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BIOL 3324 Human Physiology - 3324_lecture21_1111
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00:01 everybody eat lunch one. Okay. gonna make you hungry. Sounds like
00:11 microphone is way too high. There go. Okay guys, here we
00:21 . Can you guys hear me Okay. Not. Okay.
00:26 They're okay. All right. The I ask that question is whenever we
00:30 the digestion lectures, we all get . All right. So, we're
00:33 gonna go ahead and set the stage real quick. When I say set
00:36 stage, we're going to talk about meal. Alright. That meal has
00:40 have everything in it that you expect a meal. I'm not talking to
00:44 meal. I'm just saying a All right. So, I want
00:46 to picture for moments a double All right. Big half pound patties
00:54 the Okay. Big old melted Three years. Who are lactose intolerant
00:59 ? I'm so very, very This is gonna be a very sad
01:02 for you. We got bacon for of you who are? Hello.
01:05 about that. All right. I bacon on my cheeseburger. Okay.
01:10 manet's They got mustard. I got . I got ketchup. I got
01:14 , got onions. I don't like so there, you know, tomatoes
01:17 there. But there are whole I'm gonna grill them, but I
01:21 my grilled hot pants so far. good. Can you picture that stuff
01:26 out the sides? Okay. On side. I got fries. Not
01:33 fries. Real fries. Right, fried. You know parboiled once
01:40 Once fried twice? Take them out we should put on them. Let's
01:43 you and um No. Yes. . Yes. No. Salt.
01:47 it. We just want salt. don't want we don't want chili cheese
01:51 them. Large catch up. We ketchup on the side. That's
01:56 I'm not going to catch up. want to catch up. Well,
01:59 tomatoes. I don't like ketchup like . I'm a real weird person.
02:03 right. We got our fries and course, because Well, we're
02:08 We're gonna get ourselves a double thick . All right. I think chocolates
02:15 . At work? Or do we to have cookies and cream? I
02:19 cookies and cream. Alright. Got cookies and cream, you know?
02:22 I'm talking about that double. And that means they've got the thing on
02:25 side so you can keep filling it . All right. That's our meal
02:30 . We're going to figure out how turn that into the things our body
02:35 . All right. And so when talk about digestion, I want to
02:40 on that food. So, I you to think about taking that big
02:43 double bite, you know? And taking the fries and long and sucking
02:49 all down because that's how we Right. Another is dainty stuff with
02:54 and knives were hawking it down. you're looking at me like no,
02:58 not how I eat today. That's you're eating. Okay. Now our
03:02 point here is just structure. Just we understand each other. Right?
03:06 digestive system is a tract. So means we begin at a point and
03:10 end at a point. All It's a tunnel through our body.
03:13 are donuts. Okay. So there's a hole that begins at our mouth
03:19 ends at our anus. All If I could stand up here and
03:22 it was a straight line like that you can see, let me be
03:25 doughnut, you're like, what? , it's a tube through my
03:31 It's not inside my body. It's the outside of my body. The
03:34 involved include the oral cavity, that's mouth and pharynx down to the esophagus
03:39 the esophagus to the stomach. That's we're gonna stop today. We're gonna
03:42 with the small intestine. Large intestine , but it goes small intestine,
03:45 intestine, and the parts of small include the duodenum, the genome and
03:49 ilium. When you get down to large intestine, we have to seek
03:52 in the column and then ultimately down the rectum and then sitting off to
03:55 side of the appendix. Yeah, useless. We like to think I
03:59 have one. Mine ruptured when I in sixth grade, I was at
04:03 camp. If I had been at I would be dead because my mom
04:06 it was a hypochondriac. It's you , you're just a stomachache. Don't
04:10 about it camp is a little bit . They're like, oh man.
04:13 in pain and he has horrible, diarrhea and he's dying and writhing on
04:18 floor. There must be something wrong him. Let's take him to the
04:21 to see what they say. All . Anyway, enough about my family
04:28 of the track, we have some structures use include the salivary glands of
04:32 endocrine pancreas, which excludes the endocrine . But it's the same structure.
04:37 pancreas is a large structure, but extra pancreas and the liver and the
04:40 bladder which are collectively called the liver the gall, Sorry, the biliary
04:45 and all of these structures are responsible us to take that wonderful. Excellent
04:51 meat cheese, bacon cheeseburger loaded without , the fries and that milkshake.
05:00 to pull from it the nutrients we to provide us the fuel and the
05:06 to make our bodies stronger and All right. So when we go
05:11 these, all we gotta do is the question, what's the mouth
05:13 What's the pharynx doing? What's the doing? What's the stomach doing?
05:16 the small test and doing, what's large intestine is doing? And then
05:19 done because we're basically moving from one or one structure to the next as
05:24 travel through the two. All So when you study this, you're
05:29 go, oh my God, he for two hours, but I can
05:31 this whole thing on one sheet of and I'm gonna label and name everything
05:34 it's not as hard as it makes out to be, I'm not making
05:38 that hard. You're gonna find it . The other thing you do,
05:41 you don't want to draw it you can literally create a matrix and
05:44 put those structures and you're gonna see are four basic functions that the digestive
05:49 is involved in. And you can assign and ask the question, What
05:52 each of these different functions in these organs? All right. So,
06:00 first thing I want to point out you is that the digestive system is
06:04 the body. All right. You me say that basically your doughnut,
06:07 the first thing we can do. are what you eat? You guys
06:10 donuts. I like donuts. Of I like donuts. I'm a
06:15 right? That's like definition. You a dad. You like donuts.
06:19 right. But yeah, there's so things. I like it. All
06:24 . So, I am a donut . I will draw it for
06:26 This is a doughnut notice with the what you have. You have a
06:31 that you can go through. And that mouth to anus is a hole
06:35 through your body. It's not into body. If it was into the
06:38 , there would be problems, So let's think about inside the body
06:43 outside the body. If I take , take that cheeseburger and put in
06:45 mouth. Does my immune system go ? No, but if I cut
06:49 hole in my side and stick that in and so it up is my
06:53 going to be a little upset about . Yes. Right. So I'm
06:58 exposed to the inside of my body my viscera. I'm kept within a
07:04 that goes through my body now to this other than just the immune
07:08 We got lots of microorganisms in I'm sure you guys have all taken
07:11 . I'd like to talk about the . That's like the really popular thing
07:14 has been for the last 10 years it's a good thing to know
07:17 Right. We have more bacteria in around us and on us we actually
07:23 Pigpen. You know big pin is . The peanuts character has a cloud
07:28 dust always around them. You have cloud of bacteria that are constantly surrounding
07:33 . Like Pigpen. They are literally orbit around your body. We're not
07:37 living on your surface. They are away from your body as well.
07:41 crazy. No. Sounds gross. should see what's living on your
07:49 All right. Yeah. The stuff lives in your eyebrows. These micro
07:53 and stuff that live on your dead . Yeah. So we don't worry
07:57 that because they're tiny and we can't them. Right? But you got
08:03 living on you if you take a and take a bug talking of bacterium
08:07 put it into your body proper. your immune system going to do?
08:12 . It's going after it. It's No, no, no,
08:14 no, no, no bacteria in body. Bad bacteria in the
08:17 Good bacteria on the surface of my . Okay. It makes me stink
08:21 little bit. That's where video comes . By the way. It's not
08:24 you think it's the bacteria in your consuming the stuff that you're creating that
08:28 the byproducts stink. So, if says you stink. No,
08:32 no. That's just my bacteria. huh. All right. The ph
08:39 your stomach is very very low. about a ph of two is roughly
08:43 the stomach is. Your body's ph closer to the 6.8. In some
08:48 , it's eight. Alright, surface your body is the same way ph
08:52 actually fairly low on the body. ? Well, things don't survive well
08:57 low ph environment. So, what do is try to kill things up
09:00 let's keep that ph a little bit . Most microorganisms don't like that.
09:05 . We also have enzymes that are inside the digestive system that break things
09:10 . If I put those same enzymes my body proper I am protein.
09:17 . I'm fat. I can't believe just said that. Yes.
09:21 no. I recognize I'm fat. said it. You didn't But you
09:25 it he's like yes, yes, is. I'm protein. I am
09:30 . I am nucleic acid. I carbs. I'm all these things.
09:36 who I am. I'm dr I'm standing before you as an
09:43 All right. That's what food Right. So, all these things
09:46 order for me to break down those things, I need those enzymes.
09:49 I take those same enzymes and put into my body proper it breaks me
09:54 . All right. If I take and put them on the surface of
09:56 skin of which I do, I DNA says, And RNA says to
10:00 all sorts of microorganisms on my All right. It doesn't eat me
10:05 . It just eats the stuff on surface of my body. Right?
10:08 so we have the sequestered environment where can then now deal with all of
10:13 stuff that makes up food proteins, lipids, or fats, right?
10:18 carbs and the nucleic acids. So is outside the body. But it's
10:26 controlled portion of outside the body. what we're trying to get at.
10:30 . There are a lot of mechanisms are going to regulate this is going
10:32 be done through the endocrine system. some parent action. There is some
10:37 mechanisms that play a role in regulating and when we digest things. All
10:42 . We also protect art body from stuff that we put in there,
10:45 have something that's called a gut associated tissue. And basically, if you
10:49 look at a section through the digestive , you know, you can see
10:53 my Lumineers, my tube and you see right there within the epithelium,
10:58 nodes of lymphatic tissue. Because the one way to get something into your
11:03 to kill you is through eating Right? I mean, we've talked
11:09 it already. I likely bringing it because I think it's just funny is
11:11 all live by the five second right? You drop something on the
11:16 , You look at it, go you eat it, Right? I'm
11:21 the only one. Don't look at like I'm some sort of freak.
11:24 know you guys do it too. . It's not like you take raw
11:28 and you know, it's like normal . Don't you do that? All
11:36 . You're at the fast food You see that french fry fall off
11:39 tray lands on the table. See some people are some people aren't
11:47 . Some of us. Some of know what are our immune systems do
11:52 ? Sometimes it depends on the restaurant who you see working there. You
11:55 for some horrible stories. You're never eat a restaurant ever again. All
12:02 . I mean, how many guys worked at at fast food restaurants.
12:07 right. But at a regular it's just as bad as a regular
12:09 , but even worse at a fast restaurant. Alright. So remember the
12:12 that they're trying to have higher for food restaurants or people who are basically
12:17 and primarily in high school, That's when you probably got your first
12:21 , right? And you went to at wherever Mcdonald's Wendy's whatever it,
12:26 doesn't matter. You can pick your . My best friend, he worked
12:29 water burger. The stories I heard other friend who worked at Mcdonald's,
12:33 frozen rats with the bags of fries just a little bit too much for
12:38 . I still eat them, but not going to eat. You
12:41 it's like you did take the rat throw it away, right? And
12:43 like, yes, yes, we . This is my favorite story.
12:46 read this one on cracked dot A guy who worked in the industry
12:49 he told this story. So, know, it's a little bit
12:51 but it's got to have some sense truth. He said he was working
12:54 an employee who was in there cleaning bathroom. You know how they check
12:57 off every 10 minutes. Like they've in there and cleaning. You looked
13:00 there, it's like you haven't cleaned sense of place was built,
13:03 But he went there and he was . So he was cleaning it with
13:05 rag right? Whatever, whatever he supposed to be clean with the
13:08 The manager comes in and says, need you to fill the milkshake
13:11 The guy wash his hand because that's it says, right? Go wash
13:14 hands. So he goes and fills machine. You've seen the Mcdonald's milkshake
13:18 are flat on the top, they the syrup junk in it. Look
13:22 gets all over the top so it that same or agony starts pushing the
13:26 . Yeah, we have immune systems . You worked in a restaurant,
13:37 know what they do in the You know, everyone here just understand
13:44 food has been touched by other people has fallen on the floor and they've
13:49 it back. They spat on it brought it back to you and
13:52 I hope this is better. Thank very much. They do this
13:56 I'm sorry. It's just you're acting this is news. People are people
14:03 lazy, right? And if they lazy, they would be doing incredible
14:08 and we'd all be living like kings queens and wondering why everyone else
14:14 All right. We don't We go water burger, we order our food
14:18 we hope for the best. You're love this story. All right.
14:25 reason we're able to do this is we have an immune system right there
14:29 the front lines. It says, bacterium and other horrible thing that's trying
14:33 get my body. I've got I've got my eye on you.
14:37 don't have eyes, but I'm going get you before you get inside.
14:40 right now you can see here. I've said already that we have a
14:44 of compartments that basically we're gonna start out. We're gonna work our way
14:48 . The reason we're able to do is that we actually divide these compartments
14:52 muscles. The sphincters. Alright, there's six factors that create six
14:56 And so you can see here there's lot of words here just notice,
15:00 , the mouth is separated from the because there's a sphincter there.
15:04 The esophagus is separated from the stomach there's a sphincter there there's a sphincter
15:09 the pilot sphincter which probably is important such has named it. That separates
15:12 stomach from the small intestine. All . The small intestine travel around all
15:16 the place. La la la la la la and then openly opens up
15:20 the colon. Um What they think all right. The Elias cycles.
15:26 cycle sphincter then up and around the and then you have another stinker to
15:30 sure that all the stuff that you've and all that waste product doesn't just
15:34 off out of the body on its . It waits for you to actually
15:37 the time for it unless you're the of the United States. A couple
15:42 I said that oh you've heard all rumors. You know what I'm talking
15:48 . We're having fun with him All right. So these are the
15:52 ones. All right. These The internal external anal sphincter are the
15:57 like the stinkers that you see on urethra. There's one that's inside that
16:03 smooth muscle, your body controls that . And then you have an external
16:08 . That's when you get to All right. And hopefully they work
16:12 the same time. The idea is pressure in the colon will basically cause
16:18 internal sphincter to relax and then when feel the need to go to the
16:23 , that's that urge. That's when relax yours and defecation occurs. But
16:27 the other ones are basically barriers between of the individual compartments. So if
16:33 individual compartments that means you're going to some time in the mouth. Then
16:36 gonna spend some time in the You're gonna spend some time in the
16:39 and each of the places that you , something has to be happening.
16:43 right. Because these are literally gates say you have moved from this place
16:48 the next one. So you got ask the question what is going on
16:51 these individual compartments And that's what makes digestive system so easy. I promised
16:57 wouldn't be doing that. But I'm doing it until next semester. All
17:00 . It's gonna make it easy. our starting point is the mouth.
17:04 I guess it's the mouth in a . Other things that are shared between
17:09 these different structures. All right. got four layers. We've already learned
17:13 the four layers when we talked about um we talked about the bladder because
17:17 the hollow organs have these four All right. We have the
17:21 The sub mucosa, the muscularity and cirrhosis. Mucosa is the epithelium that
17:25 up the inside of the structure of hollow organ. The sub mucosa is
17:30 connective tissue. The muscularity is responsible contractions within that structure. Smooth muscle
17:38 , the outside that keeps it from and ripping. All right.
17:41 there's more detail to all of All right. In our mucosa.
17:45 right, there's gonna be three All right. We have the mucous
17:49 . This is the protective surface. gonna have all sorts of glands.
17:52 gonna see extra can glands that are for secreting the digestive juices. Which
17:57 a fancy word for saying the stuff breaking things down and they're gonna be
18:01 in every different region. All We have endocrine glands. Endocrine glands
18:05 glands that secrete into the blood. ? So, what we're doing is
18:09 signaling someplace else. So that signal to go to the blood, then
18:13 around the body to wherever it needs go to tell it what to
18:16 All right. And then we have epithelial cells. Their job is to
18:20 things. So, we've got things are going to digest through secretion,
18:25 ? We're going to have things that going to signal through the process of
18:29 . And we're gonna have things that gonna absorb through the process of
18:32 Which seems silly that I said that loud underneath that we have the lamb
18:38 . That's basically the air that layer connects uh with connective tissue. And
18:42 there's a small layer of smooth muscle it. The lamb inappropriate also contains
18:47 gulf. And I'm going to try see if it showed it here,
18:49 it doesn't show that they're all right . Your mucosa interestingly enough is highly
18:55 . And the purpose of folding something to create greater surface area.
19:01 depending upon where you are, you're to see different types of folding.
19:05 the folding is with the tube. other words, you see the folds
19:09 that if you're looking at the lumen the tube instead of being nice and
19:13 , What you do is you get kind of folding like so, And
19:18 makes it easier for things to slide the tube. It's kind of like
19:22 it's linear uh smaller surface area that touching instead of down here. But
19:28 also allows for expansion of the That makes sense. And other times
19:32 gonna have the tube. I'm gonna this way. Not very helpful when
19:41 father is black. Pray the black . Sorry. This is so terrible
19:46 here. Mm hmm. All So there's a nice smooth too.
19:53 what you want to do is you to create folds in this way.
19:58 what you've now done is you've increased effective length of the two because the
20:03 make you go up and down the more. Right? So depending upon
20:07 you are, you're going to see types of folding and it depends upon
20:11 the function of that system is. , obviously the other three layers we've
20:15 mentioned, the muscular is external. the is really what I want to
20:20 out here has the different types of that are interesting. We have a
20:24 layer. Concentric layers responsible for squeezing tube so it squeezes it this
20:28 And then the longitudinal layer basically shortens tube so it squeezes the tube this
20:33 . Right. And so All We got to go back to high
20:38 . Do you guys ever dissect your worms? Remember just dissecting the worms
20:43 long, long time ago. You frogs. You didn't do the worms
20:49 , catching what squid. Okay, . A nice, simple and you
20:54 , simple analyst. That's fine. worms are fine or not. It's
20:57 analyst. Sorry, The worm is analytic. Alright, great. Those
21:02 were taking my vertebrate classes. I'm , oh my God, you don't
21:04 anything. Alright, analysts are simple they're like this. They basically have
21:08 concentric rain and then they have the one. Have you seen a warm
21:11 the sidewalk. What they do? shrinks itself up and then expand itself
21:15 and it shrinks and it keeps doing , right? So that's one of
21:19 ways that it moves. And the way that moves, it actually creates
21:22 concentric rings and it rolls it Kind of like when you squeeze a
21:26 of toothpaste from, excuse me, trying not to spit on you.
21:30 squeezing a tube of toothpaste from the . And I'm kind of laughing because
21:33 of you I know our middle Urz. All right. So,
21:39 could start a war here. How you squeeze a tube of toothpaste from
21:41 middle or from the end? And it's like, no, you
21:45 from the end and you push it and that's kind of what this
21:48 It's like And anywhere. All But what you're doing now is you're
21:54 things forward in front of that wave contraction. All right, now,
21:59 is innovated by a nerve group that's my enteric plexus. All right.
22:04 so, uh, the other Another nerve group is going to be
22:07 in the sub mucosa. All Last heist mentioned, the barossa basically
22:13 it from ripping out. So here's four basic processes. And so,
22:17 I said, if if nothing if you want to do it like
22:20 , they are here are my Or here are my structures. Here
22:23 these four processes. You can actually create a matrix for yourself and ask
22:28 question. It's really straightforward because all processes you should look at and ask
22:32 question, Is this happening in this ? So the four process motility,
22:36 , digestion absorption. There is the definition. But because I'm going to
22:40 about them all, I'm not going stop on that. So, there's
22:43 motility, absorption, digestion, mads or dams or mad whatever you
22:50 like. All right, Gonna start motility. First off with motility,
22:57 talking about moving things through the All right. All your digestive systems
23:02 your digestive tracts have a certain degree tone already to them, they're not
23:05 relaxed. Not completely contracted. There's in the middle. So there's tone
23:09 being maintained there. And what this , It creates a steady pressure on
23:14 on the contents in that so that constantly being pushed away from where it's
23:20 . The second thing is that it the walls from becoming distended. All
23:24 now, this is a terrible but we're just going to use it
23:27 . Think about that sock that's in back of your drawer that you haven't
23:30 at in seven years. All It's still there from when you were
23:34 years old. Right? You can that sock out. Put your hand
23:38 it. You're gonna feel all the bands in there. Pop. And
23:43 sock is now going to be permanently . All right. Try to put
23:47 on. It's just going to sit on your leg is gonna be like
23:48 little I don't know what to do itself. All right. Now,
23:52 looking at me. All right. don't know what you're talking about.
23:53 wayne. Just you wait. All , you're gonna get old like me
23:57 you're gonna go on your journey. going, I can't believe I still
23:59 this sock from seven years ago. will. I promise guys, you're
24:04 worse. You're going to have underwear you wore. Not dirty underwear.
24:11 , but it's old underwear that you touched or seen. It just kind
24:13 found its way to the back of drawer. You're gonna pull out.
24:15 , I remember the And you're gonna on it like this pop pop,
24:17 , pop pop, pop pop. like And now it's in the
24:21 I don't know. I was saving , but, but I was all
24:26 . There are two types of movements this muscle or these muscles are trying
24:30 do the first of the propulsive So, you are a conveyor
24:34 notice all the illusions are making All right. Your first eh
24:40 Now you're a conveyor belt. All . What do that mean? Put
24:46 on a conveyor belt. It gets along and it just moves. That's
24:50 propulsive movement. So here it is to show you here. Well,
24:53 are we doing? We're using that muscle to squeeze. And then we
24:58 a wave along the wave. The is called peristalsis. And what we're
25:03 is we're pushing the materials forward. right now, your digestive system can
25:10 shrink and contract to make that process , Right? But that's the first
25:14 of movement. The second type of is mixing. So you are like
25:18 cement mixer. All right, What doing here is it's squeezing at different
25:23 . And like when you squeeze on tube of toothpaste on both ends,
25:26 basically causing the materials in between where squeezing to mix together, they're both
25:32 the opposite direction and when they collide kind of mixed together. Now,
25:36 would I want to do that? reason is, is because I want
25:39 create greater exposure to the materials in digestive juices. To increase the rate
25:46 which I'm digesting materials as well as rate at which I'm absorbing them.
25:51 guys like job breakers? Atomic Now to to cinnamon e.
26:00 well, I did radiation to training a grad student. That's what they
26:03 us while we're sitting there listening Tomic . Now, if you don't know
26:07 a jawbreaker is, jawbreaker is basically they take sugar and compress it down
26:11 the density of the sun. And they then they coat it with with
26:15 some sort of flavor. And then put it in your mouth and you
26:18 to buy it? You can't bite it because the density of the
26:20 Right? And so the only way you can break it down is licking
26:25 a molecule layer of sugar each time look it, right? So it's
26:31 , right? And so it just there and you suck on and suck
26:33 . You move to the other side at the end of the day,
26:36 take it out and you put it again and then you wait and then
26:38 next day you pick it up and keep no, you're such a different
26:46 . Yeah, Yeah. Usually come , Right? But now, because
26:53 all the sugar shortages, it can small. Just making up stuff.
26:57 right. But anyway, so, can imagine it's hard to digest a
27:03 , right? Because density the sun er time. If I want to
27:07 the rate I'm going to digest a , I have to treat it like
27:11 Tootsie Pop. How do I get the 20 year old center for Tootsie
27:14 ? How many licks does it Yeah, the world may never know
27:18 why lick lick. I'm too impatient and I break it all up and
27:24 it goes all the way and I to chew on the two year old
27:26 a little bit. Right? The here is I'm breaking it down.
27:30 have greater surface area, More enzyme things down a lot faster.
27:40 they can Do you ever poop out cheese? That's not a personal question
27:47 asking. I'm just stop. corn is hard to digest because it's
27:55 uh, indigestible fibers. All But is there stuff in corn that
27:59 can digest? Yes. Okay. that's like saying, can I digest
28:04 ? The answer is yes, but a lot of indigestible vegetable fibers that
28:09 be broken down. All right, cheese. So, I don't know
28:14 that one comes from, but that's . Like I said, this is
28:18 fun class. This is gonna be . All right. So, that's
28:21 mexicans just to be able to increase surface area. But even though
28:24 I might be able now to digest that were further internally at the same
28:28 . I'm also bringing stuff up close the surface. So things that have
28:31 digestive can be a have been digested be absorbed now. So, I'm
28:36 waiting to get down to the middle break down stuff and not waiting to
28:40 down in the middle to absorb things can constantly turn things over so that
28:45 that can be absorbed will be absorbed things that need to be digested can
28:48 digested. All right, that's the . All right. I'm a big
28:54 of the man. All right. is secretion. Secretion is basically taking
28:59 your body already has water electrolytes? constituents, which includes all sorts of
29:03 stuff and putting it into the digestive . What we're doing is we're borrowing
29:08 the body so that we can break down so that then we can absorb
29:13 and then we'll go ahead and get material back that we borrowed from.
29:17 ? It's like borrowing to make All right. That's not always a
29:21 idea with money, though, by way, don't do that.
29:25 Right now, there's a lot of that's going on here, Right?
29:29 just like anything, you always want put a little bit of energy in
29:32 you get a lot of energy And so that's what we're gonna
29:34 So why is their energy? We've to transport a lot of stuff.
29:36 got to make a lot of And so in order to do that
29:40 , we're going to have to expend energy to do. So now,
29:43 that we release, we're more or gonna return back to the body.
29:47 , primarily the water in the electrolytes really what we're looking at the enzymes
29:50 broken down over time as well. , they're not being returned as whole
29:56 , right? Primarily metabolites when his basically. It's hydraulic sis That's all
30:03 is. So, you can think all these molecules. You've spent all
30:06 time you've ever wondered why you're taking chemistry and why you're taking biochemistry and
30:10 like that. So, you can what hydraulics this is right. That's
30:14 ultimately what it's there for. Organic . Let's face. What is organic
30:18 ? It's a vocabulary class. You go back and tell dr being
30:24 and she will come and beat me . All right. But it
30:28 That's what organic one is. Organic is when you actually start doing stuff
30:33 ? In biochemistry and uh and in , in general kim. And
30:39 in physical kim Because physical kim is general kim to the next level.
30:42 ? What they're doing is they're teaching about these types of reactions,
30:46 Hydrologists reaction. What am I I'm taking something that is a
30:51 I'm breaking it. Right? And I'm breaking water and I'm putting half
30:55 water on each side so that it fall apart. That's a terrible way
31:00 explain it. But that's in essence it is. Right, hydraulics is's
31:04 breaking. So, I'm breaking All right, now. What am
31:09 doing? I'm taking carbohydrates. They're in the form of some sort of
31:12 cried a starch or some sort of . Maybe it might be a di
31:16 ride some of our favorites lactose, malta's mm Sucrose? Yes. Put
31:28 all together? You can have a milkshake? Yeah. Where you get
31:34 Where do you see that? Primarily what is our favorite thing that we
31:37 . Multi uses. It's not a question. You should know this right
31:42 the top of your heads. Beer. It's the sugar in
31:49 Which is what we used to Beer. That's what the little tiny
31:51 go. You be. And they into alcohol. All right. Shoot
31:56 . Where do you find that? the good things in life? All
32:03 . That's just table sugar and then . That's an easy one.
32:08 It's milk sugar. All right. , all these things and even broken
32:12 because we can't absorb them at this . We have to break them down
32:15 their smaller subunits. What are the of glucose are Sorry, gave you
32:20 hint. What are the sub units lactose malta's and lactose maltose, and
32:25 . What are they glucose and And the third one Fructose.
32:33 three x doses. All right. they have different combinations. Don't need
32:37 know about them. But that's what trying to do was look, they're
32:40 there on the board. I always questions where the answers are on the
32:47 . All right. So, that's that's what we can absorb proteins.
32:51 down to amino acids actually. We also break. We can actually also
32:55 polly peptides, but they're really small peptides. All right. We also
32:59 fats. We eat fats. The form is triglycerides. That doesn't mean
33:04 we don't get other fats in our ? But that's the primary form of
33:07 in our diet is triglycerides. What gonna do. We're gonna break those
33:10 and we're gonna absorb them as monaco and free fatty acids. So everything
33:16 we're trying to accomplish here in terms digestion is to get these big things
33:22 big old cheeseburger that side of Oh, you weren't here, we're
33:29 what we're eating is we're eating a cheeseburger. Sorry, this isn't gonna
33:32 Hello. All right, Double cheeseburger bacon. All right. And then
33:37 going to have a side of fries with ketchup and we're having a double
33:44 and cream milkshake. All right, all good with that. Well,
33:50 not all good with that, but anything that's in there that you don't
33:52 just throw it off. All And if it's a tofu burger,
33:55 out of my house. I'm just If you're vegetarian, you're still getting
34:00 this stuff in there. It's just in the tasty forms. Yeah,
34:08 teasing you. I'm sorry. It's fun. Alright absorption is the last
34:12 . So, we have motility. had secretion. We have digestion
34:16 This is occurring in the small What we're doing is we're taking all
34:19 small subunits, right. We're talking those monos Ackroyd's amino acids, Those
34:24 fatty acids. The nucleotide from nucleic , which we didn't even mention the
34:29 list, we're talking about the mono rides and the free fatty acids.
34:33 are the things that are going to absorbed and is taking place in the
34:36 intestine were also going to absorb other . All right. And this is
34:40 going to be taking place in the intestine. But things like electrolytes and
34:45 and the water that we that we and the water that's in our food
34:50 what we're going to use to absorb that's where we're gonna absorb that this
34:54 intestine. All right now, why I need to add water? Let
34:58 just see if we can think this first thing. Why do I need
35:01 add water from my body in order digest things. What's that hydraulic
35:09 I need to have some source of right now. Your food's gonna have
35:13 in it but it basically not enough . But then, you know,
35:16 you'll basically use up that water kind Cool. Right. Oh man.
35:22 scientists. Excellent. You're thinking All right. I mentioned this
35:28 We mentioned it once before. I it again. What is the enteric
35:32 system we mentioned way back when we about the autonomic nervous system.
35:36 It's basically the sub mucosal nerve The mind. Terek nerve plexus,
35:40 what you're doing is just sensory neurons are acting at the level of the
35:44 or at the level the digestive system determine whether or not foods there and
35:49 food is there, then it's going stimulate the response to digest the
35:55 In other words, when I put in my body, my body doesn't
35:58 to speak to my brain to get to start digestion. Right? Which
36:04 a good thing, right? Because brain would basically say because, you
36:09 , I'm look at this right. brain says, no, you shouldn't
36:13 eating that right now. But my saying, yeah, you know,
36:16 it right. So, I don't to get permission from my brain to
36:20 digesting stuff. My gut just does it does because of the enteric nervous
36:26 . All right. So can function of the simple nervous system. In
36:30 words, it's its own reflex All right. That doesn't mean that
36:34 doesn't communicate with the cns, but doesn't need the cns to do its
36:42 . Mm digestion begins in the All right. We're gonna have more
36:49 . Bad puns. Stupid Dad The whole nine yards. All
36:54 So, just parts of the You have the palate. That's the
36:57 part of the front. Right? palate flew further back. Soft
37:00 Don't touch that. That's a All right. You touch that soft
37:05 . What do you do? All , throw up? Don't touch
37:10 Okay, don't play with it. U. Villa. That's a 50
37:13 bonus question on the M cat. , I'm sorry. That's a
37:18 Great. It's actually your everyone's like ? Now? It's actually a far
37:23 cartoon, you remember, You far side. No. All
37:27 You guys have got to get your straight Calvin. Hobbes go read them
37:30 . Go read all the far like 15 years of this stuff.
37:33 they stopped doing far side. Funny he had a science background. So
37:37 lot of his jokes are science But that was one. It was
37:40 bonus is like taking the cat has to take the cats. His bonus
37:43 , what's that dangly thing in the of your throat? He's sitting there
37:46 the arugula. Yeah, that's the . What is his purpose?
37:51 when you swallow it lifts up and creates a chute that goes down the
37:56 instead of up into the nasal nasal . Not the Naval Academy. The
38:01 cavity. Right. It helps you the food the right direction. All
38:07 . The pharynx is a fancy word the throat. So, when you
38:10 pharynx just think throat tongue, that's skeletal muscle in your mouth. That
38:15 you to move things around while you're and swallowing. And if you eat
38:18 fast and move things around too you tend to bite that. Have
38:21 ever bitten your tongue? It sucks responsible for the process of mastication not
38:28 be confused with another word. I told you I had him,
38:33 told you they were coming. I you. But you're paying attention
38:39 mastication is the process of chewing. don't have to say it.
38:46 What you're doing with your teeth as slicing tearing, grinding, ingested food
38:50 make them into smaller bits so that increasing surface size so that you can
38:54 in the process of digestion. All . So the mouth I said,
38:59 the process of digestion to different types digestion that are occurring here. Mechanical
39:04 chemical. The mechanical. You're just here, Right? I put food
39:08 my mouth. Chew, chew, . I'm tearing the things apart to
39:12 them smaller. The process of digestion to make things smaller so that I
39:16 then start the process of chemical and . Chemical digestion occurs in the mouth
39:21 well. Oh, look, I'm about mastication. Some more mechanical digestion
39:29 coordination. Really does. It does coordination. Anyone here have that soft
39:34 in your mouth where you buy it the time. Yeah, Okay,
39:38 that happens and then it swells up then you can't avoid it. So
39:41 end up chewing on the other side your mouth when you bite that side
39:44 you just want to give up. , I don't either. You can
39:51 . All right. So it's coordinated . So teeth lips tongue, cheeks
39:56 , all of it are involved Your mastication center is located in a
40:00 in the ponds. Notice this is repetitive activity when you chew think of
40:04 piece of gum it's choo choo choo choo. Once you start you just
40:09 going until you feel like the food small enough and then you just push
40:12 the back of throat, then you . Mhm. So what we're doing
40:16 increasing the surface area. We're mixing . So that's the digestive enzymes And
40:20 were softening and moistening the food for and we're stimulating the taste buds.
40:25 this is voluntary but its rhythmic reflex response to the pressure in your
40:30 So as you're feeling pressure as you're , that's going to keep the process
40:35 when the pressure diminishes. That's when like okay, push things back,
40:38 to swallow the salivary gland. Remember accessory structure of the of the digestive
40:48 . So we have the digestive We have the accessory organs. There's
40:51 lot of stuff here that we're going come back to again. So,
40:54 the salivary glands structurally. We have structure basically, we have a series
40:58 ducks and we have a series of of Boulis is or um round structures
41:05 are called a sina that are found the end of each of these
41:08 All right. So the cells that the Messina are responsible for producing the
41:14 materials and the proteins that are found the saliva. All right? So
41:20 first one is amylase. When you the A. C. At the
41:23 at the end of the word. is an enzyme, right? Not
41:26 enzymes have a C. Though. this is the first one.
41:31 Amylase is responsible for breaking down So, remember what I did?
41:35 took that big giant bite. Hold one second. We'll come right
41:38 Got my big giant bite. Big hamburger in my mouth, shoved my
41:42 and I started sipping on my big milkshake. What am I starting to
41:51 carbs and there's gonna be some lipid there also carve some lipids, but
41:55 are gonna be lipids by digestive. . All right. So the enzyme
42:00 response for digesting lipids is lip So there is a salivary lips as
42:05 . All right. There's a gastric pace as well. All right.
42:09 really what I want you to focus first off is we're breaking down the
42:13 . So really the thing that I'm to break down, first of all
42:17 mishmash, I just jammed my mouth the bread and primarily the starches.
42:23 , So the big starch in my here, My fries with the salt
42:29 salt. Yeah, great amusements are proteins. Put a couple musicians
42:38 You get something called mucus. so you got musicians in your
42:43 purpose of the meuse since is not just have something watery, but something
42:47 bind things together. So your food as Ebola is It doesn't just go
42:51 around your mouth. It basically stays one place. Now, the duck
42:56 . He's not quack. quack by way. This is duct as in
42:59 duct tape. All right. The cells produce bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate.
43:07 ? They produce license. Um You a license. I miss. You're
43:11 start feeling a lot better about eating that Mcdonald's now. You know what
43:15 is? No check. It's not digestive one. But it is an
43:25 . It breaks down cell walls of . It's an anti bacterial. It's
43:32 first line of assault. It's the gonna punch you in the face.
43:35 evil evil thing that got on my when I dropped you on the floor
43:38 I'm gonna kill you. And then got the I. G.
43:40 Which is an immunoglobulin that basically binds up and says alright immune system.
43:44 flagged this bad boy for you. here all the nasty parts that you
43:48 come and destroy. And that's what idea does. So already we have
43:52 mechanism to defeat the evil nasty things are trying to kill us. You
43:59 hear something interesting about license. I'm greatest concentration of life schism in our
44:04 is in our tears because that's an way for bacteria to get in our
44:08 isn't it? Wet surface. All right now this is gonna be
44:15 how we secrete is based on the nervous system. Parasympathetic. Its primary
44:20 . But we always produce um slavery you've been sitting here. You've been
44:26 , right? Does your producing saliva I start talking about freshly baked chocolate
44:32 . You know, I'm talking about chocolate brownie with the extra chocolate chips
44:35 nice and warm. Can you smell ? Is your mouth starts to water
44:40 little bit? Little bit? because you can picture it. I'm
44:44 sorry. Now you're gonna think about lunch on Tuesday before coming to
44:51 All right, so, we're always it. But parasympathetic increases the rate
44:56 which we produced. Now, there different types of glands in here.
44:59 have serious glance here, mucus glands mucosal glands basically just varies in the
45:04 of musicians that they produce. For most part, the serious glances primarily
45:08 and that's where we're going to see amylase. Which kind of makes
45:12 The idea that I want something that a watery environments of the materials that
45:17 digesting can disassociate into that and then able to attack it really well,
45:22 sarah mucus glands. This is the gland. I just like talking about
45:26 sublingual gland, you know where that is. That's the one that's underneath
45:29 tongue. That's one when you're talking that person squirts out at you.
45:34 , you've had that, right? spitting cobra. No 1's ever talk
45:38 you and get let me see, not gonna be able to do it
45:43 You can never do it on It's always accidental. Like when you're
45:46 to a really cute girl, pretend it didn't happen. Everyone's just kind
45:51 like, yeah. All right. , the mucosal glands, uh anyone
45:56 not like talking in public. Like I said, I want you to
45:59 up here and I want you to a discussion of your personal life and
46:03 the tragedy that you had. Would feel comfortable doing that? No,
46:08 . Right. So, none of like talking in public. I'm like
46:11 only one. Right? But you notice that when you have to
46:15 that speech in class and you're like up there, what's the first thing
46:18 happens to your mouth? Yes, you remember always producing saliva. So
46:24 one is most active at this The mucosal? That's where Yeah,
46:30 . The glue. All right. saliva is mostly water, right?
46:38 water and electrolytes and proteins. And mentioned all I mean, a couple
46:40 these, there's a lip base right that breaks down fat. Why is
46:44 gross? It's water. Why is gross? Anyone have any ideas?
46:49 is still part of my bit. not actually teaching. I'm just giving
46:53 a bit now, You know, gross because it's someone else's water?
46:59 else's water's gross. My water is . Right. Right? Your
47:04 No big deal. Here's a Uh So, yeah, but it's
47:10 water, you can see there's a of other stuff and you do not
47:13 this list of stuff. The idea is that we're basically breaking things
47:17 We're also uh have things that are for transporting materials. Um Here's a
47:24 to break down a couple of nucleic as well. Alright. So I've
47:28 mentioned this. It serves as a . Alright. So what we're doing
47:31 we're creating an environment to allow us catch all these things that we're breaking
47:36 that solvent for those molecules actually serves a way to uh stimulate our taste
47:41 . This is why food is pleasant us for us that we're stimulating the
47:46 buds. And we're actually stimulating those in the gustatory cortex that basically say
47:51 food provides X. And that's what us happy. Like when we sugary
47:55 that make you happy because your brain going you sugar. Right? Um
48:02 in speech. We just mentioned that your mouth and teeth clean. Dental
48:09 . It keeps your mouth and teeth . Don't tell me I have to
48:13 more often. Yeah. All I'll prove this for you guys.
48:17 Oreos. Eat an oreo. Just . What do you got? Got
48:24 teeth. Right. Wait five minutes then smile. Do you still have
48:28 teeth? No. The slide will it all down. And you got
48:32 to get those little tiny oreo bits right now, is it enough to
48:36 cavities. Another thing. No. . But it is enough to wash
48:41 down your throat lastly helps to neutralize in your foods and those that are
48:45 by bacteria which are in your mouth we speak. You've all heard the
48:49 , you know, our mouths are places and dogs now it is even
48:53 . I don't think that's true. almost certain that that's not true.
48:58 right. I mean, it could but I mean, I've seen what
49:03 do. There's no way that's No. Right. It helps keep
49:08 mouth moist. All right, there is a simple salivary reflex.
49:12 is based on the chemo receptors these receptors describes. So, you put
49:16 in your mouth if you ever have mouth and you need to have wet
49:20 for whatever reason, like you're gonna a talk. Put something in your
49:24 , you know, usually something with little bit of sugar and your salivary
49:28 will go nuts. Right? having like a lemon head or something
49:32 that. Put that in. Just it. You're just gonna be
49:35 All right. That's the salivary Alright, There's also the condition
49:39 That's the Pavlovian reflex that we Right? So, if you smell
49:43 cause you salivate you hear something, ? You know, that causes
49:47 So, that's the condition reflex. right mm don't see condition reflex.
49:56 right, swallowing, swallowing is a all or none reflex. So,
50:04 an all or none response. You swallow or you don't. And so
50:07 example I like to use because I to school in new Orleans. It
50:12 oysters. How many guys like Raw oysters. Oyster Yeah, they're
50:18 boogers. Yeah, they sit You crack that shell open. Then
50:24 like don't hit me and it's I'm sorry. I'm going to do
50:27 . Right? You get that Okay. All right. So
50:35 I'm not a big oyster fan right with my tomatoes. No oysters.
50:40 you know, you live in new . You've got to eat oysters at
50:42 once because people make fun of you you can't have that right. Ridicule
50:46 a powerful tool, ridicule and peer and a couple of beers. And
50:51 guarantee you you'll be doing things you you never would. You've got to
50:58 the oyster. I don't know about . It's staring up at me.
51:01 got an angry face. You've got try the oyster. Alright. I've
51:04 six beers. I think I'm ready try the oyster. Take that Oyster
51:11 . Yeah, I like hot All right. Take that oyster.
51:22 in your mouth, right? Sit a tongue. What do you do
51:27 the first step is to take it the front of the mouth, push
51:30 the back of the mouth right? the or ferrin geul region. All
51:36 . This is where the test This is the all or none
51:40 Either you're going to swallow or you're ? Yeah. Mhm. Once you
51:50 the swallow going it's gone. The hardest part is the swallow.
51:57 started. That's why we call it alternate response. Now you may not
52:01 it. It will go all the down and then we'll come its way
52:03 right back up. All right. notice you did swallow. All
52:07 So that's what we're referring to. it's the oral forensic all stages.
52:09 first stage. It's very very Most of the food we eat.
52:12 just pushed in the back of your . We swallow them down. It
52:15 right that's gone. Right And then esophageal esophageal stages. What last
52:20 That's the travel down the esophagus. the purpose of the esophagus then is
52:25 to move things that have started digesting the mouth that have been compacted into
52:30 bolas and move them to the stomach the next region of digestion. Okay
52:35 takes a little bit longer. Lots words here. But that's everything.
52:41 just talks about all the different I'm not going to test you on
52:44 the different steps. I think you know how to swallow. Right?
52:47 it into the back of your Right? Oral pharyngeal region. The
52:53 where the oral cavity becomes the throat differential and then and then once you
52:59 down off it goes. Have you tried to swallow something that just doesn't
53:04 to go down, like, I don't know if you're taking like
53:07 thick peanut butter and like spread it a piece of white bread because you
53:11 foolish. And you've got the peanut about this thick and you have that
53:14 bread, you just fold it over mm hmm. Ever done that?
53:21 , right. And you can just it going down, you know what
53:25 talking about? Right? Alright, not peanut butter, maybe eight a
53:29 the wrong way. Right? A . A fish bone. Oh,
53:38 not supposed to swallow those, But I mean you all get the
53:43 right? Something's going down and it's going down the way. It should
53:46 ? Well, it's not actually getting . What it is, is that
53:50 parasol tick contraction is not strong enough drive it forward at its normal
53:55 So what happens is, and it of goes over it. So,
53:58 this is the bullets and it's kind like No one is basically, it
54:01 right about it said, Wait A . That's still stuck in there.
54:04 so, what is going to do going to create that harder contraction to
54:09 down and that's what you're feeling when grid is cutting you sideways. It's
54:15 cutting sideways. I don't know if actually true, but sure does not
54:22 good. All right. That's what is basically saying, Look, if
54:26 becomes lodged, it's a stronger paras wave. So basically it's a parasol
54:30 contraction. It's pushing the balls But if something gets stuck it's going
54:33 push it along or it's going to a stronger contraction do so nothing is
54:37 to get stuck, right? It stay there. It's going to work
54:41 way down. I promise this is to be the last year we're gonna
54:45 about today because the stomach is um , it's a good dividing point.
54:51 right. And so what we're doing is we've taken food that's already started
54:54 process of digestion. We started breaking the sugars. We started breaking down
54:59 lipids a little bit. We started down the nucleic acid. But the
55:01 picture, what we're thinking about is primarily breaking down these sugars and we
55:05 down to the stomach. We're going have different regions that are responsible for
55:10 process of digestion, the process of . All right. We've got a
55:13 important holiday coming up here in two , right? It's the best eating
55:18 of the year. Have you all out and bought your special thanksgiving stretchy
55:23 . If you don't have them, better go get some because it's coming
55:28 ? We got big old turkeys or keys quickly. Right? I
55:32 there's some of you are vegetarians. ain't gonna eat turkey, but that
55:37 , I don't know. I don't who to get the tofurkey, there's
55:40 things out there. Got your mashed . You got your sugar sugar
55:46 right? Your yams, If you to call them or your sweet
55:49 Right, man. Green bean You wanna do that? No,
55:55 family does green bean casserole. I've been a fan of it. But
55:58 know, they like those fried onions top from a can. All
56:03 We'll see. What else do we the dressing? Yeah. You know
56:07 heart attack inducing dressing? My family my in laws? They do giblet
56:14 . You got anyone here do giblet . Yes, that's exactly what it
56:18 . Yeah. You just don't think it. You just eat it.
56:22 are the heart, the lungs or heart the liver. All the hard
56:26 and what they do, they really fine. They drop it in
56:29 into the gravy and then you're sitting going, why'd you in my
56:36 But it's a family thing. So just kind of eat it and pretend
56:43 come on, we all eat weird . Right? I mean, I
56:48 my hispanic hispanic friend group and I'll it like menudo. It's like you
56:51 get that stuff passed my lips. know you like maduro. Mhm.
56:58 right. Sweetbreads. No, I hear from Louisiana. You're shaking your
57:05 like, I'm kind of from You don't want a minute. It's
57:08 I'm kind of from Louisiana. They everything. If it crawled flew
57:13 it goes in, right? Nothing jambalaya. Mhm. All right.
57:20 , let's talk about the anatomy. have the cardio. Cardio is the
57:25 distal to the gastro esophageal opening. that means is it's the area
57:30 So, sorry. It's right The area above is the fungus.
57:34 fungus is among us. All You're going to see the fungus
57:37 It's just an area that's above an . All right. So, this
57:40 the cardia down here. This This stuff beyond the cardio is what
57:45 called the corpus the corpus job and fun This job is for the most
57:49 to store food. Uh huh. . Think about this. Can you
57:59 a big old double patty cheeseburger with and fries and a milkshake in your
58:06 and walk around and be happy? . Because there's a place that stores
58:13 all. Now. I might be around looking a little bloated, but
58:17 a couple of hours I'm not going Right. It's because I can store
58:21 food up there and I can slowly that food forward. So the body
58:28 play a role in that digestion. it's the lowest part. The tantrum
58:33 has the process where we're finally breaking down. And again, in the
58:38 . We're going to see that we're things down both mechanically and thematically.
58:44 right. So, we store food it can be emptied into the small
58:49 . And what we're doing is we're to do a protein digestion for the
58:54 part. All right. It's not protein, but it is primarily
58:57 There's some fats as well. And the other thing we're gonna do is
59:00 going to do mechanical digestion. chemical digestion, Mechanical digestion and storage
59:06 the three functions of the stomach. . Now, this is why you
59:12 eat like an animal on thanksgiving is we call reflective relaxation. All
59:18 As food goes in the stomach, stomach doesn't go, No,
59:20 no. I don't like this What does it do? Yeah,
59:25 me more. Give me more. me more. Don't give me any
59:34 . All right. You want to mean to your friends? Do you
59:37 friends that you don't like? We call them friends. We call them
59:42 . But if you call them a of me, that means you can
59:45 them close and then be mean to later. All right. Have you
59:49 heard of the gallon challenge? All . You know what I'm talking
59:55 Yeah. Okay. So, you what I'm talking about? The challenge
59:58 drink a gallon of milk in an . Can't do it. It's
60:04 All right. No one knows I mean. We know why.
60:07 I'm gonna tell you why why why perpetrators like that's easy because drinking a
60:12 of water in an hour is Right? I mean, you can
60:15 down a gallon of water. But you can't do a gallon of
60:18 . And the reason for that as milk goes into the digestive tract goes
60:22 the stomach. It basically congeals as and basically becomes a big thick block
60:27 doesn't want to move. And so it basically you fill up your stomach
60:31 it's like nothing else is coming in . And so when you try the
60:34 challenge, milk is going to come and then it's going to come back
60:37 and it's going to come as cottage . It's not pleasant. All
60:42 Now you're asking me why am I you is because I said if you
60:44 a friend of me. Okay. the turkey and the potatoes and the
60:51 and the cream beans and the corn and the stuffing and the dressing and
60:55 pumpkin pie and pecan pie in the pie and the other pies that I
60:59 . The apple pie and the mincemeat . Because you can't just have one
61:04 . Right? And the cranberry sauce and the crescent rolls. All
61:09 All that stuff. And the biscuits whatever else you have. You
61:13 if you have ham? There's some have ham also as well if you
61:16 all that stuff. How do I ? You know, I could think
61:18 a gallon gallons. You can fit much food in my body.
61:22 you can. All right. And reason because of this reflects of relaxation
61:27 receptive relaxation. All right. what we're doing is we're basically
61:33 So have you ever eaten so much that you just like you're regretting
61:37 Yeah. Yeah. It's it's a a common occurrence in in humans where
61:42 just like lying down on the It's like uh I went to china
61:47 , You guys know china stories, ? Yeah. Domus is uh
61:56 Yeah. All you can eat Just bring it. Alright. Too
62:02 food if you get above a leader basically is over distension for normal
62:07 normal people. And that's when you that rapid increase of pressure. That's
62:10 you're praying for death. Alright. basically are stored in the proximal
62:14 So basically up here in the fund in the upper regions of the
62:18 And then what you're gonna do is going to slowly feed materials down into
62:21 Antrim And that's where the process of is occurring. Now, I didn't
62:28 talk about the folding so much. in the mouth, there's not a
62:31 of folding. There's some folding. you put your finger and rub it
62:34 the top of your mouth. You kind of feel ridges and bumps,
62:37 ? Um That kind of serves as folding to help you break food and
62:42 food. So your tongue basically it's when the peanut butter gets stuck in
62:45 snow. And it's not just like up there, you can actually move
62:49 because it's not simply flatten smooth your . It's the one that has the
62:54 that's like the like this. So kind of serves as a slide to
62:58 food to come in. All And the stomach also has folds like
63:02 , they're called Ruda. Right. basically what it is, is it
63:06 allows for you to get this distension at the same time it has on
63:13 surface among the rueda like here and be there these gastric pits and this
63:18 what a gastric pick looks like. very, very small. And within
63:22 gastric pits you have a series of lots of different types of cells that
63:26 different things. And so the cells should know or the mucus. Next
63:29 , what do you think they The mucus? Yeah, they also
63:32 by carbon. It All right, . Carbon. It's going to be
63:36 here in just a moment. We Chief cells. Why do you call
63:38 Chief cells? Whenever I see Chief , I mean it's going to sound
63:43 , oh you're terrible. I think an indian chief big headdress, but
63:46 not why Why do you think chief not a trick question is actually really
63:52 question. They're the chief cell or primary cell that's there. So the
64:00 common chief cells produce this enzyme pepsi and gastric lips now, Pepsi negan
64:06 as inactive form. So it hasn't activated yet. Alright, gastric lips
64:11 going to be released and it's going become activated there as well. We
64:14 parietal cells, parietal cells produce hydrochloric and this material called intrinsic factor which
64:20 get to a little bit. We have the stem cells that give rise
64:22 everything else. We have what are called the surface epithelial cells that basically
64:28 alkaline mucus as well. And then a whole bunch of different endocrine cells
64:32 five or six different kinds that are for communicating with other parts of the
64:36 . All right. In the pylori . So this is the body of
64:41 fungus. You have all these and pylori gland area in Antrim. You
64:44 everything there. Alright. Except uh a small amount of Pepcid engine versus
64:51 large amount of pepsi. All You don't need all the pepes.
64:55 once you get down there, Pepcid is up higher. So what do
64:59 things do. Alright. We have acid. Whenever we think of the
65:03 we think of acid says hydrochloric acid secreted by the parietal cell basically.
65:08 use carbonic and hydrates to make it . Where do we see that
65:15 Carbonic and hydrates and in the position it was It was in the
65:21 right in the red blood cells in blood. And what we're doing is
65:24 taking carbonic carbon dioxide and water make acid and then that associates in the
65:30 into a proton. So, we're do we're gonna take that proton.
65:34 gonna pump it out. Right? , it's an exchange. Where is
65:38 exchange? Here we are. We're this side. So, here's my
65:41 right there. It's potassium proton So, in exchange, and then
65:46 also going to allow chlorine to come to balance that out. And that's
65:49 hydrochloric acid. That's how I dropped ph in the stomach. Now,
65:52 whole purpose here is that hydrochloric acid no role in digestion. It can't
65:59 anything. It's not an enzyme, it does. It creates an environment
66:02 digestion to occur. And as we , one of the things that ph
66:06 to proteins is the same thing that does, which is to cause proteins
66:12 the nature by the nature of I now have more spots. I
66:17 actually begin the process of digestion. , that's why we dropped this ph
66:22 . Now. We also learned a time ago in Biology. one I
66:25 it is is that whenever I have protein, it has uh eight ph
66:34 the temperature at which it works All right. The ph in the
66:38 is much much higher. The enzymes the mouth, the amylase and lip
66:42 and the nucleus, the nucleus is well at that ph But when they
66:46 into the stomach they stop working All . So what we're doing is we're
66:52 the process of digesting that we began the mouth and we're beginning a different
66:56 of digestion. All right. So target's went from sugar, fats and
67:01 acids to proteins and fats. so we're changing what we're digesting.
67:08 right. Another thing it does is , it helps out our five second
67:11 kill off any microorganisms as well. we helped to dissociate connective tissues and
67:17 fun stuff. Now, what's happening is we're going to act Pepsi
67:22 Alright, Peeps energy as a whole of different things. It's basically a
67:26 I just might as well go It's a series of indo peptide Asus
67:29 it starts off as this molecule Peps . And what happens is in hydrochloric
67:35 a low ph environment it causes itself life. And then it can actually
67:40 more Pep Pep Signage in the So it's basically this positive feedback loop
67:45 it's an indoor pepper days, meaning goes in and it breaks down if
67:48 think of a protein, it breaks some place in the center of the
67:51 the protein. It's recognizing a specific spot and it says click there,
67:56 there, click there wherever that unique is. So expect today's would be
68:01 on the ends. Right? So a pepper inside. All right.
68:05 there's different ones. All right. we store this stuff up, we're
68:08 making it. There's a basil rate secretion. And so we're kind of
68:11 it up just saying, let it , let it go. But then
68:14 we get food, basically when were by one of these different types of
68:19 , which we'll get to a little later. So basically it says time
68:22 release out the pepes. Imagine release it now before I even get
68:28 that, I'm not sure if I about today or the next one.
68:30 do you think the signal is? time just released a Pepcid again?
68:35 would you like to release? The at the dog are at the at
68:39 junk yard. That's where who let dogs out? Huh? There's someone
68:47 the junk yard trying to steal your . So let's think about when would
68:51 like to release the indo Pep today we would like to be released pep
68:56 when their proteins around. Right. what's happening is when the body detects
69:03 in the stomach, it signals to the stomach to start releasing the Pepcid
69:10 , it's also gonna be signaling to places. Well. And that's what
69:13 signals also play a role in. saying, oh, by the
69:16 we know that there's food there and we want you to begin digesting more
69:22 than the current rate. So there's this smart communication is the lack of
69:26 better term is probably the best way go. All right Now, what's
69:30 to happen? There? It There's the pep tones. Pepitone.
69:32 like a band from the 50s, it? Some sort of doo wop
69:39 pep tones now, not buy Percy. And the pep tones.
69:45 pep I don't know. All So the pepto is what they do
69:49 basically you're gonna cause gas to be from something called g cells.
69:55 closest of kin in. That's a one. We're gonna come back to
70:00 released from the duodenal cells. And then hydrochloric acid secretion.
70:05 basically the presence of proteins being broken , stimulates all these different types of
70:12 to cause and even a positive feedback to uh to increase the rate of
70:18 . All right. Note of Pepsi the molecule, the peptide days,
70:27 noticed that name Pepsi doesn't sound like trying to see what time it is
70:35 minutes. All right, pharmacists, asked this before. We have no
70:41 students pre farms, right? You where all your sodas come from?
70:46 were they all originated? And pharmacies pepper originated in You better know the
70:55 to this question. You're gonna be by every Texan on the planet Waco
70:59 . All right. Pharmacy in Waco basically you go in and they would
71:05 you a digestive. Right. When you supposed to drink dr pepper.
71:11 , 6 and four. Um It's you look at the the old
71:15 they have this kind of clock looking that has a 10 of four and
71:19 six. And basically that's the idea supposed to drink your digestive.
71:23 coca cola. Where was it There's another easy one. Mm I
71:30 it Atlanta. Right. At a . What did they use to make
71:35 Cola? That's easy one cocaine. . It settles the stomach after a
71:42 meal to drink your coca cola, know, get stoned. And then
71:49 have the northern soda. We actually couple others. There's royal crown cola
71:54 . You've probably heard it. It's that person has moxie. Have you
71:57 heard that? It's an old phrase no longer exists. As far as
72:01 might be local. Right? But other big one, The massive one
72:07 Pepsi. Where did you wonder where got their name? Yeah.
72:17 who will help you aid in the of digestion. Some pharmacists took their
72:23 , score, score, score, , score, some car carbonated
72:27 Here, drink this. It's good you. And then they had a
72:32 bunch of sugar afterwards. Actually know dr pepper is, how they made
72:37 everyone always prune juice. Prune There might be some prunes in
72:40 Who knows? But no one's going All right. So you used to
72:44 get your sodas and your ice cream stuff out of out of pharmacy.
72:47 is called the soda fountain, person who served it was called the
72:50 jerk. Right? Because they're actually a handle. Not because they're jerk
72:58 another word, but I kept it myself. All right. And what
73:01 did and you did this as a . Right? Go to the
73:06 And what they would do is it syrup, syrup, syrup,
73:08 syrup, syrup, syrup, syrup the way down the line. The
73:11 for the service. They used to cough syrup. Right? So you
73:14 your cherry cough syrup, great cough . You get all those different
73:17 You know, say all your cough . I always say it's like bubble
73:20 because that's like the popular flavor. , right? But back then,
73:23 was just whatever is like what flavor want Orange right now. Think about
73:28 you're a kid. Did you ever this? You go to the fountain
73:31 , you got your refillable cup and went, Fanta Fanta, lemonade,
73:37 Pepper coke, skip the diet root beer, root beer,
73:43 And you back the other direction, ? We call those suicides. But
73:47 have you just done? You've mixed , syrup, syrup, syrup,
73:51 , syrup. You came back and it tastes like it tastes like a
73:54 pepper. Really bad dr pepper. you made it because you're a
73:58 you know, you're not a He learns sort of weird stuff.
74:03 won't be on the test by the . It's just fun. All
74:08 I'll see what else we Oh Okay. The gastric diffusion barrier.
74:13 right. Now, obviously if I'm enzymes into my stomach and a ph
74:18 very very low I can cause damage the tissues that line that structure.
74:23 ? We know these damages as Right? We can eat away at
74:26 wall of the digestive system. Actually really not true. It's really primarily
74:31 bacteria that are doing it. But go with it for a second.
74:35 ? You understand that your own enzymes chew you up because you're basically made
74:38 proteins, lipids and yada yada. , so the way your stomach protects
74:43 , it has a layer of alkaline . So basically mucus that basically creates
74:49 barrier between the hydrochloric acid and the that make up the walls of the
74:57 . All right. So that's its . So, what you have here
75:01 you can kind of see here's my . Here's my mucus gel membrane,
75:06 membrane but mucus gel that basically is very al Kalin. And out here
75:11 is the gastric lumen which has very low ph so that's how it
75:16 And I looked at this the first and I thought well wait a
75:18 How does this work if I'm secreting acid house the hydrochloric acid get way
75:23 out there even though the cells are . All right. I got this
75:28 layer and it's through this process called fingering. All right. I want
75:34 to picture geysers in your stomach. right? Or sea squirts?
75:41 sea squirts, sea cucumber. You , sea cucumber. You pick up
75:46 sea cucumber. What does it It's just starts spraying out water at
75:52 . Not up at them. I spray them. All right. That's
75:56 of what this does. Basically. cells that produce the hydrochloric acid,
76:01 create enough pressure in them that they push out that fluid. And it
76:05 burrows a hole through that alkaline gel squirts out into the outer environment.
76:12 then the gel slowly oozes back into . Because if you couldn't do
76:17 hydrochloric acid would just sit right there eat away at the cells. I
76:23 thought that was kind of cool because never made sense to me. How
76:26 this all work? All right. you go. So, a stream
76:30 hydrochloric acid. But it's all protected picture. I found these pictures on
76:39 internet. They were entitled bathing in blood of my enemy. Mhm.
76:51 . Love it. You know, worked really, really hard to get
76:55 cupcake that large cupcake. And what . All right, when we eat
77:06 . All right. The rate at we are going to process and break
77:11 this material is going to be in to the materials that are not only
77:15 the small intestine, but the communication the stomach and the small intestine.
77:21 right. In essence. What we is we have a We have multiple
77:24 that decide when it's time to begin and when it's time to stop.
77:28 right now we do have pacemaker They basically are regulated by the nervous
77:33 and some hormones. And what they're is they're creating this basic rhythm of
77:38 . Alright. Basic rhythm of mustard . It's always going on. So
77:42 what's going on in your body right , when you even don't have food
77:45 , it's just cost a little bit secretion. Little bit of contraction over
77:49 over and over again. All But then food comes along and so
77:54 is what we're going to go through three phases. There's the before
77:57 That's the catholic and the gastric And then the after meal is the
78:01 phase. All right. So these some of the hormones. There's lots
78:06 them. All right. We're going focus on a couple of them.
78:09 trin is a hormone produced by the cell. It's a real hard one
78:14 remember. All right. The G . Alright. This is found in
78:18 tantrum. The job of gastric is promote the production of hydrochloric acid and
78:26 secretion as well as from the chief . The release of Pepsi Imogen.
78:31 right. What's it doing? It's being secreted out into the lumen.
78:35 being secreted back into the blood to and find this cell Here it
78:40 Right. And it's saying ah So G cell someplace over here says here's
78:44 gastric in time to secrete protons. right. And that's what it's
78:50 The parietal cell. Uh The parietal . All right now, how do
78:54 stimulate this? Well, there's different . Aceto Coley. Well where do
78:59 see a cd calling besides the Mm. Oh my goodness. I
79:07 things from earlier units. Yes. right. Let me help you hear
79:13 nervous system we have fight or flight rest and digest. So which one
79:21 think is responsible? Rest and Parasympathetic. Alright, let's see the
79:28 . All right. So you're producing response to that. There's another thing
79:33 gastric releasing peptide that's released from the nerve and also the presence of peptides
79:37 the stomach. That's easy is too . Same sort of thing. It
79:44 hydrochloric acid secretion. So I'm promoting . So gastric promotes digestion. Histamine
79:49 digestion. It's released by the L cells. This is another one
79:53 these different types of cells. Some a statin on the other hand,
79:58 by the D cells. All Are going to block or prevent
80:05 All right. They act negatively on parietal cells parietal cells. Remember hydrochloric
80:11 . They act negatively on the g stop making gas from the act negatively
80:15 the sl cells stop making his to . In other words let me stop
80:21 process of digestion. So, we two mechanisms that promote digestion. One
80:26 right here that blocks that digestion. , this is just to kind of
80:33 you there's these direct pathways. here's the cl cell. You can
80:36 it's releasing histamine. It's acting Um We have a ceo Colin it
80:41 directly. We can have gas turbine act directly. All right.
80:46 there's direct ways. But you can see that there's indirect pathways that act
80:49 the si el cells. So, can never see the contact on the
80:52 or on the cell cell to cause of histamine. I can have gastric
80:55 CCK act on the cell cell and act indirectly. So, there's different
81:02 that we can do this. But idea is is I'm regulating through these
81:06 mechanisms. So, let's talk about phase. How much time do I
81:12 ? No one's looking like, like eight minutes over, two minutes
81:19 , man. But you guys are enraptured. I love it. All
81:23 , well, we can stop. mean, basically Well, I'll just
81:26 you and then you can get So phase is when you smell food or
81:30 makes you hunt, Right? And your stomach says it's time to eat
81:34 that's when you get that what you're right now, right? That's just
81:42 phallic phase. Alright preparing the stomach the incoming meal. All right,
81:47 we get back, we'll deal with gastric phase, which is when food
81:50 there shocking? All right, Just you're packing up, what do you
81:54 the intestinal phases then? What's in intestine is telling you to either speed
82:00 or slow down the rate of It's all easy. All right,
82:03 guys have a great weekend, enjoy you want
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