VideoPoints

• ••• • •• • ••••• • •
GEOL 6381 Petroleum Geology - Saturday PM 1-22-2022
Help Tour
© Distribution of this video is restricted by its owner
Transcript ×
Auto highlight
Font-size
00:45 everybody have a good lunch. Yes . When we're on campus it may
00:56 people longer to get food. I'm cooking my own food. So and
01:06 uh normally when we're on campus, give give everybody an hour, we're
01:32 on Angela. I tell you it's moving these screens around on a
02:20 Okay. I was just checking um you know, I don't like to
02:25 these recordings too long. So when when I do the professional masters
02:36 I usually uh have a morning recording an afternoon recording and I didn't see
02:49 afternoon recording pop up saying that it processing Excuse me, the morning
02:54 but I can see here that it's my file manager that it's there.
03:00 we have one for 20 um For 22, which by the way happens
03:08 be my um My 45th anniversary. anniversary, sir. Congratulations sir.
03:18 a it's a big one, but know, we haven't been married that
03:23 , so it's still kind of like honeymoon. I'm just kidding. But
03:34 , I think I'll party tonight. might even have a beer.
03:46 I guess Angela is going to be little late. I'm glad. I'm
03:53 glad that the the recording was I was a little bit worried about
04:04 . Okay, I think so. the recording. The zoom will set
04:10 while after the meeting, so only you end the meeting, the file
04:16 be set. Okay, I have wait for the meeting? Tanned.
04:22 . Okay, because sometimes when you well I stopped it, so it
04:28 be a second meeting of, it be, you need to close the
04:34 the software and it was set with video. Okay. But I stopped
04:42 recording. So when I start recording , will it be the same recording
04:46 or a new one different files different I stopped it. Right.
04:53 Okay. But it won't process until . Mm hmm. Okay. And
05:01 I looked at my file manager and found out that it's uh it's
05:06 it's made of place mark for We're ready uh in my file
05:14 So if, if this works out way it is, the Fridays will
05:17 one recording and the and the Saturdays be a morning and an afternoon recording
05:23 that when you go looking for you can figure out which one's which
05:28 normally I load them in sequence. ah There's a single one Yesterday for
05:35 20th. Excuse me? The 21st there'll be two today A morning and
05:40 afternoon for the 22nd and then we'll the same kind of thing the next
05:44 weekends and of course the last weekend wont be a saturday. Okay.
05:52 anyway, um I believe we're recording we double check sometimes the there it
06:07 , sometimes the menu doesn't want to down. Okay. It is
06:18 Okay. Mm hmm. Mhm. . Now it's something now start backing
06:25 . Okay. So here we we were talking about reservoir characterization and
06:32 is kind of what I was getting and I think I was getting some
06:36 good answers from from Mac Dennis and lot of it has to do with
06:42 environment of deposition. And later on the course we'll look at some of
06:49 and we'll discuss uh kind of some the patterns that we see in terms
06:54 finding upwards coursing upwards and heterogeneity versus something more like homogeneity. But here
07:02 have a chart and here's unrecovered mobil percent. Okay, so um
07:11 So that I have a trouble with word since I worked for mobile which
07:15 no you have a trouble when I an E at the end of mobile
07:20 that's spelled correctly there in the thing if if the curve was all the
07:27 up to here, the very what would that mean in terms of
07:38 ? In other words, if it all the way up to here,
07:40 would mean that when we drilled the and we tried to produce, we
07:45 nothing out of the well in terms oil, maybe we got water and
07:48 was it. Okay, so this , this is not absolute but this
07:57 giving examples of different deposition environments along and the the colors changed on me
08:10 I reformatted this but the red ones solicit plastic and the oranges, these
08:21 are more red and those that are and more orange uh is a distinction
08:26 salacious which are these and carbonate rich are the lighter colored or orangish
08:35 Does everybody see that? So we strand plane wave dominated large barrier
08:43 These are all celestic plastic deposition And then here's a large reef for
08:49 toll that's a carbonate rich. The system. Okay, and here we
08:59 the same thing over here platform margin restricted platform. But over here we
09:05 mud rich turbo tight fans. And here is fan delta, sandy turbo
09:17 . Um Fan delta would be, would a fan delta. B.
09:24 have an idea what that is then government of so many branches around and
09:39 resembles like so much distribution going Okay, well normally when we talk
09:44 alluvial fans were kind of high up altitudes, high relief. And uh
09:51 sort of a big break in like there might be a fault and
09:57 you have just a big a big liberal fan forum in front of that
10:05 . In other words, it takes takes a pretty significant relief drop for
10:11 fan to cause so you have sediment down a single point and just spreading
10:16 . Uh when we have a um fan delta. That normally means it
10:22 of, it's calling it a delta it's sort of dumping into the ocean
10:26 not just another surface like a alluvial a lot of times is dropping sediments
10:34 a non or um a subject we surfaced as um excuse me, a
10:45 aerial surface as opposed to a sub surface. And delta is usually building
10:50 into a body of water. So fan delta is going to be something
10:56 there's a fault really close to the line of a body of water and
11:01 comes out like an alluvial fan, it's also a delta at the same
11:06 . And uh one of the places that happened is in the Brave formation
11:12 the North Sea, one of the faults of the riff sand came pouring
11:19 over top of it into the then North Sea and made these really good
11:26 . But anyway, we're going from lot of different deposition environments and here
11:31 can see the recovery, this is . So down here we have high
11:40 up here. We have low recovery primary production methods. Okay. And
11:48 so when you see something that's been like this? Yes. Um
11:57 which part of the graph? How make you answer this? Which part
12:02 the graph has de positional systems that need reservoir characterization. These are the
12:19 over here, which son, the towards the left. These are the
12:28 that need it. Absolutely right. for some reason these authors, I
12:35 to know Noel bob Finley and old bob finley went to south Carolina with
12:40 as a grad student. And but anyway, They put a cut
12:45 at about 40%,, which basically says if You have more than 40% of
12:55 your recoverable oil not produced, then need to go in there and figure
13:01 what's going on, what's wrong with . But if you're down here and
13:04 getting uh, You're recovering at least between 100% of what you should be
13:11 to recover and Somewhere around 60%. there's really less need to do reservoir
13:19 in this end of the spectrum. other words, a large barrier
13:25 Typically you don't need to do reservoir . And again, it's the typical
13:34 um let me see here. If got it. Now there is,
13:39 is an example from from Alaska, there's actually barrier islands. And in
13:48 title inlet, there was a flood delta. And uh, these barrier
13:54 the barrier islands are barrier bars normally be more porous and and of course
14:06 have higher permeability. Then the the delta. In other words, when
14:13 tide comes in the the flood tide , uh, you know, it
14:17 in and you get sand moved in the tide comes in and then it
14:22 when it wanes though, clay falls on it. So you get a
14:25 of clay. So make a long short, the effective porosity. The
14:32 , in other words, when it deposited, the primary effective porosity in
14:36 barrier island is usually very high in flood tide delta is going to be
14:43 but lower, but because through uh fication and you know, as as
14:51 de positional system is deposited and buried buried deeper and deeper and deeper ah
14:59 some point in its history, fluids a lot of salud Senate, we're
15:07 to pass through the barrier island very and quantum concepts consequently, because of
15:17 , the semente shin was very rapid there because there was a near near
15:22 calcium carbonate source to bring in cal cement. On the other hand,
15:29 flood title delta that had less um less effective ferocity and less permeability.
15:41 fluids couldn't get through it as So it kind of sealed off at
15:45 ends and a little bit. But the the entire rock reservoir rock was
15:54 cemented up because enough of the flow water and cellulose was not great enough
16:01 actually cement the whole thing up and was also sort of barrier faces around
16:08 with the lagoon all shells. So ended up happening uh this is up
16:14 Alaska and the and as it turns , the barrier bars up there were
16:21 productive because they were cemented their all in the flood tide deltas. Flood
16:30 deltas were the ones that had the reservoirs or the bed or the or
16:35 reservoirs period. They weren't the best , but there are reservoirs. Normally
16:40 don't see flood title delta's listed as , but this is like the reason
16:45 bringing this up is because there's exceptions this. But in general, these
16:50 systems on this end have better effective and more homogeneous porosity. And over
16:59 they have less effective porosity and and and lower permeability. And because of
17:10 , the variability of those properties within particular de positional systems become important if
17:17 going to try to do any secondary of recovery method or tertiary or
17:23 so that you can try to get most out of it. So,
17:27 way of looking at it, uh no point in spending a lot of
17:30 to get more oil out of here you've got a lot of oil out
17:33 here over here, you still have lot of oil to produce. So
17:37 a reason there's a there's a market a there's a prize, I guess
17:43 could say there's a prize for you you're able to get more oil out
17:47 here that's much greater, you this is uh Over 80% of the
17:52 the oil is still there over you only have ah, You
17:57 you have less than 10%. So would you spend a lot of extra
18:01 studying it to try to get almost out. So here you have a
18:05 of volume to produce here, you little volume to produce. But also
18:10 also know this is more homogeneous, is why it has a strong
18:16 That's why all of these down here strong drives. And then it gets
18:20 little spotty as you come come up these things that are a little bit
18:24 heterogeneous and then things that are very , it becomes more complicated so then
18:30 becomes more apparent that you need to reservoir characterization and uh I'm not going
18:38 read all the way through this but this is just kind of showing
18:43 through the process. It's um it's of like the uh the diagram I
18:51 earlier, which which came out of book, but this is has kind
18:54 shown you, I made this to of show you how um the amount
18:59 effort that gs geophysicist geologists and reservoir tend to tend to spend on each
19:08 of these particular steps and this, is primarily looking at um conventional,
19:19 . I think the geologists are going have to shift, they do some
19:23 up here looking for a new areas that sort of thing. But a
19:28 of their energy is really at the the appraisal, through development and production
19:35 because it's a drill drill drill Okay, so in summary petroleum
19:45 the application of geosciences in the business turning petroleum resources into reserves.
19:50 that's a nice concise definition. Ah . And uh that's a good one
19:58 . So we had one at the of this section and one at the
20:02 and so now we're going to be at basic terms and we've already talked
20:08 those, but there's really um five that are critical in the sense of
20:22 I don't know why this, I this got formatted somehow, but these
20:27 supposed to be highlighted. These are things that we're going to look
20:33 We're going to look at process the processing petroleum composition in this section.
20:40 the first thing we're going to look is the trap, the source
20:42 the seal, the reservoir rock in of migration. And oh yeah,
20:50 I have almost have all the asterix here. There's supposed to be one
20:54 too. Uh Sometimes when you you to go to a I just went
21:00 a better background and it changed a and I didn't catch all the all
21:05 re formats and what it did to . And this, this is out
21:09 your, out of the second edition the book And I believe it's still
21:15 1, 1 But it was figure in the first in the first
21:19 But the graphics weren't as good as this, They're a little bit shaded
21:24 faded. But what this is trying show you is really All five of
21:32 things and their relationship to a reservoir a petroleum system together they make up
21:40 five elements of a petroleum system. uh, I'm sure that the doctor
21:46 talk about this a lot. And , so one of the things that
21:52 want to, I want to make you understand is what's the difference between
21:57 trap and a shield and a Rather, here's the trap and here's
22:08 seal. What's the difference between those things I would say? Um,
22:14 the diagram, the seal is basically caprock shell or, or very,
22:21 low paras on rock, the aging the hydrocarbon. Why the trap is
22:28 entire At 16 a future or future I see where. Okay,
22:37 So the trap is a three dimensional that confines that oil that's buoyant from
22:45 out. It's, it's like a . It's not always just a sealing
22:50 . Lots of times will be a and you might have a fault
22:55 that's blocking the flow farther up In other words, a fault could
22:59 coming right through here and the trap be in this area and instead of
23:03 there and the oil that's migrating up would get trapped on that thing.
23:08 , you could have a reservoir come here, there's a fault on this
23:12 . And what happens a lot of around salt domes is that you do
23:16 major faults around the faces of the and they end up black blocking the
23:25 beds related to that, that die IQ action and it forms the trap
23:31 of course the seal is simply whatever is that that binds the trap and
23:40 a lower porosity compared to the, cap rock. The dr frog has
23:48 lower porosity because it does not allow to escape compared to the seal
23:53 Okay, yeah, well, I , the cap rock is a seal
23:59 , you know, it's this, concept of a seal is not what
24:02 made out of. The concept of seal is what's holding in the,
24:05 the oil. And uh, and the hydrocarbons could be gas, but
24:12 uh kind of what it sounds like getting at is it is some,
24:18 of the seals are like cap rock they're, they're almost impermeable, totally
24:25 . But there are other seals that more like plays, for example,
24:31 might leak. Is that what you're to get at? I told
24:37 not crap, It's this, I'm so horrible. I didn't get my
24:41 and I told the trap rock has lower for us, you know,
24:45 cap. Uh oh, the other around the trap has lower compared to
24:54 seal and the cap. Okay, , the trap is the trap is
24:58 actually Is not by itself just to the trap is the three D uh
25:07 of the seal. In other you could have a seal rock like
25:11 and it wouldn't be a trap if there's a porous rock going like
25:16 So the the seal is whatever holds container and we're going to look at
25:22 lot of different examples, but it just have to be a shale or
25:27 cap rock. Okay, that's what seal is. But the trap,
25:34 trap is this whole thing, The is only, you know, whatever
25:41 boundary is. So the the trap a is a three dimensional thing,
25:47 the seal is a surface, it's of like um the seal is the
25:54 of the trap. Okay, and the seal is a very special
26:00 because exactly where that seal is, could have a porous rock and it
26:05 be able to hold it in, there was nothing, there wasn't a
26:10 of something to hold it in, it would leak through a porous rock
26:15 another porous rock. And you'd you haven't gone to blue sky tertiary
26:21 migration instead of secondary migration. So so it may be a little bit
26:29 , but but um a seal is integral part of a trap.
26:35 but the trap is the shape, seal is something that blocks it.
26:42 you can have a you could have carbonate rich seal, you could have
26:46 solicitor, plastic rich seal, but can also have a fault as a
26:52 , a fault could seal it not this diagram because we don't have an
26:57 , but if we had an offset a fault block and and a sandstone
27:02 the down surround block, which is , might hit a shale on the
27:09 the inside on the football. And and the fault seals it from for
27:19 and and uh and other cataclysmic things can happen to seal it off and
27:25 give the formation on the other side the fault from the sand is a
27:31 . That fault structure itself is what's the seal, do you understand?
27:39 , it's not, it's not one stronger than the other one, is
27:43 3? Um The simplest uh Trap four way closure, like an upside
27:50 cup. Okay. And uh and cup would be the trap the ceramic
27:59 the cup is made out of, be the seal. Okay, But
28:04 doesn't have to be ceramic, you still have a cup shape,
28:08 limestone, you could have a cup . Solicit plastic tight rock either
28:13 Okay. But one of the things I thought you were getting at is
28:18 that um are friable are different than that aren't friable. So, if
28:23 have a a carbonate seal, you really break through that, you
28:33 it doesn't just bend and uh there's high some solicit plastics are the same
28:40 , but you have really low, , low permeability, so it doesn't
28:44 . But if the buoyancy pressure gets enough to fracture the rock, it
28:48 fracture the rock. And it's hard do that with solicited plastic shells.
28:52 solicit plastic shells have some some permeability it's variable, so they leak a
28:59 bit and that's the seal that And that's the difference there. But
29:04 trap is actually the three dimensional structure the seal encloses. And the trap
29:12 what contains the reservoir. And if a leak point around the edge of
29:19 seal, uh, that, that , is also defined by the trap
29:23 not necessarily where the seal is. , okay, then, the other
29:31 , the reservoir rock is simply a that has ferocity, that is
29:39 It has to be effective process. other words, there has to be
29:43 . And here's a little diagram over showing you a water film. So
29:50 is water, water, wet probably with oil inside here, and
29:59 interacting with the water and the surface the and not the surface, direct
30:04 of the grains. And uh, so that relates to a thing called
30:09 humidity. Excuse me, relative permeability , we have a source rock down
30:16 and oil migrates up. This poorest and it gets caught by this upside
30:23 cup because, because it's buoyant, really the same thing as turning upside
30:29 , pouring water into a cup, this case the buoyant thing is going
30:33 . So the direction of flow is and so you have to have that
30:36 down, cup like feature to trap . And that's what the trap
30:43 Okay here, they're showing you the water contact. But here again,
30:47 the trap, the seal, the , there's a source rock down here
30:53 , it's been matured and there's migration other elements in here are the and
30:59 have to have a reservoir rock. this is showing you that in this
31:04 , the reservoir interval may have inter of shales for mud stones,
31:11 that have less porosity and less effective and lower permeability. And here is
31:18 you how you somewhat determine net versus , your sandstone, that might be
31:24 sandstone, it's this thick, but , it's, it's got beds within
31:30 unit that have that have a lot sand beds with limited amount of
31:35 So your net to gross is like . And when we look at electric
31:40 , we're going to see on the and the sp, we're going to
31:46 things that indicate shale part ing's that not be real obvious to you,
31:52 , but they're going to be things are like this where to get an
31:57 net pay. You need need to that interval to get the net pay
32:03 you have in that formation. This Say uh 15 ft, make it
32:09 ft thick. But this is only ft, 40 ft and 40
32:15 So your net is 120. And um I think you had this
32:26 build a praise class but I think important thing to understand when you're a
32:31 and especially a reservoir geologist is that size of the particles has no impact
32:37 ferocity and uh however, it does an impact on permeability because the smaller
32:47 particles are, the smaller the pore and the harder it is for the
32:52 , the admissible fluids to be transmitted each other. The oil against the
32:58 or natural gas against water or oil vice versa. And you can see
33:05 what does affect ferocity in this The article enrichments. Exactly yeah.
33:14 arrangement of the, of the particles the fabric of the particles has a
33:18 to do with with that. Now are perfect spheres in the world is
33:26 perfect spheres. Uh but here's another that has a big impact on ferocity
33:33 also effective ferocity. And that is if you have poor sorting the smaller
33:43 can fill in the pores and the throats and something that might otherwise have
33:51 good ferocity. And here you can that these bigger grains have what we
33:57 it as a cubic arrangement. President , rahmbo arrangement and it still has
34:05 It goes from 48% to 0 porosity the small particles have completely filled in
34:11 and the likelihood of that happening is , pretty slim. But but this
34:16 you that that the size of the alone does not affect ferocity but it
34:25 affect permeability. But another thing that ferocity is going to be sorting and
34:34 this is well sorted, this is sorted, but this is poorly sorted
34:42 uh and so that's basically what, that's getting in. So heterogeneity is
34:48 important. So in that vein, about being a reservoir geologist and you
34:57 about, you know, we just at deposition environments right then we just
35:02 at a whole bunch of deposition Uh what was one of the things
35:06 had sort of the most homogeneous, the most homogeneous porosity and permeability.
35:14 what the most Of those environments of ? What one was listed their first
35:19 second. Either one the strong plain dominated, right in the, in
35:26 barrier island. Right? Yes. , now just imagine in a primary
35:33 as when it's first deposited before it getting compacted or anything? It's going
35:40 start out looking like this. And just take the barrier island, is
35:46 barrier island going to look like that is the barrier island sediment gonna look
35:50 this? It should look like The 48-0 curiosity For this one,
36:01 ? No, the the one with mixture a barrier island. Okay,
36:09 this is where process and that the point of trying to figure out de
36:13 systems comes into play because we're looking certain things. The process is in
36:20 barrier island are going to favor something this or this. The process is
36:29 a debris flow are going to look like this. Okay, so the
36:37 is that develops sediments in some of high energy environments uh are gonna end
36:44 being cleaner. This is a debris . That's certainly a high energy uh
36:50 . But what's the difference in the between a se stands on a barrier
36:56 or a beach for that matter? strand plane or or a debris
37:02 What's what is what is different about process that makes sense like this versus
37:09 like that? Well, it um look at it as the energy during
37:15 position. So for the blood barrier um since we're going to have mostly
37:22 , like on the beach, we on waves to these areas of high
37:28 deposition environment. Why um the bridge constitute of it's also high energy but
37:38 has coarse grained and fine grained sediments well. Okay, so one of
37:45 of them is a gravity flow and it's often like a collapsed structure gets
37:49 started yes or an avalanche or But in that case you you know
37:57 thing that you might have um where have a debris flow is um particularly
38:08 in some places you're gonna have immature sources and even if you have uh
38:16 collapsing on the coast to form a tight ah that section that collapses and
38:27 a turbine aight often it's going to sand and mud mixed in it,
38:33 , and something that's like a real type debris flow, it's going to
38:40 , it's going to be rock pieces of rock, mineral grains that
38:48 been chemically weathered completely, and then some cases mineral grains that have been
38:53 completely. So there's gonna be some , there's gonna be some reduced sized
38:59 , there's gonna be some big brains of rock like these. These rounded
39:04 might be a rock that has lots different particles inside of it, but
39:09 like a piece of concrete as it perhaps an igneous rock or a metamorphic
39:16 . And uh so in in the islands situation, the source of the
39:25 is actually controlled by that wave energy you're talking about. And the wave
39:29 is a very special thing. The energy tends to winnow out certain grain
39:36 and it keeps other grain sizes and , most of the coastlines that have
39:44 nice sandy beaches. They typically have wave, wind, wind effects,
39:53 waves, wind and waves and uh and limited other sources of things that
39:59 going to affect it. So you , you have kind of a a
40:03 velocity and in a minimum velocity, maximum velocity manages to activate and motivate
40:13 suspension of the fine grain stuff and winnows it out of the sand and
40:18 you end up with a lot of that are the same size because it's
40:22 natural winnowing system. Whereas the debris turbine aight are our natural mixing
40:30 And uh, and so that's one the reasons why on the chart,
40:36 turbo tight fan, muddy turbo tight was on one end and the barrier
40:41 and strand planes were on the other . And it has to do simply
40:45 de positional processes kind of can point into the direction the very direction of
40:52 the best reservoir rocks are going to . And at the frontier exploration
40:57 it's a good thing to be able understand what sorts of de positional settings
41:02 environments you might find if you start in a particular area. And then
41:06 you get into the exploration it becomes more important. And then when you
41:10 down into looking at things at the development production levels, it's absolutely critically
41:21 that you understand not only the different , but why those different faces are
41:27 . We're not there. And, know, if you're in a flu
41:31 system, you're looking for a different of deposition all faces in a different
41:37 of energy to end up with well sand stones and the same with debris
41:44 and turbulence. Okay, so another that has a big impact on,
41:52 , on the effective porosity and permeability a given rock is going to be
42:05 plus packing And here you can see are funny looking shapes, they're not
42:11 but these shapes automatically. Ah uh think this is really a good example
42:19 some shapes can actually create almost like structures and create lots of pore
42:26 But because these are smaller particles in different shapes, they might have a
42:31 opening here and a small opening You can see the size of the
42:35 is very variable through here. So the ferocity sizes in the pore throats
42:41 change but you have a high high coming through here and and it also
42:50 enough channels to have a relatively high . One of the things that would
42:58 is like here you practically lose all permeability porosity and permeability just because of
43:04 way that is. But these would grains that might be ah supported in
43:09 dimensions by contact points that are leaving pore throats open. Something similar to
43:16 in the let's see if I can something, I was looking for a
43:29 uh poker chip. Mhm. uh the the chalks in the North
43:37 are made out of disk, like from Macaca with and those disc like
43:44 , It can be, you like 10 microns are very small,
43:48 when they, when they settle to bottom, they can settle like this
43:52 create a lot of Tps and uh so they have all these little
43:57 so it's like a house of cards , and some of the chalk reservoirs
44:02 North Sea, the reservoirs were charged oil and gas before there was cement
44:11 . And so the charge and the has these teepee structures to the porosity
44:17 some of those reservoirs Is as high 60%,, which is enormous and that's
44:23 because they're small grains or big it's because because as they fell down
44:29 little wafers, they end up like . Now if you if you put
44:33 lot of weight on these things uh the oil charges late, they're likely
44:39 to collapse like this and the process going to go and the thickness of
44:43 rock is gonna go, But if charged early near, surface like some
44:49 around 2000 ft, or less. gonna, you might be able to
44:55 an oil charge in there to start to include the water to to push
45:03 water out. And and also ah fluid in there to kind of hold
45:11 structure together, so it doesn't So hydrostatic lee, it's the oil
45:16 going to be holding this structure like until we drill into it. And
45:21 a logically it's not gonna be able cement because to get cement stuff for
45:25 , you have to have solute rich come through that are super saturated and
45:30 won't be able to push the oil if there's a seal and so it
45:36 it in the same chalks in other . Uh the the oil charge was
45:44 semente shin and it made the rocks and they flexed a little bit because
45:49 were Dieterich structures around them and they they were able to fracture. So
45:57 have a lot of natural porosity, fracture porosity that was filled with oil
46:01 gas. Okay, so, so know, these are kind of like
46:07 diagrams, but I'm trying to, to get across to you that we
46:11 see lots of combinations of shapes and , but it's, it's critically important
46:17 realize that bigger is not always better smaller is not always better. A
46:24 of it has to do with the of the grains and also the timing
46:28 the charging of the reservoir itself. that was also true in the
46:34 I gave you about the ah bear up on the north slope and in
46:44 title, the flood title Deltas. before it was able to get
46:51 The very poorest bear islands had lots soy, it's come through and cemented
46:56 , whereas that happened prior to charge then after after that happened, the
47:04 title delta still had ah un cemented and permeability. So it was able
47:10 accept that oil charge when the migration . Okay, so here we have
47:18 of arrangement and sizes of things and just shows you uh something else.
47:26 Geophysics have a I think have a name for this kind of thing in
47:30 feature and so this has a direction example, you can see here that
47:39 one direction ah we have a horizontal of appear to to Darcy's And a
47:51 permeability of 800 mila Darcy's. And and so you can get these flow
47:59 that have a direction and what do call that in geophysics when you have
48:03 uh different permeability and different or anything in in vertical. That's
48:09 It's a nice a tropic. Okay, so that's a nice big
48:15 for for arranged heterogeneity. So you you can kind of see this in
48:22 different combinations of sizes and shapes of . And another thing that obviously affects
48:33 , effect, effective porosity and permeability cement ation. And here here's what
48:41 . You have no no grains in then you get the cementing going
48:46 And uh and of course once semente starts it starts to make the pore
48:51 closes pore throats, makes them smaller makes the porosity less. And as
48:57 going through lift ification uh of Iraq sedimentary rock. We're also going to
49:04 compaction, which is going to ah Is very, this is really compaction
49:13 here with spherical things. You can see that it drops you from 48
49:17 26 in a heartbeat. But if have solicited plastic clays, um I've
49:25 with um smeg tight rich cores in turkana, worked with Duke University on
49:33 project and some fellas from Harvard. uh when we were looking at the
49:40 african rift lakes and some of the that we had there had ferocity ease
49:46 excess of 80%. And it's, because it had the solicit plastic spectating
49:57 absorb water and if you took a of the core and you evaporated all
50:07 water in it, it would drop to a little piece of rock like
50:18 . And so what that tells you that, that the watering plays a
50:25 role in displacing um the porosity and it in with rock. For
50:33 if I have these kaka lists that like stacked cards and they fall down
50:38 that, that compaction ah along with came the watering and it made it
50:45 flat and really small, just as example along the coast of uh one
50:51 the East African Rift Lakes. They some deposits I believe from the Miocene
50:59 Particularly around Lake Turkana which was almost spec type. And they and I
51:06 a piece of this rock and you take a piece about the size of
51:10 end of my index finger here And could put it in a 50 millim
51:16 and fill it up with water. the clay would expand and expand and
51:21 would come out over the top of 50 millimeter thing. And, and
51:26 something that happens in primary process. again, if you have, if
51:32 have a rock that has not de and d compacted and it can get
51:37 , it's going to have a significant of unsupported grain ferocity and it's going
51:43 be supported by the fluid itself. that's what happens in the some of
51:48 clay, certain clay reservoirs in the Sea. And when you produce
51:52 What do you think comes out of , well, maybe next week.
52:01 show you the answer to that Um I have a I have a
52:06 from one of our discovery wells in North Sea ah where we produced oil
52:12 chalk together. And and Angela was about special problems. That's certainly a
52:21 problem. Uh Most people, most engineers are not told what are you
52:27 do with with chalk disposal? What you mean chalk dispense? And uh
52:34 you got to figure out what to with it because it's it's a it's
52:36 definite a detriment to your, to bottom line. Okay, so we
52:43 to hear and this is just showing some examples of when you have multiple
52:48 in these pores. Not only is the friction between one fluid in in
52:54 solid, but when you have multiple that don't mix, they also have
52:59 level of friction against each other. it's it's pretty much relative permeability.
53:05 don't like to get into the physics it, but I think it's kind
53:10 easy. Ah natural gas almost in form is going to have the highest
53:18 permeability. What is going to be next highest and then the next after
53:25 is where the lowest is going to oil. And if anything gets in
53:28 way of the oil, it will the oil. And if you have
53:35 breakthrough from a water flood or even one well is producing too fast,
53:40 not choked enough. Um And there's race between the water and the
53:48 The water is going to win and to that pipe quicker than your oil
53:52 . So that's why you want to down at a relatively moderate pace so
53:57 the water moves slowly as it pushes fluid, it can't mix with rather
54:02 have it break through the boundary of oil water content. Okay, I
54:08 this out a little bit. This something that you'll need to remember net
54:11 gross, make sure you take a at this slide and read it and
54:16 what it means. Um A lot people will see something that looks like
54:22 rich sandstone and they'll think the whole is the net but there's little
54:31 It's kind of hard to explain it you since I'm not sure everybody knows
54:36 basics on electric logs or sp and , but in the industry you've learned
54:44 lot of rules of thumb and how how to do things without actually running
54:51 . Having said that um when I sitting Wells as a young geologist,
54:59 had it, You've probably never heard this, but ATI 59 calculator and
55:04 had these little strips of of magnetic tape that would go into it.
55:10 I actually wrote petro physical programs and actually purchased some and wrote some other
55:17 . And I could run this this program through the calculator and I could
55:22 in certain numbers and get it to all the Petro physics algorithms that you
55:27 done on a workstation. It was lot easier to carry than a
55:32 And and I got to tell you it was a lot easier to input
55:38 then it can be on some but but once you get all your
55:42 set up on a workstation, you do an awful lot in a
55:46 So you don't do that. But you learn a lot when you actually
55:52 have a hand in the calculation of of these different algorithms and you realize
55:59 quickly than someone who just works with machine where the machine fails, not
56:05 the machine is not adding it right? But because the algorithms are
56:09 perfect in every example, because there's variables that some, most algorithms that
56:15 have in petro physics are based on lot of assumptions. And if those
56:20 change, the outcome can be inaccurate not very pretty and far from precise
56:27 the way. So it always helps understand what it is you're measuring and
56:31 it is you're calculating in terms of measurements and the assumptions behind that
56:38 Okay. Um so anyway, I'll you read this and this could be
56:42 good test question and um this is the beginning of your book, but
56:50 comes up really important. This is important chart when we start doing the
56:55 and volumetric exercise and I've added some things. So maybe make a note
57:01 this chart, You may need it we get to the mapping exercise.
57:07 reiterate a lot of these points, but one of one of the things
57:13 um it's really important to kind of in the back of your mind What
57:20 is for example, it's good to that a barrel of oil is 42
57:26 and if you're trying to sell oil and you're trying to get a good
57:33 for it. You try to put gallons in that barrel? There's no
57:37 thing as a 42 gallon barrel But anyway, Most drums were somewhere
57:43 50-55. The real important one now a 55 gallon barrel. Some of
57:51 first oil was put in barrels from whiskey industry, uh, and in
57:58 liquor industry, in the Appalachians and so they, They were somewhere
58:05 42 gallons, but eventually they decided come up with a, a set
58:11 so that people, People selling you know, selling a bearable of
58:17 and something this size versus one that this size uh, you know,
58:22 wouldn't get ripped off or one way the other. In other words,
58:25 get the same thing. So they the barrel at 42 gallons. There
58:31 a, an art show here at University of Houston Art Museum and an
58:39 did a thing on the oil industry they actually had a 42 gallon
58:47 plexiglass barrel full of crude oil so people could actually visualize what a barrel
58:53 oil was. And uh, when , when they moved this thing,
58:58 became very difficult to uh, to transport it because oil crude oil is
59:07 toxic and they had to get special to ship it on different types of
59:13 systems to get it over here to , they were all in California
59:19 and that was a difficult thing, how do you, do you guys
59:25 better when you hear about oil volumes the metric or in the imperial?
59:35 would say in peer by group then my unit and metric. But right
59:41 I will prevent pierre. Okay. , yeah, because this says imperial
59:48 oilfield. The oilfield uses uses the system. And uh, and one
59:57 the problems that I've always had is conversions and not because they're hard to
60:04 . It's just that when when you things, say in feet like you
60:11 in the United States, then you to keep your data and your and
60:19 in feed in the imperial system because you convert, It's not a big
60:24 when you're looking at converting a 15,000 well to however many meters that
60:30 that's a piece of cake. But you get down to the fine tune
60:33 laminate and stuff like that, things get way off just because conversions are
60:40 a perfect number. And uh, so I like, so when I
60:44 in the, in the North I did metric and when I worked
60:48 , um, work in the US other places that use the imperial
60:53 I use feet. And uh, , and also there are places where
60:59 are measured now in meters. So , even in the United States.
61:06 if if I get a measurement that's in meters. I keep my data
61:11 meters. If I need to come with a display that shows it in
61:15 Imperial, that's the only time I do it. But when I'm doing
61:19 analysis and my review of data, try to keep it in the system
61:24 the imperial system and I think that's good advice for everybody. Uh use
61:29 works. But first step when you're information and dealing with feet, stick
61:41 feet, when you're dealing with the data was the wire line log
61:45 collected in meters. Keep it in of the wire line log is
61:49 its feet and convert when necessary for . Okay. Um Another really important
62:02 um is that the strategy correlation and that's really important. But there there
62:11 a lot of complexities to this. another thing is sequenced photographic correlation which
62:17 a little bit different. Ah But little strata graphic, we're basically looking
62:23 things defined primarily by the the litas versus any other feature in the sequence
62:31 really is looking at things like um surfaces, flooding surfaces, photographic surfaces
62:38 they have. Ah And also things call sequences and pair of sequences and
62:46 types of systems tracks and and of the U. S. Within sequence
62:57 are bounded by the surfaces and then the strategic Afi it's simply one layer
63:02 another. And one of the things have to remember is that there's people
63:07 do sequence photography understand there's a relative advantage to doing sequence photography But they
63:15 also overlooked the fact that lit the AFI also um relates to uh relative
63:25 . If you understand the impact of that are laid flat versus layers that
63:32 be inclined. Some inclination is some inclination is deposition. If you
63:39 sort that out, let the Strategic works just as well as sequence
63:44 But sequence ST strategic AFI tries very to define those in relationships ah between
63:52 that are flat lying and then circumstances when a bed trunk it's up against
63:58 bed and what that means in terms relative time. And of course uh
64:04 it's a very uh it's a simple to understand. But until you start
64:12 it it can it can seem So we're going to be we're going
64:16 have a a primer on sequence for Europeans. Okay, so um another
64:23 is biased by demographic correlation. Ah of the things that um John it
64:29 say and some other people you might ah I believe that it has to
64:37 with just relative time. But the that we have now with fossil control
64:45 gotten to the point where you can do geo chronology with bio strata,
64:51 data and the problem there is this something that's highly neglected these days and
64:58 are overlooking it in the North When we uh when we drilled
65:03 I think they're still doing it last I checked was about a year ago
65:09 they do bio steering instead of geo because the the the fossil assemblages are
65:16 better for sorting out the various formations they cut through. You know,
65:23 can come up with a very fine donation of these things. So when
65:27 well bore goes up like this, sitting up there collecting the returns in
65:33 it in real time and able to the driller that he's going down in
65:38 section or he's going up in this . And that's important if you have
65:43 beds and you're going like this. , you know, everything was exactly
65:48 flat. Uh If you could figure what your depth is, that would
65:52 good enough. But you can't because their structure involved in all these
65:58 Okay. And then faces correlation. a higher resolution thing, but not
66:03 just faces correlation, but also the geographical spread of faces. Uh
66:14 know, how widespread, how thick it and how vertically widespread it is
66:21 a good reservoir is going to be made up of a particular faces.
66:28 . Even if it's unconventional. And and so you're looking at things within
66:34 marine setting marginal marine flu ville and Ron. You see different arrangements
66:39 of these different sand grain piles. whether they're well sorted, not well
66:45 . uh whether they're the reservoir shaped that they make reservoir bodies like a
66:52 island core is a long elongate thing to the coast. A distributor harry
66:58 is usually perpendicular to the coast. these kinds of things are good to
67:02 when you're trying to find oil and deposits. Okay, this is just
67:09 example of a little strata. Graphic based on log wells and here you're
67:14 ticking things across like this. And you can see that this sequence looks
67:23 much like that sequence which looks very like that sequence. In fact,
67:29 are exactly the same sequence is Uh This one is shorter than that
67:35 and shorter than that one. So could say this is closer to the
67:40 center and this is getting farther and away from the depot center. But
67:47 we get the same set of logs we have some chronic strata, graphic
67:55 that sees this. I don't know many times you have to push this
68:03 get it to work. There we . Yes, but the actual correlation
68:10 be like this and how would you , to make that correlation on what
68:25 based on time similarities and demographics. before between the formations. Yeah,
68:34 a couple of ways. One way bio strata. Graphic data helps you
68:39 you might find that the top of is the same age as the top
68:43 that is the same age as the of that is the same age as
68:46 top of that and then then therefore have these degrading faces where you have
68:54 to the deepest center. Like this be a barrier bar and you're going
68:59 or a pro this could be distribute mouth bar getting farther and farther offshore
69:06 it's getting finer grained but it's all is all at one time unit and
69:11 this is the next time unit and is the next time unit. And
69:17 that would be with how would you able to to figure this out with
69:21 photography? Yes. And believe it not answering stupid questions like this is
69:33 important for understanding How to use three a two dimensional slices of a three
69:40 world to figure out what's going on it. So how would how would
69:49 sort of data set do you think could have with sequence photography that would
69:53 me see something like this going If you had like a wheeler diagram
70:07 created a wheeler diagram. Okay with with the bio strategic fee you could
70:12 a wheeler diagram really well. Ah the sequence photography and this is this
70:20 strength of sequence strategic graffiti. But if for example you had a bed
70:26 here, you would have this surface unconfirmable but it's a surface that would
70:34 getting you'd get a unit that terminates . And the reflectors, you'd have
70:40 have side, you know, sequence is an offshoot of seismic strategic
70:44 So you have this two dimensional Slice three dimensional cube or you have a
70:50 dimensional survey. But you would have reflector down here somewhere or it could
70:56 up here. But you would see would see these units terminating at an
71:00 . They'd be they'd be terminating like into it'd be like layers of rocks
71:07 here that were flat lying and you see layers of rock in the
71:11 They were like this. Okay. it's not because the mythology is
71:17 It's because this is oldest and it's more than this, which is older
71:22 this, which is which is compacted than that. And this is compacted
71:26 than this one and this one is more than that one. And so
71:29 see these different reflectors because you're going the rock that's stiffer at each one
71:35 these boundaries. And and you see termination of the key is this would
71:40 called lap out. So you have of beds that are lapping out in
71:46 direction. And of course you could the whole thing on its side and
71:50 could be lap out that's going up side of a base and it could
71:54 transgressive. Transgressive ah lap out as to this, which is probably in
72:02 configuration here would be regressive lap Okay. Does everybody kind of see
72:09 ? And that's important too to conceptualize because when we're doing three dimensional
72:16 it's not easy to do. The we have is not As big as
72:21 . There's like a point here and 10 miles away, there's another point
72:25 10 miles away there's another point or might even be just a mile in
72:28 mile or even half a mile. But the actual amount of data we
72:35 doesn't help explain all this. What's way that we could see if I
72:40 back up what's another way that I look at Iraq. That would help
72:46 see that. It correlates like this think very between the texture. Excuse
72:59 , correlation between the texture. Um a similar texture indicates. Well,
73:04 know, the thing is, and happens a lot in nature. You
73:08 repeated sections because repeating sections is what photography is in the in the world
73:15 sediments like the principle is a sequence . So, you know, here
73:21 having that same variation but it's all because you have less accommodation space.
73:26 you're getting about the same thing. what I was trying to get out
73:28 hoping you would guess it's okay that didn't uh If you had an
73:36 you could see this, couldn't Okay. And here's one of the
73:40 that bothers me about people that actually sequence photography and other types of strategic
73:46 is that with without the outcrop, looks like the best correlation to
73:57 right? And without the bio it's a good correlation without sequence
74:07 But if you have an outcrop, be able to see the beds doing
74:13 . They're pro grading to the right your page. Ah if you had
74:20 seismic line in the subsurface, you'd able to see the down lap that's
74:27 gravitational and our and regressive. And we tilted it on the side and
74:35 saw that, you would know it transgressive. And and if we had
74:40 bios photography, you could figure it from the ages. Get all three
74:45 those things. You'd really understand what system is doing and uh, but
74:50 people will have a seismic line and they think that it's real simple
74:59 interpret, but it's not always simple interpret because sometimes just the seismic line
75:04 not enough to help you see the Allah, jeez, and uh,
75:07 see what's going on with the seismic with lap out does help an awful
75:12 for you to see how sequences are being deposited. They're not all layer
75:17 . But here's another thing. This a three dimensional world. If this
75:23 a cross section and this is from we have a coastline that goes east
75:29 and this is sediment programming out to south, right? Kind of like
75:36 some part of the gulf of Mexico do that. What if I did
75:41 cross section from here into into the your computer and coming out of the
75:52 of your computer. In other words that's perpendicular to your computer screen.
75:59 I was looking at it from this , would it look like this?
76:08 wouldn't it would look like that because imagine if you had a fence diagram
76:18 you had this is a fence. is one fence and you have a
76:22 parallel to that that comes out of screen and you have a fence parallel
76:26 that that goes back into the And you looked at the units,
76:32 of these units, this unit would to the one in the back and
76:36 unit would correlate to the one in back and this one would correlate the
76:39 in the back. But you wouldn't , you wouldn't see the down lap
76:47 because if I look I look at on a strike section, they're
76:54 it's like this this thing of Yeah. They tilt if I tilt
77:00 paper like this, each sheet of paper, it's like a pro grading
77:08 . But if I look on the here at the strike, it's just
77:13 stack of papers that go straight across that. Okay, okay so here
77:22 have something uh that is just logs you don't have seismic and this is
77:33 perfect example of what I was getting in terms of? Sometimes we don't
77:37 the tools to do it. So you have a point and a point
77:41 a point to point and point. we don't know if this is a
77:47 de positional dip or if it's across positional strike. And okay, if
77:59 if this pad of paper uh with page being a layer of rocks,
78:06 know, it would truncate down here I would have on lap. Excuse
78:12 down lap But back here all I see back here on this and I
78:18 just see beds going straight across because is the strike position. This is
78:24 this is the dip direction of the system. This is deposition will dip
78:30 way. This is de positional strike way. And uh and trust
78:37 I'm trying to get you to somewhere I think you're starting to understand
78:41 So How would you correlate these Well, for one thing you can
78:51 from the way it's been colored that bed is sort of a baseline or
78:58 tie point somewhere in the top of logs. And this thing seems to
79:03 thicker down here and then thinner So we don't have an outcrop mm
79:11 . We don't have bio strategic graffiti this this is a flu viel system
79:16 there wouldn't be much useful bios photography we don't have seismic. So what
79:25 we know about how to correlate this that direction and how to correlate this
79:30 this direction? How do you do ? You can use the sp or
79:43 gamma ray on the logs. that's what's happening here. That was
79:50 , right? And this this is happening here. And they've they've managed
79:55 tie these. But one of one the things that I'm gonna, when
80:02 do the log correlation exercise, I'm to try to get you to look
80:04 the shell rather than the sands. but doing what you said exactly,
80:12 , you end up with the yellow . Yeah, the yellow sand,
80:16 yellow sand. But then you have orange, the orange and the
80:18 But here you have orange, orange, orange and orange. So
80:24 going on there? What's going on all those wells? Those extra sands
80:34 not here. The extra sands are here. The extra stands are not
80:39 , but they're there. Now, where we don't have an outcrop.
80:44 don't have bio strategic graffiti. We have seismic. We just have
80:53 It's not this length. It's just point in Iraq like this. A
80:56 in Iraq? Like this point point . Those wells are just single points
81:01 the rock? How do we figure what, what is going on in
81:06 here. That's a tough question to . We need to know the geological
81:16 of the area to know like if was a valley there or a flooding
81:25 , that's something caused this section to . Okay. And Angela,
81:30 you're getting, you're getting really warm uh, and the main point is
81:36 is that this is when being a is fun because you don't have the
81:44 labeled in front of you. You to figure out the answer using your
81:50 of geological concepts and presumably, you this, this is a flu viel
81:59 . Okay. And there might be wells somewhere. So if you have
82:03 flu viel system, what would be first thing in mind? That's something
82:08 a slug of sand in the middle shales. This is all shale.
82:13 grays are all basically shell down here up here there are a little bit
82:19 sand, sand units, not really , It's kind of an exaggerated and
82:23 can see the sand cut off his over here. Ah, but
82:31 and you can't read this very well . But the, the thing here
82:39 that you don't know what it is seismic, you don't have bio
82:46 but you do have your mind and do have geological concepts and since it
82:51 a flu real system, How about I suggest something for you, what
82:57 the likelihood of this being some sort flu Viel thing, like a channel
83:05 belt or a channel itself right in , That would make sense. And
83:14 that is is you've got these channels in here, they're cutting into the
83:19 plain here. Uh, not over because the channel is not, they're
83:23 over here because the channel is not . Because I see multiple layers,
83:27 could be successive channels within a channel moving around. And you can see
83:32 a little bit more sand at one here and a little bit more sand
83:36 than another time there and that sort thing. So it really does look
83:40 we've got channel switching back and forth me anyway. Well, here's what
83:47 , the geologists figured out. It this and um, what's going to
83:56 with these units, They're pinching out actually pinching out this isn't seismic.
84:00 you don't see the lap out as comes up on the side. But
84:04 units actually pinch out here, you see at the same point in
84:12 ah, the shale is pinching out it and this type of pinch out
84:19 type of top lap there's almost always to be in sequence in strategic
84:27 It's almost always going to be So it's an erosion will surface and
84:36 , you can't see it like But you can see that you have
84:41 time units strata, graphic units that coming here and coming here and when
84:48 go like that. Mm hmm, pinch out when they hit the channel
84:54 shells. Now, what do we about shells? Shells are laterally very
84:59 . But if we correlate with the and we see the shales coming along
85:04 bingo, there's a sand shells are along bingo, there's a sand shells
85:09 along, bingo, there's a Likewise, over here. This has
85:14 be something that's cut down into the and have been created. Bye.
85:22 sort of channel Ization and I don't what it says down here, but
85:26 looks like a a definite channel So here you can see non marine
85:35 stones. In other words, something happened over over here. This
85:43 be like a clay plug when when the channel was abandoned and it
85:46 over here and and then this, you get another channel belt moving in
85:54 direction and another one moving in that . And then here we have it
85:58 the the channel, this is like bank deposits on the channel through here
86:04 this sandstone right here. And if I was to do this, I
86:11 personally not not bring this orange up the way up here. I might
86:15 turn that all yellow myself and make pretty much a clear cut channel right
86:20 here. This this is done by group of sequence photographers to try to
86:27 you that even if you don't have . If you're correlating the shales up
86:34 these things that are near them, can see that something is missing,
86:38 faces is missing. But the thickness you see here, we have shales
86:44 through here, they're almost perfectly We have shales up here that are
86:49 perfectly flat. And so where santa being deposited here and eroded, there
86:56 simultaneously already shale in here. So has to be cutting down into something
87:02 was already there because a channel doesn't deposited in in space, A channel
87:09 deposited in stuff that's pd contemporaneous to . But older when it cuts down
87:16 it and so there is no real here and here, there is no
87:21 change in the strata, graphic thickness this thing. But you can see
87:28 is a big change in uh, the composition of it from what you
87:32 in the well lost. And a of times you'll also see a thickening
87:39 here because it cuts way down into . If you were to do it
87:43 time, this would be time right . And this interval of time has
87:49 removed here and these sediments are sitting on top of it, but they
87:53 into it, they are sitting on of it in the sense of a
87:58 diagram, but they've cut into it the physical sense, in the vertical
88:07 . So you're actually looking at four right now In a two dimensional
88:16 Okay, I I hope that helps little bit. I may, I
88:19 have just completely confused. But then can take another example like this from
88:24 book. And uh you can come with multiple ways to correlate these
88:30 And again, if you know something the area, as Angela pointed
88:39 you can start using your geological mind coming up with ideas and that's kind
88:44 what, what the role of a is is to come up with ideas
88:48 don't seem to have any information supporting until you come up with the idea
88:53 plotted on top of these charts. so this final models are really a
88:57 good idea of what happened here. I believe these, yeah, these
89:04 light bars and it turns out these really bars we've got uh what looks
89:11 be pro gradation in this direction with title channel that cut into the side
89:17 one of these things in another But if we just look at this
89:21 right here right there and you sort of right here, see how
89:27 have this little feather edge and here don't have the feather edge. But
89:31 could, we had a student and weren't analytic bars, but they were
89:37 bars. And the uh I think the tom O'Connor field in Hill corp
89:46 some acreage in an area that the down dip produced. Bart there was
89:55 system of plastic barrier islands. So was a new lyric. It was
90:01 . And one of our graduates this on this and nick noticed that he
90:08 a series he had about, I they have like about seven or 8
90:12 these barrier islands that are pro grading a shiny airplane to the southeast.
90:20 in every well that he had he see and each one of these
90:24 you would see a well that had main part of that. Well the
90:29 like this and there'd usually be on of that. Like what you're seeing
90:34 in this one, he would see tapering edge. You would see this
90:38 tapering edge and like in this well another well he would see a tapering
90:44 . And so he saw it tapering a tape tapering edge. And then
90:48 was a well that was somewhere about here and forget about this interpretation.
90:54 there was a well right in And he saw the down dip part
91:00 this programming bar. And he saw little tiny wedge at the end of
91:09 up dip end of it sticking out here from another bar. And so
91:15 this area where they hadn't drilled And , this is a field that was
91:19 in the 50s, 60s, 70s over a billion barrels of oil I
91:25 . And so one of one of capstone students in the professional master's
91:32 He tells his boss. You know I think because I'm seeing this little
91:37 edge above the farthest south uh athletic . He said, I'm pretty sure
91:45 another barrier island down here. He he proposed seven wells. They drilled
91:53 76 of them came in right on numbers if instead of having a title
92:00 down here, you had another olympic That after over 50 years of development
92:07 one had ever discovered. And that's of like doing production geology or development
92:20 with a twist of exploration in it finding millions of dollars of profit for
92:25 company for your capstone project. And that was, that was one of
92:31 of the first really good capstone projects had out of this program. And
92:37 it helps when you're, you're able work with the company and get data
92:44 . It also helps when you're in company like hill corp where they let
92:48 be geologists and uh they let them for oil as it is and they
92:56 , they've done a very good job the years of of monetizing opportunities and
93:04 that most people have walked away And when you go into areas like
93:09 , you often get the acreage for song and uh you pay, you
93:14 , pennies on the dollar of what original owners or at least the most
93:19 owners that produced it had to pay it to get that and to do
93:24 production and that's similar to the Eagle with Floyd C. Wilson, he
93:31 in for something like $400 an acre he sold it for $10,000 an acre
93:40 he sent it off to BPH or rather Broken Hill properties. Okay with
93:48 it's it's been an hour and a . So I think it's pretty much
93:52 for us to have another break. uh how are you guys feeling?
94:04 ready for a break. Okay. that or you've already disappeared.
94:10 Okay. Okay. So well I'm go ahead and pause, not
94:21 Gonna come way over here on my , we assume recording and there we
94:34 . Okay now um another thing uh just an example from the North Sea
94:44 uh it's Parkinson at all in the , late 90's and through the early
94:50 they they did a lot more work this but they developed a system trying
94:58 use bio strata graphic data. These to be macro fossil zones that they
95:05 for the tops of their sequences. um this is just an example of
95:11 important sequence photography can be in certain of the world uh in in certain
95:19 and even with like Exxonmobil for Exxon, with Peter vale and the
95:26 that he worked with, they kind came up with seismic strategic Afi which
95:32 into sequence photography and a lot of academicians got involved a little bit later
95:39 . Uh but even at S. . There are parts of s.
95:45 where the management doesn't see the value sequence photography and um it's not a
95:53 science but it I think it very helps us understand the development and infill
96:00 almost every sedimentary basin in the So if you're not doing something that
96:06 call sequence strategic afi odds are you're something similar two sequence photography because that's
96:12 the way sediments are deposited. A of students and researchers have done models
96:23 of building deltas in quick time and and uh sedimentary wedges and that sort
96:31 thing. And when they set it so they can see it in cross
96:37 and that kind of thing, it exactly like the theory. So um
96:42 it's really a hard thing to refute problem is that it's not always that
96:46 to interpret because when you look at log, How many have you ever
96:51 a log from the Jurassic that said 62 on it. It's not on
96:59 . It's not labeled, nothing is on a log. When you get
97:03 , you have to figure out and what everything is on it. But
97:07 in these wells they had primarily paloma data that's spores and pollen help them
97:15 out the ages. They tried to these things to their time honored and
97:26 macro fossil zones. They're mostly ammonites they're not all ammonites. And most
97:33 these ammonites come from a more a climate. And uh and so they're
97:48 really boil realm. They're more from mediterranean and the more warmer water
97:59 So many of these things don't actually occur here. But the Palin ology
98:04 ties to it ah down in the basin in those places. There's a
98:12 for it. I can't think of it is right now for some reason
98:17 but it's definitely a Technion Technion Captain Realm is much warmer than up
98:27 . And uh and so it it's but in a way it isn't now
98:37 what happens when, when we talk sequence photography. one person in particular
98:46 the University of texas decided that these flooding surfaces that are services that help
98:57 spot sequences. Normally the maximum flooding in a typical uh genetic sequence of
99:11 . It would be kind of in middle of the sequence. It would
99:13 the boundary between the transgressive, you the transgressive surface coming in as a
99:21 on top of the low stand systems . Then you have another systems track
99:26 for that called the transgressive systems track when the transgression gets as far as
99:30 can inland or on laps as far with coastal on lap then you have
99:35 you call the maximum flooding surface or highest. The sea level was relative
99:40 the land uh during that sequence. that's sort of in the middle of
99:45 typical sequence by the Exxon or veil . But but then the fellow from
99:54 university of texas notice that that's hard recognize and locks. But one thing
100:01 easy to recognize and logs is that maximum flooding surfaces are also usually maximum
100:10 terms of radioactive spikes because of the between um organic material, high levels
100:20 organic material and sediments and the absorption radioactive particles. And so the very
100:29 stuff like these spikes here with the flooding surfaces. So Bill Galloway
100:38 Ut decided that he would divide his , not by the low stand events
100:48 uh the low drops in sea level create evolution Excuse me, erosion of
100:56 . Big, big drawdown. What decided was that he would pick the
101:01 flooding surface because he thought he could it on these logs. And and
101:06 they started using maximum flooding surfaces to the boundaries of sequence. In other
101:13 , this maximum flooding surface ah would in terms of Galloway Galloway sequence would
101:20 the base of The J 56 And what this was. And then the
101:27 of J56 would be the base of 62, which is this next
101:31 So this this is the maximum flooding and the start of that deposition all
101:38 . And in some ways it makes because it's talking about the, you
101:46 , the period of the highest And then going to a point where
101:50 becomes a period of erosion rather than period of erosion working its way up
101:55 deposition, which are called genetic And in all cases they are genetic
102:01 . Because the bounding surfaces that you up with either way, you define
102:08 sequence ah usually is some kind of flooding surface. That usually is often
102:16 a flooding surface. And in between things, you also have shales that
102:21 of separate any sand stones in For example, in this one,
102:28 got a flooding surface here and flooding here and then you have it could
102:32 a flooding surface in there, but helps you separate this sandstone from that
102:37 and not correlate them. In other , they're not in communication because there's
102:40 lot of sealing shells in between. and that all relates to how sequences
102:46 deposited ah far up on the shelf and down off the shelf. And
102:53 it's in different in areas of different of accommodation space. In other
102:59 how much area do you have to in with sediment? Almost infinite in
103:04 deep water? 20 up where it's eroded on shore. So, this
103:12 tool is, is used quite frequently help get an idea of what's going
103:17 through time. There are caveats to . I won't go into it
103:21 but perhaps later, I'll get to some of the problems with this
103:27 But having said that uh it is absolute fact uh that if you can
103:35 of put the borders on some of sand stones in terms of a sequence
103:40 the rocks, it helps both in unit ization of stuff and it helps
103:47 realize that these units are separate from other units. Each one of these
103:53 called flooding surfaces in here, MFS's flooding surfaces or in some cases they
104:00 a thing they call a T. uh maximum flooding service, which is
104:07 tectonic lee enhanced maximum flooding surface. And you know, well when we
104:14 looking at basins, we'll talk about a little bit more to the difference
104:17 those two things. But at the of the day, there's a ceiling
104:21 between this sandstone strata graphically and between one strata graphically. And this is
104:28 somewhat like a wheeler diagram ah making ammonites zones equal in duration. And
104:40 one of the caveats of the See here, you know, In
104:47 of thickness, it varies from 11 these to the next. But in
104:51 they would all be the same because technician ammonites zones were pegged at a
104:57 years each. Not because they thought were a million years each, but
105:00 they had no control over stuff down the Jurassic, once you get around
105:07 afghan when the atlantic ocean first opened , uh you go from a period
105:14 time uh that has a continuous rock to one that had a discontinuous rock
105:20 and the oceans around the world. , Here is um uh some time
105:28 and you're not meant to be able read this, but here you can
105:32 cretaceous, there's the Jurassic we were talking about and and then here of
105:38 is is the permian and the top the paleozoic in the Permian basin has
105:43 of these pennsylvania things in Permian units in it. This is a
105:48 system that applies to the entire not just texas or the United States
105:55 these are what we call stages and are where we we kind of tie
106:01 rock record to an age globally around world. And in this class we
106:07 have time enough to to really discuss a lot. But you can see
106:12 To in many cases to 2nd decimal . They have the dates for the
106:19 of of Excuse me in this probably the basis of all of the
106:26 graphic stages. And over here are of the abbreviations and these are the
106:33 that they see that coincide with a of the stages. Uh, right
106:37 here. Okay, then, uh at a chart from another University of
106:47 publication from the gulf of Mexico these charts look really uh in some
106:58 intimidating. And they also look like must have all the answers, but
107:02 don't uh, a lot of this put together by the cut and paste
107:08 . And one of the things that bothers me and a lot of geological
107:16 , people that don't have any background geo chronology or bio strategic afi or
107:23 geo chronology. Um they often display conformity is as a line and of
107:32 , uh in the, well it a line, but in the time
107:36 and in the stages, it's not line. There's got to be a
107:40 over here in the rebellion and there's going to be some gaps in in
107:46 zones over here. They just draw line, but they're not really drawing
107:50 in the sense of a uh They have a linear scale here,
107:55 it's not drawn like a wheeler If you have a linear scale,
108:00 you almost have to have have it a little uh you're gonna have to
108:08 gaps in a linear scale because these these represent strata. Graphic gaps and
108:13 not really indicated by the scale that over here on this chart to the
108:20 . So you can't see all of . But the point is is that
108:25 is a low stand Systems track coming . And it's got a that's what
108:28 LST stands for. So this is system of dividing the world up into
108:34 tracks is uh is pretty prevalent around world. So it's important that you
108:40 it. It's also important to know everybody that practices sequence photography often has
108:47 different way of practicing it. And Once every 10 years, I don't
108:52 they've done it in the last 10 . But Back around 2010 or
108:59 maybe 11. Help help More than a dozen, probably 18, maybe
109:05 two dozen sequence photographers try to get and lay down some rules and
109:11 that didn't go real well, but but it's well enough that people can
109:14 of understand what people are talking even though they might use slightly different
109:20 . Okay, another last thing in , uh this particular lecture is just
109:25 briefly mentioned petroleum. Everyone in here already had except for No, I
109:33 everybody just had Yeah, everybody except Dennis just had petroleum geology. So
109:40 not gonna go uh really go into that much except except to point out
109:50 natural gas, as we know it called petroleum gas in the book.
109:54 so that might be something I need let you know, and oil is
110:00 always less dense but more viscous than . And and there is there is
110:10 uh that can be close to the of water. But does anybody know
110:19 oil might sink. Like when we an oil spill. Um, Geochemist
110:27 going to tell you, I can't but oil does think, does anybody
110:31 why? It stinks and oil we density will probably sink in water.
110:45 , well there's actually two things going . one of them is sort of
110:50 when you have water. When you oil on the surface of water,
110:55 being oxidized and the volatiles are going very quickly. So the light part
110:59 the oil of the actual crude oil turning into a thicker and a thicker
111:06 denser and denser bit of sludge and lot of that as such will not
111:14 . But if for example, you dispersants on it at the wellhead when
111:19 have a leak, it turns into tiny drops and those little tiny drops
111:26 become greater surface area for bacteria to . But more importantly, if there's
111:32 storm and there's turbidity in the the clay particles that are in the
111:39 column will attach or flock relate to oil droplets and all of a sudden
111:44 oil droplet which has a density less one. All of a sudden has
111:49 density of somewhere around 1.5 to 2 on what kind of clay particles and
111:54 many clay particles attached to it and it definitely will start to sink.
112:00 that's what happened with the Macondo oil . They were dispersing the oil at
112:05 at the wellhead had a tube that shooting right into it. It was
112:09 into instead of big masses of it was turning into bubbles of
112:14 And the minute you break it up that uh the bacteria can act on
112:20 and then clay particles can cause it sink and so sometimes oil can sink
112:27 uh but then even in um even the oil column you can get a
112:33 amount of separation of the volatiles from heavier ends of the cruise. And
112:39 can get something where it's where it's to the density of water. But
112:43 of the water that we see in , it's going to be denser than
112:47 freshwater and because it has a lot salt in it. Okay. Uh
112:55 chemistry of petroleum is extremely complex, for those that just took dr posadas
113:02 . And uh some of the things are worth noting would be the North
113:09 Brent benchmark crude and what it And so that's listed here. That's
113:13 in your in your book I And uh uh in contrast to
113:20 one of some of the oils in L. A. Basin actually needs
113:25 be heated before it will flow. these light, sweet crudes oftentimes in
113:34 sweet low and sulfur ah are often good things for producing gasoline. And
113:44 one thing to always remember is the the number the lighter and less dense
113:49 uh this is the formula in your . And it's a pretty simple
113:54 And it's relative to specific gravity. And uh and you can come up
114:04 a with a number here at 60 and figure out exactly what it
114:10 So, essentially, uh the specific of one equals 10 Ap i if
114:18 do the calculation because you go from 141, 231 And you end up
114:25 a 10 subtracting 10 from it. that would be the density of
114:30 And then ah since it a. . I. Is since it's less
114:38 , you're gonna get a bigger and number and the api number is going
114:41 go up. Okay. Um This is a really strange thing, but
114:50 texas intermediate is a. P. very close to uh North sea
114:55 So they're often comparable crude oils and texas intermediate is also sweet. And
115:04 refineries over in europe because of the Sea. Uh I find it very
115:13 sometimes you might get involved in but it's very useful to export West
115:19 intermediate to europe because their refineries are to take uh to their refineries are
115:28 to refine oil that's around 38 p. I said 39 is not
115:35 just a little bit lighter. And I'm not sure why they call it
115:42 because Anything greater than 22 is Anything Uh excuse me, less than
115:50 is heavy? Anything greater than 41 light? And then that range in
115:55 . There is, that's pretty much you would be calling medium or
116:01 So that may have something to do it, but it's definitely on the
116:03 end of medium, uh, which don't know if I would call something
116:11 if it's on the high end of . But uh, Most unconventional oil
116:18 lighter and above 45 a. i. And uh, and that
116:22 also something to do with that that reduces the viscosity in many
116:29 not all, but it also would it to where the relative permeability would
116:35 less different from the other fluids, the fact that it's, it's,
116:43 getting to a lower api but it's still, it's still not gonna flow
116:47 fastly. The relative permeability is still to be lower than water or natural
116:55 . And uh, I think I this out earlier. Many of the
116:59 coast refineries adopted adapted to Venezuelan crudes also sin fuels coming from Canada and
117:09 have really low ap eyes. And , and so the refineries are built
117:18 operate a little bit different than the that are designed for this. So
117:21 kind of a really good thing that able to export west texas, intermediate
117:28 europe because it's the oil that they ? No, why build more
117:32 If you're trying to be efficient in economy and be efficient in your
117:37 why would you want to have to extra refineries when we're trying to get
117:42 from that sort of thing? So people want to block exploitation of this
117:50 just to try to get rid of in total. But it's not really
117:55 our energy problem when we when we to the conditions that we have right
118:00 with those kinds of responses. Um I won't go into all
118:08 Uh but this one of the things that I want to point out
118:17 I guess these things in yellow and that some of the complex molecules can
118:26 used as biomarkers and they help. hopefully dr basada explains some of those
118:31 you. Some of them will tell . For example, it's Mhm.
118:36 oil from pd Astra. Um or uh that's one of the freshwater
118:43 And there's also um Patria kaka's brown , which is something that's everywhere for
118:52 all the time. It's an amorphous and uh might even be called a
118:59 now for all I know, but a or a brown type of
119:06 But patrick Takis brown eye. Uh very lipid rich and it's easily converts
119:13 oil when you heat it. And uh when some of these Dina flag
119:20 the marine ones and battery Caucus get in the rock record? Um you'll
119:26 a mass for the battery caucus because kind of an amorphous for the Dina
119:32 , they have a thick on the that's very resistant to any type of
119:40 . You can't dissolve it with there's no asset on earth that will
119:43 it. So it's insoluble. But material inside will start to turn the
119:50 rich parts of it inside of We'll start to turn to oil and
119:54 get little sort of jets or filaments come out of it that actually are
119:59 um ready to ready to produce And they call them petrol IQ
120:06 So it's interesting if you go to museums or listen to stuff on Tv
120:12 or whatever. A lot of people say things like we don't know exactly
120:17 the oil comes from. But you're dr posadas class, you're probably well
120:22 that he knows exactly where every drop from. And it's usually it's usually
120:28 to be plant material and uh which the way, so is cole which
120:35 the way is why agriculture is a growing vegetables is not getting us away
120:42 the carbon footprint problems. And uh so that's interesting. But some of
120:50 of course some of the animals that also have lipids in them and all
120:57 aren't the same. But certain ones that are in in animals can also
121:01 converted into oil like substances as But it's going to be much smaller
121:09 and less, less volumes. You imagine an ocean covered with algae raining
121:16 to the sea floor is going to a lot more material than a few
121:21 running by Aldo. Those whales provide lot and were the source of a
121:26 of the oil in the original scheme things in the seventies, in the
121:30 hundreds and 17 hundreds, for if not earlier in terms of producing
121:37 for oil lamps and stuff like Um another thing is uh the these
121:46 molecules when they do a gas chromatograph other different analytical methods, they can
121:52 of fingerprint the compounds based on the of certain of these carbon rich molecules
122:04 and get a really good handle on where that crew came from versus where
122:08 crew came from. And again, basada was good at. He could
122:14 tell that. I don't I never at his research but he did comment
122:23 just through the process of migration, actual composition of the oil from one
122:33 one reservoir to the next has changed slightly. So, and you could
122:38 tell whether you have separate reservoirs in cases and long term migration, which
122:43 discussed down here longer trips of we know for sure, can can
122:53 , because a lot of differences in cases bio degradation through time, we'll
123:01 it heavier, but also through time it rises to the surface, the
123:06 might separate and move faster and you get a separated oil column through,
123:14 , a transit formation that's porous and it charges, it might be charging
123:21 um uh a lower api gravity at lowest levels and a higher one as
123:28 go up. And of course that to face the evils of further thermal
123:36 . But when you look at some the Pleistocene deposits in, in the
123:43 of Mexico, where there's large, faults up against shale masses or salt
123:50 appears. It's almost as though at point in time the when that major
123:57 moved, it created a conduit for a perfect, perfectly segregated mass of
124:06 from lightest, actually, natural two very light oil to very heavy
124:13 from one formation to the next. I worked in a field that looked
124:15 like that. And so that kind thing can happen to. So there's
124:18 lot of, a lot of ways composition can be ah, can be
124:25 from one point to the next in oil column, depending on what goes
124:29 now in the in the luau Again, uh I mentioned bio degradation
124:40 , uh not only consumed the but it also broke down some of
124:45 heavier compounds as it was going through a legacy in conduit from the kitchen
124:51 the reservoir. And uh and that's it ended up having less viscosity than
124:57 normally would get for a 19 degree grab oil. And with that we're
125:04 to finish that. So basically we've through Not every page of Chapter
125:10 but a lot of the material that's in Chapter one plus a few other
125:14 based on on my experiences and will professional. And I guess I
125:22 could point out, I wasn't management . So that usually means you don't
125:25 what you're talking about. But I I was actually not a very good
125:32 because I couldn't stop working. I , I didn't want to travel a
125:37 and all that. I wanted to more oil and gas because if the
125:42 finds oil and gas then you're gonna a job longer. Okay. And
125:48 did work in a time when the of the oil for the most part
125:52 going up. There was there was couple of spots where it was
125:57 Let's see. I don't want to those changes. That was when I
126:04 the diagram around. Sure that's not I wanted. Okay. Can everybody
127:12 everything? So the next thing we're to look at is heterogeneous nature of
127:25 rocks and of course uh we know are sedimentary rocks wide. Um they
127:42 eroded, transported, deposited and compact identified. What was that last
127:50 you used on compacted and notified. , liquefied. But what what really
127:57 us know that there are sedimentary rocks uh that they're stratified. Okay,
128:06 sedimentary rocks are stratified. So somewhat in what rock, the source
128:17 igneous material, uh, would possibly a sedimentary rock sort of directly
128:30 not by erosion, but by There's 1, 1 particular thing that
128:44 classified often as a sedimentary deposit, has to do with volcanic six.
128:57 sorry, sorry with that question. , it was, uh,
129:04 there's one, there's one type there's one source of sedimentary rocks to
129:08 sort of, uh, doesn't seem be typical and it's, it's not
129:15 plastic, it's not, uh, or carbonate enriched volcanic ash.
129:29 volcanic plastic. So volcanic plastic sediments the ash beds. In fact,
129:36 probably ash beds in this sedimentary series of rocks. This is it
129:43 point in Utah and no accidents in . And, and it's, we
129:51 in Utah when we flew back and to this or drove to it in
129:56 outcrop down the road from here. this is Green river formation in
130:06 Okay. Um, here's something that think it's worth thinking about it and
130:13 , when people started producing from I got accused of being and this
130:22 back in, um, it must been, I don't know, maybe
130:32 or five, something like that. was talking about potential unconventional resources being
130:41 an incredible boom. And people looked me like I was kind of an
130:48 . And, but, but knowing going on in in geology, I
130:53 anybody could have sorted it out and there's something that's really interesting about uh
131:01 exploration, prior to us looking at . And uh these are kind of
131:09 little diagrams, but you know, crustal volume of course is mostly
131:14 but land surface area is mostly sedimentary you can see from these cross sections
131:21 it is that way? Here's a here, here's a big basin over
131:25 . These are different types of but they're sedimentary wedges or basins as
131:30 is. So sedimentary rocks By volume just 5% of the upper press,
131:37 75% of the area. And often the only uh record of geological events
131:46 can be timed on a the precise accurate basis. You can get dates
131:54 of igneous rocks, but just by nature of igneous rocks and the fact
132:00 they're not everywhere makes it a little more difficult to get long term understanding
132:06 , of the timing of a lot igneous and metamorphic rocks, uh
132:14 Okay. And these things are defined composition, texture and structure as you
132:20 know. And and we kind of through a little bit, we mentioned
132:29 little bit about composition and but we talking about size, which is texture
132:38 then structure sedimentary structures or something we talked about, but the but porosity
132:47 permeability are controlled by all of these and composition can often make you shut
132:55 door. Mhm. Maybe driving my crazy. Uh But all of these
133:06 , you know, it just seems , you know this is a textbook
133:09 . Why do we care about texture and structure? Oh yeah,
133:13 use this to try to figure out the name of Iraq is.
133:16 Yeah. Yeah. So what but you get down to it, composition
133:22 an impact on porosity and permeability, has a has an impact on porosity
133:27 permeability and structure does as well. uh structure has a whole lot to
133:34 with anisotropy of flow uh in in rock mass. So sedimentary structures are
133:42 important. And so just briefly what what is one of the reasons why
133:49 is important? Well um you know two different types of origins things from
133:56 consolidation of you know uh originates material breaks down into clays and and silt
134:05 sand stones and then there's also the slash biochemical precipitates. You know,
134:13 been uh studying geology unfortunately for a time perhaps, but but one of
134:23 funny things. So why get this all the time? Ah Sorry,
134:30 of the funny things about, let get this on and it won't do
134:39 . One of the big funny things you know, we used to just
134:43 these carbonates and these plastics. But it turns out some of the carbonates
134:53 our plastics to so you have to to originates plastics, you know um
134:59 lights for example are plastics. Those are plastic particles. And uh and
135:05 you have to be in and more than that, broken up pieces of
135:12 are plastic, but it's still a . And uh and new lights and
135:17 seashells are actually biochemical plastics. you know, people felt like,
135:27 we need to we need to separate out. So we so we went
135:32 plastics to carbonates to to originates plastics chemical. And then later on,
135:39 lot of research looked at a lot things that precipitate out of the water
135:45 . The precipitation is actually mediated or , bye bye bacterial activity. So
135:54 even things that we often think our precipitates just by the process of concentration
136:04 in the real world and in the record have a lot of biochemical interactions
136:10 actually make it happen and happen faster slower in some cases. And of
136:17 if you dissolve salt in a pot you boil the water off. I'm
136:25 sure that is chemical. But the is you now have chemical or biochemical
136:31 not just carbonates and plastics. So it's it's gone a long way from
136:37 things are. So the more we , the more complicated this all gets
136:42 uh and here's like carbonates and but again, some of some of
136:47 things, some of the carbonates to out are not just evaporates.
136:56 Um so uh the major types of rocks are often based on their sizes
137:09 in some cases the shape, conglomerate Brescia and sandstone, things are sandstone
137:18 shales uh are gonna be uh things are below sandstone, but there solicit
137:29 and and they're all they're usually going be Michelle is usually going to be
137:35 grain clay sized particles and to get that, I'm not sure why I
137:42 it in this order, but it be sandstone, silt stone, shale
137:46 mud stone would be a combination of and sandstone. Mud stone is everything
137:52 the grains are less than the size sandstone and of course the shale and
137:56 silt stones ah Are two separate one silt in one shale. Whether
138:02 not you get these things together often pretty unlikely. one of the things
138:09 that when I was doing water chemistry in the atlantic ocean, we were
138:16 also in turbidity and we're we uh would pull sediments, we'd we'd pull
138:24 the water and get the sediment in floating in the water out and we'd
138:32 it in these samples and yes, flock, you're late, all the
138:38 particles and we have lots of So we have all this clay sized
138:43 and other things, things that are 4.5 microns and less, But then
138:48 had a Coulter counter and we would the seawater and run it through this
138:54 and this would have a displacement of saltwater solution that it was going through
139:00 aperture. And it was, the it was, the greater the resistive
139:05 to electrical flow would be. And as these particles were flowing through that
139:13 aperture that had conductive material in the connectivity was high. A little
139:21 would drop it just a little bit bigger property would drop the conductivity
139:27 So the reason activity would be going as a size winner. And so
139:30 were able to do really good sand . Excuse me. Uh particle size
139:36 . Not with a laser but with . And so we ran this and
139:42 we found with natural seawater. So almost never find clay particles by themselves
139:49 particles. They're like tiny little looking for other tiny little magnets and
139:55 stick together right away. and the particles we ever found were 19
140:01 which would be a silt stone. they but those particles when you broke
140:07 down, they were clay sized particles in nature there are always flow
140:12 They always were more than one And it's something interesting uh that I've
140:19 on that that you might be interested understanding because there really is no true
140:26 Superfine grain shale sediment being deposited is deposited as flock tools that are silt
140:34 , made out of clay sized Okay. Um then when we look
140:40 that size, then when we look the major minerals, one of the
140:47 things about being a sedimentary geologist is don't have to learn a whole bunch
140:52 minerals or understand that um something that's on this list. That is important
140:58 , is is uh is going to appetite, which is precipitated fast
141:08 calcium, phosphate. And and and important because phosphate is what helps generate
141:18 in the water column by by by the algae. Ah some of the
141:24 limiting elements to life are phosphorus, and carbon. Excuse me,
141:33 nitrogen and and uh ah jeez, , I guess I'm getting tired.
141:44 it's carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. so so when you nitrogen is pretty
141:52 in seawater and you can imagine carbon too. So the real limiting the
141:58 limiting thing quite often as prosperous in of algal production. And that's what
142:05 ideas since. And that's why that an important thing to understand in lake
142:10 . Okay, so and then there's one not here that's often seen in
142:18 and that's Glock tonight, that's sort a garbage can of of clay minerals
142:27 you see quite often and then there's minerals in of course green Micah's and
142:37 why do you think the heavy minerals be really important in terms of sedimentary
142:54 . So I'm just going to make guess what I know every minerals have
143:00 A. P. I Hi radio . And when measured with the so
143:07 relating it to because I also have A. P. I. So
143:12 sp logs they might correlate. Oh sorry. Yeah. You're you're trying
143:20 trying I understand where you're trying to but it's not working. But uh
143:26 there's probably more significant things about it I'm what I'm going to tell
143:30 But one of the things heavy minerals sometimes easy to pick out of a
143:35 sample. So they can be used figuring out the different sources of sand
143:42 to get the positive. For example the beach, For example, the
143:45 minerals in in 11 stream coming to ocean might be richer in in
143:52 depending on the distance, heavy minerals make it very far down the
143:57 But if like on the east Coast see lots of heavy minerals on the
144:02 because the mountain ranges weren't that far . And so so they can't have
144:08 to do with figuring out the source the sediments when you're when you're looking
144:14 sedimentary systems in the recent. Another that they're useful for is that if
144:20 have heavy minerals in your in your a beach system or a river
144:26 they're a little bit denser than the . So quite often when uh level
144:34 energy that's moving sands, it kind slows down. The first thing that
144:38 out is going to be a thin of the heavy minerals. And then
144:41 start getting the quartz grains of the size but slightly less heavy because they're
144:48 same size but they're not as And so when we see laminate obvious
144:55 bedding laminate ah from complex Ripples, three dimensional ripples and sometimes pro grading
145:07 say on a point bar or something programming sands, cycles of pro grading
145:13 or degrading sands whether it's moving forward just up along the beach. If
145:20 have heavy minerals in there, you see laminate if you go to the
145:25 of Mexico where most of the sand come from a long way off.
145:36 Either the Appalachians and or depending on you're at or in some cases the
145:42 US mountain ranges via the Mississippi and of the, some of the shorter
145:51 , like like the ones that drain texas. Ah they're already reworking
146:00 So, so there's, so the level of this stuff they start out
146:04 is already pretty high. So make long story short, most of the
146:09 grains that make it to the coast texas, the heavy minerals are long
146:16 . And so when you trench, got to be disappointing for anybody
146:23 from the east coast to come in in a a beach deposit along the
146:31 coast because you can't see laminate because no heavy minerals to show you the
146:36 , you can't see the little different positional episodes. It laid it down
146:41 things and I don't have any in series. I don't think I might
146:45 you some. Uh but when I to teach this to two engineers who
146:51 no geology background, I showed them of examples of rocks from these sediments
146:57 these. Because so you could see the laminate and the sedimentary structures were
147:00 . And of course those laminate, sense of oil, uh you
147:06 you know, particles all of a side size. But then you have
147:10 heavy minerals that through the little fication , we're going to break down and
147:16 minute barriers between between the laminate. depending on which way they were,
147:23 ripples were pro grading and with the and when the heavy minerals were set
147:29 , you'll see a series of laminate which are rich in minerals that will
147:36 cemented up with iron for example, and other compounds pretty quickly upon
147:45 And they can turn something that looks a nice clean sandstone uh into something
147:52 has a lot of minute barriers internally of it. And that that affects
147:57 your processing permeability to. Okay, of course we're just kind of talking
148:03 cement and iron oxide minerals are big basically when they come to the
148:11 They like to precipitate. So you get get stuff precipitating out pretty
148:19 And uh forming uh beach carbonates and sorts of things. If enough heat
148:29 . Just because the saw liability of carbonate drives off when it gets
148:36 It's really high. It's kind of reverse thing because of ph In in
148:42 and in in c. 0. . But the but when the very
148:50 deepwater stuff from the tongue of the uh Super sad. It becomes supersaturated
148:56 as the current brings it up over of the banks, the tongue of
149:00 ocean and the Bahamas. Uh And get those massive deposits of of lights
149:05 the calcium carbonate is just precipitating attaches onto something starts rolling and you
149:13 all sorts of you light production and types of of the beach carbonates and
149:18 like that happening just because you have super saturated source of calcium enriched calcium
149:26 enriched cold deep sea water coming up a shallow warm area where the soluble
149:33 actually drops off. It's one of few things that that works that
149:38 And it also has a little bit do with with why it's it's easier
149:43 some mm hmm marine things to actually calcium carbonate along with the Zosen Felli
149:53 are in the coral, you have high saturation relative to the Saudi ability
149:59 it easier for them to to pull calcium carbonate out and to make their
150:04 framework carbonates that we call corals and things like that. So that's carbonates
150:14 really um one of the most unpredictable to in the rock record because in
150:21 class and the trendiness plastics, we of look for faces that have uh
150:31 primary porosity. In other words, formed that deposition and as it gets
150:36 , you start to lose that effective porosity and permeability through various processes
150:44 de watering uh compaction, which changes arrangement of the grains and sometimes the
150:52 of the grains has an impact. the sorting of the grain sizes can
150:57 an impact. But to make a story short, the plastics typically can
151:07 , you can it serves you well search for hi primary porosity faces when
151:15 dealing with with plastic rocks that you're for in terms of a reservoir.
151:21 you're looking for a carbonate reservoir, kind of the opposite. What are
151:26 looking for when we, when we to find a good reservoir in a
151:37 , Do we want something that's a like, like a sandstone? Almost
151:41 little spherical balls? Or do we something else? In other words,
151:53 we looking for good primary ferocity or we looking for perhaps secondary porosity in
152:05 ? It could be both. absolutely. It can be both.
152:09 that's that's one of the reasons why complicated. It's just like the example
152:15 was explaining about the chalks. The process. It was preserved by early
152:22 or charge of oil into the But but basically for indigenous classics,
152:32 if you have primary ferocity, that's the best ferocity is going to be
152:37 as it's being deteriorated as it gets through time. But with carbonates it
152:43 flip flop a lot. And and of the the worst things about
152:52 this carbonate cement is one of the ones to move and easiest ones to
152:58 . And so it's it's highly reactive uh and uh it doesn't take a
153:05 to either dissolve it of course once dissolve it then it becomes mobilized.
153:08 it's mobilized it can get super saturated precipitate somewhere else. But a lot
153:15 the big fields that we found in world that are carbonates have good secondary
153:21 as opposed to good primary porosity. you're absolutely right. You do,
153:26 do and like even in the talks get good primary porosity. But it's
153:33 in my mind it's a it's it's of, it's a wild card.
153:39 although it's it's a limited wild card it could be primary or secondary.
153:47 but it's very hard to predict. think sometimes exactly what you're gonna get
153:53 the luau structure was discovered in in the south china sea, the the
154:04 reservoir as it turns out did have porosity uh it was a location for
154:11 , primary ferocity, but most of primary porosity was destroyed. And but
154:16 couldn't predict that ahead of time that would end up being that way.
154:21 it's only after we we found it we're able to get samples and look
154:25 it closely in thin section that we out. You know, what
154:28 really caused it. And the 1 of the reasons why I like
154:33 with plastics is because there's there's, a better element of predictability is basically
154:40 , you know, carbonates are neat and complicated but sedimentary rocks in terms
154:47 processing and permeability, I think are the most part more predictable. And
154:52 think that's a big difference between working carbonate reservoirs and and also plastics and
155:03 you know, some of the biggest in the world are are carbonated,
155:07 hmm, buggy carbonate deposits. Um, and I hope I didn't
155:17 you by saying that about carbonates. , I've got nothing against anybody that
155:23 them because everybody likes going to the where you have carbonates. But but
155:31 just as a, as a, know, uh, subsurface geology is
155:36 complicated. You know, if I , if I can eliminate predictability,
155:41 like to do that. And if I worked for an oil company and
155:45 a high position in it, I try to be in charge of the
155:50 reservoirs and not to carbonate reservoirs. so it would be it to be
155:55 easier job, I think. so anyway we get all these rock
156:01 and that are in there, we all these different types of cement and
156:06 all break down into sizes and it a lot to do all of
156:12 this has to do with the creation destruction of cement really because you have
156:19 dissolve something somewhere uh to have the to precipitate and create a cement.
156:26 a lot of times ah in the early stages of cement ation, you
156:32 get to a point of dissolution of of those elements so that they can
156:37 in in the Konate water and concentrate then become cements. And this is
156:46 a thin section showing you some of stages of of the things that can
156:58 with burial and you can get some desks that turns into smoke tight rims
157:04 then chlorate rims and you hydrochloride and you get the poor that's completely filled
157:10 here you can see some quartz which takes a good burial depth to
157:16 to two for that to start And so there's a lot going on
157:21 this section. Just just an example many different ways these courts grains that
157:27 here like this one right here are getting these different types of rims and
157:36 and and other things that are the is the porosity. So you can
157:42 as any of these courts overgrowth ah I can't quite see that there's some
157:50 he'd rel things growing in here and things maybe smaller grains or whatnot be
157:59 compacted into the ferocity space support So you're losing a lot of stuff
158:04 time. And here is the types chemical sedimentary rocks. The limestone is
158:13 church, the assaults the church now The church unfortunately when you get below
158:22 ft many of them we'll go into . That form of course is more
158:32 to going into solution and that can a lot of cements and one of
158:42 one of the things diatoms for example kind of related to this uh this
158:49 of silica and At about 5000 ft depending on the geothermal gradient typically will
159:03 to dissolve and go into solution at same time. You start to see
159:07 lot of courts over gross and courts performing in in reservoirs. So a
159:16 of what we like to see in oil industry is is a sedimentary rock
159:21 to be charged. The love before goes below 5000 ft. And and
159:28 and then you can include the the you rich fluids from getting in there
159:35 creating cements and depositing them because when oil is in there and the fluids
159:40 get in uh that have the salutes them. You're not gonna get cemented
159:46 petroleum systems. Excuse me, reservoir and of course we have our favorite
159:54 and uh how many of you know trona is? Well, I can
160:04 you a story about trona. Uh we might want to move along,
160:10 I went to a train of mine in the Green River basin because we're
160:16 to, this is sort of in middle of the base. And and
160:20 is one of the precipitates that comes of, it's almost like the salt
160:26 a bicarbonate enriched lake system. And bicarbonate rich lake system ah by nature
160:37 the by carbon, carbon, it grabs calcium when it comes into the
160:45 and and it prevents calcium phosphate from . So phosphorus is allowed to stay
160:52 the system. So the mineral if you see big deposits of the
160:56 trona, you'll know that you're in lake basin that has a high propensity
161:02 the production of source rock material. simply because it's going to keep the
161:10 in the water column rather than precipitating out and bearing it. And you
161:18 what this is called? In in kitchen. This gets mind and big
161:28 . So people can put it in yellow boxes, baking powder, it's
161:38 soda, baking powder has baking soda it, but baking, it's it's
161:43 baking soda and Armand hammer knows all it. Mhm. Okay. Um
161:54 thing that composition doesn't have talked about a little bit, it adds to
161:59 us an idea of the source area the sediment. So we know where
162:01 source of the sediments are. We of know uh what kind of basin
162:08 might have down dip and again, mentioned that in conventional reservoirs and exploration
162:18 expedition, we look outside of the sometimes to figure out what's going to
162:22 in it. And that's particularly true it's plastic deposition, all systems.
162:28 it's carbonate deposition, all systems, doesn't have to be uh um extrinsic
162:38 the to the base of itself because in the basin. And so the
162:44 that actually forms the sediments in many in carbonate system are actually occurring right
162:49 in the basin itself. So that's big distinction between heterogeneous plastics and chemical
162:58 and biochemical sediments and uh the the can have an impact on what the
163:07 environment is and and also ah possible genetic trends if you have certain
163:19 heavy minerals and in different types of spars, you're definitely going to have
163:24 immature rock. And that immature rock going to likely have more issues in
163:30 of plays pathogenic plays and also different of rims and cement is forming on
163:41 grains inside your inside your pores and pore throats. So that can be
163:46 big issue and feldspar as can be you want to do an acid job
163:52 a um well, most of the they used reacts violently with certain felt
164:00 . It turns into a gel and will completely destroy your the formation all
164:10 a perforation and whatnot. If if you try to do an acid
164:13 with a lot of feldspar is in , in the rocks. Okay,
164:18 is just looking at ferocity based on and depth and for all things with
164:29 . This is a good general diagram give everyone an idea of how things
164:33 , but at the same time, not totally accurate. Uh, in
164:38 cases, there's there's many exceptions to of this, but in general,
164:46 , quartz grains, sand stones um going to be very, very resistant
164:53 less likely than something that would have in it. That's not made out
164:58 courts. And so some of these empathic and lipstick sand stones are going
165:06 have other types of minerals in them that are more amenable to breaking down
165:15 turning into two author jenny clays and um and different types of cement and
165:26 felt empathic ones are pretty bad. the lipstick ones are going to have
165:30 spars and a lot of other things could be worse. And the lipstick
165:34 are less broken down. So you're have a wider variety. I think
165:39 sizes. So the sorting would probably to be a little bit more variable
165:45 , sandstone than it would be. pathetic. But again, the best
165:51 going is quartz, sand stones and one of the things to realize is
166:02 of course this is all compaction. you can get in carbonate, you
166:09 get early dia genesis. But in these classics you get compaction indeed what
166:16 going on? And you get, would guess probably somewhere around here,
166:22 start to get a lot more compaction above here. Um and the depth
166:28 be even less, but on continental . I've also noticed time has an
166:34 on this too, not just um just the thickness of the section because
166:42 lot of, a lot of Colonel , I've looked at the uh
166:50 One of the things that happens is becomes dramatic in the middle, about
166:54 middle of somewhere in the lower in middle of mice, if you have
166:58 nice continuous section on a continental And but anyway, you get a
167:04 of the watering going on there and you start getting cements and uh and
167:09 course you're getting that compaction rearranges the and but the courts, sandstone is
167:14 best and as you change the composition let to less and less mature,
167:20 is more mature in the sense that the physical weathering and the chemical weathering
167:26 gotten rid of almost everything except for courts. And uh and what you
167:32 up with in a nice chorzow sandstone , is nothing but this court
167:40 But one of the things that we in some other research is that the
167:44 of the court's grains can reflect the Elif from which they came. And
167:51 some, in a study we I did with some other folks at
167:54 Carolina. We are we were able show that courts coming in from the
168:05 was was a big part of the in charleston harbor in terms of their
168:11 , that was costing them millions of to, to dredge over a
168:15 And I'll show you a little bit that in the future. Whereas this
168:20 these sandstone still while they're being you can still break down into cement
168:28 different types of pathogenic plays. And , and these are even more susceptible
168:35 that because they're even less uh broken from chemical and physical weather. And
168:44 , you've seen this diagram as as we come from uh, granite
168:51 up land and work across the Piedmont down to the coastal plain. These
168:56 are breaking down in terms of feldspar from this granite and from the Metamorphic
169:01 Volcanic six, we're getting these gray to sub gray wah keys to something
169:06 would call uh court sarah Knight in case. And you end up with
169:11 the courts particles and of course this , of course there are the ash
169:19 as tough as the the lift ified of the aspect. Okay, so
169:28 terms of looking at sources this is study that we did and uh I
169:34 it's a little bit early but you look like you're getting restless and I'm
169:37 really tired and I don't want to this and injustice because I have a
169:43 of things talking about um looking at spectral gamma logs and determine the source
169:54 the sands and in this a G. Field which is a really
170:00 oil producer in the Caspian sea. uh and then later on I want
170:07 talk about some of this other stuff I was alluding to. But here
170:13 something in charleston harbor where we talk brain grain shape analysis and how it
170:18 used to help us clear up a that the Corps of Engineers had trying
170:23 figure out where the sand was coming that they kept dredging. And they
170:29 had a big water project to re the source of a lot of this
170:35 because they thought it was bringing silt it was actually bringing silty clays but
170:39 was actually bringing mostly sands and You're really looking tired. Mm
170:48 And uh I hope I don't look hope I don't look as bad as
170:52 feel but I feel horrible right now . But but anyway I I think
170:59 since this is the first weekend we'll to take a break, we've we've
171:03 a long break and it's ah four yesterday was extremely traumatic to me and
171:11 and the first four hours here today barely, I barely noticed it.
171:17 this this eight hour thing it takes guys a while to acclimate to
171:20 doesn't it? Yeah so if if don't mind, well maybe we'll stretch
171:26 lecture a few minutes longer. We've , if we look at four hour
171:33 we've got seven more four hour slots can add, had a little bit
171:37 time to each one of those and up with all this stuff. But
171:43 is kind of interesting stuff and I want to explain it to you while
171:45 tired and I don't want you to to try to listen to it when
171:51 tired. It's it's these are kind interesting in different studies and uh and
171:58 when you pointed out the issue of up in the Alleghenies were up in
172:05 part of the world, I did up in Virginia but but to me
172:10 when you work in a company and come up with a problem like that
172:14 the that can be kind of a bit of a setback. You know
172:19 people that go in and figure that , those are the best problems in
172:22 world to work on because if you help figure something like that out.
172:28 you you you are definitely making a to your company and you don't have
172:33 feel guilty that they're paying you an amount of money and those are the
172:40 of jobs I always liked and all right. I thought when Amoco
172:47 me to the Lancastrian Basin project to in charge of it, uh,
172:53 that I had never had a class lake basins, um, I thought
172:58 were trying to get rid of So I just worked really hard and
173:02 turned out to be one of the projects ever. And, and,
173:07 uh, you know, it's it's, it really makes you feel
173:10 when you do something that it was problem. People resisted working on it
173:16 it was a real problem and you the opportunity to work on it and
173:20 solve that problem. And it helps have good people to work with too
173:25 you can't do anything on your own an oil company. But, but
173:30 , I really appreciate your attention up this point. I think, I
173:33 , I don't want to stretch it longer because I am starting to feel
173:40 a lot weaker than I look. hope. I don't look this
173:46 And uh, and like I these, I think these are some
173:49 neat things to talk about and I to have my, my personal energy
173:56 to, to kind of drawing your over these topics to because I think
174:03 , they're really interesting. So I will let you go now and
174:06 hope, I hope you're getting something of this. I am trying to
174:11 through the fundamentals to get to. when we start talking about actually finding
174:15 and gas, it'll all start fitting place and uh and once we start
174:21 at oil tools and start doing things will be a little bit
174:28 And and let me ask you this , Did did everybody notice that I've
174:33 an exercise online? Yes, Okay. If you haven't noticed,
174:39 sure you take a look because it's think it's due sunday night and you
174:45 get it done now uh and turn in as you know, you don't
174:50 think of it as this is the you have your test. Think of
174:54 as I'm giving you this much time figure out what your time schedule is
174:59 get it done somewhere in there. shouldn't take too long to do if
175:03 it takes you a long time to , you're working too hard at
175:06 Okay, so have a good rest your weekend. I'm going to enjoy
175:14 uh my 45th anniversary by going to I think and uh and falling
175:23 but well I'm sure I'll do something tomorrow. So you guys have a
175:29 rest of your weekend and thank you for your attention. Thank you
175:35 Bye
-
+