| 00:02 | today's lecture 16 of neuroscience. And going to talk about smell. But |
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| 00:11 | very briefly going to review what we last lecture if it is going to |
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| 00:19 | available to me. Yes. Okay when we talked about medical cannabinoids, |
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| 00:29 | discussed H. P. L. . High performance liquid chromatography, isolation |
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| 00:35 | individual ingredients from extracts, botanical Doesn't matter if we're talking about soybeans |
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| 00:46 | if we're talking about cannabis or camel lavender. But once we knew the |
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| 00:53 | ingredient in this case in cannabis that causing the euphoria effect. Delta nine |
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| 01:02 | . I was discovered by and correctly its structure in 1964 by Raphael |
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| 01:09 | In the eighties there were creation of Delta nine THC drugs that a pharmaceutical |
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| 01:19 | FDA approved pharmaceuticals. They are only few and everything that you see on |
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| 01:27 | slide are approved pharmaceutical treatments. And fact Sativex which is the brand name |
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| 01:38 | trademark name is not even approved in United States by F. D. |
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| 01:44 | . So when I say these are and FDA approved EPA dialects is FDA |
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| 01:53 | Marinol is FDA approved sesame mint But Sativex is approved by british equivalent |
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| 02:03 | F. D. A. And it is sold or traded in different |
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| 02:08 | through pharmacies 20 some plus countries it approved by the local laws and local |
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| 02:16 | . The equivalence of F. A. In europe was a hall |
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| 02:19 | example or within individual countries that may even their own specific rules and its |
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| 02:29 | or more relaxed rules is it relates the overall pharmaceutical world and europe or |
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| 02:39 | . So you can see that there's just very few symptoms that can be |
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| 02:45 | with pharmaceutical. Can I have a ? Uh when you talk about sesame |
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| 02:53 | Marinol, their synthetic delta nine THC the big Simoes of cannabidiol, their |
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| 03:01 | derived, that means they're derived from extract from the whole Canada's plant. |
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| 03:10 | ingestion and how we process and unjust is very important. Again, this |
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| 03:16 | how it relates to cannabinoids. But always wanted to tell you to just |
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| 03:21 | about how you consume medicines every day that's mostly through your mouth and that |
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| 03:29 | down into the stomach, This gastric , so that goes into the digestive |
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| 03:34 | and it gets absorbed by the micro and the digestive system gets into the |
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| 03:41 | . And there is a secondary metabolism happens. Some drugs and substances get |
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| 03:47 | by liver, that liver can get if there is high concentration of a |
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| 03:52 | pharmaceutical or Canavan orders. So all these things are are some of the |
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| 04:01 | that we talked about, We very distinguished between low THC cannabis or what |
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| 04:10 | federally approved by health. Farm Bill hemp also a lot of times referred |
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| 04:16 | as industrial hump, which is a of CBD cannabidiol. It is also |
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| 04:24 | incredible uh plan for textiles, building , plastics, hemp plastics. Because |
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| 04:37 | plants hemp plants a big advantage is they grow Up to 20 ft tall |
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| 04:45 | year and their stock for these plants get as thick as a tree, |
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| 04:51 | structure of it is different. But have this enormous tree that re grows |
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| 04:59 | year. So when you think about , when you think about all of |
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| 05:04 | substitutes for actual trees, how long it take to grow a fully grown |
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| 05:11 | tree? Years, decades sometimes. hemp is an incredibly versatile plant. |
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| 05:21 | an upcoming crop. It is available cultivation and taxes and a lot of |
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| 05:27 | are looking into it, not just medicinal uses for supply of CBD from |
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| 05:35 | . They're looking at this limited supply Delta nine THC from help which is |
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| 05:40 | legal federally up to 0.3% in the product or three mg per gram in |
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| 05:47 | finished product. So beyond that, are really interested in the structural architectural |
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| 05:56 | substitutes, installation, building materials, can grind up the ham stocks and |
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| 06:04 | it with water and lime and you build houses out of it and they |
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| 06:09 | be echo houses with great installation. when it comes to the high THC |
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| 06:16 | , it is mostly used for medicinal recreational purposes. And when it comes |
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| 06:22 | synthetic street cannabinoids, non F. . A. Cannabinoids or synthetic marijuana |
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| 06:30 | semi synthetic anonymous. We talked about eight THC which is semi synthetic. |
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| 06:36 | . There's a lot of unknowns. when it concerns these so called powder |
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| 06:42 | substances that are synthesized in the labs can be quite dangerous. We're talking |
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| 06:48 | binding properties when the natural THC combined that CB one receptor, it has |
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| 06:55 | certain binding affinity. It as an , it encourages that receptor to activate |
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| 07:01 | jeep protean cascade. And to be for a certain period of time. |
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| 07:06 | you introduce synthetic cannabinoids, they can 1000 times more potent and binding to |
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| 07:14 | same CB one receptor which is a more of that metadata, tropic downstream |
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| 07:20 | but also potentially over activation, potentially long period of time but which it |
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| 07:27 | activated. So these things are quite . You have to know about |
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| 07:34 | And this slide describe different parts of plants where you will see in the |
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| 07:40 | Canada sprouts like hemp sprouts sold in supermarkets because uh sprouts in general, |
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| 07:48 | are people going into microgreens and sprouts it is? And why is it |
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| 07:54 | expensive? You know you can get big head of lettuce for two |
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| 07:58 | but then you get a little tray microgreens for 5 99 in the grocery |
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| 08:06 | like being microgreens or whatever it may alfalfa. Why is that? Because |
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| 08:11 | actually contained very high concentrations of some the very valuable elements and very high |
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| 08:19 | of enzymes per amount per total So just like that with cannabis in |
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| 08:28 | , bras from cannabis is a can a that's an emergent anti inflammatory |
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| 08:36 | Different parts of this plant can be . And we talked about seeds that |
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| 08:40 | the oil. It is very original three and omega six fatty assets which |
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| 08:47 | serve as precursors for endocannabinoid synthesis inside bodies. So there's sort of like |
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| 08:56 | continuous here. The try comms is you have the biochemical machinery where cannabinoids |
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| 09:02 | Turpin's are produced. So we introduced is these aromatic molecules uh and every |
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| 09:11 | that's produced here will have it's own . We talked about C. |
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| 09:16 | G. A. THC A. , a acidic cannabinoids that are produced |
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| 09:21 | the plant. The plant produces acidic and they turn into neutral forms through |
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| 09:27 | box elation and they have different interactions the CB one receptor. When you |
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| 09:33 | at the list of these three major THC CBD CVG they have different interactions |
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| 09:39 | CB receptors CB one CB two. have known properties but it doesn't mean |
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| 09:46 | these are FDA approved medications for these like anticancer by CBD. There's no |
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| 09:55 | drop but it has been shown to properties and in vitro even in some |
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| 10:01 | vivo studies but it's not yet at stage where it is approved FDA |
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| 10:07 | But um C. B. Is emergent and there's very little known |
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| 10:14 | C. B. G. As . And we talked about some conclusive |
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| 10:18 | inconclusive evidence that is five years This this was published by a group |
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| 10:24 | smartest engineers, doctors and scientists uh physicists and they produced this conclusions supporting |
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| 10:37 | there's a lot of positive effects from not synthetic and avenue. It's not |
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| 10:42 | can avenue. But it actually states okay when it comes down to Delta |
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| 10:49 | , there's no Delta eight THC sentences the plants. So delta eight THC |
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| 10:55 | from CBD. It comes through a in the lab that processes not the |
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| 11:02 | processes semi synthetic production of delta. unfortunately you will see some Delta is |
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| 11:08 | . It has a psychotropic effect. doesn't have known medicinal properties. And |
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| 11:15 | report very strange effect from DELTA eight compared to delta nine THC. This |
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| 11:21 | anecdotal because there's no a mass study that that that says that. So |
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| 11:27 | something to be very cautious about. when you look at the good players |
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| 11:32 | cannabis industry, they're staying away from AIDS. The people that want to |
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| 11:37 | quick money in cannabis industry, they go for these semi synthetic can |
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| 11:42 | Now, if instead of that, showed that Delta Aid actually helps with |
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| 11:49 | , helps with relaxation, helps with . And then yeah, then I |
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| 11:53 | the larger companies will also see it more of a legitimate molecule. It's |
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| 11:58 | variety of cannabinoids variety of Turpin's that discussed and they have their own different |
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| 12:06 | . And we discuss these different medical adult systems that exist around the |
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| 12:12 | And then we talked about the map the United States and we talked about |
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| 12:19 | products and when it comes into texas medical cannabinoids and medical cannabis. These |
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| 12:25 | not FDA approved, these are state FDA stands for F letter for |
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| 12:34 | No Food and Drug Administration also thought was federal but it is federal but |
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| 12:42 | is on the federal level they control the federal level. And on the |
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| 12:46 | level medical cannabis and medical kannapolis are on the state level On a federal |
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| 12:55 | . Canada's plant and THC on schedule which is basically no medicinal use, |
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| 13:04 | addictive and dangerous in the states though the other hand, you know you |
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| 13:12 | More than 50% of the population that access to adult and medical use |
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| 13:24 | No so that's you know then that's I raised the question and and then |
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| 13:30 | a massive industry affiliated with that and why when I talked to a group |
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| 13:35 | graduate students you never know where the leads. You. And some of |
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| 13:40 | are into engineering, some of you into tech into I. T. |
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| 13:45 | stuff like that. You know these unicorns. For example this Duchy company |
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| 13:50 | created by one guy from the west . One guy from Canada two years |
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| 13:56 | they started creating and analyzing data how sell Canada's how to help consumers find |
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| 14:03 | cannabis in different dispensaries. They had rounds where they raised money they raised |
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| 14:10 | 250 million. They're valued over $4 . Within two years. They are |
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| 14:17 | $16 billion dollars of transactions in cannabis . They're not touching the plants, |
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| 14:24 | not growing anything, they're not extracting . Their tech guys there in the |
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| 14:30 | and uh analyzing data. So when think about different opportunities, you know |
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| 14:37 | there's different opportunities, there's no So we have to work on |
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| 14:41 | This is a texas program which is THC it's only 1% THC. So |
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| 14:47 | difference between Hampton texas is hampered 0.3% and texas. Medical cannabis program is |
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| 14:55 | THC so 10 mg per gram or mg gummies. It's about 20,000 patients |
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| 15:02 | are currently present in Texas will probably to about a million in about 3-5 |
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| 15:07 | . The growth is very rapid, about an average 11% a month. |
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| 15:13 | how fast this program is moving and we'll have this institutional review board approved |
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| 15:18 | the state and feds won't close the down because they're following the state rules |
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| 15:25 | a state university to do research on . So now this is the number |
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| 15:30 | conditions and I would like to for guys to see this because most of |
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| 15:34 | conditions are what actually neurological disorders and conditions. It started the program started |
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| 15:44 | only allowing Children Pediatric patients with epilepsy was intractable or untreatable and that was |
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| 15:54 | 2017. We only had one disorder was allowed to be treated by |
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| 16:03 | There's significant evidence in clinics and B. D. S, anti |
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| 16:09 | , anti convulsant medication too. Cannabis contains CBD in addition that contains THC |
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| 16:16 | other cannabinoids to seizure disorders were Now you have all of these other |
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| 16:22 | . And so if you talk to normal doctor and I don't mean to |
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| 16:26 | that There's not not normal doctor. you if you talked to probably 95% |
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| 16:30 | the doctors, they wouldn't understand this and why cannabis can treat this |
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| 16:36 | And then there would be about 5% really curious doctors that see that opioids |
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| 16:41 | not work as efficiently for their See that their patients are seeking alternative |
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| 16:46 | are like juicing themselves with God knows kind of concoctions and are already medicating |
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| 16:52 | self medicating themselves with Canada. So , there's this disconnect between what's federally |
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| 17:00 | , federally approved. How most of decide at the medical center. Would |
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| 17:05 | that would view this program that would stay away from the state program. |
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| 17:10 | then I think the 5% are getting it. They're gonna be in the |
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| 17:16 | , they're going to make some money they're gonna actually start understanding how to |
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| 17:19 | people with this alternative uh preparations from recording. We talked about last lecture |
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| 17:31 | a lecture before. We talked about and we talked about the circuit the |
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| 17:36 | circuit that's involved in munchies. So also very good questions. And what |
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| 17:40 | didn't talk about is what can we And we're gonna talk about it and |
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| 17:45 | can we smell? So you can that once that era gets inhaled into |
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| 17:51 | nasal cavities the air actually is exposed or the olfactory epithelium nerve ending silly |
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| 18:01 | these olfactory cells here and this kind a sticky mucus layer. They are |
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| 18:07 | ones that get exposed to the odors they process the olfactory receptor cells process |
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| 18:14 | holders and they had the central axels they send through these little administrations in |
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| 18:22 | skull. So it goes to see through the skull. So there are |
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| 18:27 | here in the skull. Ah And information. Then these fibers form the |
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| 18:34 | nerve. And that information is communicated the factory evolved where there are secondary |
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| 18:41 | olfactory neurons around these cells. You basil cells and you see supporting |
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| 18:52 | So this uh together is referred to um olfactory epithelium and that's how you |
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| 19:01 | things is through this olfactory epithelium. once the receptors and cilia get exposed |
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| 19:11 | odorant molecules and an example of odorant is a turkey is a volatile turkey |
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| 19:18 | . In when you pick up lemon smell citrus smell you're smelling Turpin's. |
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| 19:25 | when these odorant molecules bind to the receptors, their metabolic tropic signaling |
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| 19:32 | Protein coupled receptors. And they activate general cyclist which converts a teepee into |
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| 19:40 | A. M. P. Which , okay a special calcium and sodium |
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| 19:50 | channel. Okay. And this calcium , this calcium influx somehow controls chloride |
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| 20:03 | and opens chloride channels. So it a membrane deep polarization by opening chloride |
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| 20:11 | . So it's calcium regulated chloride And most of the instances in the |
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| 20:18 | we saw the positive high ongoing in sodium. But here it's a single |
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| 20:27 | of an olfactory receptor and this is sodium dependent calcium channel. But the |
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| 20:32 | that's flexing in this calcium and as know, calcium is not going to |
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| 20:36 | much deep polarization but what it does serves as a secondary messenger and opens |
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| 20:42 | channel. So in this case it's negative charge leaving the cell causes the |
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| 20:47 | polarization. Yeah. So here if do voltage recordings and you're recording at |
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| 20:59 | level of the axon here. So have 100 here sorry and the cilia |
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| 21:07 | then goes into the axon that forms perfected nerve. So at this level |
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| 21:14 | they will be generating if you were an electrode in here they would be |
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| 21:19 | the slow receptor potentials. And you see that they are slow. They're |
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| 21:26 | like E. P. S. . S. There are about one |
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| 21:30 | in duration. If you recall P. S. P. |
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| 21:32 | And I PS PS. There were to tens of milliseconds in duration. |
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| 21:37 | is a very very prolonged response? a slow response. So at the |
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| 21:46 | here of the selma of course you generate a series of action potential |
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| 21:52 | And these action potentials but not the potential then gets conveyed to the olfactory |
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| 22:03 | . What's interesting is there is what called broad tuning of single olfactory receptor |
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| 22:11 | . Each receptor cell expresses a single receptor pro dam. And here if |
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| 22:19 | look at these cells yellow, dark , light blue green, orange um |
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| 22:29 | red, they all express a different receptor proteins and cells and randomly scattered |
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| 22:39 | this region of the epithelium. So talking still about the epithelial cells. |
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| 22:46 | know that this is what it smell sometimes you know I have a dog |
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| 22:49 | sometimes she posed in the morning and I pick up her her pool the |
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| 22:55 | gets like, it's almost like stuck I already like through the bag out |
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| 22:59 | it's like five minutes later and I to God it's still stuck in my |
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| 23:04 | nostril so I can still smell So it's like lingering around this olfactory |
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| 23:10 | . You know until there's certain things happened that it gets cleared. You |
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| 23:15 | or you inhale some other odorant. So in different cells are scattered within |
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| 23:22 | region of the epithelium. Now if can be you have a micro electric |
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| 23:27 | from three different cells. So in case you're recording from green blue and |
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| 23:33 | cells. Right? What happens? shows that each one responds to many |
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| 23:41 | odors. So green and blue they respond to sit tress green, |
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| 23:49 | and red. They respond to floral green, blue and red. Again |
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| 23:57 | to peppermint smells. These responses are . You can see that these three |
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| 24:02 | process floral smells and peppermint smells. the delay in when the action potentials |
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| 24:09 | generated, how many action potential also And the frequency of these actual potentials |
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| 24:19 | is generated is different When they're activated two different odor molecules. And this |
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| 24:27 | an almond smell and in this case only blue and red, but there's |
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| 24:32 | green cell is not responsive to almond . So by measuring responses from all |
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| 24:38 | cells, each of the four odors be clearly distinguished. This is really |
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| 24:46 | . So this is the action potential in the cellular circuit for citrus or |
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| 24:53 | flowers or for peppermint. So one that I always say is that we |
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| 25:01 | this code, right? How the code. But we, as humans |
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| 25:07 | haven't come up with a way to smell to others digitally. This is |
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| 25:14 | can speak and record our voices Of course there's no you can even |
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| 25:21 | that there is a digital touch because are remote controlled surgical procedures that are |
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| 25:30 | overseas real time. So there's a that you're moving. So you could |
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| 25:35 | you could even do that digitally Of course pictures, paintings smell you |
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| 25:47 | convey. And I always thought it be the coolest thing if somebody came |
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| 25:55 | with a little USB plug in device your computer and it contained just like |
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| 26:02 | printer. You know your printer contains colors. So instead of different colors |
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| 26:08 | device would contain different odorant molecules and Turpin's and the code. So if |
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| 26:16 | sends you an image of a citrusy you would get the green and red |
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| 26:23 | activated to create the smell of citrusy you're looking at that image. Is |
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| 26:29 | an N. F. D. think it is. So but can |
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| 26:34 | imagine that you know it's it's it's also you know one thing that you |
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| 26:40 | say is there are robots that can like. So the robots that smell |
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| 26:47 | chemical warfare they can detect bombs, bomb sniffing robots so that that the |
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| 27:00 | sensory thing is there. But the we don't have enough but a digital |
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| 27:06 | for smell. You have an Oh yeah absolutely. So all of |
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| 27:19 | different odorant will have a different um to them Turpin. Some of them |
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| 27:26 | be shorter. Some of them will much longer and more complex. But |
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| 27:32 | gonna come back to that in a . Let's look at from where these |
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| 27:37 | olfactory nerves run and they contact you see here the contact secondary order of |
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| 27:46 | neurons and you can see that a of them contact them into an area |
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| 27:52 | is called glomeruli list. So this a special area and this is the |
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| 27:57 | evolved. And so this is basically olfactory evolved. That's where it's |
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| 28:04 | right above that cranbrook forum plate where nerve endings are coming in and it |
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| 28:11 | be at the very base of the . So you can see here the |
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| 28:15 | side and the guy right from the already. So after multiple branching, |
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| 28:21 | olfactory accents synapses upon secondary neurons within spark of roman aerialists. The second |
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| 28:27 | neurons send axons through the olfactory This is now attract, this is |
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| 28:33 | factory nerve. So this is cranial . one fibers right here is a |
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| 28:39 | in our fibers coming in sensory cranial and then it becomes a optic |
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| 28:52 | So now you have a very interesting there in epithelium. You had the |
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| 29:00 | green yellow cells randomly scattered throughout. the circuit and the cellular arrangement is |
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| 29:08 | that there is different individually. This protium oder protium binding that bind the |
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| 29:17 | . They all converge and two single realist. So there's going to be |
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| 29:24 | blue glow materialist a red glow materialist green. The processes information for that |
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| 29:33 | smell and smells are similar can be . So when you see blue, |
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| 29:38 | gonna be shades of blue. The as when you smell citrus, you |
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| 29:42 | smell, it smells more like It's small, it smells more like |
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| 29:47 | . This smells more like mango. there's there's a lot of different shades |
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| 29:53 | these colors but they all converge. the circuit from olfactory evolved. These |
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| 30:02 | the olfactory tract fibers that go in the olfactory Tuberville call and a portion |
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| 30:12 | those go into the olfactory cortex and temporal lobe structures. Now from the |
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| 30:21 | to brickell, the outputs here goes the thalamus and for the vision it |
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| 30:29 | lata ji Nicollet nucleus that was processing information for all faction you have medial |
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| 30:36 | nucleus that is processing the olfaction. . And that information is sent into |
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| 30:44 | orbital frontal cortex. So I think you had a question last year, |
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| 30:53 | sense of smell bypasses. So only portion of that that bypasses and it |
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| 30:59 | you think that you know what sometimes smell things before you see things and |
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| 31:07 | that's now maybe a huge attractant or huge deterrent. So you can think |
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| 31:13 | these fibers that go through the They have a conscious perception of smell |
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| 31:23 | everything that goes through thalamus and goes the cortex is tasked with the conscious |
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| 31:31 | of sensor information and this direct input olfactory cortex Maybe one could argue is |
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| 31:40 | primitive and primal and it has to with protecting yourself or procreating yourself. |
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| 31:50 | say opposites attract a lot of It's the smell of the person and |
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| 31:55 | actually don't agree with them or her many different things. So that's very |
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| 32:02 | to think about that. The smells very strong primal, there's a lot |
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| 32:08 | discussions about pheromones and things like There's a lot of synchronization and behaviors |
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| 32:15 | on smiles too. So now when smells go and this is now back |
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| 32:21 | the rat brain and you can see the rat brain you have these fairly |
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| 32:27 | olfactory balls because rats are processing a of their living and a lot of |
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| 32:33 | survival and future based on all They sniff things around and they whisk |
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| 32:40 | . So we looked at the barrel uh and the neuroscience course uh looked |
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| 32:48 | it here as well briefly. And you have in these animals are very |
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| 32:58 | . Olfactory evolves and olfactory track and cortex and what this shows is things |
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| 33:07 | you've already learned activity of neurons in glen are really of a muscle. |
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| 33:10 | ball was recorded with a specialized optical . The cells expressed the fluorescent protein |
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| 33:17 | to interest cellular calcium level. So important because there's flux of calcium and |
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| 33:27 | we know that calcium is related to transmission calcium is related to excitability. |
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| 33:35 | talked about neuronal imaging different ways. really attracting the tablets were imaging oxygen |
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| 33:42 | optical signal imaging reflective properties, the of the south glucose if you're looking |
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| 33:47 | the positron emission tomography. So here potentially doing fluorescent imaging of calcium. |
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| 33:55 | can also be doing voltage sensitive damaging this situation. Okay, but what |
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| 34:01 | seeing is a map of activity and olfactory bulb, because the factory balls |
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| 34:09 | very large in the rat and they in the front so they extend from |
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| 34:15 | brain. In humans, it's underneath brain and rats and it's in front |
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| 34:20 | the main cortex. What can be as these experiments can be done in |
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| 34:29 | , where the skull that is above factory ball gets shaven to the point |
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| 34:39 | it becomes so thin that it's actually . So you can see through the |
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| 34:46 | , it's like it becomes like a window into the brain. Uh Now |
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| 34:53 | can expose these animals to different odorant and you can track the maps of |
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| 34:59 | in the brain. And so this the minty smell that created this map |
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| 35:04 | the olfactory involved. And this is fruity smell. And wherever you see |
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| 35:11 | , it's a strong response, a high calcium concentration. And wherever you |
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| 35:15 | week blue is weak response or quiescence steady state activity that's going on. |
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| 35:24 | uh The blue box shows the area 5 3 ball and the two odors |
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| 35:31 | are activating here. You can also down to a single cell level. |
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| 35:37 | if you use a higher resolution you actually can get down onto a |
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| 35:42 | cell level. You can definitely get into a single glimmering analyst level. |
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| 35:47 | is, it is, it is of course to image the aerialists than |
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| 35:53 | single cell and then you can see as you mentioned, look at |
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| 35:59 | this is a fruity smell, it's . Now let's just cut grass smell |
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| 36:05 | hexagonal. Okay, and this is pioneering, which gives a piney and |
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| 36:11 | smell. So we mentioned alpha pining we talked about cannabis because alpha pi |
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| 36:19 | is one of the most common Turpin's by cannabis, but alpha Pioneer is |
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| 36:24 | expressed by all of these coniferous pines christmas trees and uh anything that has |
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| 36:35 | and cones will have that alpha. there's also a beta Pioneer versions, |
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| 36:41 | different versions. You can see the of pining is very different from octonal |
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| 36:48 | very different from hexagonal. Hexagonal is shortest. You can count the carbon |
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| 36:57 | Six Carbons, 1, 2, , 456 carbons. It's a very |
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| 37:03 | molecule. How about this 1, , 2, 3, 4567, |
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| 37:09 | carbon alone. Which one do you is going to be more volatile? |
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| 37:17 | shorter one, the shorter one of smaller molecules, they're going to travel |
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| 37:23 | air much easier than the longer And so you can have a map |
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| 37:30 | precise map of activity that represents a . And uh here pining is |
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| 37:38 | in, in green octonal is and rad overlap is in yellow. |
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| 37:50 | when you smell a rose for example you smell a mentor, you smell |
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| 37:57 | lemon. That map that gets originated the olfactory evolved that map through the |
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| 38:06 | neural circuit gets communicated into the higher centers and you will see an overall |
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| 38:14 | that gets generated in the prefrontal orbital , olfactory cortex. And so |
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| 38:21 | you can have these very sophisticated maps activity. You can see that lemon |
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| 38:30 | , okay, is the map of lemon. It's very different from the |
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| 38:36 | map. And when I say I'm not looking at the wide boundaries |
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| 38:42 | , but I'm actually looking at these and blue hot spots within the white |
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| 38:48 | . Okay, so you can see there is very strong uh hotspots here |
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| 38:57 | example, here that are not present at all. You see this red |
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| 39:01 | spot that's not present there, but red hot spot is not completely present |
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| 39:06 | the rose island. So there's a map. The olfactory centers are also |
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| 39:14 | to emotional centers. So they talked the amygdala. There's an emotional response |
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| 39:19 | can happen from smelling things. So linked to my amygdala. A faction |
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| 39:25 | has an input to semantic memory centers when you smell something, it's also |
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| 39:32 | story that can unravel, it's the cookies, it's my father's perfume. |
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| 39:38 | know, it's my mother's uh you know, it's my grandmother's |
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| 39:45 | you know, garden whatever you you have those associations and and you |
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| 39:51 | those things that are associated. So map goes well beyond just olfactory |
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| 39:57 | Of course the map that gets to recall areas. Memories are not stored |
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| 40:02 | hippocampus, but you would activate hippocampus recall some of those semantic memories by |
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| 40:11 | activation through the through the olfactory I may have mentioned this before, |
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| 40:19 | one of the most interesting books that read lately was by a brilliant |
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| 40:25 | He works in France. His name dr Luca Turin. The name of |
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| 40:30 | book is The Secret of Sands and uh sort of the guru of the |
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| 40:37 | industry and this is the industry that managed to sell a lot of |
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| 40:47 | And in fact when you talk about back to last lecture to cannabinoids in |
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| 40:51 | cannabis, it's not the ter peons smell, but it's the it's not |
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| 40:58 | cannabinoids that we can smell, but the Europeans. So what sells when |
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| 41:06 | say, oh if they're in medical dispensary, you walk in, |
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| 41:10 | very pungent strong smell and then they I want to smell this product and |
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| 41:15 | smell this flower and what they're snarling Ter peons, so what they're buying |
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| 41:23 | peons and the story behind it, like with perfume you're buying Turpin's the |
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| 41:31 | and the story the person behind Whoever is the girl, the |
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| 41:36 | you know, the lifestyle that it , the car they're driving. You |
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| 41:40 | all this is all big commercial business the perfume industry and cosmetics industry now |
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| 41:48 | it very successfully online. So there all sorts of other stimuli that are |
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| 41:55 | at you visual storytelling stimuli, um , influencers, their reactions, things |
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| 42:05 | that. That is enough for people actually Say I'm going to like the |
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| 42:10 | too, you know, and I'm buy this, it's $35 for some |
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| 42:13 | model but I'll do it, you , so Now over 16 long carbon |
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| 42:19 | , they have no odor. Cannabinoids typically 22 carbons long. You cannot |
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| 42:26 | cannabinoids. So when you go into perfume store and I highly recommend if |
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| 42:34 | haven't been. There is a very story here in Houston called cool and |
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| 42:39 | . It's I believe it's on Alabama West Heimer, it's sort of a |
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| 42:45 | end store but they have incredible And when you go into any perfume |
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| 42:53 | there's always coffee standing too. So coffee has very strong smell and you |
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| 42:59 | coffee, it can kind of neutralize other odorant from the perfumes. But |
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| 43:05 | you walk in a lot of the and a lot of very high end |
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| 43:09 | stores will have a whole logic about the products and that's not only because |
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| 43:15 | the visual thing but of the smell they're going to encounter, the shorter |
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| 43:21 | that are those six carbon chains, carbon chains that we looked at Those |
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| 43:28 | what we refer to as top notes any product. When you put a |
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| 43:33 | on shampoo, the first thing you the top notes of the short molecules |
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| 43:38 | the longer notes or the heart notes something that takes minutes. So even |
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| 43:44 | you're showering first to smell something, typically sit tress, it's very light |
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| 43:49 | and then later Other smells come Piney smiles come out. The really |
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| 43:55 | molecules that stick around are called bottom . Those are 16 carbon, 18 |
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| 44:03 | long molecules. They typically have a of trees, of animals, of |
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| 44:10 | of kind of like nature, like rooted nature smells. So and those |
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| 44:21 | when people put the perfume on the thing, it's very light smell, |
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| 44:27 | it's the middle notes. And then rest of the day if it's a |
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| 44:30 | high quality perfume, especially if it's from United Arab Emirates are where the |
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| 44:38 | are oils rather than alcohol sprays. oils stick on your skin for a |
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| 44:45 | long time. And early notes dissipate middle notes. Stay there for minutes |
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| 44:53 | hours and the bottom the longest notes stay there the following day. It |
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| 44:59 | stay on your clothing. That's why you going to your mother's closet, |
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| 45:04 | know, scarf smells like her perfume something. So, so you know |
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| 45:11 | different people they say because it modifies structure. It's because of this. |
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| 45:23 | know, we are all slightly different variants of each other which makes our |
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| 45:31 | and different variants of this blue color a little bit differently? Just like |
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| 45:36 | the, with the color information you have three types of cones, |
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| 45:42 | you can have two types of Right? And then in some females |
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| 45:50 | is tetra chromatic, there's four types cones. So are you going to |
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| 45:57 | color differently from somebody that has four of cones or somebody that has 15 |
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| 46:04 | of blue in there? Glimmering analysts a circuit from the fifth Ilium versus |
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| 46:11 | ? No. Yeah. And it's a very good question. So |
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| 46:17 | slightly different arrangements and connectivity in the is what gives a variation and expression |
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| 46:23 | this uh, odor and proteins to degrees, slightly different degrees in different |
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| 46:31 | . So the better the snow, fresher the flower, the fresher the |
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| 46:38 | and also the stronger the allergies. we get warned right if there's an |
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| 46:44 | season, you know, it's really for me what happened with Covid and |
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| 46:50 | was wearing masks and still are and probably get another wave. Well, |
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| 46:54 | probably still start wearing masks again. there was a reduction colds, Common |
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| 47:03 | flu transmitted because we wore masks, know, uh, allergies the same |
|
| 47:13 | . Why don't people wear masks for Also? You know, most of |
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| 47:20 | are wearing these over the face masks I think shouldn't there be like some |
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| 47:25 | of like a diaphragm you just put your nose and mouth or something in |
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| 47:31 | back of the mouth or something? don't know. You know, like |
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| 47:34 | insert something in the trachea and it and you're suffocating. So, but |
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| 47:46 | a warning sign to when you smell grass. My sister is allergic to |
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| 47:52 | grasses. And if it's cut grass she gets a whiff of it, |
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| 47:56 | knows what to do. You it's allergy medication and close your |
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| 48:05 | But if you close your nose, can still enter through your mouth. |
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| 48:13 | what's happening? I think in in the, in the current day |
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| 48:16 | the future is you have a Roma physiology. So aroma, you can |
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| 48:22 | of how many aromatic oils are being everywhere, How many uh things that |
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| 48:32 | to do with smells? And you that, oh, it just sets |
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| 48:35 | mood and now just told you that actually maps in the brain. So |
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| 48:40 | a physiology to the smiles. That can influence your behavior as a consumer |
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| 48:48 | can influence it to buy or not buy as, you know, person |
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| 48:52 | can influence, to be attracted or to be attracted to that person, |
|
| 48:56 | know, and of course the neuro . So when you think about what |
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| 49:04 | why it sells, what is in ? You know, commercial industry? |
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| 49:08 | am I clicking a button? You , why am I buying this next |
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| 49:13 | ? Think about all of the how they're being organized around you to |
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| 49:18 | that buying decision. Because ultimately, of the marketing companies, most of |
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| 49:24 | brands, that's that's what they're working this for you too. You |
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| 49:28 | to swipe the card or click the . Uh huh. And it's and |
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| 49:34 | and it's and it's a big So, I think that it's a |
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| 49:38 | business, but it's also can be very good business. Uh It can |
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| 49:45 | people a lot. I think aroma physiology received people that have mental and |
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| 49:55 | problems, They're finding peace and unpleasant and spas. There's a reason why |
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| 50:02 | play quiet music and kind of really smells and changes your mood, changes |
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| 50:08 | attitude. So, All right, that ends our lecture today. |
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| 50:16 | I think I'm going to stop here as I mentioned, I have to |
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| 50:21 | a little bit earlier. I'm gonna your lecture and I will see everyone |
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| 50:26 | Wednesday for the review and I'm going review the older material, not that |
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| 50:31 | cannabinoid system, cannabinoids or the but the lectures before that. So |
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| 50:38 | prepared on Wednesday and then make sure registered for the exam on monday. |
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| 50:45 | |
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