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BIOL 4315/6315 Neuroscience (18563/18591) - NEURO Lecture 14 CNS II Tue Th
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00:02 So the quick review that we discussed lecture was the certain components and the
00:10 of the cns from the no the folding into the tube and the
00:15 of this tube and further following. relation we discussed the differentiation and we
00:24 have missed the slide last time. during the relation process it's very rare
00:30 this what I call the self assembly the brain and the C.
00:34 S. But you haven't misfolding during process. If it is an rostrum
00:41 of the tube, it can result an anencephaly essentially missing three of both
00:47 , missing two and cephalon which is unsustainable or if it is under austro
00:56 during misfolding. You may have a that's referred to called spina bifida.
01:02 And this is essentially an abnormal twisting the spinal cord and twisting of the
01:09 around the spinal cord or not. be fixed using surgical means, but
01:15 is rare during CNN's development during Have the forebrain that becomes telling.
01:23 Dion, cephalon off the vesicles, midbrain and the hind brain does differentiate
01:29 were from tallinn cephalon. We we're tallinn cephalon. You have of course
01:37 left and the right hemispheres the fiber that interconnect the cerebral cortex on the
01:44 of the cerebral cortex. On the is the corpus callosum. You have
01:49 ventricular system, the two lateral the third, the fourth ventricles in
01:54 brain stem and the spinal canal and spinal cord differentiation of dying cephalon into
02:00 thalamus right here and hypothalamus beneath as as the fibers that connect the thalamus
02:07 the cortex, the internal capsule or critical and as well as cortex communicating
02:13 to Fallon this cortical thalamic. So fiber name is where it originates.
02:18 it's cortical thalamic that means that comes cortex and is going to fire
02:22 If it's the llama cortical means the send their accents from thalamus and the
02:28 to be Kalama spinal could be cortical to be spinal thalamic. And that
02:34 that you're talking about the selma's let's their projections from spine into thalamus with
02:40 thalamic fibers. So in further differentiation have the cortex and the fanciful anonymous
02:47 have the thalamus and the hypothalamus and membrane you have detect. Um We'll
02:53 . It contains a really cool structure take momentum spectrum is the roof from
02:58 dorsal side. You have differentiation of brain into the cerebellum pons and medulla
03:04 gata. And the yellow structure is spinal cord. And of course the
03:10 system, the lateral ventricles, the , the fourth in the spinal
03:14 So when you look at this uh that you see in rats and in
03:21 . And of course in this case looking at the mid sagittal view.
03:25 you're playing. So it's corona horizontal . All this is mid sagittal view
03:30 the rat brain that's lateral view of human brain. And there are quite
03:35 few similarities that you're seeing that these . And again, this is the
03:41 structure in three dimensions, showing the , the lateral 12 ventricles, the
03:47 , the fourth ventricle and the spinal . So all of these parts of
03:52 brain are great for labeling questions to of these diagrams. Um So keep
04:01 mind that you should know whatever you're and whatever you're seeing two or three
04:08 . It could be an exam question you look into cortex. What's really
04:14 is that this parameter ourselves that we at and the new cortex which is
04:19 mammals, is found only in But this parameter cells excited to parameter
04:25 and the structure. But the neocortex low water species such as alligators or
04:31 , rats or mice is actually resemblance what you see in humans too,
04:36 that they also have these parameter South their capital and basil done rides that
04:42 have a certain layer structure in the is and that is very important for
04:47 to when we talk about the structure function of the CMS to understand that
04:53 end goal is to really understand the and the function of the two are
04:59 . And so when you look at more simple and organism that's simpler but
05:04 has a similar structure in the network has similar cells that gives you an
05:10 to understand the simpler system before you with a more difficult, more complex
05:16 . Um So you want to use stains of course and this is the
05:22 stain which will show us all of south that are found in the brain
05:28 the organization in the cortex can be using a combination of different states and
05:35 we look at the cortical organization and number that neocortex as we discussed maybe
05:41 lecture is a new cortex. So six layers and the new cortex is
05:47 new structure in the brain. By we had the brain stem first and
05:55 were able to survive with the brain to breathe to reproduce, to have
06:00 auditorium and even visual reflexes potentially at level of the brain stone. So
06:09 cortex has a certain organization and this revealed by a number of stains.
06:18 you want to use our favorite missile and us to stain in your
06:22 And this is a corona a cross through new york cortex which you would
06:28 are these bands of more denser cell and of course quite dense distribution across
06:34 cortical layers. So the cortex has or layer structure and this is layer
06:43 A four B. C. Those boundaries are not like a line
06:49 you can see in a microscope that drawn. That those boundaries are designed
06:54 those boundaries are defined using the side tonic Methodism. In addition of using
07:01 missile stain, you can use Golgi . Golgi stain will pick up just
07:08 fraction of neurons that you will know where their down dries and accents are
07:14 . And then in the middle here have a missile standard will stay in
07:17 of the south and on the ride have Weigert stain. The wider staying
07:23 specific to axons. And when you in the axons you very quickly realize
07:28 there is this whole communication and a call of like fashion and the
07:36 So the neocortex is essentially organized into and calling the structures. And if
07:45 look at different parts of neo the frontal, the parietal exhibit all
07:52 lobes and just take a plug of cortex out. You will still have
07:56 layers everywhere across the cortical matter. may be different in thickness there may
08:05 slight difference and density of the Those communications and circuits might be different
08:12 overall economical structure of the cortex is la mina and column organization. It's
08:21 organization of south inputs coming into the . What is coming into the
08:28 all of the sensory and other types stimulus. All of the sensors stimulate
08:35 into the cortex and outputs what's coming of the cortex. The neocortex is
08:42 the highest quality of information cognitively and highest quality of sensor information gets blended
08:51 processed and so the outputs of the motor commands lot of that of course
08:59 engaging the speech centers and you It engages the spinal cord and you
09:05 your hands, it engages the ears you turn your ear and you're
09:10 So this is all the motor output comes out of the cortex. And
09:14 lot a lot most of the really commands originating in the cortex and the
09:21 processing of inputs coming in is The ultimate station for processing those
09:28 There's the neocortex structure depends on function depends on structure. So now
09:39 are what can be viewed. Our are similar response properties. They're like
09:47 micro processing networks. So imagine we about radio real cells in the beginning
09:55 we talked about glial cells and we the radio glial cells are like those
10:01 like a lattice that allow for neurons climb up and take their positions.
10:06 radio glial cells will be at the of one of these micro columns.
10:11 so all of the neurons that we up. One of the lady of
10:15 self lattices will become a micro And the cells that are climbed up
10:20 that lattice and form the micro column be processing similar things that will have
10:27 response properties. Uh huh. So these micro columns can be really small
10:35 you have parallel processing, you can two adjacent micro columns and the south
10:41 those two adjacent micro columns will process similar type of information. It's a
10:46 type of information. Okay. And those micro columns that are created through
10:53 obviously horizontal projections that are running in the layers one through six and 6
11:00 1. And you'll learn about the connectivity later when we study the visual
11:06 , those, those, those those columns now are interconnected because the cells
11:12 have axons that spread out laterally. so these micro columns will now be
11:19 part of something larger that we refer as a macro or hyper columns,
11:24 columns of information processing. And those turns of microbes will be interconnected and
11:31 for hyper columns will be interconnected with regions of the brain. So hyper
11:38 and visual system will eventually be interconnected somehow march through what we call association
11:47 into complete visual picture. Yes. . And then uh kind of go
11:58 all the connections. That's correct the goal anywhere. You would take a
12:06 sample of the cortex, you would both layers and columns and it doesn't
12:13 that there are layers are continuous because have the the south side and the
12:20 . I and there are clear cuts between the lobes but there's connections that
12:29 different loads that the consequences that will in a little bit called association
12:35 They will put those things together. it's not like you have one continues
12:39 layer running from the front of the all the way to the back and
12:44 that you have columns. You still this more grocer structure, anatomical structure
12:50 the loaves and the fishes in between lobes, in the soul singer I
12:55 and the very precise and complicated inter . The micro columns, hyper columns
13:03 then globes if you may where the gets blended. So hang on to
13:10 question and that thought will come back that discussing the association areas in a
13:15 minutes but going back to your broad monsoon. Now you have the
13:20 of architecture, you have the missile golgi stain, Weigert stain. You
13:27 have three or 4 antibodies in the to do um you know history
13:33 So all of these stains will tell precisely the cider architecture, the potential
13:39 , the projections, you know the and the structure implies function because there
13:45 going to be a break, there's continuity here with layers. So now
13:54 know that now you have stained if have label that you see all of
13:57 projections and with the help of other like staining the receptors is synopsis maybe
14:04 and degrading enzymes. Now you can for example go into that previous slide
14:11 say oh I just know where my energy projections are ending here in the
14:18 in this micro column. So you reveal a lot of information like
14:23 And this goes back maybe again to question and in general about the cortex
14:31 evolution, what is important for different for their survival and how we evolve
14:42 our survival too. What is illustrated the slide is rat, cat and
14:50 brains you have read for visual auditory green sensor mota. These patches
15:00 on the right brain indicate how much the total brad brain is dedicated to
15:09 visual information processing. When I say then you say, well what is
15:17 , what is searching or disco, levels of processing and finally, what
15:23 the association areas that are quite prominent the primate brains and what is important
15:33 rat to write a paper for midterm to find a piece of cheese and
15:41 away and procreate and live a life is more reflexive survivalist rather than philosophical
15:55 scientific, mathematical or artistic. So lot of rat's brain will literally be
16:04 to this primary information processing whether a , motor, visual or auditor and
16:12 is primary versus secondary versus what is ? The higher in the brain.
16:19 go, let's say if your information smell comes into the olfactory bulb,
16:27 information is going to go into the cortex, auditor information will go to
16:33 cortex, visual visual cortex and so . The olfactory bulb will have a
16:39 rudimentary map or understanding of the smell the whole faction in the outside world
16:48 the olfactory cortex will have a really understanding of that smell in the world
16:55 just the smell because it's a factor whether knowledge is the right moment you
17:03 the retina and you connected the retina the computer and said retina retina would
17:07 you see and the retina will tell I see blotches of luminescence and darker
17:15 lighter and a little bit of I'm not seeing movement, I'm not
17:21 that information, it's coming in but not processing I don't have a chip
17:26 the retina to process that I have send that information that I can process
17:32 retina into thalamus columnist will do its it has a more sophisticated chip and
17:41 further process it and we'll send that to visual cortex. Primary visual cortex
17:48 level of primary visual cortex. This the hierarchy from blotches. If the
17:54 primary visual cortex will have a primal of the world so it will be
18:01 rough sketch of everything you're seeing It may not have all of the
18:05 , all of the other aspects of but you will understand you're in the
18:09 with people and there's certain color and even motion. So this is primary
18:18 that's not the complete picture. So the primary visual cortical areas information will
18:24 to secondary and it's hierarchically getting more and would it processes and by the
18:30 it reaches the final 3rd 4th 5th in visual cortex now you have a
18:39 visual information, color movement, depth , diming everything okay. But now
18:49 have to connect that visual information with else which is what you're listening to
18:58 , Somebody's telling you a story and looking at a painting. So you're
19:02 several tasks, you're listening to a listening, you're thinking about the
19:10 you're looking at the painting, then of that information gets co join in
19:17 association areas. So what I say association areas in the brain is where
19:24 magic happens, not in there. other brains and other places. But
19:32 you look at how little of the brain is dedicated to primary areas,
19:41 colors represent primary visual, primary primary some other sense of information
19:49 What does that tell you that? fact very little information is concerned with
19:55 of a instinctive or definition of the . The context is what's really
20:05 Why the people sitting in there in context that will not you if you
20:11 a picture it will not necessarily tell why they're sitting there. They're taking
20:14 exam. Are they here for the ? Are they praying? Are they
20:18 something else? Are they just watching movie? You don't know, context
20:23 what's really important auditory context, everything else. And you have parallel
20:32 pathways that is hierarchically more complex. like the computers, you know parallel
20:40 , you have what Quadra or something that. That's four processors. You
20:44 overload the system. You can parallel these things left and right. I
20:50 you take one out, do you half of the field of view?
20:53 don't the only you lose the periphery there's an overlap and there's a crossover
20:59 the fibers from the retina that helps preserve uh more vision. And this
21:06 parallel redundancy right? So you can your eyes but we'll actually talk about
21:13 visual deficit and you'll understand that So let's review the major parts and
21:22 have a good understanding. At the of this lecture, spinal cord is
21:27 into its own sections the cervical lumbar and sacral spinal cord receives and
21:35 sensory information from skins, joints, of limb and trunk. So all
21:41 that information comes in the spinal cord dorsal root ganglia in a sense the
21:46 cord and informs the higher centers of in the cortex. But there's also
21:52 of activity at the level of the cord, the controls movement of rooms
21:56 trunks by sending out the output through neurons onto the muscles and the and
22:04 potentials the neuromuscular junctions. When we about skeletal message, brain stem is
22:11 into medulla, oblon, gata pons midbrain going from cardio through ostro on
22:17 back. You have cerebellum to embrace sensor information from the muscles of the
22:24 , motor control of head muscles, expressions, mastication regulates levels of arousal
22:32 awareness contains cranial nerves and you'll learn cranial nerves that are sensory and motor
22:39 some of them are both and also and has nuclei for special senses and
22:46 . Hearing, balance, taste and of the reflects of visual information as
22:52 . Medulla oblon gata is mostly concerned vital economic functions, breathing heart rate
22:58 digestion, palms is motor information from hemispheres to cerebellum from cerebral hemispheres,
23:08 cerebellum and from cerebellum hemispheres there actually are cerebellum hemispheres from cerebellum back into
23:15 . So massive fiber bundles will be from the cortex into the cerebellum
23:23 Um is responsible for controlling the force range of movement and it is intricately
23:30 in learning motor skills and when you about learning motor skills or bow on
23:36 harness is what we call procedural How different kinds of memories when you
23:45 about storytelling memories, faces, facts things happen. People that is called
23:53 memory in the hippocampus is in is a part of the brain that
23:57 responsible for semantic memory will come back that in a second. But cerebellum
24:04 a circuit that in grains very strongly memories, riding a bicycle,
24:12 windsurfing, kayaking, fishing things you have to ever learn again. Once
24:19 learn once it's not like with the of an equation That you will have
24:27 look it up 10 years later and and study for a while and then
24:33 say remember but riding a bicycle you not it will take you maybe a
24:40 seconds to get your sense of balance bearings or tires a new device on
24:46 you did it very quickly so they're agreement of these memories. Pete uncles
24:53 something that will collect, connect and the cerebellum on the back of the
24:59 . Midbrain is sensory and motor functions eye movement. We'll talk about that
25:05 of visual and auditory reflexes. That's under brain stem but really would fall
25:13 the midbrain. Don cephalon which consists thalamus and hypothalamus thalamus is information all
25:20 the sensor information going into cortex and to cortex goes into thalamus. Hypothalamus
25:28 responsible for our economic bodily functions. it's also involved in Euro and the
25:36 system. So it's controlling hormone induced release and it's very tightly connected to
25:46 glands and hormonal release systematically throughout the and control of the visceral functions.
25:55 has a loose blood brain barrier. it's also a gauge of the blood
25:59 toxins and for temperature and is involved thermal regulation. But for the neuroendocrine
26:08 you may have heard of this axis the HP. To access. So
26:15 you heard of HP. A. if you recall what H.
26:19 M. A. Stand for is pituitary a dream. No access and
26:27 the access that controls the major stress regulates the amount of cortisone in a
26:36 feedback fashion so HP access. So hypothalamus has a special role of being
26:43 in hormonal para crime hormone induced hormone very tightly find tied to the brain
26:52 as a whole cerebral hemispheres. You cerebral cortex and the three major nuclei
26:58 we will touch. Your fog, ganglia, hippocampus and amygdala basal ganglia
27:06 in complex motor motor command, uh , initiation, recall. Hippocampus is
27:16 for many things but one of the important functions as you learned about hippocampal
27:23 How Hippocampal had these at least 21 subtypes of inhibitory style and excited three
27:28 and the super interconnected. But we didn't talk about what it does.
27:34 is a part of the limbic system hippocampus is very important for memory
27:41 In this case we're talking about semantic formation or encoding and retrieval of that
27:50 . So your stories of what happened year don't get stored in the
27:55 But when you need to access that from last year it's somewhere in the
28:01 distributed throughout the cortex to retrieve it you will call upon hippocampus to retrieve
28:08 to help you semantically recall that It's also involved in emotional processing as
28:15 of the limbic system because obviously if know that strong experiences means strong
28:27 So if there is a very strong that you experience and a memory associated
28:32 it you'll always be able to remember because if the experience is not that
28:40 , it didn't affect you that you're more likely to forget good.
28:47 amygdala is also involved in this emotional and some of the motivational and some
28:55 the human recognition, facial recognition, emotions on other people's faces, but
29:04 really an emotional control and homey a control center. So even simple behaviors
29:12 many parts of the brain and you know, quite a few structures
29:16 the brain. So let's look at behavior of playing tennis, you are
29:21 tennis player and the ball is approaching what are the different things, different
29:27 of the brain are doing? The cortex is watching this ball.
29:31 there's all the eyeballs are focused, the function and the information is going
29:36 the visual cortex and exhibit of love the ball, pre motor cortex is
29:41 , how should I approach and hit bowl. Okay, basil ganglia is
29:48 looking for motor pattern initiation here. , the decision is going to be
29:53 by pre motor cortex and by motor , this is the command you can
29:58 a halo ganglia. Draw out that to the code. Okay, it's
30:03 code, it's a wave of activity comes through and that code gets sent
30:09 the brain stem and spinal cord and able to position yourself to hit the
30:15 in a certain way because you send signals, you're doing the homeostasis keeping
30:22 the body, the brain stem, course your heart rate, your breathing
30:27 engaged, hypothalamus motivation to get a shot emotion. So all of these
30:34 are important right? Hippocampus is thinking when the ball is about to get
30:42 , remember how I hit the game ball. So again this is
30:47 motivation, emotion, that's all part the success in sports to so many
30:54 of the brain is involved. Now have command from the brain to
31:00 Your cerebellum will say where's my body respect to the, to the
31:08 Where's my hand with respect to my ? Where's the gravity force pulling me
31:14 also be responsible for secondary fine tuning the motor activity. What I mean
31:23 that is that especially in racquetball. in tennis you have enough time to
31:28 the ball bounce system to people to the ball butt in racquetball, there
31:33 a element of surprise from the If you watch somebody play racket
31:39 you hit the wall and there's actually walls in the court and depending on
31:45 the ball will hit the wall that spin you the closer conquered the world
31:49 stick to it, so to will bounce off at a quite sharp
31:54 off the wall. And so as player, you initiated one motor command
31:59 do like this. But now you that the ball is stuck to the
32:03 , you expected it to bounce off wall. But the spin effect of
32:06 wall, that's what cerebellum comes This is the middle management so to
32:12 . Of these motor commands and you end up hitting into the back
32:17 Uh huh. Which is all part the uh scoring. So one beginning
32:24 all of these things, all of parts of the brain has to work
32:28 the conjunction and different parts, different in nanoseconds and how they communicate that
32:35 in order to perform a simple These are all great examples rushes,
32:44 is the visual cortex, where is posterior parietal cortex? Where's the somatosensory
32:49 ? Primary motor pre motor area we cortex Auditory Cortex. Areas 41,
32:59 we talk about areas 41, areas , 1819, there's a broad moan
33:06 . So his original cider architecture and these areas in different numbers. Those
33:11 broad one areas so we still stand we have different layers and things like
33:17 within that. But you can see far you can take it with very
33:22 and detailed science at the right People will be talking about broadband areas
33:28 probably ever. Okay, dying several closer thalamus, all of the information
33:37 over cns and round two cortex a Fallon So information from the I will
33:46 into thalamus and then from thalamus if go to the primary visual cortex and
33:53 south and Thailand was called relay And so for a long time it
33:58 thought that thalamus is a relay Is the baton just pass it to
34:04 . Do nothing with it just But we know know the thalamus is
34:12 passive but it gave the sense of which music can open the gate for
34:18 auditor information. Close the gate for information if you need to focus on
34:25 and it's also modulating the signal. gating is like opening and closing the
34:31 modulating is like the volume right was quieter. And thalamus is comprised
34:40 a collection of different nuclear. In sensory modality has its own nucleus in
34:47 thalamus the relay nucleus that is not . So all of the information from
34:54 column nuclei which is coming from dorsal ganglion cells in the spinal cord,
35:00 column nuclei all of the same matter information from neck and below is going
35:06 come up and it's going from the going to the thalamus and project into
35:12 ventral posterior lateral nucleus of the All of the visual information from the
35:24 is going to come in and it's together into the lateral genic Hewlett nucleus
35:30 the thalamus. All of the auditor is going to go into the medial
35:37 good nucleus of the thalamus. So sense has its own nucleus in the
35:44 . These are real a south. excited tori they're going to process that
35:49 sensory information pass it on to In addition to that the thalamus is
35:56 with this mesh of cells that is to as nucleus. Remember that nucleus
36:01 a collection of cells that is similar the property is responsible for some sort
36:08 a Simula types of functions in either or control of the circuit to this
36:14 formation of this particular nucleus consists of of it inhibitor itself Islamic particular
36:20 So you have this inhibitory processing here the particular economic nucleus. I'm excited
36:27 and inhibitor and processing with them. nuclei am determining what information passes into
36:36 . And then cortex communicates back into . So everything going from spine spinal
36:42 thalamic cortical. Then from cortex Stalin's salama, how to follow. Most
36:51 involved with involuntary bodily functions. We about neuroendocrine system. This real functions
36:59 , body temperature, appetite, water , sexual activity, lactation, slow
37:07 . So growth hormones like go for too big girls and big boys.
37:14 slow growth. Super cosmetic nucleus circadian control since the master body claw and
37:24 learn about the tires and off the . That's why the nucleus is located
37:30 by the of the cosmos refer to cosmetic nucleus is also part of the
37:35 a follow up. This is a body clock. So it's controlling your
37:41 rhythms which are your diurnal rhythms. this nucleus makes you want to fall
37:47 in the evening by producing certain transcription expressing them and then switching the expression
37:55 and wanting you to be more And it's very this body clock is
38:00 strong and we can overcome it when travel. We have jet lag and
38:05 takes us a while to overcome and just in time. And it's also
38:10 difficult for people that have night shifts we constantly have to fight this natural
38:16 clock and the external cues that tell body clock. That is really
38:20 You should be sleeping and not be at the factory at four am trying
38:25 keep yourself awake. And by the , that's where most of the industrial
38:30 happen is at night. And typically is a human error involved. It's
38:35 of the fatigue and petite is not able to readjust circadian clock and your
38:44 or constantly have to fight the battles sleep deprivation and everybody being awakened.
38:49 trying to be awake at night. yes, So the old five,
38:59 of the sensor information and we'll come to it. So you'll see more
39:05 information as well as we as we . Yes, let's see, faction
39:17 be the the only exception with there projections into the, into the foulness
39:24 well, I believe. But let check and get back to you in
39:28 factory system because uh because from a bulbs into the grand mal aeolus and
39:39 don't believe it goes directly into the cortex. I believe there's an arm
39:44 goes into town. So I have review it though. Uh huh.
39:47 been a while. I looked at portion of the arm. We usually
39:51 at the portion that is concerned from into the normal realist. Okay.
39:58 by the way then all faction is connected to the limbic system to connected
40:03 emotions. Yeah. Uh corpus callosum a major structure to them to connect
40:13 cerebral hemispheres. This is the singular here in green. This is again
40:18 mid sagittal view of the brain. is optic eye. ASM and you'll
40:23 these structures but they're very good exam because we review them in two or
40:28 different formats into three different views. is cerebellum, the back of the
40:36 there is you have the left and rights are about the hemispheres and have
40:41 burmese in the middle. And if remove the cerebellum, so you're looking
40:46 the dorsal side. If you remove cerebellum which is attached through the
40:51 P. Don calls. So now have these exposed. Be done calls
40:55 you expose one of my favorite structures the brain called the corporate quadra Germany
41:02 languages, it's in latin and anatomy or local languages or in this
41:11 terminology should not scare you because it's easy you have to take words apart
41:19 it's critical Islamic that means there's cortex the elements involved. That's corporate quadrant
41:26 have to think about what what portion you know cuatro for gemini? Corporal
41:36 body for gemini for bombs. Okay nuclear. The top two are the
41:45 caligula, left and right, involved visual information processing. The bottom on
41:49 interior caligula. And those are involved the other two information processing. Uh
41:56 . And here on top you have premier body And in the brain stem
42:03 have 12 cranial nerves. Mhm. you will actually be responsible for knowing
42:10 of those cranial nerves and their But you're gonna thank me for what
42:15 teach you today because if you go medical school you will need to know
42:21 nerves. If you go to dental beginning its annual cranial nerves you're gonna
42:28 optometry, you're gonna need to know nerves. If you go to graduate
42:34 . Anything to do with the you need a little cranial nerves um
42:41 general anything to do with brain stump because it's a very important part of
42:48 that happens from neck up. All the sensory touch information, temperature movement
42:54 everything from McDonagh spinal cord, everything the neck up is the brain stone
43:02 the cranial nerves and some of them sensory some of them are motor and
43:08 of them are both sensory motor and a pretty complex system but you should
43:17 able to know paul. 12. should be able to remember but no
43:25 of them about highlight the first cranial is a factory. It's not shown
43:35 here. The 2nd is the optic . So the side view, you're
43:43 the optic nerve here and this is front view. So there is the
43:47 and the right optic nerves. And optic nerves, a portion of these
43:52 crossover through an optic eye. ASM the portion where a portion of each
43:58 and right now mazel portion of black crosses over. So super cosmetic nucleases
44:06 to the chaos third nerve and after crosses the chasm that becomes optic
44:16 And this optic track now runs into lateral gene Nicollet nucleus of the
44:23 The 3rd nerve is ocular motor What do you think that nerve
44:31 Are you sure? Mm movement of eye. Of the I very
44:42 So the hint here is some of nerves, if you remember their
44:48 You know what they do with others don't. Unfortunately this is one of
44:53 where they do now totally a nerve four. And notice what we'll talk
45:00 some of them and I guess I'll mention trigeminal nerve. You should know
45:07 trigeminal nerve. Number five is the stock right here. The cranial nerve
45:13 off right here. And the ponds germinal Try should indicate something for you
45:20 . It has three major no bundles out of this major trigeminal nerve
45:29 Yeah Abdu since # six Facial and nerves. No seven. And you
45:37 this diagram shows where these nerves originate how they exit out of the brain
45:42 . They go Number eight, you know. Number eight is the stimulus
45:49 nerve. You should know that because come back to talk about this tubular
45:55 and learn when we talk about the system. But again, this is
45:59 of the nerves the stable. You think it's a foia but it's vestibular
46:07 cochlear let's go clear In your So this tubular cochlear that's two components
46:15 involved in balance and I don't want be involved in hearing. #
46:20 Number nine, glass of for So you may not understand what gloss
46:28 is but for NGO. So take out, divide the word into
46:34 And you have Thuringia which will say glass. Oh Tony. What do
46:43 do with the tongue and fangs moving swallowing food allowing it to passenger.
46:52 . Okay, number 10 is vagus . You already know it because of
47:02 low. We discovered a seal Colin Vegas star. It's the most extensive
47:07 runs throughout the body has very insignificant in the heart, but also throughout
47:13 different visceral organs. Number 11. accessory right here. Number 12 is
47:30 colossal. So we already learned. allows the tongue. Hi bottle has
47:39 to do with controlling underneath the tongue something. So is it sensor mode
47:45 something? Uh huh. If it's , it's it's something to do with
47:51 . If it's motor, it's an to your face muscles, to the
47:57 of the tongue, muscles, swallowing so on. So if you go
48:06 your Yeah, course materials, I the slide on cranial nerves and I'm
48:15 with you and pneumonic that we came with and maybe we didn't, I
48:21 know. I always say it was dark stormy night in 1993, cold
48:29 weather. And we were huddled studying our head and next section of
48:35 your anatomy exam. I was lucky privileged enough to be an undergrad that
48:43 a human cadaver and I used to human cadavers. So in my second
48:50 I became an assistant in my advisor was a biology guru professor and he
48:57 me how to dissect a cadaver. is like very difficult dissections, especially
49:03 the facial muscles, was the most section to perform. And for our
49:09 we had real brain stem and the exposed and we would have to identify
49:17 cranial nerves, all of them, just five or six that I'm asking
49:21 to know now, which is almost of it. And that was really
49:27 and very scary and some students had problem with it, you know?
49:33 my professor didn't. So he used go into uh university of michigan ann
49:41 and bring a cadaver with him in pickup truck. So I don't think
49:48 put it in the passenger seat for HIV lanes. But he literally used
49:55 bring the human cadaver in a pickup and we had to return it at
50:00 end of the semester. So a of people that donate their bodies to
50:06 , you're supposed to return every little uh skin tissue and anything that came
50:13 out of the respect to the Once they get returned, they get
50:20 . And a lot of times it the families that don't have the funds
50:26 burial for funerals. But as part this program that actually get to have
50:31 funeral for the lot more than So there's a whole human side to
50:36 . But there's also the whole kind a wet lab site to it as
50:41 . Give me one second. So were sitting around and we said,
51:00 are we going to remember all of cranial nerves And we came up with
51:03 pneumonic bugs Bonnie says, oh, touch and feel very green vegetables.
51:14 each letter O stands for the first of the cranial nerve, oh,
51:20 factory one, remember smell o optic ocular motor T trophy to, to
51:28 trigeminal and ab nuisance feel facial. studio. Coakley a very green glass
51:35 foreign joe Vegas, vegetables are accessory hyper glass. Um You can come
51:43 with your own money But I remember since 93. Um and you may
51:53 now you want to know which one censoring which one is the motor.
51:57 Bugs bunny says so so much But my brother says Bugs bunny makes
52:07 S stands for sensory M. Stands motor B stands for both. So
52:14 12 words 12 nerves cranial nerves. so sensor sensor or factory optic ocular
52:25 mother. What do you know our ? Try germinal both. So as
52:32 the sensory and motor component. Mr . Oprea eight says sensor 10 Vegas
52:42 is both. Mhm. So now nerves for the for the exam one
52:48 factory to optic three. Ocular motor , trigeminal eight vestibular cochlear and 10
52:58 . And if you notice well for exam you already got half of your
53:02 cap questions in the bag about the nerves uh or your first year medical
53:14 neuroscience scores and your anatomy course and just have to learn the sixth and
53:20 you'll know that will function their functions well. Uh huh. Okay can
53:25 repeat which sex it was again that need to focus on. 1,235,810.
53:36 thank you. So now you know cranial nerves the spinal cord and the
53:44 of the spinal cord is next. you have the cervical nerve one and
53:48 cervical vertebra. And you have eight nerves that come in between each one
53:53 the cervical vertebra. So you have . One vertebra, one C.
53:59 vertebrae seven. For cervical T, , thoracic T. One through
54:04 12. With 12 thoracic nerves lumber lower back, lumberjack is L.
54:11 through L. Five And about two, L. 3. The
54:17 spinal cord stops being one continuous structure becomes a structure that is referred to
54:22 called Coquina korda according to the The tail. Okay. Called decline
54:29 decline a equestrian horses, horses The fibers from the spinal cord proper
54:37 split into a bundle fibers. The of the horse's tail and send their
54:43 and through the lower extremities. And you have the saco nerve here and
54:49 in the tailbone with the sacral vertebra information, dorsal information coming in sensor
54:59 , dorsal root ganglion will enter into spinal cord. And if you look
55:03 the spinal cord you'll see the gray here. And this gray matter is
55:07 of a butterfly or some people call the horn surrounded by the white
55:13 White matter are ascending and descending fibers carry information from the spinal cord up
55:20 from the cortex cerebellum down into spinal . So dorsal horn information will command
55:28 dorsal root ganglion. The accidents will the cell bodies of the into neurons
55:33 the motor neurons. The most of motor neurons will be living in the
55:39 and ventral horns here and the output this. So mama's here found here
55:46 come out as a portion of the nerve, the motor portion of the
55:51 . You have a spinal nerve on side in between each vertebra in the
55:56 cord. It has both a sensory the motor component bundle wrapped together those
56:02 game themselves. So much located Motor neuron summer is located here in
56:08 gray zone. Spinal cord is covered the three meninges, the p amata
56:15 spinal or act annoyed and uh spinal mater on the outside. If you
56:25 at the major ascending pathways we already dorsal column, nuclei or dorsal column
56:33 column which is located dorsal in the cord is a major sending sensory pathway
56:40 into the thalamus and sending into Oh, ascending into cortex. Sending
56:45 information of course when we talked about reflex arch We said that there is
56:52 of activity. That thinking. Being 23 synapses happens at the level of
56:56 spinal cord for you to draw the or to contract the muscle. But
57:02 of that information is still being It's not like you stepped on the
57:06 with your your leg in. Now just reflexively. Now you're in
57:10 The pain processing the signals get sent cortex. You understand that you have
57:15 do initiate motor commands to put band disinfect and so on using the
57:21 Uh and depending on the development of brain you would think about different things
57:27 . Um So spinal thalamic tract is out here also is the only ascending
57:34 properly that's coming out on the ventral , the major descending motor pathways as
57:38 seeing there descending. So cortical, , spinal, maja, larry,
57:44 , spinal tract checked Aspinall, it's in the name texas spinal, where's
57:48 coming from? Sector spider, two . So most of these things are
57:55 for two or three words, two three structures, location of those structures
57:59 , medial dorsal and so on. taking things apart, especially if you're
58:05 multi lingual into the word roots. that are attached in front of the
58:12 are behind the roots and how they together and you'll have a pretty good
58:17 of this neuro anatomy lingo, there's different descending motor populace and you're really
58:22 charged to know them except for this sending Darcel Colin Powell, autonomic nervous
58:30 , this are all peripheral nervous system . It's quite extensively already mentioned that
58:37 , enteric nervous system in particular is complicated. We don't have time to
58:42 it in this course. Unfortunately now want to talk about imaging for a
58:48 bit and for imaging I have attached couple of really interesting things for
58:54 So first of all I have a of really interesting slides is something of
58:59 content and then I have a really review article that for those that are
59:04 in special maybe graduate school students going more depth. I would highly recommend
59:11 . So when we talk about imaging all of this time we were working
59:17 up to understanding the structure of the and the functions. Now when we
59:23 the functions, okay, it's What does that look like? What
59:29 an activity behind an emotion look Is there a map for being
59:35 Okay. The map for being Is there a map for smelling citrus
59:42 smelling gasoline? Of course there's a for all of these things. There's
59:48 map of activity. This cortical maps sub cortical maps of activity. Their
59:55 . So an olfactory cortex will see map for banana smell. Another map
59:59 citrus smell. So now we want know the activity. We know the
60:04 structure, we know the girls How does that structure work? What
60:09 the activity in that structure? How that activity change with the disease?
60:15 want to be imaging the function and do the functional imaging in the
60:21 we have really two techniques. This a pet and the functional magnetic resonance
60:27 . We talk about most of the in the clinic that you go typically
60:32 or the dentist offices, X rays X rays are used to make a
60:39 between changes in tissue color, bone tissue, gross changes detected by X
60:50 detect certain cancers. You'll see a and accident but not much detail and
60:57 no function. It's not recording activity cells moving. It's not recording voltage
61:02 anything like that. Computer tomography or scans is essentially a multidimensional X ray
61:12 the X rays these days are So when you go to the dentist
61:17 this thing fans around spans around you , moves around. You have a
61:21 dimensional almost three dimensional. Not perfect you're still looking at your teeth from
61:27 front and the top navy in the . So it's not in complete three
61:31 but it's pretty good. Still doesn't you the activity. And the chief
61:35 doesn't show the activity. What is and why would you want to measure
61:42 activity? Well there's different levels of and there's different levels of measuring that
61:52 and things that you can do in lab you kind of do in the
61:56 and things that you can do in clinic and the hospital. We cannot
61:58 in the lab a lot of And most of the things that you
62:01 at in the clinic is on the level or Mezza SKOp IQ level for
62:09 level is area V. One. . Primary visual cortex world Samantha Sensory
62:16 one. How are these areas activity the B one different from the rest
62:21 the bread. That's macroscopic mrs I'm going to zoom in to
62:26 One which you can do with the and the clinics with the functional
62:31 We'll discuss that in the second Fmri pet scans. I want to see
62:35 there is different levels of activity within structure. V. One that's microscopic
62:43 and then you stop it about here you want to know the circuit
62:48 You want to know the cells and these cells are connected in the
62:52 You want to know activity on a cell level. Okay you want to
62:59 activity in a single cell level and want to know some cellular activity.
63:04 want to know activity in a single spine. I want to engage my
63:08 and single dendritic spine and trace how activity changes along the dam dried activity
63:15 one cell whether that self produces an potential, all of these things.
63:20 cellular imaging of activity. You can optical activity and you can track fluctuations
63:27 calcium. You can track fluctuations even voltage. You can do that but
63:32 can only do it and allow cellular circuit centric as well. This is
63:38 example of what can be done in lab. It's really an interesting technique
63:44 you cannot do in the credit but gets you down to several levels.
63:49 of all you have a macroscopic You're looking at a patch of the
63:54 and it's uh in this case it's techniques. So can you make a
64:00 in the skull of a human place electrode image the disease. Tell them
64:04 come back a couple of months No. So you have to do
64:07 lot of these experiments and we have do a lot of these experiments on
64:10 cell level on the single cell level the animal. So we can understand
64:15 different scales. Not just macro meso circuit sell sub cellular. So now
64:22 have an experiment where you place a on the monkey's brain and this dies
64:28 squiggly blue arms. These chemicals they're warms. These chemicals embed themselves in
64:33 plasma membrane and they have certainly reflective . So if you shine the light
64:38 them and the numbering is address, will grill blue now once the charge
64:44 plasma number and then the receptor channels movement of ions and charge across plasma
64:50 in fast politic Byler changes the squid chemical warmers. They call voltage sensitive
64:57 . They changed their confirmation so as voltage across bungalow number and changes these
65:03 guys change their confirmation and they change reflective property. So now you shine
65:09 light on them and instead of reflecting they'll be reflecting yellow and red
65:14 Okay. Different wavelengths of light. you can track voltage when we talked
65:20 the experiment of looking at calcium fluctuations the synopsis by result Selena's. We
65:25 imaging levels of calcium. You can Euro transmitters. You can image calcium
65:31 image sodium potassium but you also want image the voltage. How is the
65:37 that's changing in the south? How's vault exchanging between the sauces and then
65:42 network. So with these techniques voltage dye techniques you can also stick an
65:49 . Then one of these traces in is an electrical trace in another trace
65:56 red is an article trace an electrical measuring voltage fluctuations in the cell across
66:05 membrane. And the optical trace is through the microscope of the changes of
66:12 reflective properties. And so now you the regions that are active in red
66:18 the regions that are inhibited are not in blue. And with this
66:23 voltage sensitive dye imaging technique you can to almost a single cell level but
66:28 can go from macro mas 02 circuits level and typical you would need to
66:35 use combination of these techniques to truly What is happening in individual 1000
66:42 So you have this review for you you're welcome to look at. And
66:48 I'd like to just tell you what's in the clinic what does brain
66:54 Brain needs energy. Active neurons need . They need food, glucose.
67:00 is 3% of the total body mass over 20% of the total energy and
67:08 tabloids. So when there is an in activity in the occipital cortex and
67:14 a lobe there's going to be increasing flow to the exhibit alone because those
67:19 are gonna need oxygen and there's going be an increase in metabolism. That
67:24 they're going to be consuming more more food in MRI. You have
67:29 items with one proton that go between energy or low energy states of this
67:35 essentially bounce from high to what is resonant frequency resume. M are
67:43 Use magnetic wall for absorbing information measuring imaging the resonant frequency radio waves are
67:52 admitted, admitted by protons and you up information an FmRI FmRI in general
68:01 . Then what you're doing an FMRI is functional F stands for functional You're
68:08 now a ratio measurement of oxygenated These versus deoxygenated hemoglobin, Hemoglobin is
68:18 molecule that carries four oxygen molecules saturated then you deoxygenated. And so the
68:26 of the brain that are going to active in FmRI will be drawing more
68:31 and de oxygenating this hemoglobin. And you look at the ratio will tell
68:35 this macroscopic and messous topic changes positive emission. Tomography actually inject radioactively labeled
68:44 with positively charged ion some bloodstream protons electrons and emit electromagnetic radiation in the
68:52 of the photon again you have this that will capture this electromagnetic radiation.
68:58 what you're doing in pat is you're at glucose consumption. So you're looking
69:03 two D. Oxy glucose or two . G. Why? Because neurons
69:08 are active will need glucose. So you understand the major techniques in the
69:13 from re which is mostly blood oxygen and the macro meso SKOP IQ levels
69:22 macro measures coptic levels. Looking at consumption a little bit more invasive and
69:27 far as an injection of the radioactive material contrast material a lot of times
69:34 to in order to facilitate the imaging the brain. And with that note
69:39 gonna leave you here. I'm a bit over time and I thank you
69:44 being patient with me and the professor me. And you see I started
69:51 minutes late because of the professor before . I'm ending five minutes late.
69:57 have to rush out now. So you have any questions, save them
70:02 me for next week on thursday please the recording on the retina on
70:10 I will see you back here in or life on zoom. Okay And
70:16 will release your quizzes so you can what questions you got right around.
70:21 ? All right thank you so Have a great afternoon and I will
70:25 you in person next week with Watch the lecture. Mhm.
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