© Distribution of this video is restricted by its owner
00:01 | Hmm. Mhm. Mhm. Okay . Um Welcome. Right, |
|
|
00:33 | This is making creases here. Hello? Oh, that would |
|
|
00:51 | There we go. That did Okay. Alright, fantastic. |
|
|
01:03 | That's pretty good. All right, to the Super Bowl edition of Micro |
|
|
01:12 | . Right? There will be a bowl themed party clicker slide when you |
|
|
01:19 | that, you know, that's we're . That's the last slide we're gonna |
|
|
01:23 | today. Okay, so until so I know that I mentioned last |
|
|
01:29 | about I changed it on blackboard, the schedules on blackboard, but I |
|
|
01:34 | actually change the natural syllabus. You have printed out where it said chapter |
|
|
01:39 | was a flipped class. It's not not so it's gonna be usual |
|
|
01:45 | but the next week, so next uh right here in front of me |
|
|
01:52 | . Okay, This one. That that will be in europe |
|
|
01:58 | Is open for those of you that on, everything is available in that |
|
|
02:06 | . Uh flipped the folder with the class stuff. Uh in there is |
|
|
02:14 | chapter six part one video lecture. that's all available to you. |
|
|
02:20 | Um so I know, so unit is three chapters 6, 13 |
|
|
02:31 | Okay, so but we were about next week. So that's next week |
|
|
02:37 | today. We start unit two. . Um of course exam is next |
|
|
02:47 | and saturday. Uh so what And so what we got, you |
|
|
02:52 | , one quiz opens tomorrow. That's comprehensive. It's like 25 questions or |
|
|
03:00 | . Um covering one through 134 and of five that we'll talk about |
|
|
03:08 | And uh that's it. That's smart stuff is do you remember this? |
|
|
03:13 | uh this has kind of come not to back but Day in between. |
|
|
03:21 | that Chapter five is due on So most of the smart stuff do |
|
|
03:25 | Mondays, but there are a couple are due like in the middle of |
|
|
03:28 | week. Typically these are ones that occurring before an exam. So you |
|
|
03:33 | want a couple of days before the to a question about it. So |
|
|
03:37 | why that's due on Wednesday. Um Alright so we're gonna finish part |
|
|
03:44 | of chapter four and then a little about control of the vehicle. We'll |
|
|
03:48 | up the rest on Tuesday. And uh All right. Um Tuesday's elected |
|
|
03:56 | gonna be 40 45 minutes or Okay so we have that, we |
|
|
04:02 | have as much to finish up and next week. Okay. Um Any |
|
|
04:08 | before we roll along here? So I just want to begin with |
|
|
04:15 | a recap of what we talked about time? Okay let me get this |
|
|
04:18 | of the way. So um so talked about the fast growth current, |
|
|
04:25 | ? We have different phases uh log death. Remember that? These can |
|
|
04:33 | right? Like phase can vary different factors that can influence that everything from |
|
|
04:42 | nature of the growth medium, the is growing on and what is going |
|
|
04:47 | uh you know, slight temperature ph differences as well. There are |
|
|
04:52 | differences. These can all kind of a situation that has to get activated |
|
|
04:57 | . Right? It's not gonna pop in and start growing. It's gonna |
|
|
05:00 | to adjust, maybe has to has turn on certain genes, turn off |
|
|
05:06 | genes adjust the temperature and ph and all those things factor into time. |
|
|
05:12 | , what does start growing? Of it can grow very rapidly. |
|
|
05:17 | so we have all these kind of a baseline but of course these can |
|
|
05:24 | can vary in terms of lag the inflection of log growth, right? |
|
|
05:30 | vary the the onset of stationary phase quicker. So you know, these |
|
|
05:38 | will all occur. It's just that duration the rate can differ depending on |
|
|
05:47 | number of factors to my program the growth medium, other conditions |
|
|
05:53 | Okay, so then we did a of growth calculation problems. Right? |
|
|
05:58 | this is uh equations And all these are given to you, memorize these |
|
|
06:04 | . So there's a couple at most problems. Um but you'll have the |
|
|
06:10 | there that you'll need to solve. , and you can bring a handheld |
|
|
06:16 | , you can use your cell phone you can use a handheld tactic and |
|
|
06:20 | casa will be made aware of So people in the progress that will |
|
|
06:26 | have to you about having capital, they'll know ahead of time that this |
|
|
06:30 | a lot. Um So so in generation time, so we use that |
|
|
06:37 | different types of problems the generation Uh the Hawaiian does it take to |
|
|
06:43 | generations of the population? So again goes through those practice problems if you |
|
|
06:49 | to if you have questions let me uh beyond just the bad growth where |
|
|
06:55 | they're not other than taking other than and taking samples out to measure |
|
|
07:02 | You're not doing anything else. So just basically letting it go to the |
|
|
07:06 | and whatever the cell density is which represented by maximum cell densities here in |
|
|
07:13 | example whatever that is is what it right? You're not trying to um |
|
|
07:19 | it anymore. But you can do of course when you do things like |
|
|
07:24 | , that truck, right, add part of it typically to boost |
|
|
07:31 | Right? So obviously your goal in this just to get a lot more |
|
|
07:35 | right for whatever purpose. Okay then course you can really control things in |
|
|
07:40 | bioreactor where you know all the various the different parameters of growth, oxygen |
|
|
07:48 | , oxygen um ph um nutrient All these things can be in temperature |
|
|
07:56 | all these things are you're controlling all things and so when you do that |
|
|
08:01 | course the culture very okay. And what you do when you're doing kind |
|
|
08:08 | commercial steel. Uh um you can't this class. But, you |
|
|
08:18 | of course, what were you working ? And if you're in a lab |
|
|
08:22 | and you're doing this kind of resources may be limited. Maybe you |
|
|
08:29 | have one of these fancy computer controlled reactors, but maybe you don't. |
|
|
08:35 | . So, do you still have there if you only have shaped |
|
|
08:39 | Yeah, you do. You can can um control it to a |
|
|
08:44 | It's much more of a pain in butt, right? Because you have |
|
|
08:47 | computer helping me out, right? you getting up at intervals and looking |
|
|
08:53 | your shape class, for example. ? So you can do things like |
|
|
08:57 | see how it's blue colored, You can add ph indicators, |
|
|
09:03 | So, I I actually did this . So you can have like uh |
|
|
09:09 | forget what it's called, but it's that when it gets acid it's yellow |
|
|
09:12 | it turns basically reddish. So you kind of eyeball it, you have |
|
|
09:16 | ask them in the base and neutralize . Um You can uh of course |
|
|
09:22 | in an incubator while you're incubating it incubators, temperature control it that |
|
|
09:27 | Uh then that ph temperature, What can we do in terms of |
|
|
09:33 | for the shake flask? Okay, this thing? Well, you can |
|
|
09:41 | see these little these little indentations in bottom of the flask. Right? |
|
|
09:47 | four of them. Right? What you think that you think that's nothing |
|
|
09:52 | ? Actually make a huge difference, ? These are what we call um |
|
|
09:57 | don't need to write this down. this is what we call. These |
|
|
10:00 | baffled, baffled, baffled. I know what's going on, baffled shake |
|
|
10:09 | . And they always prepared this to black girl America. Ask what are |
|
|
10:15 | apples going to do for you anybody about it? Think about it spinning |
|
|
10:22 | a in a shaker spinning. What these little things he's gonna do compared |
|
|
10:28 | just being flat right here is the . Just visualizing what's gonna happen. |
|
|
10:40 | or say something. Yes. yes. Because what does do including |
|
|
11:03 | , that's the key. So the think the waves of the ocean, |
|
|
11:07 | ? Waves of the ocean. That's you mix air. That's how you |
|
|
11:10 | air. Typically vibrancy where waves are created. Wind, right? That |
|
|
11:17 | top parts of the marine environment or more options because that's where all the |
|
|
11:21 | is occurring, mixing in the same , the shape fast. It created |
|
|
11:27 | lot more turbulence more. So the thing you can do is to crank |
|
|
11:33 | the speed at which this thing is . Right? So those are kind |
|
|
11:37 | ways you can kind of um you know, add more oxygen as |
|
|
11:41 | cells become depleted. So again, can do all these manipulations. But |
|
|
11:45 | , it's much more tedious, Than um having a computer do it |
|
|
11:51 | you? And having all these things monitor everything real time. Right? |
|
|
11:55 | this you're just monitoring your eyeballs, means you have to come in and |
|
|
11:59 | at it. Oh, I got yellow base, right? So you |
|
|
12:03 | if the ph changes are occurring pretty , that's growing fast and that like |
|
|
12:09 | these are kind of things so you do these things in a safe |
|
|
12:13 | Okay. But again, yeah, probably don't wanna commit it two o'clock |
|
|
12:18 | the morning and every couple hours to on this thing. So if you |
|
|
12:24 | be in the lab that has money has bioreactors, bioreactors anyway, so |
|
|
12:34 | , so let's move on. Any about any of these topics. Don't |
|
|
12:40 | , I'm not gonna ask you what's . Okay, there's lots of stuff |
|
|
12:44 | throwing out because I've done this for the real world and some of you |
|
|
12:50 | going to encounter these things. So for you, those of you that |
|
|
12:54 | in that. Yeah, yeah, . So his comment relates to the |
|
|
13:14 | last time about if you you we do fit batch or even in |
|
|
13:20 | reactor, we add we add we in at certain intervals. Um |
|
|
13:26 | we pump in nutrients because you can't up front at the same time, |
|
|
13:32 | becomes a osmolarity issue becomes too hyper outside the cells. So the cells |
|
|
13:38 | doing water. So they're fun and problem and they don't really grow. |
|
|
13:42 | that's why you kind of have to these additions um while they're growing. |
|
|
13:48 | so you don't get this problem? . Alright so this question because this |
|
|
13:53 | gonna be 22 are gonna pop up the first one here. This brings |
|
|
13:57 | into the um the last two topics Chapter four. We're gonna talk about |
|
|
14:04 | we get into Chapter five. Okay this is often a nutrient urban phenomenon |
|
|
14:11 | by a lack or depletion of So I say often it's not the |
|
|
14:33 | thing that causes it but it can certainly be uh something that does cause |
|
|
14:40 | to occur. Okay. Okay. . 10 down 10 53. |
|
|
15:25 | Um Yeah. Well let's look at second question. Uh Let's see. |
|
|
15:32 | remember that I think um Next one . Okay. Same same choices. |
|
|
15:44 | answer choices. This is often a phenomenon requiring a surface and the ability |
|
|
15:53 | attach. And I would probably I say I would correct this by saying |
|
|
16:05 | they didn't make it blonde. Okay Chin. Alright so uh yeah |
|
|
16:51 | is that's biofilm formation. Okay. Impact. Probably good boys in that |
|
|
16:58 | . But it is also a nutrient . The previous one. That's endospore |
|
|
17:08 | . Okay. Um If I had maybe um stationary phase you might could |
|
|
17:18 | that could be a correct choice. because you get to be deprived |
|
|
17:25 | Um But what what you're given? definitely in those four formation. |
|
|
17:30 | Um Alright. Which which is our two things to talk about before. |
|
|
17:35 | , so we'll start with biofilm formation . Okay, so this going |
|
|
17:43 | Yes, uh biographer mentions anything, of course a surface occurring on the |
|
|
17:50 | and ultimately bazillions of microbes, ultimately form. Okay. And so we |
|
|
18:00 | that initially in what we call, say like at 12 o'clock in two |
|
|
18:07 | , these are typically turn micro Okay, so so it's beginning to |
|
|
18:12 | together and begin to grow. Uh through the 12 and three. Here |
|
|
18:18 | go clockwise. It's obviously on the is also occurring on the surface and |
|
|
18:24 | two dimensions. Then as we get uh seven o'clock nine now you see |
|
|
18:34 | going up so now we're going first three dimensions. So obviously this represents |
|
|
18:39 | lot of cell growth and if you're sustain with biofilm which obviously contains lots |
|
|
18:44 | sales, you're gonna have nutrients constantly supplied to them. Okay? So |
|
|
18:51 | you let's see uh to walk to the sec 100 auditory like walkthrough walkthrough |
|
|
19:03 | one walkthrough snr one as you're going Cullen, right then when you come |
|
|
19:09 | and go downstairs and look to your you'll see I think lately, but |
|
|
19:17 | see this right here, okay. used to be a bored sitting |
|
|
19:23 | They used to have a board and was draining out. Right? And |
|
|
19:29 | board was full of, it was biofilm that was occurring like they had |
|
|
19:33 | form in here as well, but on this wooden board was since been |
|
|
19:38 | away. But all this down here well, biofilm because that thing's gripping |
|
|
19:45 | likely gonna freeze Of course. So it's not, I'm not sure, |
|
|
19:48 | not sure what state it is right . But the point is this constant |
|
|
19:54 | grip, grip, grip of nutrient and that's what can initiate and sustain |
|
|
20:00 | . Okay. Uh You know there's window, this is a window on |
|
|
20:05 | building. Okay, you can see growth right there. Um So if |
|
|
20:12 | look around you can see these right? You look at your |
|
|
20:15 | right? You can look at your shower, you may see about |
|
|
20:19 | It probably means anything your bathroom if seeing that. Um You're right, |
|
|
20:27 | . Excuse me, while I put in my microphone here. Um Let |
|
|
20:34 | continue on on this thing. Um uh so again, by what's common |
|
|
20:42 | these 22 pictures, of course it's surface all about a surface and growth |
|
|
20:49 | going to occur on the surface. the state itself not only having a |
|
|
20:54 | nutrient supply but also a constant um ability to attach that surface. |
|
|
21:04 | attachment to the surface. So these two key things surface and attachment and |
|
|
21:09 | supply. Okay and so again biofilms fairly widespread. There's species species |
|
|
21:23 | Okay uh and biofilm formation is not this random you know, coming together |
|
|
21:30 | and just kind of all grow together a different species. And they're all |
|
|
21:34 | all it's highly organized orchestrated process. and coding process. Right? So |
|
|
21:44 | one has to occur in 2 to then four. Um So it's a |
|
|
21:48 | organized process. Far from me. a random thing. And so biofilms |
|
|
21:55 | the soil, biofilms on water. They're not all bacteria, the algae |
|
|
22:02 | other types of microbes. Um You from medical from a medical standpoint |
|
|
22:09 | Right? Capital. Right. Um tubes, um heart valves. Any |
|
|
22:16 | of medical devices where they provide the also can induce growth of uh pathogenic |
|
|
22:24 | of bio for reformers. Right? this is showing you a a biofilm |
|
|
22:31 | a on a capital. Okay. these medical devices right. Comes packaged |
|
|
22:37 | know fairly package right there. And people that handle these maybe they'll handle |
|
|
22:42 | property right? Get their hands on , unloaded hands on it or something |
|
|
22:47 | otherwise contaminated. And then that's where you can introduce one of these bathroom |
|
|
22:53 | types. This is and there's staphylococcus that are bad for informers. Some |
|
|
22:58 | . Okay. And so um so contamination can lead to or improperly uncertainty |
|
|
23:06 | staff is on your skin and mucous . Okay uh put your nose um |
|
|
23:12 | surface. And so it wouldn't be know, don't take proper care. |
|
|
23:19 | could be easy to actually have this . And so they begin to grow |
|
|
23:24 | ? And of course represents a lot thick growth that ultimately can occur. |
|
|
23:29 | and so again these these medical type biofilms are very problematic to get rid |
|
|
23:36 | , right? They respond to But in this biofilm environment you have |
|
|
23:44 | Micro environments in that big environment where have differences in growth and metabolism of |
|
|
23:54 | species in there. And some of are more resistant China box. |
|
|
23:58 | So it can become a problem. know when you have one of these |
|
|
24:02 | of infections this isn't a week or days over this. This is something |
|
|
24:07 | weeks and months. Okay so you you can get a hold of |
|
|
24:11 | Okay? Um So something to be of. And so especially those that |
|
|
24:18 | going into the medical profession uh your right to wake up with that sticky |
|
|
24:26 | in your mouth. Those are courtesy bacteria that are forming biofilm. Now |
|
|
24:31 | they've enhanced this okay with adding some of a dye to enhance the growth |
|
|
24:37 | seeing, right? But the point , you know it's plaque is due |
|
|
24:41 | bacteria form biofilms. Um This thing something um I have encountered previously encountered |
|
|
24:51 | uh fast food restaurants or any restaurant serves uh when you fill it up |
|
|
25:01 | ? It has to been going to uh the thing right senior 7-11 or |
|
|
25:07 | convenience store where you fill up your . So it'll be like a tank |
|
|
25:12 | that the syrup then it goes to right nozzle. Uh sio two sio |
|
|
25:18 | compression. If you win the working of these places, you know what |
|
|
25:21 | talking about. But that sugary kind tube that sugar and tube and environment |
|
|
25:28 | create these kinds of things that form sugar sugar polymers right? By products |
|
|
25:35 | their metabolism. The people that own places are kind of unaware of it |
|
|
25:44 | they begin to know this over And then get odors and that kind |
|
|
25:48 | drive people away. And that's when say we need help with this. |
|
|
25:52 | ? And so again, biofilm. pipes of course are very surface and |
|
|
25:57 | typically have something a nutrient flow going some kind of acquis flow containing nutrients |
|
|
26:04 | that's what can sustain the members of biofilm. Okay, so again, |
|
|
26:10 | you over a state this but you surface attachment and nutrients. So those |
|
|
26:18 | the ingredients for bio phone. Um so the process. Right? |
|
|
26:25 | basically look at five stages. So and it's all these chemical signals being |
|
|
26:33 | here. Okay. And so initially have what are called plank tonic cells |
|
|
26:38 | you haven't called stickers. No stickers swimmers. Right, So Pentatonix |
|
|
26:46 | They are kind of seeking out a surface upon which the former. |
|
|
26:55 | so um if there is a favorable there is a surface in a favorable |
|
|
27:01 | to lead to a biofilm then you attachment right? And um the swimmers |
|
|
27:09 | to stickers, right? So they the jelly and then february maintain |
|
|
27:16 | Okay, now um so in this here attachment begins to form grow a |
|
|
27:24 | bit. So you have what are ? I'll show you a picture here |
|
|
27:26 | a second. Micro coffees, small . Now, whether it goes |
|
|
27:34 | Okay on are there if enough cells present? So enough cells are present |
|
|
27:44 | those cells are throwing off this chemical ? Okay enough cells are present. |
|
|
27:50 | you have enough chemical signal being formed a threshold. You have to have |
|
|
27:55 | growth to create enough chemical signals to initiate and attract more and more cells |
|
|
28:02 | the surface so its threshold. And this is what's called this quorum |
|
|
28:08 | phenomenon. Okay. Um Well, explain in the next slide but that's |
|
|
28:13 | of it can kind of not occur all. Right if there's not enough |
|
|
28:19 | there. Okay. Now if it occur then you'll get extra place. |
|
|
28:26 | is basically the glue. If you . Yeah, that's the essence of |
|
|
28:32 | biofilm. Is this production of this supply, Saccharine can also have some |
|
|
28:37 | in there but it's kind of what everything. You get what they're embedding |
|
|
28:42 | in this in this biofilm. Okay maintaining it as if there's plenty of |
|
|
28:49 | everybody's fed then we grow not just two two dimensions about the girls |
|
|
28:55 | Right forming what's called a biofilm Okay. Of course it represents lots |
|
|
29:00 | lots of self self worth. But of course it could be that |
|
|
29:06 | know because the pipe or maybe the of nutrients is stop somehow and so |
|
|
29:13 | can't sustain all the members of the anymore then um then it will move |
|
|
29:20 | dissolve so to speak. And then that used to be stickers right? |
|
|
29:27 | revert to being swimmers. That's when break off and then find a more |
|
|
29:31 | environment and then start presumably start the again. Okay we kind of see |
|
|
29:37 | here. Okay so uh cells in iconic swimming slash swimming state. |
|
|
29:46 | Um that initially attached and you can have um the twitching motility can be |
|
|
29:55 | here as well so they can have kind of movement on the surface. |
|
|
30:03 | . And um so again I began but to get the the image. |
|
|
30:17 | if there is um enough presumably if enough signal that means if more and |
|
|
30:24 | cells are being coming to the that must mean that there's plenty of |
|
|
30:31 | there to feed everybody. Right? that's where the nutrients nutrients come |
|
|
30:35 | Right? So that's what kind of the favorable signal. So yes we |
|
|
30:41 | plenty nutrients more soda coming signal builds now we've reached that threshold and we |
|
|
30:47 | we can then go into this right . Right. Because that's the extra |
|
|
30:53 | soccer information that is induced. Gene expression of this material that only occurs |
|
|
31:01 | they've reached that threshold level. And so this quorum sensing, |
|
|
31:08 | That's the dependent themselves underground for and government you have people present to have |
|
|
31:19 | vote. Right? We have enough present, then you can you can |
|
|
31:24 | for bios, so to speak. . Right. So and and this |
|
|
31:31 | this quorum sensing phenomenon is not exclusive bio. So you see it in |
|
|
31:38 | phenomena. We'll see it later again uh transformation, transformation is the uptake |
|
|
31:45 | DNA from environment. There's actually some have it forms sensing mechanism for |
|
|
31:50 | Okay, so all it means is it's a sell it depends on cell |
|
|
31:55 | . Is there enough cells present? there is then enough chemical signals are |
|
|
32:00 | made and then that can trigger whatever process is in this case bilateral |
|
|
32:06 | Okay. Question. Okay. Um questions? Yeah. Yes. |
|
|
32:21 | What we're seeing is in how how do it? But what what differs |
|
|
32:29 | the chemicals signals that are used can more specific to that species? |
|
|
32:36 | So that's where you'll see differences. one species may use um a chemical |
|
|
32:43 | X. Another one using y. where the variations occur among the species |
|
|
32:47 | the overall process more or less occurred this. The number. I'm |
|
|
32:55 | It was a self density. What No I think that the cell density |
|
|
33:03 | can be achieved is strictly going to due to the nutrients available to |
|
|
33:08 | And of course the metabolism the cells . And so if you have the |
|
|
33:13 | all things being equal species X. a species why they're and they're being |
|
|
33:17 | their optimal nutrients then you know it's based on that that species intrinsic growth |
|
|
33:22 | which can vary but bottom line they're informed lots of cells. Yeah. |
|
|
33:28 | yeah, densities can vary depending on and these kind of things. Yeah |
|
|
33:33 | answer the question. Okay. Yes. So the bias information is |
|
|
33:43 | by a federal species. Okay now it's got in this in this um |
|
|
33:53 | like this and it gets big. ? Of course things are gonna get |
|
|
33:57 | in it. Right? So you get other species because they're there in |
|
|
34:01 | environment along with them that can get to the thing to be part of |
|
|
34:05 | . Will those actually be able to themselves and grow? I doubt it |
|
|
34:11 | they're gonna be so many of these formers there that the competition thing maybe |
|
|
34:17 | minimize their effect. But yeah it's species specific thing because they're in the |
|
|
34:23 | with other bugs. Those can get up in the mix as well. |
|
|
34:29 | other. Yeah. So so again biofilm Now we're growing up in in |
|
|
34:37 | uh all dimensions basically. Right. so this is where you can get |
|
|
34:43 | micro environments because you have cells on outside. Right? And you have |
|
|
34:48 | money interior. Okay. And so be differences in oxygen levels outside |
|
|
34:55 | Um Could be differences in how many the cells are getting outside versus more |
|
|
35:01 | the surface versus inside. Right. it can create kind of differences in |
|
|
35:05 | of metabolic differences. Can create growth . Maybe those out here grow faster |
|
|
35:12 | in here a little bit deprived. they don't grow as much and it's |
|
|
35:17 | medically important biofilm that can create differences perhaps antibiotic resistance. And so that |
|
|
35:25 | why these things can be a problem if they're of that type. |
|
|
35:30 | But you can what can happen is can create holes, holes can be |
|
|
35:35 | in these towers and that can kind help to circulate nutrients so that everybody |
|
|
35:43 | kind of get more now more to pie and get more nutrients and grow |
|
|
35:47 | can happen. Okay. But even that you still you still have some |
|
|
35:51 | of differences within the iphone itself when get so big. Okay. Um |
|
|
35:59 | . Any questions. All right. All right. Uh So this is |
|
|
36:08 | example of and those pores really example their level of um how long they |
|
|
36:18 | be viable. So they these are in fossils. Okay. Uh you |
|
|
36:28 | see that 2050 million years old. million years old. And the sports |
|
|
36:35 | are actually right here. That's a where it is. So this is |
|
|
36:40 | free and those four, that's And those four so they are quite |
|
|
36:50 | . Okay. And they've been able be revived. Right? Just like |
|
|
36:55 | seed that kind of seed, dirt water germination. Same thing can happen |
|
|
37:01 | an endospore. Okay, so the , the term spore itself um There's |
|
|
37:08 | kinds of dormant forms that microbes can into. Okay. There simply just |
|
|
37:20 | themselves which can be we all had fungal spores. Those are the type |
|
|
37:25 | reproductive structure. Right? Um bacteria protozoa can form spores. The system |
|
|
37:36 | another type of dormant form. Um the end those form when we put |
|
|
37:42 | we put these four letters in Okay. That is a next level |
|
|
37:52 | of resistance. Okay. Yes, and spores do have a certain level |
|
|
37:58 | resistance but nothing like an index for . Okay, so it's this too |
|
|
38:06 | a is a gene coded process takes genes to do this occurs over 8 |
|
|
38:12 | 12 hour, 12 hour process to this. And there's only two groups |
|
|
38:20 | in the microbial world or in the period. Use right clustering. |
|
|
38:28 | the sewers for the most part they're both soil organisms. Both soil |
|
|
38:34 | But for the most part relatively Okay, anthrax is gonna be the |
|
|
38:40 | that's the human pathogens. Uh and are a couple of others but most |
|
|
38:43 | them are fairly the soil organisms. harm. Australia is one that |
|
|
38:53 | Tetanus boxes. Um That's clostridium among . You see a couple of examples |
|
|
38:59 | gas gangrene is also caused by clostridium toxin basically causes tissue death. So |
|
|
39:06 | can see how the yes that's an of somebody's just basically turning black. |
|
|
39:11 | tissues gotten completely necrotic toxin killing the . Um regardless. Um in both |
|
|
39:19 | so metabolically speaking. Right. Very aerobic versus we'll talk about that. |
|
|
39:29 | first part of Chapter five will cover is relates to behavior the presence of |
|
|
39:36 | and how cells react to that. so um so the process of forming |
|
|
39:43 | those, right. Um it's a of differentiation into a different form. |
|
|
39:51 | . It's basically proceeded by let's just through the steps here. Okay so |
|
|
39:56 | a compartmentalization that occurs. You have sell. And then in the process |
|
|
40:01 | form two compartments and then one compartment the other. Right? And then |
|
|
40:07 | sets the stage reforming the spore. . And so we can look at |
|
|
40:12 | we look at those four forming Okay we see different types. |
|
|
40:18 | So vegetative growth basically a vegetative cell really just a normal. Okay you |
|
|
40:26 | consider yourself sitting here in your chair your the vegetative form of, |
|
|
40:32 | You're doing your thing. Right? So you better say that. So |
|
|
40:38 | what it does. Right? Uh if you look at a get a |
|
|
40:44 | of in those performing species. Look microscope these different forms. Okay, |
|
|
40:54 | self. So we're in those forests in silence. What's going through the |
|
|
41:00 | ? And one word done to Now you can gauge kind of the |
|
|
41:08 | of the culture if you will By all the proportions of these three, |
|
|
41:15 | was 99% educated. That's likely just healthy growing culture. If it's like |
|
|
41:23 | vegetative cells and vegetative cells with the board. And it's really going through |
|
|
41:29 | process. Okay? So it's And you can kind of gauge just |
|
|
41:34 | looking at these three different forms. . So you can also I don't |
|
|
41:41 | just put this in for for your information. It's not something I'm gonna |
|
|
41:45 | you on. But the the form can also like with the you can |
|
|
41:52 | like one single women or room where can be all around the cell. |
|
|
41:57 | with sports, they can be formed different ways and it's species specific. |
|
|
42:02 | way they form. Right? So types um some types will form uh |
|
|
42:12 | and a sport right in the middle the cell, right? Others forming |
|
|
42:16 | one end. Okay. Or near end. Or they can they can |
|
|
42:22 | inside the cell. Right? And these are species specific. Look up |
|
|
42:27 | the will say you know it's a it's a uh endospore forming cell. |
|
|
42:34 | Sport is I think uh central. and not swollen. So central not |
|
|
42:42 | . And that identifies it as is our species? So you can you |
|
|
42:47 | use that as a as a way I. D. As part of |
|
|
42:51 | identification. Okay so uh let's Alright so the process. So we |
|
|
42:58 | with replication of D. N. . Okay. And so it kind |
|
|
43:04 | forms a facility that they call it cell. Uh So we have two |
|
|
43:11 | of course then we can begin to the printing in here. But we're |
|
|
43:16 | to form two compartments. Okay so have a four score and we have |
|
|
43:22 | mother cell. Right so the four is going to form the sport. |
|
|
43:28 | . The end of the war will originate from that Four sport. Okay |
|
|
43:34 | what's the mother cell doing? Well is communicating. It's sending out basically |
|
|
43:42 | factors to the force board. And factors are initiating the expression of different |
|
|
43:50 | . Okay so kind of that's why call it the mother. So it's |
|
|
43:54 | of directing what's going on in this of the process? Okay so uh |
|
|
44:02 | the membrane of the cell. Mother somewhat engulf that for sport. Okay |
|
|
44:11 | so what happens is this D. . A. Of the mother cell |
|
|
44:16 | away integrates? Okay and so now have a double membrane around that fourth |
|
|
44:22 | . Okay um and then gets emphasized the middle of that. Okay and |
|
|
44:30 | actually call this this is what they , once the peptic like cannon gets |
|
|
44:35 | there, they called the cortex. then there's a very thick layer then |
|
|
44:42 | add in these chemicals calcium. And what's called die pick Olynyk acid |
|
|
44:50 | P. A. For short. and so that among other things buying |
|
|
44:57 | the D. N. A. um kinda helps protect the DNA quality |
|
|
45:02 | that in those four ft um It helps to reinforce that cortex also |
|
|
45:12 | the process. Um Water is drawn of this structure here of this structure |
|
|
45:21 | . This force for that now has cortex around it. Okay that water |
|
|
45:27 | drawn out. Right So that helps in its stability and what you might |
|
|
45:35 | long term storage. Okay. Water used to sell is heated, |
|
|
45:42 | So the damaging effects of temperature high come from the high water content in |
|
|
45:47 | living cell, 70% water Water begins boil and that affects the proteins in |
|
|
45:52 | cell, ultimately killing yourself. If remove a lot of the water then |
|
|
45:57 | you don't have that damaging effect as . Right? So in those sports |
|
|
46:02 | has like 20% water compared to 70% the living. So okay so that |
|
|
46:09 | in terms of its ability to remain for so long and still be |
|
|
46:16 | Okay so um and so then uh don't care about exasperated and it's kind |
|
|
46:22 | a transient kind of a structure. basically we're gonna form a the mature |
|
|
46:27 | coat once we've added all these chemicals it. And then so throughout this |
|
|
46:34 | here I'd say from probably here through hmm. About here. Okay those |
|
|
46:50 | Hear those 1 2. Let's call a day. B. C. |
|
|
47:00 | pen C. And D. Okay I'm sorry. That's when you see |
|
|
47:07 | cell microscope has I'll come right Has this appearance here? But they |
|
|
47:17 | inside of the cell. So it's through these A. B. |
|
|
47:23 | D. Stages these right here that that that that's what looking like a |
|
|
47:30 | . Okay then finally the free spore released. Right? So no no |
|
|
47:39 | cell part. And as you saw can last for millions of years. |
|
|
47:49 | problem to find these things like Egyptian right from like 20,000 years ago uh |
|
|
47:56 | elsewhere and have been able to revive . Right? So germination is the |
|
|
48:01 | where they go from endospore to a cell. That's called germination. |
|
|
48:08 | So that can happen under. So induces this um all kinds of |
|
|
48:13 | Deprivation of nutrients right? When it gets to one of these bacillus gets |
|
|
48:21 | stationary phase and in the stationary phase typically when they start forming in the |
|
|
48:26 | . Okay um New lack of nutrients any kind of other environmental stress radiation |
|
|
48:35 | temp cold temp um ph right? treatment. Any kind of stress can |
|
|
48:45 | induce endospore formation? Okay. And course what reverses it is favorable conditions |
|
|
48:53 | be and the sport can then germinate grow back into vegetative cells again. |
|
|
48:58 | . But the endless wars super Right? That's why we rely on |
|
|
49:04 | get rid of it. How to conditions create steam. They use the |
|
|
49:09 | at high pressure, right? So get temps of like above 120 |
|
|
49:15 | Um And um that combined with the heat of steam, can penetrate the |
|
|
49:22 | of four and kill it. Um anything else? Any questions english |
|
|
49:33 | Um Yeah, simply just if you're a free sports state here you can |
|
|
49:45 | back to a vegetative state that under conditions, right? That's germination. |
|
|
49:52 | think of a seed which is basically dormant thing. So in the ground |
|
|
49:57 | water it grows or germinates same So the endless poor going from its |
|
|
50:04 | state into a living breathing, vegetative that processes germination. Yeah. I |
|
|
50:11 | he said that. How would you me? That's true that you have |
|
|
50:18 | do two things. One is you to cut out the dead tissue and |
|
|
50:22 | you have to wash it out or . But then of course you have |
|
|
50:25 | give antibiotics and about the freedom ultimately gonna kill it if it's not or |
|
|
50:30 | have to cut a limb. It too bad. So, uh, |
|
|
50:35 | other questions? Okay. Um, branding is not something very common these |
|
|
50:41 | . It used to be back, know, in wars and things when |
|
|
50:44 | have like wounds and you didn't know about exceptions and what not a lot |
|
|
50:48 | times. That's where you would see . Um Okay, so transfer chapter |
|
|
50:55 | . Chapter five basically cover a couple things. First part of this is |
|
|
51:00 | call it zero tolerance. So, you have a bacteria or archaea and |
|
|
51:08 | know, and you often Okay, can be different responses. Okay. |
|
|
51:15 | of course it relates to, in large part relates to what's the |
|
|
51:20 | themselves. Okay. And so there be five different responses. Okay. |
|
|
51:26 | on the cell type. But kind , overall this chapter we don't go |
|
|
51:32 | the first part's really kind of First part of the first half of |
|
|
51:35 | chapter is about title right here. ph osmolarity affect growth. We're focusing |
|
|
51:46 | oxygen. Okay. But uh just at very briefly at temperature ph and |
|
|
51:53 | . Okay. Every microbe has every has its optimal in terms of temperature |
|
|
52:03 | ph which they grow best at. ? Um it all relates to the |
|
|
52:11 | thing, but temperature osmolarity, ph what the optimal conditions are. What |
|
|
52:18 | their proteins happy. Okay. For temperature ph or popularity, Those three |
|
|
52:27 | influence protein folding and shape, treasury of protein. Right? So that |
|
|
52:33 | strands are together in a certain Right? And that shape is due |
|
|
52:38 | hydrophobic interactions, Charge interactions. Um bonds. The sulfide bonds. |
|
|
52:46 | So, ph a sub optimal ph or hospitality can affect those interactions. |
|
|
52:56 | . And make a protein not work . Right. So, you |
|
|
53:01 | the optimal temperature ph osmolarity or what for whatever it is for that |
|
|
53:06 | It's it's that those conditions because that's keeps the protein test pretty happy. |
|
|
53:13 | , they'll like that. Okay, in a nutshell, kind of what |
|
|
53:17 | about. So, you have most are in the middle right temperature of |
|
|
53:28 | book gives a slightly different range, say 18 17 18 C too? |
|
|
53:36 | . Okay, everybody's kind of in range for don't worry about writing this |
|
|
53:41 | . Music files. Everything probably Most things operate at that around ph |
|
|
53:47 | . Right. New travel files. . Um osmolarity. Um typically about |
|
|
53:56 | can't think of the average value, um in marine environments. 3%. |
|
|
54:02 | freshwater environments or traditional elements. Maybe or less .91%. But then |
|
|
54:10 | this is where the majority of Is that these values for these? |
|
|
54:16 | you have extremes, right temperature. , right. You can have hydrothermal |
|
|
54:21 | . Right. Key. And we about those guys, you can have |
|
|
54:24 | profiles which are like very cold Right, extremes of ph Right. |
|
|
54:31 | , the point is, these parameters about taking proteins happy and most living |
|
|
54:36 | are within what we call moderate ranges these values. Right. But you're |
|
|
54:42 | have some few months on either Right. Not the majority. But |
|
|
54:46 | can find them in these certain environments they have adaptations that enable their proteins |
|
|
54:52 | be happy at these fringes. so bottom line by keeping the proteins |
|
|
55:00 | . Right? And so we are to focus on um 02. |
|
|
55:07 | and so this and then the second of this, um the rest of |
|
|
55:15 | , I should say it's about Alright, so there's gonna be |
|
|
55:20 | There's gonna be some uh examples of you can control physical parameters. Chemical |
|
|
55:29 | . Um that's kind of what that's . Okay, so let's start with |
|
|
55:33 | tolerance. And so if one is living on this planet, okay, |
|
|
55:44 | are uh supposed to air. Usually. Okay, uh were |
|
|
55:54 | Obviously, we need we need Okay. But whether you use oxygen |
|
|
56:01 | if you do not, you will be affected by it. Okay, |
|
|
56:09 | auction is very reactive. Okay, it likes to grab electrons for |
|
|
56:15 | Okay, It's oxidizing agent. very strong. And so we of |
|
|
56:23 | , like many others have an aerobic . Right? We'll focus on that |
|
|
56:27 | the next unit. But for you know, we have uh we |
|
|
56:32 | down an energy source and in the we use those electrons and ultimately hand |
|
|
56:40 | off the oxygen. Okay. So auction itself can react upside reactions. |
|
|
56:50 | ? The action itself can interact with . Okay. And do their kind |
|
|
56:57 | oxidizing thing. Okay. And so can form what are called reactive species |
|
|
57:03 | oxide hydroxide radical hydrogen peroxide. Okay these damage molecules and some particularly Vienna |
|
|
57:12 | proteins is um in our own might have heard of foods that are |
|
|
57:20 | . Right? Blueberries and things like . Okay because they help to to |
|
|
57:27 | the detrimental effects of of this Help help to eating this kind of |
|
|
57:36 | support supposedly help to counteract the damaging and allow us to you know, |
|
|
57:44 | damage our cells and tissues. Believed to be a contributing factor to |
|
|
57:49 | and and death. Okay. So any case um so if the face |
|
|
57:57 | living in In air whether it uses or not, it's gonna have to |
|
|
58:02 | with this issue. Okay. Or will die. Okay. So you |
|
|
58:07 | to have protective enzymes that will counteract effects of these reactive species. |
|
|
58:14 | Because these are gonna form again regardless whether you use option. Right. |
|
|
58:23 | these enzymes do what? Well they the effects of these species. So |
|
|
58:30 | oxide radical S. O. Which is shorthand for super oxide Disney |
|
|
58:36 | . Okay uh and cattle A's and . So super oxide is mutates forms |
|
|
58:46 | peroxide which is still reactive not as as super oxide radicals but we have |
|
|
58:52 | A's and proximity is to neutralize the of hydro peroxide. So of course |
|
|
58:58 | end products here water are and oxygen of course. Sorry. The water |
|
|
59:07 | completely benign obviously. Right, so form water now you neutralize the effects |
|
|
59:11 | these species. Okay, so um again, microbe that's living in this |
|
|
59:23 | world. If it uses auction, doesn't use oxygen, it's got to |
|
|
59:30 | with this other issues production of these oxide radicals because they will form in |
|
|
59:40 | and if they can't deal with it they will die. Because if they |
|
|
59:44 | have their protective enzyme, these reactive will damage their proteins and nucleic acids |
|
|
59:51 | they will die. Okay, so have a couple of choices here if |
|
|
59:57 | the micro have have the protective enzymes protect yourself or get away from there |
|
|
60:06 | together, don't even be in his . That will avoid a problem as |
|
|
60:12 | . Okay, so think about Let's um look at how in the |
|
|
60:20 | and kind of find out an organism's to oxygen. Okay, so you |
|
|
60:27 | a medium like this that basically when have a medium where you can get |
|
|
60:33 | oxygen gradient. Okay. And so medium called fluid like light will do |
|
|
60:40 | . Okay. And so um it's gel like medium. It has chemicals |
|
|
60:47 | help remove oxygen when you make it then uh put it on a |
|
|
60:55 | The gas boils out of it then it gets to room temp comes back |
|
|
61:00 | , if you got affected air will seep in. But chemicals in the |
|
|
61:07 | will kind of get rid of Not all of it because you've been |
|
|
61:11 | radiant. Okay. And so you here from high too low at the |
|
|
61:20 | . Okay, so there's your un reading, watching high to low or |
|
|
61:28 | at the bottom. Okay. The is a dye, the red color |
|
|
61:32 | where oxygen is present. You can right at the top progressively less as |
|
|
61:37 | go down to. Okay and so you do is you take a wire |
|
|
61:44 | and whatever you're going to test and inoculate in a way that you're what's |
|
|
61:51 | stab? Just stabbing it Viagra going the length of Viagra. And you're |
|
|
61:56 | the loop back out. Right? you're basically seeding the cells you have |
|
|
62:03 | um that are laid all the way the length for the medium. |
|
|
62:08 | so now what you're asking is what which sells? And what region are |
|
|
62:15 | in what region of the growth is be only those that are down |
|
|
62:22 | Only those that are up here or in the middle. And where do |
|
|
62:29 | see the growth? And what part to challenge you their response to |
|
|
62:34 | Okay, so again, we're asking question right, looking for a pattern |
|
|
62:42 | growth growth to the bottom of the to the top or throughout the whole |
|
|
62:48 | . Okay, so all those will you something about it. Okay, |
|
|
62:53 | here's a question. Okay, so just gone through that. So we |
|
|
62:59 | five strange A. Through E grown this same kind of medium. |
|
|
63:06 | Um Based on the results from which strain A. B. |
|
|
63:16 | D. E. Is not lacking protective enzymes but has reduced levels of |
|
|
63:25 | enzymes. Or maybe it's missing one two of these enzymes. Okay. |
|
|
63:30 | not completely lacking has some. Right What kind of response are they gonna |
|
|
63:39 | ? Okay, this is Okay. the timer going. Alright, Count |
|
|
64:29 | 7, 6, 32 and Okay. Um Mhm. If you |
|
|
64:51 | uh e Okay, so let's look this. Well first let's let's go |
|
|
64:58 | the different types then we'll come back this. Okay, so um the |
|
|
65:06 | what we call a micro verify. , so let's look at the different |
|
|
65:12 | . Okay, so uh let's break down this way. Arab and Arab |
|
|
65:19 | . So Faculty Ativan Arabs can use not use oxygen. Okay. E |
|
|
65:24 | is a faculty of an arab. So the Arabs. And so they |
|
|
65:31 | distinguished by the fact that they use , oxygen using metabolism. Right. |
|
|
65:36 | that we are right, but maybe types. Okay, my profiles are |
|
|
65:43 | . Are they're lacking. Like the said they're lacking maybe one or one |
|
|
65:48 | two of the enzymes protective enzymes where have lower levels of protective enzymes. |
|
|
65:53 | , So that means they don't have full full protection you need against atmospheric |
|
|
65:58 | of co two, which is 20% or take. Right? So they |
|
|
66:04 | like 10% 1% option. Too much them because they don't have enough protection |
|
|
66:10 | it. Right? That's why they like in this level here, not |
|
|
66:16 | the top, but somewhere in the . Okay. Um the and a |
|
|
66:23 | . They do not use oxygen. . At all. They typically aren't |
|
|
66:32 | . They ferment or and or what call anaerobic respiration. They breathe with |
|
|
66:39 | other than oxygen. Okay. But can have two types. Okay, |
|
|
66:46 | as the name of the obligate, obligate must be That's that's the ones |
|
|
66:53 | that strategy is get me away from altogether from air. Getting away from |
|
|
66:57 | . Okay? Get me away from don't have any protective enzymes. |
|
|
67:02 | So I must be away from it together. Right. That's why they |
|
|
67:07 | the very bottom. They don't have protection. So they're gonna be right |
|
|
67:13 | there. Right. No protection. give you away from it all time |
|
|
67:17 | . Okay. You can be an tolerant. And that's the one that |
|
|
67:22 | confuses most people. Okay, the tolerance, so that the name |
|
|
67:27 | It doesn't use option but it can it actually has a full problem has |
|
|
67:35 | protective enzymes. Okay. And so what enables it to live in an |
|
|
67:42 | environment Because it has the max protection it. Okay. Even though it |
|
|
67:48 | use it enables it to live in 02 world. Okay. The faculty |
|
|
67:55 | antelope can use it or not use . Right? E coli everything is |
|
|
68:00 | type. Um So the they have whole protection options, not world, |
|
|
68:12 | environment. And so when we look these patterns. Right? So here's |
|
|
68:17 | obligate strict arrow. I think the this one one that's probably the most |
|
|
68:27 | . Are these two? Alright, call this. That's A. This |
|
|
68:32 | B. And see right there. anaerobic faculty, those the ones that |
|
|
68:38 | confusing. So what you have to , you have to differentiate growth at |
|
|
68:44 | top. Right? So you can here there's more growth at the top |
|
|
68:50 | your faculties because oxygen using oxygen gives a lot more energy. Right? |
|
|
68:58 | energy equates to more sells more Okay, so in fact, in |
|
|
69:03 | robe will have more growth at the compared to the zero tolerance and zero |
|
|
69:09 | , zero tolerance arrow is not getting advantage by being at the level of |
|
|
69:13 | medium where the most option because it use it. Okay, so it's |
|
|
69:17 | or less kind of distributed evening throughout tube in terms of cell density. |
|
|
69:24 | The fact of the matter opens through , but they have a little more |
|
|
69:26 | on the top because Oh, to , more energy, more brooks. |
|
|
69:34 | . Any questions makes sense. Are . No, that's okay. That |
|
|
69:44 | sense. Right. Okay. So and we'll learn about the |
|
|
69:49 | Uh and you have to So let's at um let's look at a man |
|
|
69:56 | come. I'll show that. Show question next time. Um let's so |
|
|
70:02 | I'm going to transition into a little about ways to control growth. |
|
|
70:07 | So, we've all seen our favorite our favorite in this case. Disaffected |
|
|
70:12 | right, Life's all very common. all have a label like this. |
|
|
70:17 | because all these kind of antimicrobial agents products rather are tested against, you |
|
|
70:25 | , uh gram positive gram negative against against viruses. Okay. And of |
|
|
70:31 | it's written on the label. What effective against. Okay. And various |
|
|
70:36 | like uh reading the label. It kills foods and viruses. It kills |
|
|
70:41 | and flu viruses, uh disinfect blah blah sanitize, etcetera. So, |
|
|
70:46 | focusing on here is the value. always has some big numbers, kills |
|
|
70:52 | 99.9 99.99. What have you? , so people often get confused? |
|
|
70:59 | , well this is sterilizing the I'm using. Okay, just to |
|
|
71:04 | you, you know what actually is in terms of numbers. If we |
|
|
71:08 | a surface, you know, and test these things on like a a |
|
|
71:12 | square inch surface, a little Then they'll swab the template and get |
|
|
71:17 | cell count. Then they'll take the template and then get an area and |
|
|
71:21 | treat it with this effect and then how many were killed. Right? |
|
|
71:25 | let's say one million cells. We apply our Lysol and we get |
|
|
71:32 | many cells were killed. It was 99.9 being killed. They were killing |
|
|
71:38 | cells. Right? We still have cells left Bible cells. So we're |
|
|
71:42 | going to zero obviously. Okay. what we call logs of death, |
|
|
71:49 | the parameter used in kind of quantifying well one of these agents is |
|
|
71:55 | The manufacturer looks at how many logs death are we getting? And what |
|
|
72:00 | frame are we getting those logs? . Because obviously quicker is better. |
|
|
72:05 | , and so um so we'll talk next time, but the logs of |
|
|
72:11 | is a round that we're gonna be at. Okay, remember death is |
|
|
72:16 | rapid but just as gross. Can very rapid. Okay, so we |
|
|
72:20 | to maximize that. We're trying to their growth. Okay, So here's |
|
|
72:25 | question about terms. Okay. And you know that my pet peeve is |
|
|
72:30 | of sterilization. So let's see if let's see uh remember that. |
|
|
72:37 | so remember sterilization? Not not in context of can't have kids. Right |
|
|
72:45 | of killing stuff. Okay, it's okay. It's okay to |
|
|
73:18 | You know, I'm going to say okay to pick this one. You |
|
|
73:24 | what I mean, hint, It all makes sense. Then please |
|
|
73:32 | this. Yes, you did. . None of the above. |
|
|
73:39 | None of the above. Okay. not eat. Alright. Here's our |
|
|
73:48 | told you at the beginning I'll come to that next time. Here's our |
|
|
73:52 | bowl question. Mhm. I realized don't really watch this football. Which |
|
|
74:00 | why A and E. For Sure. What's up? What's |
|
|
74:20 | My home? Is that a Yes, I have a This is |
|
|
74:40 | no correct answer here. Let's see we got. Yes. All |
|
|
74:49 | Oh, okay. Okay. That's majority folks. See you next |
|
|
75:00 | Okay. You got it right. matter what? Oh, this species |
|
|
75:46 | were created by now. Flying Yeah. The day is if I |
|
|
76:09 | finish, so we're gonna do that monday. I went through everything for |
|
|
76:16 | unit. Typically, they're not usually because I'm pretty good about being getting |
|
|
76:24 | done, but that's what I Is that this one uses oxygen |
|
|
76:40 | This one thing. Yeah, I say so. I but I would |
|
|
76:58 | when I tell people there's two there's in the honors college, you |
|
|
77:04 | have to be any harm in but it's just what the local it |
|
|
77:06 | called. The office of regular So they're like, they're like really |
|
|
77:13 | college on the second floor. There's big sign you can't miss it. |
|
|
77:16 | they will have a list of labs have opens to though is go to |
|
|
77:23 | go to the biochemistry biology website. can just access to sm biology department |
|
|
77:35 | we're just gonna research faculty and see they're doing if you want to do |
|
|
77:40 | . I'd say the two professors are Roger who is a biochemistry and he |
|
|
77:48 | takes on undergraduate students. The other is dr he does research. DR |
|
|
77:57 | a variety of things but he's definitely method biologist. Um And I'm not |
|
|
78:05 | sure that others. There's actually you expand your search to even the chemistry |
|
|
78:12 | working microbiology work in chemistry. So might check my check there as |
|
|
78:19 | Even even pharmacology. Okay pharmacology is got |
|