| 60:41 | the insulin remember we said that's deep underneath the frontal lobe, that's the |
|
| 60:46 | of taste. So notice what we here. We're talking about sensory |
|
| 60:50 | We're talking about the special senses as as the sense of touch, which |
|
| 60:55 | not a special sense and it's broken all those other structures. The somatic |
|
| 61:05 | cortex, the primary somatosensory cortex also a homunculus. In other words, |
|
| 61:12 | it's organized along the body plane. typically organized. So again, you |
|
| 61:17 | see it's organization. You can see example, here, look how much |
|
| 61:23 | brain is used for your lips. do you suppose that is because kissing |
|
| 61:31 | fun or maybe kissing is fun because so sensitive. All right. Once |
|
| 61:39 | think about not living in the first country in the 21st century, I |
|
| 61:44 | you to picture yourself. Oh, don't know. 50,000 years ago. |
|
| 61:47 | you're forging along with your family, trying to find food foraging implies picking |
|
| 61:53 | stuff and determining what is food or . Alright. If something pokes your |
|
| 61:58 | and it hurts. Is that something want to swallow? No. All |
|
| 62:04 | . You put something to your lips it burns. Is that something you |
|
| 62:08 | to swallow? So the first place you can determine whether or not something |
|
| 62:14 | going to be damaging to your body likely through the sense of touch to |
|
| 62:18 | oral cavity. The opening to your cavity is right here, your lips |
|
| 62:27 | . That's partly they're exploring their right? The other thing they're doing |
|
| 62:31 | they're literally exploring their world is as as it's not food and you |
|
| 62:36 | it allows them to manipulate and hold . It's yeah, babies are |
|
| 62:43 | All right now, there is also secondary somatosensory cortex, it's part of |
|
| 62:51 | association area and the association areas are for integrating information, right? So |
|
| 62:57 | example, if you put a I don't know, take a sip |
|
| 63:02 | hot coffee, that was that's an one, right? You're gonna feel |
|
| 63:06 | burn, right? But you're also have the taste and there's going to |
|
| 63:10 | all these different things that are going be kind of lighting up to tell |
|
| 63:13 | this is what you're drinking and this good for you or bad for you |
|
| 63:17 | whatnot. All right. So just like before it exhibits plasticity so |
|
| 63:23 | areas can grow and shrink so on so forth. Uh Thanks for the |
|
| 63:28 | receptor. Like I said, remember mentioned that I was playing a role |
|
| 63:32 | processing information. So the first place information goes is to the thalamus before |
|
| 63:37 | arrives up here. But the reason can distinguish saying saying a tennis ball |
|
| 63:42 | is fuzzy and say a softball which smooth, is because the spatter sensory |
|
| 63:48 | is able to understand all the concepts round and versus square versus fuzzy versus |
|
| 63:57 | versus you know, all that So the association areas are going to |
|
| 64:04 | located primarily in those areas where we to mix information. So we have |
|
| 64:13 | in the frontal lobe called the pre cortex. We have an association down |
|
| 64:17 | in the auditorium in the temporal lobe the auditory association area, Occipital |
|
| 64:22 | visual association, parietal lobe. Somatosensory areas. I would not be surprised |
|
| 64:27 | there's also other types of association areas we don't point out. So with |
|
| 64:33 | to the pre motor cortex this is to be located in the anterior to |
|
| 64:37 | pre central gyrus. So if this the I'm sorry here, pre central |
|
| 64:41 | , this is the auditor or the cortex. What we're doing here is |
|
| 64:45 | trying to create those repetitious or patterned . Alright, just think what's |
|
| 64:52 | bouncing a basketball, riding a walking, swimming. Those are |
|
| 64:58 | Right? And so what it is once you know what the muscle is |
|
| 65:02 | to do, you can say I want to create this pattern and |
|
| 65:05 | that pattern over and over again. plays a role in planning movement as |
|
| 65:09 | . And as we're going to see the next unit, we'll talk about |
|
| 65:12 | it all comes together with the the cerebellum, um the basal nuclei |
|
| 65:18 | on and so forth, Mattis sensory , this is basically being able to |
|
| 65:24 | the object that you're being felt. again going back to those, those |
|
| 65:28 | like the tennis ball. If you to pick up something um If you've |
|
| 65:32 | , you may have done this where have like the black box, you |
|
| 65:34 | your hand and you're trying to identify in the box ever done that? |
|
| 65:38 | , so that's kind of the idea like what am I feeling? And |
|
| 65:41 | it's taking all aspects and it's putting all together so that you get a |
|
| 65:46 | of what it is that you're All right, I'm coming to sneak |
|
| 65:54 | look at the time to see if have time to tell you the |
|
| 65:56 | You know, I think I told the story about the scorpion crawling up |
|
| 65:59 | arm. Yeah. So is it carpet or is it a scorpion crawling |
|
| 66:05 | my arm? You know, spanish cortex is responsible for figuring that stuff |
|
| 66:11 | . Visual association area. This is we're going to process and integrate visual |
|
| 66:16 | . Um like I said, your is not a camera, it's not |
|
| 66:20 | taking that information of what you're seeing then just doing that, it actually |
|
| 66:24 | all that information down into a whole of different things. For example, |
|
| 66:29 | is broken apart and removed and you're to associate, what does it |
|
| 66:33 | What is, what is color? are the different colors? Black versus |
|
| 66:38 | versus gray scales? You know, there shadow here? So does that |
|
| 66:42 | implies depth that sort of stuff? form all sorts of stuff. And |
|
| 66:48 | um the visual association area which they're to right here is basically taking all |
|
| 66:53 | information that's been processed and putting it back together so that you can understand |
|
| 66:58 | it is that you're looking at or at least a best guess. |
|
| 67:04 | You know how humans are notoriously bad identifying stuff, right? You're in |
|
| 67:08 | car accident and you're trying to someone or is watching and they're trying to |
|
| 67:13 | claim of what happened. They their eyewitness is usually pretty terrible. And |
|
| 67:19 | of it is because we perceive things actually as they are, but how |
|
| 67:24 | see them, right? And that's function of putting all the information |
|
| 67:29 | So that things make sense to our . You've all seen the picture of |
|
| 67:36 | ? Yes. No, I okay, okay. Is it |
|
| 67:42 | Your brain says this doesn't look like I've ever seen before. Some of |
|
| 67:45 | are going well yeah, it does like something I've seen before. I've |
|
| 67:47 | my friend in a gorilla suit, what it looks like to me. |
|
| 67:52 | . But people who see that go a second, that doesn't look like |
|
| 67:55 | that exists. And so you can there and make that case back and |
|
| 68:00 | because the way perception works. All . So what you see is not |
|
| 68:06 | what you perceive. There's another way can look at it lastly is auditory |
|
| 68:11 | the auditory area. This is where taking sound input and allowing you to |
|
| 68:16 | what sound is? So if you beep beep. Right. You know |
|
| 68:21 | a jeep right beep beep I'm a road runner. All right. good |
|
| 68:27 | , but Mimi. Right. So hear that? But what do you |
|
| 68:32 | ? No, it's dr wayne. just made that noise. That wasn't |
|
| 68:34 | duck. Right. But your brain when I hear that sound that sounds |
|
| 68:39 | a duck. Alright. That's an area because you've heard a duck before |
|
| 68:44 | least in theory. And so you're that association Now your brain, like |
|
| 68:50 | said, is not equally divided. doesn't mean if you're left brain you're |
|
| 68:54 | doing this, you're right brain. ? What when you hear that term |
|
| 68:57 | brain? Right brain division. It's the work of the brain is not |
|
| 69:01 | divided equally between the two hemispheres. this is a rough breakdown of what |
|
| 69:06 | kind of looks like. Alright, it doesn't mean you're better at one |
|
| 69:09 | or the other. Now, typically we say is that the left hemisphere |
|
| 69:14 | primarily speech dominant and what that means that Broca's area is located on the |
|
| 69:20 | hemisphere. It's not located on the hemisphere. Also where Nikki's area, |
|
| 69:26 | is the language center of the brain also located on the left side. |
|
| 69:31 | right is not located on the right . So the language and speech centers |
|
| 69:36 | to be located on the left but not for everybody because lateralization coordinates |
|
| 69:44 | with handedness. All right. How of you guys are sinister? |
|
| 69:51 | I'll put it in. English. many of you guys are left |
|
| 69:56 | That's what the word sinister means. left handed, sinister. It sounds |
|
| 70:04 | better when you say sinister doesn't like have some sort of wicked plan. |
|
| 70:08 | right. It is quite possible for of you who are left handed but |
|
| 70:13 | guaranteed that your language centers are located the right side of your break. |
|
| 70:24 | 90% of the population right handed. you go, left hand side of |
|
| 70:30 | body. All right. No, there's all sorts of weird things that |
|
| 70:36 | going on. So here's another thing all right. I will I will |
|
| 70:41 | this this is not necessarily 100% true all you're left handed people. Many |
|
| 70:45 | us may have been born or conceived divided and have an identical twin. |
|
| 70:51 | during development very early in the development the twin. Alright. And so |
|
| 70:56 | when you twin like that you'll have image twins. So one twin will |
|
| 71:00 | right, one will be left handed , right. That's not always the |
|
| 71:05 | . If you're an identical twin, doesn't necessarily mean that one of your |
|
| 71:08 | hand one of your right hand, of you sinister one is you evil |
|
| 71:12 | ones, the good twin. That's how that works right. But in |
|
| 71:17 | cases you'll see that there are these image twins. So their hearts are |
|
| 71:23 | right instead of being shaped like we there actually flipped and in that case |
|
| 71:27 | really going to see that All You will see what I just |
|
| 71:31 | All right. But the left side the brain is down the right and |
|
| 71:34 | right sides on the left. All . But that's not all identical |
|
| 71:41 | That's very very very very small subset some very very small left handed people |
|
| 71:49 | part of that small subset. Um see what else. Yeah, just |
|
| 71:56 | this out for all those people said left on left brain and right |
|
| 72:00 | That is not how it works. right, down to the last little |
|
| 72:06 | . This is the part that gets of scary and it gets scary only |
|
| 72:09 | the sense that there's some big words here. Alright, when you see |
|
| 72:13 | term basal nuclei, you'll sometimes see word basil ganglia. This is gray |
|
| 72:19 | that's located internally too. The cerebral . All right. And so you |
|
| 72:25 | see that part of it here has kind of highlighted in color. So |
|
| 72:29 | green, there's a little light These structures as well. Our you |
|
| 72:34 | , our gray matter that's deep The white matter which is deep to |
|
| 72:38 | cerebral cortex. They have very, specific roles. And the primary thing |
|
| 72:44 | they do is that they play a in movement. Alright, so all |
|
| 72:49 | a sudden now we've got a whole of movement things so far, haven't |
|
| 72:52 | seen them. Right, This is involvement movement. This is involved in |
|
| 72:55 | , Alright. They basically are responsible regulating antagonistic movement or basically inhibiting an |
|
| 73:06 | movement. Now I gave an example little while ago about reaching for a |
|
| 73:10 | of water or for a bottle when put this down, if I want |
|
| 73:17 | pick this up, all I gotta is reach for it and I go |
|
| 73:19 | to and I can pick it right, no problem. What you're |
|
| 73:23 | seeing is all the thousands of micro of decisions that are being made along |
|
| 73:29 | way. See as I move, may be contracting this muscle too much |
|
| 73:34 | so I might be shooting too far to the right. And so my |
|
| 73:38 | makes a correction to tell that muscle not shoot so far off to the |
|
| 73:41 | and tells the other muscle to correct that I'm shooting in the other |
|
| 73:44 | And so really what's going on in time and I'm kind of doing this |
|
| 73:48 | , I'm going back and forth as move closer and closer to it. |
|
| 73:53 | it's happening so fast that you don't see the failure, basically the correction |
|
| 73:59 | long before the failure is actually even . So really the action is taking |
|
| 74:04 | in the brain before the signal is sent and saying wait, wait, |
|
| 74:07 | , wait, that's not right, this, do this, do this |
|
| 74:10 | you go and make corrections. So we're saying here is for every agonist |
|
| 74:14 | movement, there's an antagonistic movement that's me to overshoot the other direction. |
|
| 74:19 | , you guys have all heard of disease, right? Parkinson's disease is |
|
| 74:25 | disease that destroys the basal nuclei. what it's doing is it's preventing or |
|
| 74:31 | not allowing the basil nuclear you would , which is to inhibit that unnecessary |
|
| 74:38 | . So when you watch someone with , it presents as a tremor, |
|
| 74:44 | ? If you've seen my grandfather, had that trimmer, right? And |
|
| 74:49 | you're seeing now is that failure to that correction in real time? There's |
|
| 74:54 | there to say, wait a That movement is correct, correct for |
|
| 74:58 | now, before it happens. And what you end up with is I'm |
|
| 75:02 | , nope, I'm over shooting, over shooting over shooting there again. |
|
| 75:05 | is not conscious. Like, nope, nope, nope. It's |
|
| 75:08 | going on is through this network, , you're seeing the lack of |
|
| 75:15 | Does that make sense? So instead me going for the cup, what |
|
| 75:19 | is I shake in towards it? , well, you're, you're definitely |
|
| 75:29 | more and more energy for each of contractions. Absolutely. But that's not |
|
| 75:34 | the primary the ideology, the ideology course, is simply the fact that |
|
| 75:40 | not capable, capable, do the of smooth movement necessary to be as |
|
| 75:45 | as you were prior to to Oh, absolutely. I mean, |
|
| 75:51 | time you contract a muscle, you're energy, right? And so if |
|
| 75:54 | doing unnecessary movement, um how many have had a cast or like twisted |
|
| 76:01 | ankle and like limped? Right? basically you're doing extra work to avoid |
|
| 76:07 | pain and notice how you get more when you, when you're limping and |
|
| 76:11 | and trying to do that movement because body is trying to maintain normal movement |
|
| 76:15 | but still avoiding the pain and so creates this extra movement. So |
|
| 76:19 | a lot of energy that's being used that. All right now, the |
|
| 76:25 | nuclei don't directly talk to the Remember what I said. There's this |
|
| 76:30 | of communication between these structures, it's cerebral and primary cortex that tells the |
|
| 76:36 | to go downward to the muscles. this is kind of one of those |
|
| 76:40 | where you're sending information to the cerebrum saying this is what I want you |
|
| 76:43 | do. Alright, So that's the of the basil nuclear and there's multiple |
|
| 76:48 | within it. So I'm just The corpus stratum basically is these two |
|
| 77:00 | , the Codec nucleus and want to the last two structures are not part |
|
| 77:04 | the corpus stratum. But basically you think about this is the corpus the |
|
| 77:09 | stratum plays a role in making those of decisions alright? And deciding which |
|
| 77:14 | of movement we need to do. , so the caudate nucleus. So |
|
| 77:19 | caudate nucleus, you can see this green thing over here, it basically |
|
| 77:23 | those patterns and rhythms of arms and movements. So if you ever watch |
|
| 77:27 | walk, it's really hard when everyone's backpacks. But if you go sit |
|
| 77:30 | the quads and watch people walk without backpack, you'll see that they kind |
|
| 77:33 | , well, they don't do it's the opposite, right? It's |
|
| 77:37 | right there, you got to start , right? Otherwise it's gonna be |
|
| 77:40 | . Right? So it's your opposite that do it, that swank, |
|
| 77:45 | that? All right, The opposite . So that normal rhythm is a |
|
| 77:50 | of the caudate nucleus. The link form nuclei has two aspects to |
|
| 77:54 | So this is the winter form So we have the pure human, |
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| 77:57 | have the globus pilatus basically. This that role in uh inhibiting the |
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| 78:02 | So remember said the thalamus has that in motor movements. So the globus |
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| 78:06 | plays a role in inhibiting the which plays a role in telling how |
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| 78:10 | works and then again controlling muscles at subconscious level. So you're not sitting |
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| 78:16 | going, I must move my It's just you're doing it without |
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| 78:21 | mega Lloyd body sits right there. gonna see it again in the next |
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| 78:26 | . And I know I'm running out time. So I'm trying really hard |
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| 78:28 | talk fast cause it's gonna be on exam basically play the role in emotional |
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| 78:31 | behavioral uh activity primarily in fear. when someone gets in your face and |
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| 78:38 | screaming at you, what's your natural is fear, right? Something bad |
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| 78:42 | going to happen to me. And so the mongoloid body plays a |
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| 78:46 | in regulating your responsiveness. And lastly clustering is this little tiny band, |
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| 78:53 | can see it on both sides and you can think of it as kind |
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| 78:56 | a band of gray matter that kind wraps around your head like this, |
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| 79:00 | plays a role in processing visual So not just the visual cortex, |
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| 79:05 | things. My last little slide. no, I've got a lot of |
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| 79:09 | , man, I went real slow mm hmm limbic system plays a role |
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| 79:16 | motion. Alright, so real Just emotion and how you process |
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| 79:23 | Right? So uh it plays takes from all sorts of areas primarily prefrontal |
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| 79:29 | and it takes that makes associations. like when I talked about for |
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| 79:34 | you're smelling your ex you know, let's say your first crush, as |
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| 79:39 | as your first crushes perfume or they're body spray or whatever horrible thing that |
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| 79:45 | put on their bodies basically what you do is you kind of I smell |
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| 79:49 | like it creates that memory and then also some sort of emotional response or |
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| 79:54 | hate that person. Oh, I miss that person or Oh, happy |
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| 79:57 | or whatever. All right, so kind of existence. All these different |
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| 80:02 | kind of surrounding the dying cephalon and of the dying cephalon. So when |
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| 80:08 | see gyros, so you here here have the singular gyrus and we have |
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| 80:12 | uh para hippocampal gyrus. Those are of the cerebrum, right? So |
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| 80:17 | should be things. And just here's a singular gyrus and the pair |
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| 80:21 | hippocampal gyrus just kind of says, are kind of the boundary lines. |
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| 80:25 | , the hippocampus, whenever you see word hippo hippo means horse, it |
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| 80:29 | like a horseshoe. And so if kind of look at it kind of |
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| 80:31 | this horseshoe shaped like that and that shape is responsible for memory. Turning |
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| 80:38 | term memory into long term memory. Majed alloy body already mentioned, his |
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| 80:43 | . You can see it here cut . So we just like looked at |
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| 80:45 | slice, this is its full Uh here's the olfactory bulbs basically |
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| 80:51 | So again, that smell and the for nick's basically helps to connect |
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| 80:55 | hippocampus to other structures. And then we have all the different nuclear of |
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| 80:59 | dying Stefan that we already referred So all that information that's coming in |
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| 81:04 | the thalamus or is being processed. hypothalamus and stuff is helping you to |
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| 81:10 | that stuff into memory or into emotional . Last two slides going to make |
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| 81:19 | really, really simple because it can complex when we deal with memories, |
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| 81:25 | we're doing is we're changing the interaction two neurons. Alright, so this |
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| 81:30 | before you can see here I'm releasing little bit of neurotransmitter and there's a |
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| 81:34 | of receptors to receive that neurotransmitter What I've done is I've made a |
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| 81:38 | . So if I keep stimulating that the neurons basically say hey you know |
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| 81:42 | make our lives a little bit Instead of you overstimulating me, let |
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| 81:45 | just create a bigger response to the . So now you can see more |
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| 81:50 | or more receptors. And so this what is referred to as long |
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| 81:54 | potentially ation and when I'm dealing with a shin I'm enhancing. So in |
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| 81:58 | particular case I'm enhancing right? So went from less responsive to more |
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| 82:04 | The opposite of that would be going opposite direction. So let's say this |
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| 82:07 | normal so depression would be is like I'm stimulated, I want a lesser |
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| 82:13 | . So what I do is I either less neurotransmitter or less or have |
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| 82:19 | receptors. Your memory falls into three sensory memory is what's going on right |
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| 82:25 | you're just you're just taking input. so what's what's my surrounding like what |
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| 82:30 | the smells, what do I what do I hear, blah blah |
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| 82:34 | that just goes in and out as see fit but if it becomes important |
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| 82:38 | can put that in the short term , You know? So short term |
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| 82:42 | , short duration we're talking a couple seconds, this is gonna be formed |
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| 82:46 | the Hippocampus. So this is stuff you can retain for a couple of |
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| 82:50 | . About 10 seconds. Someone tells their phone number. I know that's |
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| 82:55 | to you guys because you guys just each other and it goes into your |
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| 82:58 | right. But back in the day would have to say what's your phone |
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| 83:01 | And you tell me the phone number it was like 10 digits. And |
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| 83:04 | be like, you know, you , 915555123455512345. Someone give me a |
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| 83:11 | of paper. 5551234. You just it over and over. Right? |
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| 83:14 | then if you keep repeating it. other words, if you go through |
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| 83:18 | process of retrieval eventually that information in hippocampus then uh empowers or reinforces the |
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| 83:25 | that is doing the processing. And when you're talking about long term |
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| 83:30 | So, it's what the process is consolidation From short term to long |
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| 83:34 | It's consolidation basically you have unlimited All right. You do not need |
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| 83:39 | new hard drive if you fill it because you can't fill it up. |
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| 83:43 | right. But you must retrieve it occasion. Otherwise off it goes. |
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| 83:51 | . So, that's kind of like need to remember your best friend's |
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| 83:57 | y'all know your best friend's birthday. just make you remember it. See |
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| 84:00 | retrieval right there and that's going to the cerebral cortex. Mm hmm. |
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| 84:07 | sorry, I was so slow. right. You guys test on |
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| 84:11 | I will see you next Tuesday. get |
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