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00:35 do you? No. Yeah. . Oh, move sure.

01:18 Yeah. Mhm. Uh huh. . Right. Can you go ahead

01:35 put your name here? Yeah. . Yeah. Yes. Yeah.

01:55 yes. Okay, address yeah. what into reset every time.

02:35 Yeah. Thank you. Yes. yeah. Yes. Listen.

03:15 Yeah. Thank you. That will . Yeah. Yeah. Yeah.

03:52 oh, came back. Yeah. . Mhm. Yeah. Mhm.

04:11 . Okay. Mhm. Good. . Mhm. Okay. Okay.

04:37 now? Uh Mhm. What's your ? What? Yes. Uh

05:37 Yeah. Mhm. Yeah. Okay. Yeah. I just

06:15 That's it. Uh huh. Uh . It's strange. Yeah. I

07:01 for uh Okay. Right. Did see the southwest country? So that's

07:12 yesterday and you know what have this great. Great. Yeah. Just

07:31 Yeah. Yeah. Okay. mm hmm. Mhm. Yeah.

08:06 huh. Okay. Sure. Really? Uh huh. Uh

08:44 Uh huh. Yes. Oh, problem. Oh, recently present?

09:03 ? Beautiful. Sorry? Yes. , mm. Yeah. Sure.

09:34 . Mm hmm. B Yeah. . Mm hmm. Yeah.

10:06 Okay. Okay. This program, impressed. Yeah. What?

10:18 yeah, that's it. Okay. . Right. Good morning.

10:45 It's changed a bit. Goodbye. . Mhm. Yeah. Well,

10:52 well. This is my last last . So About four years of professional

11:40 . Mhm. So I was looking somebody for me. Yes.

11:51 Yeah. Yeah. Mm hmm. , don't support houses we looked,

12:03 you can tickle their necks or Huh. People for doing, let

12:12 do a little bit rocky about. really about it. I mean it's

12:17 good chemistry course. My undergrad and with this sort of market street right

12:28 the beginning. Uh huh The what hell is this? Right.

12:47 yeah, yeah, yeah, Yes, that's right. Mhm.

13:07 ? I just didn't want to Yes. Mhm. I'm interested in

13:14 letter. Why don't you? right, mm hmm. Yeah.

13:33 you're right. Yeah. Uh I didn't put it all together,

13:50 . Yeah. Mm hmm. Yeah, I can put in place

14:00 the right. All right. Uh . Mhm. People okay. Not

14:31 how to move the stage, I that's me. Okay. Um,

14:39 let you, I couldn't change. , Children, Children. Uh

14:51 Mm hmm. And you're fine. 2 90 10 people discuss is so

15:08 . Mm That uh, excuse you All right. Um, okay.

15:25 in case you're wondering uh huh The uh, you hear, um,

15:38 two surplus opening new languages. So anybody is I didn't want to miss

15:48 dead when I have a quick So I want you to understand one

15:59 the things that I see. answer the questions. I don't to

16:08 about every question that I ask most my questions and a simple basic

16:14 but right. Mhm understand. So can answer. Uh huh uh I

16:29 to elaborate a free of this. can see for yourselves here. Hopefully

16:34 gonna be a good class or Okay, suitable. Yeah. He

16:43 attention to what I sing and listen me is that you can learn.

16:59 how do I know? So let me go. Oh There are

17:08 very weird books as we do to should and in the library it's the

17:22 yeah but they're very terrific. Two could in your opinion. So I

17:34 to acquire or have access to uh nazis. So and the exact text

17:42 with all information and occurrence. I want you to uh read the book

17:51 the classical book by john Hunt. really gentle history and geology. Who

17:58 kind of carve out your chemistry but really part of the geological uh

18:06 artistic geology knowledge. So uh to a good geologist, every good geologist

18:15 be familiar with the language and Quality of petroleum chemistry should be one

18:23 your touristic to do your big league activities. Okay, there are some

18:36 which I want everyone to be familiar . Um the first one I want

18:45 to read. You have you have don't have that list. So you

18:50 want to write it. You know your mind throwing system from social trap

18:57 Liz mccune And they're worried out. huh. It's a very comprehensive pieces

19:12 before the new chemistry. Simple You must have must really must

19:25 What is condenser then I want you be familiar with the paper by the

19:31 High Zynga. It's published in the PG bulletin. Uh huh 91 Genetic

19:41 of petroleum assistance classification. Petroleum The next paper I want everybody to

19:51 familiar with is everybody is someone here environments and all sorts big terraces is

20:00 fundamental treaties in these subjects. Um one. Organic fishies strata, graphic

20:12 and exploration tool by jones and uh Jamison both chevron graduates if you

20:22 Uh huh. It's published in the of the Council on Petroleum and Energy

20:27 I think I may uh I may it to everybody so that you have

20:36 your library um the term geochemical Can somebody tell me what you think

20:50 title means? Geochemical inversion. Are your eyes product from the from

21:04 chemistry of the produced oil and Yeah, she came from english.

21:10 inverting yeah. The properties of the oil or the gas too. Where

21:21 came from. Okay. I actually that. Yeah, it's these

21:38 You know what forward, what's this ? Different. Mhm. Uh

21:55 Thank you so much. Um that is infecting that you what what

22:04 have is not so strong. That's . Uh Oh, but anything

22:18 Each from which the key you invert on the chemistry of the Yeah.

22:36 physics? Yeah, actually right to Iraq's Okay, acknowledge back to traits

22:56 in darkness because she didn't want Thank you two. All right.

23:10 Okay, we're going to spend a bit of time on organic photography,

23:15 photography. You know what photography It's knowing something about drugs, the

23:22 and so on. Organic photography is something about the organic material that makes

23:30 the oil or the gas. Um paper is kind of old is published

23:43 way back in 1981, but it's but it's it summary of this course

23:52 and and it takes you very, simple terms through the language, through

23:59 methodology that we use in our business geo chemists as a practicing geologists.

24:11 , um our objective Are very Number one provide you an understanding of

24:18 language and the technology. Organic geochemistry you an appreciation of the potentials and

24:34 and limitations in essence, emphasizing that knowledge we gain is not complete in

24:47 of all the respect on obtaining Chemical, different organic Okay. Um

25:01 going to discuss skills and guidelines for , duplicate data as it relates to

25:11 petroleum generation migration and that delicious. gonna give you some introductions to predict

25:22 chemical models to interpret and extrapolate source attributes across regional scale. Um I'm

25:35 to introduce you to the petroleum system process because I do have a course

25:43 another semester where I go into the of petroleum system analysis. So in

25:50 course we're just going to get an into the concepts of petroleum system.

25:55 my analysis guidelines for reserve estimation because your objective. Your objective is to

26:03 geology and your chemistry to assess that's that's your job. Wherever you

26:12 to work, you're going to be the question how much reserve should I

26:17 in this play? And because once it gets into an entrapment site

26:28 changes. So we're going to try we'll give you some guidelines assessing the

26:35 and degree of petroleum operations. What alteration of petroleum? And what the

26:43 are when you imagine the attributes of petroleum? It is no longer,

26:52 it used to be when it was emplaced in the reservoir. Right?

27:00 The whole objective is mitigating exploration Yeah, probability of occurrence of producing

27:09 is a function of have you got charge? It can't be charged

27:16 You can you guess what charge Did you can't be charged? How

27:25 hydrocarbons are going to come into this ? Um And when in time did

27:37 come into the trap? Why is important? What? Why is timing

27:45 important, anybody? It's also believe me the chance to happen at

28:03 time. Right. All right. right. The trap has to be

28:11 place before subsidence allows for generation expansion migration of hydrocarbons. Mhm.

28:25 What? What? What? Because it wasn't there from the minute of

28:33 , then a fraction of the oil be generated is lost. Right?

28:39 the timing is critical, not only you need to know how much oil

28:45 generated from the source rock with these , but when it is hydrocarbons get

28:52 from the sauce truck into the Into the interaction inside. Something really

29:00 yesterday that along these lines about Mexico we look at a cross section,

29:06 very deep section of the gulf. these prospects around 60, start way

29:12 there up to generating oil for leather the last the flats in for the

29:20 . It's just now getting cooked Yeah, I always thought that are

29:27 there from where we are that close land and that's not how it

29:32 It's actually more sequentially what large church . The fourth visit it just

29:40 You got the will. Yeah, movement of the hydrocarbons is relatively quite

29:49 . It's surprisingly rapid. It is over geologic still time scale. It

29:58 quite track. Once the, once rocks get into the proper conditions for

30:07 of the Karajan into hydrocarbons, hydrocarbons expelled and they move relatively fast.

30:13 they move relatively fast and they work , is subjective, depends on many

30:21 . The angle reliability ferocity, all of the things that impact the rate

30:28 movement hydrocarbons from the expansion point into entrapment point. All right.

30:38 so petroleum system is actors for the from zero, or 0-1. Probably

30:46 hydrocarbon charged in proper timing accounts for of the um, necessary,

30:59 activity plumbing and re migration maybe doing probability, adequate reservoirs, 70%

31:11 I say .5 million, 50%. adequate trap geometry, meaning topsy lose

31:18 lateral seal. Was there 70%? when you multiply all these probabilities to

31:25 the probability of success, you will the probability is quite quite small.

31:33 this particular example, the probability of is going to be about 15%.

31:39 other words, There is a 15% that you find Patrick arguments in a

31:45 play because the conditions of generation expulsion entrapment are complex and each of them

31:56 has risk factors as cheated with. the game is really a risk in

32:06 and you cannot, with any certainty I, my reserves in this play

32:15 gonna be so many million barrels, gonna say it is likely that my

32:21 are gonna be. So the key here is lightly rather than absolute certainty

32:30 this is what you're gonna find in any given exploration claims. Uh and

32:37 probability of success is quite small when think about it. So, the

32:46 objective is uh, problem system analysis assess the volume and character of hydrocarbons

32:54 for entrapment in the expression play, estimation of hydrocarbon charge. In other

33:02 , the type of hydrocarbons you expect the play and the volume of hydrocarbons

33:07 the play. Um you have to inferring or identifying migration pathways and you

33:15 to know what to expect in terms the quality of the accumulation that you

33:23 going to be investing money to exploit of sulfur content prediction of racks content

33:32 of Co two. Mhm comparison to a thing or what not and other

33:42 in the oil. And actually I so. What are the chances that

33:48 hydrocarbons are going to be contaminated with fir with wax with CO two and

33:56 contaminants. Ouch thank you. Why that important? Because sulfur compounds can

34:11 very various effects on the not only reason we're properties but on the production

34:23 and facilities that you're investing money Mhm Extradition process rex. You know

34:37 we're talking about when we talk about crudite, these are components in the

34:44 oil. They are normal para fist carbon, carbon, carbon carbon cheats

34:51 the oil. They can create havoc your economics because they cause big problems

35:01 the production facilities max green. Uh . To do your exploring and investing

35:14 producing natural gas instead you get And co two. That's guesses components.

35:26 have very little value. Okay um first statement in this slide effective petroleum

35:42 and must entail integration of all aspects geoscience. Good to chemists. He's

35:51 one that memorize these. The chemistry is one that understands the petroleum geology

36:04 the way. So uh classical geology physics will focus on the trap

36:13 trap capacity Luger. Um, and evaluation. These are the independent risk

36:25 in the base. They are independent each other christian permeability of the,

36:34 the reservoir is not dependent on feels not dependent on source rocks. Hello

36:46 petroleum systems until all those aspects and should be cognizant and familiar with the

36:57 we apply geological knowledge, do physical sometimes to our game of finding and

37:08 oil and gas header. Carbon charge and effective expulsion flew down dynamics.

37:16 shared risk factors for the entire These are the entire play is dependent

37:25 geochemical aspects. The prospect is So sharks are shared factors. So

37:35 a very critical enemy in your Most of us are from here with

37:42 exploration. I'm going go find a and assess its properties in terms of

37:50 instability. What's missing in our thinking died. Carbons that death trap

38:00 And how did these hydrocarbons end up there? And when did they end

38:05 being there? When in terms of to trap development. Great. So

38:13 charge source, ineffective function, fluid are the shared risk factor for entirely

38:21 risk depends on finding a trap and determining how high the probability that petroleum

38:29 migrated from the mature short shots into trap and that the petroleum has not

38:35 or being destroyed. Bye replacement Yeah. All right. So the

38:51 line here is the green disks in place you're going to have a lot

39:00 prospects. A lot of probability is success. Forgive me. I I

39:07 for this faltering during class. You , if I can turn it

39:20 Okay. Yeah. Okay. So yeah. Okay. Sorry guys,

39:31 do bed and chip, that's Yeah. All right, thank

39:37 Yes. So here is a situation happens to be from the North

39:46 Uh We have so many prospects. of them I'm going to have less

39:54 100 million barrels. Some of them gonna be having more than 100 million

39:58 . Why is this 100 critical? , it's not because our objective is

40:03 determine quantitatively how much hydrocarbons to but the magnitude of the reserves impacts

40:12 economics. And so it is important recognize those prospects in huge slew prospects

40:20 your play that are gonna be economically and you can do that by applying

40:27 the principles and concepts that we're going address in this course. Mhm.

40:46 , at the basin scale the Mhm. We depend on identifying areas

40:55 a basin where there are so reservoirs and traps. Those are the

41:02 elements it must be recognized, identified mapped out in your plane. Uh

41:11 prospects in those areas rank the prospects risk, risk is a volumetric thing

41:19 drill the best ones, then re others. Uh the risk factors will

41:34 hydrocarbon, charge social quality, use content carriage in time. Uh

41:44 Majority of the source struck migration pathways the play impressive words of course,

41:51 on ferocity, reliability, traps, on closure, that's the truck

41:58 feel trapping efficiency and of course the development of the trap relative to hydrocarbon

42:09 and migration. Okay, virtually intuitive . Creamy I'm screwed because I want

42:34 to be able to write down the if you want to. Okay,

42:53 back in 1958 Party, he uh sometimes we find oil in new

42:59 with all ideas. Sometimes we find in all places with new ideas

43:06 Um Right. But it is seldom we succeed in finding much oil in

43:15 places with an old idea. We exhausted the old ideas. Finding in

43:23 places. Um We keep saying we're out of oil when in reality we're

43:32 out of ideas to find I there's file, it's how we go about

43:39 for it. So what is the system and why do we care?

43:49 huh This is a cartoon, if will a dramatic expression of conventional conventional

44:01 system. The elements and the the elements of the petroleum system,

44:08 source carrier reservoir and see you. . Um we can look at the

44:25 graphic textural scale. Uh huh Uh . We can examine the rocks at

44:39 , you know, with ECM microscope or examined the content of the rocks

44:51 the molecular your scale. Should we from structural scale, all the way

45:01 molecular scale. We'll focus in this . On the molecular scale.

45:10 So the cooling system is defined as natural system that encompasses a part of

45:17 source trucks and its related oil and includes all the geologic elements and process

45:29 . So shock over virgin rock migration , it isn't Moira seal rock and

45:42 trap processes are for me, the entrapped, then the generation expansion process

45:58 , the migration process and treatment and process. Once the hydrocarbons have entered

46:09 a trap site, what happens to in that trap? So we need

46:16 assess the probability that preservation. It good and that alteration was minimal.

46:29 There is a lot of redundancy Petroleum system elements, source trucks,

46:35 rocks, reservoir rocks migration route, rocks and traps ferociously. Elements a

46:44 rock Iraq with abundant hydrocarbon prune organic . The key word here is hydrocarbon

46:50 or any matter President wanna rock the components. Our curiosity and humility.

46:59 don't need to define the term for . Gentlemen, ability. Everybody recognizes

47:06 those terms mean migration route avenues in rock through which oil and gas moves

47:12 the shortstop to the trap. C , the rock through which oil and

47:16 cannot move effectively, mud stones, stones, gypsum soul type here.

47:22 kind of stuff. It's that is structural and strata, graphic configuration that

47:30 is oil and gas into an The key word here is focus the

47:40 of the oil and gas into an relation. Uh Okay, okay,

48:00 dwell a little bit on the terms are key terms in the petroleum systems

48:08 generation burial of salt trucks to temperatures pressures sufficient to convert organic matter into

48:16 in volumes that exceed the retention capacity organic inorganic matrix. In other

48:24 I'm emphasizing here the inefficiency of those to release their hydro carrots.

48:37 so there is of the social temperatures pressures sufficient to convert the organic matter

48:43 hydrocarbons in volumes that exceed the retention of the organic and inorganic matri's organic

48:53 itself is anything to if factor drugs attentive factors. Okay. And we

49:03 to the term expulsion culture. Is accumulation of generations. Hydrocarbons within social

49:11 spaces, influences that cause excessive pore to develop beyond the little static pressure

49:20 resulting in catastrophic crop failure structure, , the stability augmentation and flush hydrocarbon

49:29 into the carrier system. Mhm keith is different from expulsion migration is the

49:48 of the hand, the car through reservoir towards and into the trap

50:06 By definition is volume hydrocarbons migrating into trap faster than the trap leaks and

50:16 the hydrocarbons coming in are more than carbon is going out. You'll end

50:23 with the next generation system was very . Okay, preserve a issue.

50:42 going to cover that in detail as go through the course preservation implies that

50:52 there is no preservation then there is means the properties of the hydrocarbons are

50:57 to be changing in the reservoir alter what they were when the source

51:03 gave them off and hydrocarbons remain in reservoir altered by by degradation or water

51:13 . So here I'm introducing you to degradation. As the term implies bacterial

51:21 of the hydrocarbons. Water washed because petroleum hydrocarbons some of them are soluble

51:32 motor water flushing of the reservoir can up in reducing the reserves. Most

51:41 end up in altering the chemistry of currents. Of course. Critical timing

51:58 discuss that. Is that opportune time the grab when the reservoir and traps

52:10 already in place before the hydrocarbons come because hydrocarbons, our late in coming

52:19 the treatment side fraction of them is to be lost to blue sky.

52:28 . So the critical timing is transformation and during hydrocarbon migration. Help me

52:41 ? How old? That's a great . But chris brown that whatever is

52:49 there could be, why not? , no, great, no petroleum

53:01 all turned only if mature IQ water into the reservoir because it is the

53:11 of that water and and the content that water. If there is bacteria

53:17 the water is bringing into the The bacteria are gonna chew up on

53:22 certain fraction of the oil. It it will eat up. Sorry come

53:31 . Right basically this is a big you can stay there from polis OIC

53:38 to modern time. The reservoir and can be monitor social work. Maybe

53:45 OIC as long as the expulsion is the time when the trap and reservoir

53:52 in place so that any hydrocarbons being can be captured and pressure. Not

54:01 happens in the reservoir just by simply in there as a woman. It

54:08 what the reservoir can receive other than hydrocarbons. Did you recruit your reporter

54:19 . In two ways. No The water itself symbolizes certain components that

54:24 soluble in water and removes them. recorded brings in bacteria and bacteria like

54:35 and I we have preferences in what want to digest and they like to

54:43 the simple things. The street chain . So if your oil consists of

54:51 chain hydrocarbons, cyclic hydrocarbons And shoes 14's. They will take the normal

55:00 first. This is the most valuable of the oil. That's what the

55:06 like to chew on. They're They can digest them and they do

55:12 them up in preference to other components toys. Crude oil is a mixture

55:21 complex compounds. Some are starting with water. Some are nuts to report

55:31 in. It will tend to trick oil I think not the there certainly

55:43 we're going to spend quite a bit time on patrolling corporation in reservoirs towards

55:49 latter part of the course. Mhm. The key. Uh

55:57 Line in the slide is that critical is that we have to have a

56:03 that's in place before and during Yeah. Okay. So here I'm

56:17 the elements and the processes, the being sourced rocks, migration, avenue

56:23 that seals the process. Our migration, stagnation and preservation, timing

56:32 of all these elements is the critical to keep in mind. Okay,

56:43 understands the concept of timing. Okay. Um, okay, so

57:00 system can be, you find by aspects the generative subsystem in my aggression

57:10 subsystems, generative subsystem is critical part that is charge charge charge can be

57:24 in three ways. I have a system. I have a normally charge

57:31 or I have an undercharged. So is the quantity of hydrocarbons that are

57:38 for interest. 2nd element of migration drainage style. I have to be

57:46 that hydrocarbons are going to move either or laterally. Any trackman style,

57:57 high impedance, no impedance. My is very good ceiling situation you experience

58:06 not such an effective retardant to migration So the story um, system is

58:16 according to these qualifiers. Mm hmm . Mhm please. A low impedance

58:29 . Mm hmm. One with the are not, I don't have very

58:36 seals where the migration happened uh much early before the system was completely they're

58:50 place with all its elements. So are the risk factors seated with

59:04 Yeah. So we can define systems terms of associated reservoir source systems where

59:15 reservoir and the sources are intimately geometrically close to each other. The top

59:25 state in terms of our solar system see where the source and the reservoir

59:32 geometrically connected. This is stated as system such as the gulf of

59:40 You have the source like distinct and simply connected to the sfr probability of

59:58 are much higher in a disassociated reservoir system. Yeah. Yeah. When

60:10 think of false as avenues for we think that the hydrocarbon just come

60:17 the full plane and just look That's not really what happens migration of

60:28 . You ever circumstance requires availability, avenues, requires what the angle that

60:45 for buoyancy june help the hydrocarbons to in an upward fashion. Yeah,

60:57 showing a source system. Metacarpals are . They move uh huh. It's

61:09 . If you have full system that like this, I regard me to

61:17 simply up and then they change direction follow the tours of the, there's

61:26 choir. Okay. And since traps more like this than just simply like

61:38 , you can see the implications of migration direction and the implications or volumetric

61:45 on migration direction. Mhm. Why we care? We're trying to assess

62:00 quantify all these parameters because probability for critical cardinals are a function of charge

62:08 work seem trapped. No. Uh we take an example in the Wilcox

62:15 the central of Mexico, The the factors from 0 to 1 Probably hydrocarbon

62:24 and proper timing can account to The probability of adequate reservoirs can be

62:33 hi probably very trapped and seal can quite high. Um probability thing that

62:42 have, the right track geometry Can up to 50%. When you want

62:48 fly all those risk factors you have the probability of success To only about

62:59 . So the system is very, inefficient. Uh There are many software

63:07 out there um that geologists used to to the bottom line probability of success

63:17 it's that is that probability of success finding it as mass that's not taking

63:27 account probability of a certain following the . It's all volumes of reserves.

63:38 this large and then the chance probably is fighting what you've actually described.

63:45 just anything. Yes, when you that large, what do you mean

63:51 that large? That's strike capacity It can feed. It could

64:04 Yeah. and they say well then 22% chance that is this But there

64:12 be a 40% chance to attack that . That works. Not really.

64:17 . Each factor in the generation expulsion process is fitted with are not definitely

64:29 all probabilities. So to in order get the overall probability of success,

64:36 have to address the probability that each the components that are required to have

64:44 accumulation. Are there? If the of one of them is zero in

64:50 whole thing. Yes you pretty much I have a number by zero,

64:56 get zero. So you've got to all the parameters and give them probabilities

65:12 being there. Okay. So if can quantified the expected value of an

65:28 . M. P. Investment in of probability of discovery, totally expected

65:37 the price that you expect for the . That depends on the quality of

65:45 hydrocarbons. Um then you have to into account that you are investing a

65:56 of money in finding developing and operating . Then you have to recognize that

66:04 is a probability that you're going to a dry hole. And what are

66:09 costs of having such a dry So he bans all this out by

66:15 flying the discovery probability by the total reserves by the wellhead price. Did

66:22 could expect for your it's worse. subtract from it, finding and developing

66:29 , operating costs, All the costs doing a dry hole. All this

66:44 telling me is that it is never jazz that you'll find or even going

66:57 probabilistic rather than absolute terms the discovery please Right, they make up the

67:27 . The only thing I want to your mind is that you've got to

67:33 with every aspect and the probability of aspect. So I discovered probability,

67:42 hole probability. Then you have the total expected reserves. Well, head

67:51 , which depends very much on the quality. You have to remove the

67:59 of preaching that play. So discovery depends on petroleum generational migration.

68:11 How good are you at at assessing extent of petroleum generation and migration?

68:19 good are you at finding these Um in order to address totally expected

68:31 , you have to do quantities hydrocarbon and focused migration analysis. Well,

68:38 price depends on quality. They're off truly H two S content, carbon

68:49 content, nitrogen content, sulfur wax content, all these impact the

68:57 quality. Um then of course, got to factory, what are my

69:09 , where is my floor of my deserves? How deep can I go

69:16 infant or is it limited? Is definitely indicated. It is one

69:29 to say, I expect so many barrels of crude oil in this

69:35 Some other matter be finding if the . But for me, a connected

69:48 or in bunch of small accumulations, fluid connectivity assessment and zone and production

70:02 . Fight really well. And I many zones containing hydrocarbons. I'm gonna

70:07 the zones how much it's coming from of these zones. Um Then you

70:17 the problem of quality Elizabeth more salary definition souring means H two s.

70:27 . What are the chances that my we're going to have a lot of

70:33 two s in ink then? Um happens if I put natural guests into

70:45 reservoir to enhance the recovery? Enhanced can be by gas injection can be

70:55 water injection. What are these injection going to cause in terms of alteration

71:04 my resource? Um So we we do pre injection impact studies.

71:16 Yeah. Doing simulation work. If but natural guessing what do I expect

71:26 I put formation water, what do expect? If I could treat it

71:31 . Water, what should I Pre injection. In fact, studies

71:36 you are enhanced oil recovery can improve recovery operations. Then You've not got

71:54 . Once you have with the you've got to be able to defend

72:06 from those that will come after you saying you have caused it's Phil and

72:13 spill cause that much damage to my . You've got to be able to

72:22 whether this is your only how much it is your oil, how much

72:26 it somebody else's so forensic characterization of spills and the ability to monitor the

72:38 process. Well, that depends on Quality of the oil in 1st

72:47 Yeah, mm hmm. Sure. And you retreat what day elements?

73:04 elements of a petroleum system, but essential processes in petroleum system. Essential

73:10 of petroleum system hard. Petroleum so the volume of that source shock which

73:17 the area and thickness of that source . Then the organic enrichment with that

73:25 shock in terms of toc terms of to convert generation potential if you

73:35 can give you some clues as to much the reserves are going to

73:41 But you've got to know something about generation potential of these. So

73:50 We're going to know something about the type and petroleum products. Right.

73:58 to do something out level of thurman . In order to do the job

74:05 . You have to know something about everything wrong. There is a void

74:11 migration route and the three dimensional trap and the effectiveness of the seal rocks

74:22 order to do their job properly. have to know something about the essence

74:26 essential processes prison for transformation generation and process which are a function of thermal

74:37 of the organic matters. The the rate of generation of hydrocarbons from

74:44 given source struck under any given set conditions, rate of transformation according to

74:53 of hydrocarbon generation. They just Um and of course the migration

75:04 the accumulation process and the preservation process we're good but that's all of these

75:10 our course. Mhm I really covered . Um This is almost trivial geology

75:52 geophysics actresses trapped, recognition, track , reservoir properties. I call these

76:00 risk factors. They don't depend on other. Chemistry addresses petroleum supply composition

76:09 fluid dynamics, which is a shared factor in the entire plane. I

76:16 you to recognize the term independent risk and shared risk factors. Feet.

76:41 really? System analysis requires objective evaluation current effective traps. Nothing estimation of

76:50 capacity, structural analysis, determination of supply and mapping of migration patterns is

77:02 all these things that allow you to proper petroleum system analysis two so far

77:29 Hey, Yeah, okay, Talked about the conventional place. How

77:38 done conventions? Yeah. So conventional can be expressed in terms of or

77:47 Rayfield giant fields. Supergiant fields um structural accumulation meaning you have a an

77:59 line or closure of some volume with , oil and water. Yeah,

78:10 . You can have the conventional accumulation nothing but natural. Yes.

78:24 You can have convention strata graphic gas such as the one depicted here.

78:32 how long unconventional traps are sometimes called um traps with retained oil and

78:44 Conventional traps will have the guests water and oil leg and water

78:54 So oil and gas. He tracked water, unconventional tracks will be diffused

79:04 boundaries. No hydrocarbon motor contacts. buoyancy. Yeah, they can below

79:14 it's extreme ability. Uh huh. they require intimately associated short person reservoir

79:24 . They can be normally pressured. may not have an obvious sealer

79:33 Conventional trap will have a discrete geographic . Uh, delineated hydrocarbon water

79:40 their buoyancy, trapped hydrocarbon matrix, metric form ability. That is

79:47 they can be as stated in the sources of our assistance and all the

79:53 system elements and processes, processes including seals and traps have to be

80:02 Yeah. Okay truly system analysis is mass balance process. Um, you

80:21 to assist the residual like a carpet . So you need to understand uh

80:32 The shell gas concept and the gas and oil. The shale oil

80:38 . Um, in any play, going to have organic matter in the

80:48 trucks of that organic matter. A fraction can be fixed carbon inner components

80:57 are not going to participate in the process in any way. Uh,

81:02 going to have the inert components and convertible components convertible that region that is

81:15 of converting to hydrocarbons. Not all is convertible to hydrocarbons. Only a

81:24 of the character is convertible to So you've got to make that

81:29 Was a convertible hydrocarbons. Some of has been converted and therefore is available

81:40 entrapment. Some of it may not been converted. And so it is

81:46 in the form of character of the constitute hydrocarbons. Some of it is

81:55 un expelled oil and gas. Some it is expelled oil and gas of

82:02 expelled oil and gas, some of is retained in the carrier system.

82:07 of it is bill done by pest only a small fraction is strength.

82:12 the total hydrocarbon generation expects immigration. must be performed to assess how much

82:17 the total generated hydrocarbons are in conventional . How much escaped from the

82:23 right, aerodynamic flushing and she enriches how much remains. All right.

82:41 spend a little bit of time talking the fate of organic matter during

82:47 There is a lot of organic matter is being generated in the floating zone

82:54 a lot of organic man center is into the basin from rivers and streams

83:01 99% of the photo synthesized organic matter consumed by decay by die genesis.

83:11 already you can see that the system very, very inefficient. Mm.

83:19 very rare anoxic conditions, organic matter preserved. uh an upper limit of

83:30 4% of the total organic matter that being formed in the system is

83:40 That is because of my degradation trust is by degradation can continue even in

83:51 buried sediments themselves. Um, at much lower rate for first by suffering

84:04 . Then buy back bicarbonate using The very genesis. So the suffering

84:12 bacteria's Children behind the back carbon introducing is gonna chew on the hydrocarbons,

84:20 rise to the standard genesis. Sometimes methane is trapped includes species. Sometimes

84:29 forms hydrates? Methane complex is with water forming gas hydrates. It's uh

84:43 these hydrate become effective seals. Transitory that may be necessary to preserve the

84:53 that are being floored from early from to inform these transitory seals. That

85:03 has effective seals for the early generated card fees. Yeah, so there

85:20 two simple concepts that I want to able to remember patrolling generation is a

85:29 of variant die genesis of organic rich expulsion is a consequence of oil

85:43 I do carvings exist in sediments from sediments to ancient sediments. The difference

85:51 modern settlements in the models. It contain compounds that are not commercially

86:00 Ancient sediments will contain hydrocarbons that are generated and expelled from the socials.

86:09 oil expulsion is a consequence of oil . Hydrocarbons are not going to be

86:15 how to the source rocks until there adequate quantities to overcome their attention capacity

86:20 the substance. The retention capacity of matter itself. So, oil expansion

86:26 a consequence of oil generation. don't try to plant. I

86:40 Does everybody recognize what they're trying to me? Organic components. I was

86:53 that are um in the Growing in 14th round it's our flutters to the

87:04 water. Try to plant try to sunlight. Plankton means flutters. These

87:15 organisms that are floating that are forming photosynthesis. Try to play is there

87:24 Doctor Nous? There's just a lot tennis. The doctor is organic matter

87:30 organic matter that's formed in place. . Organic matter is organic matter that

87:37 brought in to the opposition environment. for two seats, this needs to

87:45 to us. Organic matter, drainage off determines deadlocked in this organic

88:02 Let's also remember the term organic carbon accumulation. Right, what source mint

88:16 ? Yeah, we're going to distinguish the potential. So shock and

88:21 So struck and exhausted. So struck non so shock An answer. Shock

88:28 one that doesn't have adequate quantities of matter to become so struck in the

88:34 place. Destructs that are not enrich material for the social islam that has

88:52 matter that is capable of being converted hydrocarbons. That's a potential source and

88:59 . So shock is one that can shown to have generated and expelled hydrocarbons

89:08 exhausted social means it is those source that were once upon a time point

89:17 reach, but a lot of the generation capacity has been expected already.

89:26 optimism social announcer strokes of course are rocks the don't have any organic matter

89:34 the first place. The turmoil shape information. Corado is an oil

89:50 It's in the geologic information consisting of the minerals and a lot of organic

89:58 . Karajan not forgetting why is We can sum times exploit oil shales

90:10 these scooping them out and reporting them the laboratory artificially we can exploit source

90:20 by putting heaters in the ground and the social in place and creating hydro

90:30 in place artificially. That process exists colorado. We have lots of short

90:42 that have not generated and spilled out coverage. But they are ready to

90:46 an experience if I induce it in . These are only chance student to

90:59 73. Uh, I'm putting page . In fact, you don't have

91:07 book and Mhm. So work with on making sure that they get the

91:18 suits keep. Not today, but the week. So, um,

91:32 is consistent of hydrocarbons meaning compounds containing and hydrogen. Mm hmm. In

91:46 given fool, hydrocarbons are compounds continue and hydrogen only truly consistent hydrocarbons plus

91:59 hydrocarbons. Okay, compounds containing carbon hydrogen compounds containing carbon, hydrogen,

92:11 , sulfur and oxygen, then Okay, natural guests. It's a

92:21 of these hydrocarbons in the gaseous phase are also a phase. These are

92:34 that occurred as vapors in the subsurface condensed into liquids at the surface.

92:42 have natural gas which is simply Hydro governments condensates, those hydrocarbons that

92:50 as vapor facing the subsurface and condense liquids at the surface crude oil is

92:59 is that existed. It's a liquid the subsurface and liquid at the

93:05 Okay, The terms the terms sour by implication means sulfur rich crude

93:16 sweet cruise, sour crudes and Sweet . You don't want to be testing

93:21 to see if the suburbs. Sweet simply know that Sweet cruise by definition

93:27 crude oils with that are not enriched sulfur compounds depleted cell. Fair

93:39 It's our guests in much the same sour gas consists of hydrocarbons, but

93:45 cases plus non hydrocarbon gasses meaning Two S. +02 except bye,

93:56 gas. By definition bacterial contamination, can accumulate biogenic gas accumulations. These

94:22 strictly of methane because there informed by bacteria in essence forming methane. If

94:35 are means by which you can because and you end up biogenic gas

94:46 A unique in the sense that they only of methane and that methane is

94:56 I just optically distinct from Thermo genic . Hygienic method Will consist of CH

95:08 molecules but these molecules are formed by transpiration of bacteria if you will.

95:20 , kidding. Yes. Yeah. . It's really remember petroleum products.

95:34 you have heard the term light you've heard the term medium cruise.

95:39 may have heard heavy cruise, you have heard the term have very heavy

95:50 . The definition of these terms depends the gravity on the density of the

95:58 mixture Like roots. Are those that the gravity's of 38° density can be

96:10 in FBI terms and can be expressed a P. I decrease. So

96:18 crew's we haven't hit the high gravity more than 58° Medium proves the crude

96:25 with 38 increase. Have you meant ? Yeah. Uh, by gravity's

96:35 more than 38 In Greece. Heavy more than 29°. Very heavy. Food

96:43 FIB gravity's of 8.5° or lower. can describe the density of the crude

96:57 in terms of the gravity, which very much on the complete position.

97:07 , hydrocarbon accumulation. If we did temple of crude oil and distillate in

97:22 laboratory, we're going to get boiling boiling fractions. Those fractions that boiled

97:30 temperatures less than 100 C. I'm to call them light gets really infraction

97:39 night Cassidy infraction, that fraction of oil 300° and 200°. The lesser fraction

97:52 track Action points between courtesy. Between Police and 304 decrease. 330°. Perhaps

98:04 and Gasoline do I stuff you could lubricating your car Boils between 320° to

98:19 That's lou boy, The residue is boiling Higher temperatures than 400°C. So I

98:31 take it a barrel of crude oil distillate into the light gasoline's the nafta

98:39 kerosene and gasoline. Gas oil. lube oil and the residue by distilling

98:46 in the laboratory. To these No, I can describe my crude

98:58 composition by the compounds that makes it I can have the liquids, I

99:08 have the condensates and the guests are different. Find natural gas as those

99:15 mixture containing methane all the way to maintain and then Enter five. Come

99:26 , I can define the condensates as molecules containing four carbon atoms to 10

99:32 atoms. These are condensates. They will have given boiling point range in

99:41 boiling point of beating the boiling point decade. You came Ben gay and

99:58 update. No nie obtain no name to those things. Those are pulling

100:12 of these different components. The conferences have molecules with four carbon atoms to

100:20 carbon atoms and therefore boiling points between boiling point of until the public public

100:26 of decades crude oil then will be boiling higher than seton can be in

100:38 form as hydrocarbons. By definition hydrocarbons carbon and hydrogen only. Yeah for

100:48 hydrocarbons, hydrocarbons, carbon hydrogen plus doing sulfur and oxygen bearing compounds.

100:56 can be in the form of aromatic or saturated components Sitit components can be

101:08 normal para fits three chain compounds. I saw or branch components or the

101:15 glue. So normal person should be carbon. Carbon carbon carbon carbon party

101:25 support eventually carbon carbon carbon branch the would be the cycle components. Carbon

101:43 carbon carbon carbon insight click forms. can be five member dreams. They

101:48 be six member dreams or there can multiple brings. So maxie mm not

101:57 components. Right. Uh, so normal para fits the icing parabens in

102:07 cyclo paraphrase or nothin is we sometimes to them. Have you heard the

102:14 before? She knows what these are about. The young lady in the

102:26 some of them she heard office. . Yeah. Is this clear?

102:40 can also character characterized And describe the oil by their Sarah content or the

102:50 1? Sarah implying saturates aromatics reasons that's from antiquity. And these saturates

103:00 be the the normal parabens dyes or and then have these. So it

103:06 a crude oil separated into the saturates . The resin is um, that's

103:10 teens with the saturates be separated into normal para fins, ice operations and

103:16 Athens I have a lot of redundancy but Okay, okay. And he

103:25 to you, okay, sarah and group types for example in this west

103:33 , crude, 33 degree high gravity would be the saturates The aromatics the

103:42 , that's 14 in this particular That's accurate. Make up 44% of

103:47 crude aromatics makes up 31% of the . The resident makes up 11% of

103:52 S, 14's and and uh, components for the forms, 14% of

103:59 crew. Okay, so colloids can quite variable. They don't necessarily have

104:05 have that solution but they can be of that distribution saturates can also have

104:15 normal better please the parents and the 36%. 52%. But they can

104:23 quite variable from that distribution. Okay. Okay. Well to something

104:40 hope won't insult you too much. simplest organic molecules is smithy.

104:52 Yeah. Let's see. This is compound containing one carbon atom and four

104:59 atoms. It has a structure. carbon and hydrogen are distributed in a

105:10 specific she and science. The carbon bonds Are about one angstrom in

105:24 The angle Between all these bonds is No so it's a very definitive

105:39 Has this composition CH four. And angle between the carbon hydrogen bonds Is

105:47 of nine. The length of the between the carbon and hydrogen is very

105:52 . It's 1.1 extra. It's the Ganic Malik. Okay, so the

106:07 This compound is methane CH four probably just simply write it as c.

106:14 If I 51 years before that it's three other types. The normal tariff

106:23 . Normal street chain parasitic compounds examples the normal painting five Carbon atoms in

106:33 chain. She three ch two ch ch to the three five Carbon Hatton's

106:42 the chain C. N. H N plus two. So C5 H

106:49 c six et cetera. Okay. . Super officials and branched components for

106:59 I supreme team. So you have carbon atoms in the structure with one

107:05 those carbon atoms in a branch. we name that compound. two methods

107:15 beauty for carbon atoms in a chain and the branch in position to two

107:31 beauty. Everybody looking nice at this . Later guys, it's I so

107:43 with a method branch in position to can call it to methane butane.

107:54 they named it. Uh I saw . It's a nice summer of

108:03 So Containment and I Simmer 20. US Supreme droids are a group of

108:13 consisting of these elements. These links isil contained links. So here is

108:22 compound called fighting your hands slink stink link and this link. So you

108:31 that as a paranoid link repeated four for me. Fighting key. The

108:44 is exactly the same. Except it one less carbon. Okay. And

108:58 seems her cyclo oh exactly. Compound of them is cyclo taxi. Each

109:11 is satisfied with four valances in the of two hydrogen and then the valances

109:18 are shared between the carbon patterns. this is cyclone vaccine. six Carbon

109:27 the same site click for me and the complement of hydrogen around it and

109:35 saturated. Every carbon atom is saturated either hydrogen atoms or other metal

109:46 I can have a psychic structure but an unsaturated structure. Camera's not every

109:55 . An atom is satisfied with four insists, yeah, lacking hydrogen.

110:02 the electrons are shared Between these two hatton forming these double bonds. So

110:10 is an aromatic structure. This is structure. This is psychedelic scene.

110:18 is benzene energy electrons are shared with the carbon. Whereas we draw it

110:32 as if it's a double bond. reality it's an electron cloud that is

110:39 inside that structure. It's a meeting this structure. You can do it

110:50 at any given instant in time it have is shared electrons in this

111:00 We drew it as we draw this vaccine simply ring. We draw this

111:07 Ben Z. Because of this right? We can have of

111:15 mixtures of these rings together with these forming this kind of structures, psych

111:25 . Benzene and this would be in aromatic compound called tetra hydro nasally.

111:34 it's a national in because there's these rings and there is hydrogen in position

111:42 and four. There's extra hydrogen to the solution of electrons in that

111:52 1, 2, 3, Tetra hydro Jocelyn is a two heck

112:01 structures fused together with these bonds. shown in this drawing. So methane

112:13 be referred to as C1, carbon hydrogen. A. Sane referred to

112:19 C two. To correct propane. you're to a caesar three, I

112:30 be retained If it is I see , Surely his chain of three carbon

112:38 with one of these programs having a stuck to it. In this case

112:44 the branch stuck to the middle carbon if I put it anywhere else is

112:50 to be a normal para fill of chain length. Right? Yeah.

113:01 term guest witness term guests witness. heard the term dry guests. You're

113:11 with gas. Yes dr guess would mm hmm compound or a mixture of

113:26 consisting of you see I think Praveen . If I have methane,

113:41 propane, butane and I have I the amount of C two C three

113:51 forest. Oh and seafood divided by um amount of hydrocarbons I guess guess

113:59 . I describe that gas mixture in of witness say this is weakest when

114:06 is dry gas depending on the ratio could you see nothing in that

114:19 Sure nothing is in propane. Normal is a beating maintain ISA pain

114:32 So painting is five carbon atoms in chain and straight chain normal as contained

114:39 the branched carbon. All of this carbon chain or two branches in this

114:50 change. So three carbon atoms in chain with without groups connected to the

114:58 . Carbon net new guilty. So B 1717 you being paid nothing's um

115:14 components so you can have secular painting missile cycle painting, she went to

115:24 , miss outside to painting it's cyclo just like this one where we took

115:30 of the hydrogen and replace it with method group in position one methane cyclo

115:41 . This is die missile cyclo See the two national groups. This

115:50 like a vaccine. Missile cyclo Very simple. Die missile site takes

115:59 position one and position too because I have dimethyl cycle extent but with the

116:05 groups not adjacent like that, but anywhere in the structure. Great.

116:15 I call this 12 diamonds outside. saying what if I were to place

116:19 method group in this position? Can volunteer to tell me what would that

116:25 named as? Can you name the that has a method group here in

116:36 method group here. And another structure has a method group here. And

116:41 method group here. Mm hmm. , no, no. Did I

116:52 three methyl groups. I see two groups but placed in different locations on

117:01 structure. That's it. It's So of course, but this is

117:10 dot amazon right Position one position I mean I can have one

117:18 I can have him if I grew here instead of here, what would

117:21 call that? This is one to midnight. If I had one here

117:27 one here, what what would I that 1? three Diamonds.

117:34 That makes it All right. If had the method group here instead of

117:41 . Why what would I call that ? Wow 123, 4 time

117:57 exactly, pixie, simple nomenclature. questions on that? Okay. I

118:12 also have structures where I have to fused together. This company is called

118:21 in, but I can call it else. I can call it guy

118:28 hydro nationally Because gasoline is two rings , with the situation in them.

118:36 when they are saturated, I call deca hydro Natalie. So afternoon would

118:42 two benzene rings fused together with lots situation. But when they're saturated,

118:50 call them deca hydro history. So is Kathleen when I hands. Uh

119:14 . Okay. So this is Ben . Remember this is double bond,

119:23 is the double bond and this is bond. Yes. Oh,

119:30 sorry guys. Yeah. Okay. glad you reminded me because I can

119:38

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