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00:01 This is neuroscience Lecture one. And we will start discussing the history of

00:10 and how we came about two now complexity of the central nervous system through

00:16 key historical events and figures. But we do that, I want you

00:21 look at this image to think about we're going to discuss this semester.

00:27 of all, you're seeing central nervous , which is the cerebral cortex brain

00:36 with spinal cord. And then you the spinal nerves that go into the

00:42 on. Then you also have peripheral system components that we will not

00:47 During this course, we will concentrate the central nervous system, and mostly

00:52 that three will cortex, brainstem and cord functions right? If you look

00:59 this diagram here on the left, colors here represents different Loeb's, and

01:08 are cerebral cortical lobes, the frontal and red, the temporal role.

01:15 and green, the parietal load and orange exhibit a load in the back

01:23 the head. The cerebellum, which referred to as a little brain brain

01:30 , which is located here in the and from the neck down the spinal

01:37 , and all of these areas of brain are interconnected. And so you

01:47 see that in this diagram here on right, you see what looks like

01:51 whole bunch of fiber strength. Traveling the brain stem to the cerebral cortex

01:58 cerebral cortex to the Falun. Most , the brain stem to the spinal

02:05 . And if we zoom them to very, very complex networks, what

02:11 find that the main players of the nervous system neurons, neurons that communicate

02:18 each other through very specialized locations that called synopsis and then then the synapses

02:26 have neural transmission or communication between neurons these neurons would is not shown in

02:33 diagram are surrounded by glial cells. glial cells provide the support, provide

02:42 maintenance but also very much regulate and the communication between different neurons and neuronal

02:52 . It's a vast circuitry out there the brain, with billions of neurons

03:00 trillions trillions of synapses. This is ax on a specialized acts on that

03:09 of one neuron on contacts, typically then drive or soma cell body of

03:14 other neuron, and depending on the of the shape and the function of

03:20 neuron given neuron can receive up to off thousands of inputs. The synaptic

03:32 and these synaptic inputs can be either Torrey through the main excited Terry neurotransmitter

03:39 glutamate, or inhibitory, through the inhibitory neurotransmitter called GABA. And what

03:47 neuron does one given neuron when it hundreds, thousands or tens of thousands

03:54 inputs along different parts off its soma it's done right. This neuron ultimately

04:02 how to integrate this information from all these other chatter and communicating girls.

04:09 to integrate that information, how to all of the positive, excited Torrey

04:15 all of the negative inhibitory inputs do in such a fast manner under Order

04:23 Milliseconds and make a decision to fire not to fire. That is the

04:32 . Neurons will make a decision whether will get excited enough by this input

04:37 produce an action potential, which we fire and action potential or generate an

04:43 potential. And if it does then that action potential will travel down

04:49 another, acts on or in an of this cell and release the neurotransmitter

04:56 another interconnected in Iran, all in Meanwhile, glia is supervising this

05:05 influencing neural transmission and influencing the plasticity happens in the brain. These connections

05:13 individual neurons the connections between neural circuits different parts of the brain are

05:22 They lend themselves two changes. Synapses become stronger, weaker. This is

05:29 physiological change. New synapses conform or synapses can actually get removed. This

05:38 morphological anatomical changes and brain plasticity especially during the early developmental stages and early

05:50 NATO years up into the teenage years humans with brain plasticity persists. And

05:58 you learn as you are taking this course, what is happening to you

06:05 you are reshaping and reforming these excel than dramatic and somatic connections between

06:15 And as you re shape, reform signaling in the structure of the

06:19 you're learning new information, your your information, you re calling your

06:26 , and your encoding this in what call the brain maps. This is

06:30 activity off the brain that you can as a map. It will come

06:36 to it a little bit later in lecture. So look at this first

06:42 , it will come back to the after 1st 2nd midterm exam. Or

06:47 in the end of this course, about how much you know now about

06:54 . Looking at this slide, how sense this all makes to you,

06:59 we'll come back to it in weeks and see how much makes sense it

07:05 to you. At that point. air the authors that wrote your great

07:11 , Mark Bear Barry Congress Michael So thought leaders, neuroscience, top

07:16 , experimenters, innovators, disease fighters their own right, very much intricately

07:26 in the studies of brain connectivity, and brain connectivity. Very much involved

07:34 visual system analysis, because visual system serves as a canonical sensory central nervous

07:42 to understand before understanding other systems in CNN's. So I urge you,

07:49 get a copy of this book. follow the chapters pretty closely, and

07:56 the images that I have are quite during the lectures, um, and

08:04 , this book is not just for course. I think that if you

08:08 thinking about the future that it's somewhat to neuroscience to the brain neurology,

08:16 even, and I would say it's fantastic resource. I wish we could

08:20 through the entire book and depth, we cannot. So we cover as

08:25 as we can, and we start covering the history. And we started

08:29 talking about prehistoric times and during prehistoric . What you have is you have

08:37 different locals in the world where there these skulls and archaeologists keep finding these

08:49 , and these skulls have openings in . So these openings air called brain

08:56 nations. And the reason why these are not just cracks in the

09:03 that somebody and somebody over the In fact, this is not a

09:07 . This is not a fighting This is a surgical tool, and

09:13 top of the surgical tool depicts the that were being performed over 30,000 years

09:22 in different parts of the world in , Mesopotamia and South America.

09:28 lot of the specimens came from South , the region of Peru where parka

09:34 at the time left enrolled and the detects a procedure. The man sitting

09:43 being straddled by two being held potentially some sort of anesthesia through the medicine

09:50 anesthesia methods and as the other person , they're digging a precise, symmetrical

09:59 in their skull. These specimens contain holes, not just one. Sometimes

10:09 contain, too. Sometimes they contain holes. The archaeological investigations show that

10:16 openings were repeated, so one will well, whether this must be a

10:22 of torture. But what is actually historically, from the spiritual point of

10:32 , his release of the evil What could it be? The evil

10:39 ? Mental health disorders, obsession, ? What is it? Headaches,

10:46 , blood clotting, aneurysms, hemorrhaging the brain, cerebrospinal fluid accumulation,

10:57 . All of these would qualify as for which you would may want to

11:06 a brain. Tremper Nation Brain Tremper opens up the skull and gives you

11:11 window into the brain. Gives you window into them and in Jesus around

11:16 brain and to the fluids that are in the brain. And, as

11:22 know, the skull is soft and skull shapes during the first years of

11:28 . And so it's potentially that some these procedures were done developmental ages.

11:35 were done on adults, but the feature is to release something from the

11:43 , and that's why we consider these . Stripper Nations is the original

11:49 He's another important point in the history neuroscience. Is Imhotep very talented

12:04 He's serving with the emperors in and he describes 48 injury cases,

12:12 what it's called is Edwin Smith. papyrus. As we all know,

12:18 Smith is a typical Egyptian name, kidding. He was the wealthy person

12:27 was concerned with discoveries in archaeology and the journey and the digs that discovered

12:35 is called Edmund Smith's article. Pirates , in the job is exposed.

12:45 Unusual amount off brain injuries during Egypt There's building off the pyramids is

12:58 There's worse, There's a tax. so Imo tap studies different cases of

13:06 . 27 of these cases turned out be head traumas, although at the

13:15 the brain that is located in the is called narrow off the skull,

13:21 it's not given much importance by At the same time. M adapt

13:30 Vance triage system, he comes up a treatment classifications ailment to be treated

13:40 be treated or not to be He's, ah, highest hi,

13:46 highly regarded physician walking around, and being called upon where, where there

13:52 these injuries and traumas. And he now placing promise on a scale,

14:01 that are not to be treated because persons head is have gone and the

14:07 is pouring out of their arteries in neck. Maybe treated because they have

14:14 severe injury, but they could be up to be treated. It's something

14:20 , and you could fix the How would you address these? Who

14:26 to be treated first? Who is to be treated? That sounds are

14:36 . Not to treat somebody because they a condition, but listen to what's

14:47 today. Listen to the patient's stuck the hallways because I CSR occupied by

14:57 ones infected by coded and on All of a sudden, elective surgeries

15:06 really a nail in them that can treated may be treated because there may

15:14 staff available to treat it or may to be treated, not because it

15:20 be treated them because the health care is completely strained at the moment.

15:25 think about this. How from this we call archaic system of Try Ash

15:31 to be treated. We come back one of the major health care crisis

15:35 in the world. And we come thio the situation where we may have

15:41 reevaluate the triage on how we approach problem and who we treat first and

15:47 we treat first, if somebody else's that when we talk about code in

15:55 and the brain, uh, at end of this course, I forgot

16:00 mention we'll have, ah, whole or not, you will see how

16:06 important to cover your nose because the can enter into the brain through your

16:11 . You don't have to inhale it your lungs. I really, really

16:16 stand people that wear a mask and cover their nose like this because,

16:20 , What are you doing? You're yourself a favor. Me a favor

16:24 nobody so just either you cover yourself . Okay, there's demonstrations in the

16:32 , and when you inhale virus that catch on to the nerve endings with

16:37 smell system and enter into the So this is all kind of a

16:42 bit of a reality does where we're . But, hey, this all

16:46 to the history and obviously our Where were first established. Now,

16:53 Imhotep realizes he realizes the distance effects the central nervous system injury, he

17:00 that the person gets banged on the . But they lost lost the feeling

17:05 their arms. So there is an from the brain from the CNS into

17:10 periphery. Good. If you have traumatic brain injury to a motor area

17:18 controls the right hand on the left of the brain, you're gonna lose

17:22 of that right arm. And that's distal effect. Nonetheless, Egyptians say

17:29 heart is the central Oregon. Off off the body, the brain is

17:33 scooped out. They use actually a . It looks sort of like a

17:38 , then spoon slash needle and slurp the brain through the nose through the

17:45 ministrations through which cove in 19 and enter. Except that they would open

17:51 wider to scoop up the brain. tissue eso. If anybody is well

17:58 on Egyptian hieroglyphs, this is the . This is convolutions. Membrane covering

18:05 be off to sell, maybe off brain surface and cerebrospinal fluid. There's

18:10 fluid in the brain. So all these features of the brain convolutions,

18:16 are salsa joy reid will discover later meninges. It's around the brain and

18:22 that surround the cells. Individual So it was spinal fluid fluid that

18:26 found in the ventricle. So that bathing the cerebral spinal, uh,

18:32 spinal cord as well on the C s as a whole. So on

18:38 , when we come to ancient we have modern father of medicine,

18:44 . And he proclaims that brain is major controlling Oregon center of the

18:49 This is a major shift from He claims that brain is the seat

18:53 intelligence, and Hippocrates initiates what we Hippocrates both off modern medicine. Anybody

19:04 with Hippocrates oath and why you goto ? And when you graduate from medical

19:11 or health care practitioner, you give oath. Of course it is,

19:19 know, to have a salary that me thio pay off my student loans

19:25 buy an expensive car so I can off Azzaman Andy. Now that is

19:30 the Hippocrates house boundaries south is really to heel. To serve. Someone

19:38 to heal them to find a way heal them. The time of Hippocrates

19:44 . Uh, medicine is practiced this , although there are very, very

19:52 decisions what I would call and medical or medicine men at the time boiling

20:02 feeding plants and one would laugh at is herbal medicine. And some would

20:11 it just a normal part of even day life herbal or holistic medicine

20:17 But it is a craft. We're . Some modern science. We're missing

20:22 very modern technological advancements that will allow to delineate the structure and function of

20:29 brain. Too much, much greater . And Aristotle, it's still not

20:36 the same page. Brain is an conditioner of the blood and body.

20:39 sense, right? Things heat up or you have a headache. Pressure

20:43 . Okay. Its air conditioner for , A rises to the top.

20:49 disappointing. But Hippocrates is the man the Renaissance Times. Um, under

20:57 Vesalius. Now, why do we from this? You know, 403

21:02 B. C two running since arms go through the Dark Ages Onda There's

21:08 lot of systemic oppression off off, , off science of medicine, human

21:17 and allowed. So the only observations air coming during the Dark Ages and

21:22 anatomy of the central nervous system or nerves is coming from, uh,

21:29 that are done on animals on the cranial nerves and the squealing of

21:34 pig. By touching, the cranial is discovered. But anatomy during Middle

21:41 for humans is actually built from the , mostly animals. Sort of like

21:50 have, ah, manual for an . And from this manuals, how

21:54 cut things where the muscles, the anatomical manual came into light. And

22:02 was quite wrong until the Renaissance when again there was a rebirth and

22:07 of innovation. Celebration of Science is of Arts and Music Andreas Vesalius takes

22:15 lot of knowledge that in the past built by gallon based on these anatomical

22:20 that he drew mostly from the and gallon also had an opportunity to

22:25 with the gladiators. But again, after the injuries and the battlefields or

22:32 the gladiator, worse, they could dissect out an individual they could only

22:39 in and see what a certain cut certain crush of a skull exposed.

22:46 then described a lot of anatomy based what he kind of peeked into and

22:51 he saw and dissected and animals. the solid this takes these manual.

23:00 he's like, There's something not quite . It doesn't quite look like a

23:04 Anatomy and the Brain anatomy. So describes in much greater detail the

23:12 and he describes anatomy off the cortex cortex he slices through the brain.

23:20 exposes these very large openings. You call them bladders inside the brain.

23:28 is where pouches or bladders with cerebrospinal is stored. And so, as

23:35 peers into the structure of the brain he sees these massive, fluid ISS

23:41 , he says, Well, wait second. Then there's something very special

23:45 these fluids, and because these fluids understand, communicate things in the periphery

23:50 understand things from the periphery that this somehow fluids is where the important location

24:01 brain function and important communication through this is happening through the cerebral spinal fluid

24:08 these ventricles. And so there's a localization of brain functions that this is

24:15 important part of the brain. At same time, the Sally is also

24:20 through the cerebral cortex, and as slices through cerebral cortex, this is

24:25 the Corona all cut or cross sectional through the cerebral cortex. So you're

24:30 here from the brain from aside, now you're looking from the front,

24:34 at this front cross section off the immediately recognized that there are darker parts

24:41 the brain and lighter parts of the , the darker parts of the brain

24:47 known as grain matter. It's softer mushier and that the white matter is

24:58 , and so he even postulated it it's soft and mushy air. The

25:03 matter, it's somehow has to be to sponge it may be, absorbs

25:09 . Maybe it absorbs some of these , and as it absorbs these

25:13 it's absorbing the function and the information ascending the fluids out of these

25:18 sort of a leaking out into the and distributing and centrally and white

25:24 It's a little bit harder, so couldn't explain it there a while.

25:30 were wrong, but they were getting something they were getting at precise anatomy

25:36 the brain and eventually at the localization specific brain functions. An important character

25:44 talk about here is the person is for the Western origin off mind body

25:51 . And remember that all of this going back to ancient Greece.

25:55 lot of mind body distinction. Spiritually religious aspects of being explored in African

26:03 Zapata Mia Asia, China In Chinese region had some of the most

26:14 herbal medicines developed in some of the advanced understanding off medicine and human

26:23 Spiritually are your pathetic from Himalayas region dominating as well. So it's happening

26:31 over the world how we're trying to what the brain function is. What

26:37 physiology? What is psychology? Just what This spirituality. What is

26:49 ? French mathematician philosopher Rene did. comes up with Cognito Ergo soon,

26:57 think. Therefore I am, I , therefore I am so cognitive perception

27:11 thinking there for exist and contemplate my . I can contemplate myself contemplating my

27:22 . I can contemplate you contemplating contemplate my existence. Now we can

27:29 on and on and on and We could have a very deep philosophical

27:35 about how one can contemplate almost anything another person might be contemplating,

27:43 And that's why there is a disability innovation. There's a producer reproduce ability

27:51 similarities and thought, patterns and thought around the world. Of course,

27:58 is need to understand how we see in the world. And so,

28:05 , the card comes up with the that pineal gland, which is the

28:11 land, the nuclear sitting in the that doesn't have the left and right

28:15 because it's only one in the he decides it's really important is perhaps

28:21 most important organ. Askew looks in anatomy of the brain. He decides

28:26 our mind body connection, our the spirituality, the cognitive and the

28:32 connection what happens through us in taking information, which is then communicated to

28:39 gland and somehow, through the fluid , fluid mechanics, uh, ventricular

28:46 , fluid mechanics, you now activate ha ! Moment of clarity, A

28:54 and a motor command. Also, basically dictates your actions at the moment

29:02 they're intertwined with whatever cognitive and spiritual that you're having through the pineal

29:09 So it is interesting, because it's built on the fluid mechanical theory

29:15 the bodies of machines, the fluid machine and that a lot of the

29:21 in that machine happens because we're passing and somehow passing fluids from the brain

29:27 the peripheral at the same time. , the card initiates a reflex

29:32 which says that there are certain things happened without us, really contemplating very

29:37 what's happening. Such as? I my finger above hot stuff up.

29:43 withdrew it. I didn't spend about seconds contemplating. Is this fire really

29:49 hot as a fire that I felt for me to withdraw my finger from

29:54 fire? That doesn't happen. It mean that reflexive behavior when you stepped

30:00 a nail or you subjected yourself the stimulating immediately withdraw your hand, your

30:05 from it. It doesn't mean it get communicated on perceived consciously by the

30:11 water centers, but there is a of reflexive behavior that happens at the

30:17 of the spinal cord in we will about this and a very simple

30:21 Art should happens with spinal cord. when they the card is really the

30:25 that starts dissociating reflexive, this more contemplated, which is connected to spiritual

30:35 zwelling physical expressions. And it was Giovanni at the University of Bologna in

30:46 . Then use the Laden, Jarrar static electricity generator. And he dissected

30:54 and he dissected frogs nerves going into muscle, and he would shock frogs

31:00 and you would see the muscle Then he would shock the muscle,

31:05 you would see that the muscle contracts , and so nerves. We're not

31:12 pipes or channels, as it was by the previous thinkers of fluid mechanics

31:17 of ventricular localization fluids traveling someplace to distal effects off the off the body

31:24 the brain. But that knobs were conductors there. Electrical conductors, their

31:34 wires and they could even generate They could produce electrical potentials. And

31:44 this is sort of representation off the that is wired the nerves that wire

31:53 all the way from the CNRS into peripheral nervous system through the spinal

32:00 Nerves are electrical wires to produce electrical , and, of course, the

32:08 chemical transmitter. So is electrochemical But it is not the fluids that

32:14 coming from the ventricles. Major parts the C. N s and the

32:21 cortex. We have the frontal lobe lobe separated by the central sulcus.

32:26 , this is a sulk asses. gyre e is that is the

32:32 uh, something. It's, Jarrah and salsa indentations versus,

32:39 um Gyra that are standing out Parietal look stupider. Logan read temporal lobe

32:48 fissure here. That this separating the lobe from the frontal on the parietal

32:55 cerebellum often referred to as a little in the brainstem located here in the

33:00 . Controlling a lot of activity in face and neck muscles and censor information

33:07 then spinal cord from the leg Proper spinal cord going to about number

33:13 , number three vertebra. From the proper spinal cord splits and generates

33:18 we call Claudia the Queen of splits the number of nerves that's observes here

33:23 lower extremities. So this is an of what we're gonna be studying.

33:29 as we finish the discourse, you understand quite a bit about different parts

33:33 the brain and their functions and to you that reflexive behavior, although we're

33:41 going to review the reflex arch here , happens at the level of the

33:45 cord. So all of the sensor from below the neck from your skin

33:50 the joints from the muscles comes into parts of the spinal cord, depending

33:55 the location. So here, from top extremities higher up from the

34:02 the torso level from the lower extremities the lower, and that the spinal

34:07 . But all of that information gets through the dorsal root ganglion cells through

34:12 dorsal roots into the spinal cord and reflex, such as the heat or

34:17 on a nail and be just mediated at the level of the spinal

34:22 where projection side of the spinal in the form of the motor

34:27 will contact their muscles and cause the of these muscles. So censor information

34:32 communicated and you cause a contraction of muscle contraction of the muscle.

34:36 Withdrawing your foot from the nail of farm that nauseous stimulates, such as

34:40 heat. So we have 31 parents spinal nerves. The dorsal side dorsal

34:46 so concerned with sensation Sensor information ventral or the front of the spinal cord

34:52 is concerned with muscle or motor It sends out to the periphery.

34:59 , and we will end here And when we come back on

35:05 we will start talking about localization of brain functions. Fern ology Moving into

35:13 we now now was modern understanding of . Azaz well is describing the first

35:21 on neurons and moving forward with the . So I hope you have

35:28 good first day of classes today and will see you all on

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