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00:02 Mhm. Yeah. All right. we go. Okay. I was

00:10 where it was gonna be. All . So trying to find that nice

00:17 where it's not super actually? I . Let's see here we have an

00:23 on Tuesday. Uh Yeah, Yeah, boom. Hey look quarter

00:30 semester's over. That's how you need look at things. That's a milestone

00:34 the end of the semester. You're a quarter. Duh. Kind

00:39 It goes quick. Yeah. For of you who are coming in from

00:42 school college is crazy fast. If you're going to be graduating in

00:48 time. I know it seems like forever, but it's literally blink and

00:52 be graduating and you're gonna go, do I do? What do I

00:55 ? What I don't worry about. right. That's number one. Number

00:59 . Had a question about the The reviews don't count as grades.

01:04 like, what remember practice makes. right. Perfect. So, the

01:09 practice you can get your hands on better. So, chapter reviews are

01:12 for grades. You do them for . Alright. Maybe not fun,

01:17 you do them to help you All right. If I had an

01:21 number of problems to give you, would do that. I do not

01:25 an infinite number of problems to give . So, you know, just

01:29 them as you go. So, have an exam Tuesday? You got

01:32 of practice to be able to do third announcement. This one you might

01:36 to write down extra credit becomes So I said no. Is that

01:42 extra credit becomes available monday at six . Put that in your phones have

01:49 big alarm that wakes you up and get this done. All right.

01:55 there's an extra credit that goes before exam and there's one that follows it's

01:59 form through Microsoft form. So when log into office 3 65 which is

02:05 you will have to do. Don't me. It's not let me

02:08 It's because you didn't log in. right. That requires your coogan it

02:12 . D. The same way you it just do anything. It takes

02:15 minutes to do maybe five. that's 2.5 points. It's going to

02:21 questions about how you prepared for the . I'm wanting to see you answer

02:26 questions as truthfully as you can for because this is your self assessment.

02:32 . I'm just looking to see who it. And then after the exam

02:37 the second half, which is worth 2.5 points. So how many points

02:40 have per exam? Five total points extra credit. And after the game

02:45 have after the exam you have like week. So it's a little bit

02:48 . But the idea here is you to look at your exam scores and

02:51 , okay I studied like I thought like I did really well. I

02:55 I studied this way. I look my score and I'm like it's awful

02:58 g I did really well and then self assess again and what it's requiring

03:03 to do is to think about how did and how you can do

03:07 That's all it does And you get points for that. Cool. Okay

03:13 Opens on Monday at six p.m. closed um on Tuesday before the exam.

03:21 this is not one of the things take your exam. You see your

03:23 go now. I need the extra . You can do the extra credit

03:28 and then after the game you get other half. Okay, easy

03:32 I think those are all the announcements wanted to make. Um Yeah,

03:37 I have something else. 01 other is if you somehow forget your time

03:42 do something, remember I am unavailable Tuesday I can't help you. I

03:47 not be here and I can't I schedule for casa. Alright, so

03:52 sure you show up on time. guarantee you five of you will have

03:56 out tires on the way to the on Tuesday morning. Why?

04:01 I'm not cursing you? I'm just it's Murphy's law. If it can

04:05 wrong it will normally it takes like minutes to get to the university on

04:10 morning there will be a 40 car up between your house and the university

04:16 accordingly. All right, so if have an early exam, make sure

04:20 , I'm leaving a little bit early I can get here even though no

04:23 gonna be on campus because that is day that for some reason every person

04:27 campus is going to be, You're 7:00 AM, right? If you're

04:32 6:00 and you're like, well, no big deal. I was going

04:34 drive in the opposite direction. for some reason there's gonna be a

04:38 event in downtown Houston and they're going all be in your way. I'm

04:42 promising that because that always happens. right. So I saw a question

04:46 was yes, today's lecture is on test because this would have been yes

04:52 Tuesday's lecture that we got rained out , which we really didn't get rained

04:55 unless you lived in the Northeast part Houston, which case you got really

04:59 out? Yeah, my part of did not, Yeah, you have

05:06 repeat that. I'm still having a time here. So again, I

05:16 , but when you're wearing a I'm not saying take it off.

05:19 just saying you're gonna have to So remember the mask basically blocks sound

05:25 I was at the pharmacist the other . Big glass window mask and it's

05:30 like you've got to yell, so go ahead one more time.

05:40 , Okay. So the question is the reviews and the practices,

05:43 they, are the questions similar? necessarily. All right. So this

05:47 the there's a practice exam that gets today, don't do it and

05:51 oh, this is what the exam like. That's not what I'm.

05:53 is how I write questions. All . So on the practice exam,

05:57 the reviews practice exam. Right. how I write question. Multiple

06:02 That's all the way through. All . That's how or if you want

06:05 do it this way, multiple All right. All right. There

06:09 no K type questions. I think K type is when you get down

06:13 the bottom, it's like A and . A. Corrector and we don't

06:15 that. All right. So there's of that. This is straightforward.

06:19 have four or five choices depending. right. And that's it.

06:23 it's a multiple choice exams. 50 , 60 minutes average person finishes in

06:30 minutes. It takes 20 minutes to . Go through and change all their

06:34 . Get them wrong. I uh remember I told you how to

06:37 back and check your answers. Remember ? Okay. Yeah, it's basically

06:41 multiple choice question. True false You just make sure every statement comes

06:45 true. That's about it. And because there's another question somebody's going to

06:49 ask me. Do I need to everything in the book? What's the

06:53 ? No. What I talked about class is what I consider it

06:57 All right. The book is there reinforce and to help you. If

07:01 don't have access to me and you something or read something like I don't

07:05 what this means. You can go to the book and hopefully it will

07:07 you. Should you spend more than minutes on YouTube watching videos from other

07:13 and other things. No, Honestly. I mean if you don't

07:19 something by all means go and do . Should you write yourself quiz?

07:23 , everyone said they're going to Let's, you're spinning your wheels.

07:30 Right? Efficiency fast focus. If writing quiz, let's, you're making

07:35 your own exams, right. Which what most of your things like,

07:38 America and this is hmm, if want to do that, that's

07:44 You're going to spend more time studying of times spending your wheels just saying

07:49 going off. We need to talk this. Don't think. Yeah,

07:53 . Because it's gonna be on the , Shall we they say yes you

07:57 are. There were good. If you want to quiz,

08:00 I'm not gonna be mad at You do what you want to

08:02 Okay. That's why we have the assessment to see if it worked.

08:07 it works for you, then you doing it. If it doesn't work

08:11 you toss it like a bad Epithelium tissues. That's what we're talking

08:17 today, the first thing we'll be . Today's tissues. What do we

08:20 with? We started with molecules and then from molecules we went to

08:26 and now we're at tissues. And what do you think we're going to

08:29 ? Right after exam Oregon's we're gonna get into the anatomy. Yeah,

08:34 like jeez man, it took a for semester to get there.

08:39 yeah. And professional school. They grab you by the back of your

08:43 and the back of your shirt and just toss you in the deep end

08:45 say start swimming here, we tiptoe . Okay, so this is the

08:51 tissue we're gonna be looking at is will be epithelial tissue or epithelium either

08:56 as the nomenclature. Alright, and epithelium is? It's one of two

09:00 . It's either a sheet of cells going to cover the body or its

09:05 . All right. So that's the here. It's these covering epithelium is

09:10 the sheets that are going to cover surface of your body. This is

09:13 easy. You can look at your and go, oh that's epithelium.

09:17 other part is harder to see because means you have to rip yourself open

09:20 see that it covers also the So basically any open space, that

09:26 on the inside is also at the glad you're epithelium is what makes up

09:30 glands of your body. So, you think of salivary gland. That's

09:33 easy one. Sweat glands is the ones. We're going to get to

09:36 this down in just a moment. that's up to the ceiling. All

09:40 . They have the specialist contact. , we're back to that picture that

09:43 saw on thursday last week. It says, look, there's different

09:47 So, like tight junctions and adherence been hemi desmond zones, Desmond

09:52 These are all major types of connections epithelial cells to hold them together.

09:59 right. And to create this unique of barrier that the body uses to

10:04 the outside and the inside for mixing the outside inside happens to be in

10:09 particular case. Sorry. All In this picture, we have both

10:17 and connective tissue. The pink in picture is the epithelium the yellow and

10:21 pictures connective tissue. All right. , the whole thing is not epithelium

10:25 as pink part up in here. , when we see epithelium, the

10:29 thing we're going to notice is there blood vessels? All right. It's

10:32 vascular is the term that we All right. It has nerve fibers

10:37 can be found within it. All . So, they penetrate into

10:41 But as a tissue, it doesn't any blood vessels. So, what

10:45 doing is it's getting its nourishment from nearby connective tissue where the blood vessels

10:49 be found and the nutrients diffuse up the cells in that tissue? All

10:58 . Another characteristic of the pathology is its regenerative meaning that if you damage

11:02 cells or you hurt, harm them lose them, then what's going to

11:06 is that itself regenerates and replaces. if you've ever cut yourself skinned your

11:12 or like my son did a couple days or not days ago, but

11:15 couple of weeks ago, he dove the swimming pool and decide to scrape

11:19 face across the bottom. So he , you know, his nose and

11:22 chin and it was, you that horrible looking just like thank goodness

11:25 didn't do the school pictures, you , But it's just like that.

11:29 then now it's not there, Because the scab first protected, we're

11:33 talk about regeneration. The scab was the surface. And then what happens

11:38 the tissue regenerates itself and greek covers , which was uncovered. All

11:44 Now is also what we say. contact responsiveness. The question here is

11:49 does skin no or epithelium know when stop growing. Right. I

11:54 you expected just if it grows, didn't you just keep doing it?

11:57 the answer is because with epithelial cells each other. They talk to each

12:03 and they say, hey, I'm to you now and when I'm next

12:05 you, that means you stop growing I'll stop growing. I'll stop

12:09 And so that's what they do is contact inhibition prevents the growing. So

12:14 you cut and they're no longer touching other. There's no contact inhibitions.

12:18 that kind of basically tells them to to start growing. And so they

12:24 towards each other until they contact. back to that a pickle basil

12:30 right? This polarity and this picture used I think we use it previously

12:36 it demonstrates this polarity. And epithelium has this polar. And so here

12:42 can see we have an a pickle that is always exposed size. We

12:46 a basil surface and we have a surface on the cell. The a

12:50 side is different than the basil side there's different functionalities on both sides.

12:56 you deal with polarity. All On the april site reputable um You'll

13:01 primarily micro villa. Some of the may have something called cilia which we'll

13:06 to in just a second. So of the characteristics you look at a

13:09 and say, oh look there's micro in the cell. You know you're

13:13 at the optical surface. What is the vertical surface. Will the april

13:17 where you're gonna be doing secretion or you're going to be doing absorption.

13:20 right. On the basil side. you do is you secrete a whole

13:24 of glycoprotein. Alright. And you're what is called the basil lamanna.

13:29 right. And the basil lamanna basically there to attach itself to the underlying

13:36 which is going to be the connective . So usually have an epithelium on

13:39 of a connective tissue. And it's to attach to the connective tissue portion

13:44 called the reticulated lamanna. So, have the basil lemon, the particular

13:49 . And they come together and they something called the basement membrane. All

13:55 . I think that's what this slide you here. Okay, So,

13:59 connective tissue underlying produces the particular All right. It's just an extra

14:05 matrix. A bunch of proteins that going up and then on the other

14:08 were secreted basil and the lack of going down and they interconnect and hold

14:13 other together and attach to each And that's where you get the basement

14:18 . Now here, this is primarily coming from the basil from the epithelial

14:23 . Those are primarily glycoprotein. here's a micro villas Orville I

14:30 And what these are These are just of the plasma membrane. And what

14:35 wanted to do here, this is worst example I could find. But

14:39 what I've used before. Usually actually this before. Class. Yeah.

14:47 ? So, here I have a . Mhm. Cell surface. All

14:54 , nice and flat, very I have certain agreements of absorption.

14:58 , the problem is, is my can't be this big. It can

15:01 be about that big. All So, I don't have a lot

15:05 surface area to play with? Do ? Right. So, how do

15:09 increase my my surface area If I'm to this amount of space?

15:15 why don't I just go ahead and my large cell like. So and

15:21 fold up the edges so that fits that very small space. So what

15:27 I done? I've increased my surface but I haven't increased my actual

15:34 Right. And that's what microbial I . All right, they produced this

15:39 large surface area for absorption so that can do my job without taking up

15:46 lot of space. Now if you a better or another type of

15:50 think about new york, new york . Long island. Manhattan Island is

15:55 , very small, but houses, can't remember what the number is.

15:59 like seven million people just on the . I can't remember exactly, but

16:03 huge. So how do you get those people in that little tiny space

16:06 is only five miles long? You up. Right, That's what they've

16:10 . So instead of being instead of like Houston where we build out,

16:15 , we spread out, have a pool, huge backyard. You have

16:20 in other states that wonder if you horses. Yeah. Okay. I've

16:26 found it humorous. Do you have horse? You lie to me of

16:30 with the oil. Well, so what Instead of you, do

16:34 grow you go up and that's what villa is. It's like I can't

16:38 out this way. So I'm just spread out that way and increases that

16:43 area. Now. These are typically to be found on absorptive cells when

16:46 do the digestive system in the next , not in the next in the

16:50 course. And P. Two, see these over and over. That's

16:53 the only place you'll see them. that's one where it really makes a

16:56 where we sit there and go, , here's how long your digestive system

17:00 throw all these little kind of characteristics your digestive system is effectively 30,000 times

17:06 than it really is. Which is of cool. Instead of having a

17:10 ft long digestive system uses only about ft. So All right, so

17:17 is silly up here not to be with the flagellum down there. They're

17:21 similar in structure cilia typically associated with meuse in secreting cells. All right

17:27 you're familiar with mucus. Right, hear a couple sniffles. Right,

17:33 musa is the protein that makes mucus e. Okay. And so what

17:38 you do? Well, you want get that stuff moving. You need

17:41 to push it along and that's what to do. All right,

17:44 they move materials along the surface of cell. Now I have this thing

17:48 out here because you will see silly other situations that aren't just moving things

17:53 the surface of the cell but we're about epithelium. Hence I'm focusing on

17:56 thing. So, you don't need know this right now. But eventually

17:59 will come up. So you don't up in another classic. Doctor Wayne

18:03 , no, there's more. All . Fla gela are not on

18:09 I'm just putting it here because it with cilia. This is a type

18:14 extension that propels the cell. The place we're going to see this is

18:17 spermatozoa. So, we're not really to spend a lot of time talking

18:21 it now. Inside the cilia, have something to make it wiggle and

18:26 . All right. And the same is true for a flow gela.

18:29 that basil body, right? That's same structure as a century. All

18:36 . It has these extensions. These tubules that are arranged in a nine

18:40 two, so two in the then a circle it of nine double

18:45 that are on the inside and there's bunch of motor proteins that are attached

18:48 between them. And those motor proteins of do this kind of wiggle back

18:52 forth, which causes cilia to wiggle and forth. For the L.

18:57 . Have the same thing. Same . They have different kinds of emotions

19:01 different kinds of movements though. cilia are kind of like yours.

19:06 you ever wrote about? I'm not about singing it. I'm just when

19:10 row you put the oar in the , you push right? Or really

19:15 pulling for yourself. But you're pushing waters which propels the boat that you

19:20 up the ore. Bring it put it back in the water and

19:23 do it again. That's what cilia . It's basically undulating like.

19:28 it's like push, come back, , come back. So on and

19:31 forth. Flow gela are more like snakes moves. It's kind of like

19:37 wiggly propeller like motion which causes the to propel forward. All right.

19:43 , it's a different type of Different type of motion because of what

19:47 proteins are actually located in there. right. So, they're just this

19:52 what that lower part. So, cilia and flow gela have a unique

19:58 that allow for propulsion or movement. , cilia move stuff on the

20:04 flow gela moves the cell and that's last We're going to talk about

20:09 All right. So what purpose is ? Well, it's found on surfaces

20:17 it's it's a glandular material. Glad tissue. So, it plays a

20:23 in protection. That's easy skin. your skin protect the inside from the

20:29 ? Yeah. Right. It is permeable meaning it decides what gets to

20:35 in and out of that as a . So it serves as the

20:40 but it also serves as a barrier regulate what goes in and out.

20:44 this again. You can think of gut, which is probably a little

20:47 easier. Say, okay, I've something. Or let me let's just

20:51 water. Water is in my stomach . So I get to decide when

20:55 water comes in. That's probably the one to think of plays a role

20:59 secretion. This is putting substance on surface of the body. Now I

21:04 over here says into the body. . I it's probably just bad typing

21:09 my behalf. Alright. So, you are a doughnut. Alright.

21:15 remember me talking about this? Have talked about this before? I say

21:18 every semester? So, I sometimes what semester I've mentioned it have I

21:22 that before this class. Okay, done. You're There's a hole in

21:25 basically your whole is your mouth to ain't it? So, it's like

21:28 have a hole through your body. right. So, when I secrete

21:32 that whole I'm secreted onto the surface the body. All right. That's

21:37 I was referring to here, into bodies. So, basically into those

21:41 is what I'm talking about onto its . Lastly, it plays a role

21:45 sensory reception. These are nerve fibers are located in there. Usually they

21:51 be associated with the cell itself that's detecting or they're doing the detecting.

21:55 what we have is we have structure the epithelium that is there that can

22:01 as a receptor. All right. we're gonna look at this more carefully

22:05 we actually look at the skin. I'll say see that as an epithelial

22:08 . Not a nerve cell. All . So, it plays one of

22:12 four rolls. It has special When we look at epithelium we give

22:18 names. All right. So, has a first and a last

22:22 The first name is always going to based on the number of cells in

22:27 layers. So, what we have we have a simple epithelium which means

22:31 have a single layer. So you see simple, simple, simple.

22:36 pretty easy. Right? It's dare say it? Yeah, it's

22:41 Thank you. I didn't have to the dad joke there. Thank

22:43 Okay, it's simple. It wasn't , It's not simple. It's

22:49 Okay, The second first name you have So there's only two. You're

22:53 simple or you are stratified, meaning is two or more layers.

22:58 your choices I have one layer or simple or I have more than one

23:03 , two or more. Right? I'm stratified. Okay, so typically

23:11 you have a single layer, there's a lot of stuff between the two

23:14 . That means this plays a role filtration. Thanks. Can move pretty

23:20 across a single layer of cells. I'm stratified. That's layer layer layer

23:25 layer. It's harder to move between layers or across those layers. So

23:31 place is primarily a role in All right. Not always. But

23:37 All right. Now, when we a stratified layer, the stratified layer

23:42 going to be based on the most pickle layer. So you can see

23:46 there. That's a pickle. That's pickle. This would be the typical

23:50 . All right. So that means going to deal with that. Second

23:52 is just right here. This is we need the second name.

23:56 Second name is dependent upon the shape the self. There are three

24:01 There's a flat sell the square shell square shell, square cell or the

24:07 sell the elongated or columnar. So it's the flat cell we call it

24:12 squamous literally means scale like and that's it looks like. It's flat and

24:18 like. All right. You can it's flat and I know these are

24:24 . Q Boy channel. When you at it under a microscope, it

24:27 like a box. Basically the sides roughly the same height as the width

24:33 the cell and the third. The basically is elongate, meaning that the

24:39 are longer than the width of the . Now. Ready for the scary

24:46 . Okay, you will have to a couple of cells on the

24:52 So I just saw eyes bug. saw a couple eyes bug some people

24:55 nervous. Uh This is not a class. This is simply taking the

25:01 I just learned and looking at a that will be hopefully abundantly clear what

25:06 looking at, it's not like, me find the most obscure picture on

25:10 planet to see if you can do histology, that ain't happening. All

25:15 . So, what you need to is you first need to be able

25:18 understand what those three words mean. square long, Alright. Or

25:25 Alright. Now, sometimes. And is just a helpful hint.

25:32 Again, This is not histology. many guys are nursing going on the

25:35 school? All right. So, lot of you. All right.

25:38 which class you get to take Good news. You're not gonna be

25:46 as pathologist. Pathologists have to be to look at a slide and actually

25:50 what tissue they're looking at and what abnormal tissues are. Right. I

25:56 , it's it makes histology look like cakewalk. And histology isn't that

26:01 You'll be trained and it's you don't be scared. All right.

26:06 here's a little helpful hint when you're down at a picture of a cell

26:10 you're looking at a slide and you , what you do need to do

26:14 you need to orient yourself. What we say about epithelium epithelium lies on

26:18 of what connective tissue. So basically yourself. Find the typical side.

26:23 the basil side. All right. then once you figure out what the

26:26 on the basil side are then look the nucleus of the cells that you're

26:31 at. All right. If the is round, you're probably looking

26:37 you know, at cube oil If the nucleus is flat, it

26:41 like a squamous cell. Alright. lastly, if the nucleus is

26:46 it's probably Coloman ourselves. All In other words, the nucleus matches

26:51 shape of the cell almost 99% of time. All right. I'm gonna

26:56 you some pictures here. Not necessarily this second, but in the moment

27:00 I'm gonna hopefully demonstrate and say, yeah, I can I can kind

27:03 see that even though these are the pictures on the planet, The pictures

27:06 they have in the top hat examples are on my slides are the worst

27:11 on the planet. My pictures that have an exam are much clearer and

27:15 to see. All right, that's that's the idea. Okay. Because

27:21 want you I'm not trying to fail all. I want you to learn

27:26 and you just shook your head like , he is. He's trying to

27:29 me. All right, So simple , Mostly absorption infiltration. We've already

27:38 that there are three types, First name. Last name. Simple

27:43 simple cube oil, simple columnar. right. You will need to be

27:48 to identify these three on the All right. This is why we

27:54 had a lecture before the exam rather just saying, well, you're going

27:58 take your exams. All right just to make your life confusing and

28:03 anonymous have other names for other Even though it should fall under these

28:09 nomenclature. So, when you see word into a thallium, it's just

28:14 just an epithelium. All right. usually simple epithelium. And what it

28:19 , it's the epithelium that surrounds the and the cardiovascular system. So when

28:24 hear the one in the thallium, go, okay. It's just it's

28:26 type of epithelium. If you hear word mesothelioma, it refers to the

28:33 that makes up the series membranes. , so we're just trying to name

28:38 or it was initially named based on it was found. And it's and

28:43 embryonic origins. And so it doesn't into these categories. They're just words

28:48 people kind of collectively used still, though we have a pattern or a

28:53 to name stuff. And if you're there were some other slides that had

28:58 names on there that would yeah, with the elements. Pretty much,

29:03 , that would be the epithelium makes the pleura. There are lots of

29:09 membrane aside from the pleura. All . So here is the cartoon

29:14 This is a histological view that I are just all awful. All

29:20 So simple. I'm feeling this simple . You can see here is the

29:24 tissue. Here are the cells of cell nucleus in the cartoon. Really

29:28 . Easy to understand. This is picture of a lung Alvey Olas.

29:34 , really hard to tell what's going there. Can you see a connective

29:38 ? No. Can you even see ? Really clearly terrible picture. All

29:43 . So, I'm gonna point to nucleus. Please forgive me. This

29:46 not easy to when it's a microscopic . See that little dark purple

29:51 Dark purple thing. Dark purple Yeah. So, these are basically

29:55 connected to cells connected to cells over over and over again. They form

29:58 sack. All right. And this is not a kind of

30:02 I would show you. All But you can imagine All right in

30:05 Al viola. That's where I'm breathing air. Air is being moved from

30:09 al villas across a membrane to a . Let's see if we can find

30:14 capillary in this picture. That little thing right there. Or just the

30:19 pink. That little tiny thing, the capillary. So, this is

30:24 picture where it's like, I'm going show you I'm going to show you

30:27 picture of an ant. And then like they walk like a mile away

30:31 took out their little iphone and then of expanded it out to the biggest

30:36 that they could. And then took picture. And like see that

30:39 That's an ant. That's what they in this picture, terrible, awful

30:44 . They could have done better. right. simple cube oil. This

30:49 a little bit better but still Okay. All right. But look

30:53 the nuclear, the nuclear, the purple things do the nuclear look a

30:57 round kind of look around, you see right here and they look kind

31:01 round. Alright, but again, is a terrible picture. The the

31:06 uh, the facility or whatever the is just awful. That's like

31:10 they took the worst picture they could . They need to be coming in

31:13 . But this is what you should looking for. Find the basement

31:17 So basically these simple cube oil, we said they aligned structures and so

31:22 can see this is the a pickle that must be the basil side and

31:26 can see the cells are kind of and squarish. Again, I'm going

31:30 show you something that's so clean and and perfect. You're gonna of course

31:36 cube oil. Uh, you can up in middle exam, he was

31:41 . He didn't lie. Alright. , typically again, there's gonna be

31:48 absorption. There's some specific places where see these primarily in the kidneys,

31:52 in the ovaries very limited in the as well. All right. And

31:56 simple columnar. This again is looking like a seven mile view away,

32:01 you can see it clumped ourselves. see the nuclear how they're elongate.

32:05 if you look very carefully here is looming right 11 goes up down,

32:09 , down, up down. And is your digestive track. And what

32:13 looking at here are these cells that the basement membrane and you can go

32:17 and down and you can look at nuclei. And again, if this

32:20 a better picture, you can oh, there elongate. And these

32:25 columned ourselves. All right, digestive tract, there's some rest or

32:31 some other places where the stuff is . But those are the two big

32:34 . All right. So, you to know those three. All

32:37 And if you know the definition, should be able to look at a

32:40 and go, okay, that looks a square to me. That looks

32:43 a column to me. That looks to me. Okay, Alright,

32:48 one you do not need to be to identify an exam. All

32:51 What is pseudo bean fake? so pseudo stratified. So, already

32:57 like the fake stratified columnar epithelium. , I'm not going to make you

33:04 to figure out if this is um this columnar, is this?

33:08 no, no, no, So, you should know it but

33:10 don't need to identify it. Does make sense? Okay, so

33:14 and I think the picture is a better, but you can kind of

33:17 , okay, look, there's my eight nuclei. They can tell there's

33:20 many long cells in there. But of these sounds like really short.

33:23 of them looked really, really And really what it is is these

33:26 all are touching the basement membrane but all have different heights. All

33:31 And they kind of push each other . So some are squats. Some

33:34 elongate. So, it gets very confusing. Hence the term sort of

33:39 . All right. Only some of reach the surface. Now, I

33:43 looking at where they located. It's this male sperm duct. That is

33:47 worst anatomical description ever. Basically, part of the urethra is what they're

33:55 . All right. So, you the respiratory tracts there found typically in

33:59 glands. They're all over the All right. So, it's not

34:03 true stratified. It's not a I mean, it's more of a

34:07 but you can't do a really easy of identifying it. So, I

34:13 need to know those first three. fourth one. You don't need to

34:16 able to identify. All right, , stratified epithelium, multiple layers of

34:23 they regenerate. So, basically down this is where where you're going to

34:27 the cells that are actively dividing and the other cells? All right.

34:32 what they do is off the top basically dying off or sloughing off or

34:35 away And so what you're doing is constantly regenerating. And those cells are

34:40 pushed upwards towards the ethical side. right. So, they start at

34:45 basement and they're dividing and they push and then when you're lost the next

34:50 underneath keeps moving forward. All So whenever you see stratified, you

34:54 think plays a role in protection. , You should be able to identify

34:59 one. All right. This is squamous. Now we said when we

35:05 we look at the a pickle All right. So up here,

35:09 look at this layer and you okay, what does that look like

35:12 me? Oh, those look like cells. So this would be lots

35:16 cells. So it's stratified squamous look here is the basement membrane. You

35:20 see down here those don't cells don't at all like the ones up on

35:24 , do they? So we don't about the ones what they look

35:27 We just have to find out. , all the way down.

35:30 There's that boundary. So this is the basement membrane is. So I

35:33 right up to the top and you see here that looks like a bunch

35:36 scales or flattened cells. So this stratified squamous epithelium. All right.

35:43 , what you'll see on the exam basically I'll give you a picture like

35:46 and I'll highlight what you're looking So you're not just like is it

35:51 one sell over in the corner. like no focusing on the box that's

35:55 . All right. Now, there different types of stratified squamous Alright?

36:00 look at your skin? Your skin pretty tough, wouldn't you agree?

36:04 can take a fingernail and running back forth and you don't break open.

36:07 mean you can see I scraped but what did I do? I

36:11 I took off a bunch of the cells. Right? They flake

36:15 right? But I didn't break All right. And the reason this

36:19 tough is because it has a special called keratin. Alright. Carotene is

36:23 the protein that's found in your It's also the protein that's found in

36:27 nails. All right. It's not only place where character is found,

36:30 these are like like the big All right. It's tough stuff.

36:35 ? And so this is going to found in those areas on the surface

36:39 provide protection. We also have a carotene. Ized stratified squamous epithelium.

36:46 right. So going from my mouth from my skin around my lips and

36:50 my mouth. The inside of my is a little squishy, isn't

36:53 Anyone ever bit the inside of your isn't a lot of fun,

36:57 You can actually feel the chunks of coming loose. Yeah, I'm I'm

37:03 you up. You're like, oh , I remember that the other

37:05 He's looking now. Okay, when chewing you have to hold your cheek

37:10 right. Are you chewing on the side of their mouth? Not praying

37:13 you don't do the same thing. right. So here again, it's

37:18 protective layer. But it's not um not the same structure. You don't

37:23 the correct and it's a lot All right. And so we typically

37:29 these wherever we have these openings in bodies so that there is protection and

37:38 necessarily absorption. So you can see in terms of the location their

37:43 Alright. So that's easy. The easy. The esophagus. Okay,

37:48 can see how as I go down esophagus. That's where sharp things.

37:52 here ever even to read over the way. Yeah. Yeah. It's

37:54 it's awful in it, right? . It's like yeah, it's like

37:58 . You can just picture someone taking just sliding down your esophagus,

38:05 That's right. So you can see protecting against that type of stuff.

38:09 we have here again, vagina, have anus that's not listed up their

38:15 . All those openings, those immediate are either going to be uh

38:19 not all gonna be christianized. Uh actually does have criticized but then it

38:24 to non criticized. All right. it's basically these protective layers. So

38:28 should be able to recognize that. that's four. You have to be

38:31 to recognize on the exam and then the rest of them don't have to

38:35 about because it gets too difficult. have to be trained. All

38:38 So we have stratified cute boy at . And so here's an example.

38:42 is about the size of what you be looking at. It's like,

38:45 , I can look at that Yeah, Yeah, that's that's around

38:48 . Can't really see the sides of cell, but because I can see

38:50 round nuclei, that's got to be boy at all. All right.

38:54 the problem is that there's multiple So you can see right here,

38:57 the boundary and it looks like one . So, this would be stratified

39:01 oil. All right. Typically these gonna be located glandular tissues. What

39:05 looking at here again, male sperm . Yeah, it gives me a

39:12 . All right. Um but in it's gonna be it's see it's better

39:15 here. Miliary throws is more But it's found in these areas where

39:19 going to see secretion. All So primarily glandular type tissue. All

39:24 . We have stratified columnar. I even have a picture for that.

39:27 it's so rare. This is really fairly rare. This is even more

39:31 . So, what's interesting if you at the Aretha, the urethra and

39:35 serve two purposes. All right. the ejaculate part of the ejaculate story

39:40 and it's part of the urinary Right? So it's a way that

39:44 deliver sperm in a way that we to the bathroom women. It's just

39:48 way you go to the bathroom. you don't have all these unique layers

39:51 are part of it, right? have a layer that pseudo stratified.

39:57 have a region that is uh stratified model. We have a region that

40:02 squamous. We have a region that stratified columnar. And again, you

40:07 need to know that it's just that all these transitions. And so we

40:13 a whole bunch of different types in urine through there. All right,

40:17 a fun one. It's called transitional and why? This is a

40:21 This is found primarily around the but there's some other areas around your

40:26 and whatnot. But so you can send urinary tract right around that

40:30 And so your bladder is basically an balloon where urine goes before you have

40:35 go the bathroom, right? So can basically sit in your chairs,

40:39 to a lecture and then afterwards run to the bathroom because the bladder serves

40:42 a storage point because you're constantly producing Okay, so that means that little

40:48 starts off small and then it expands expands and expands and stretches out.

40:54 . The reason is capable of stretching because the epithelium stretches and so that

41:00 , which is stratified sometimes looks Sometimes it looks like you boil.

41:05 depends on how much fluid is found the bladder and how stretch the bladder

41:09 to be. Hence the term transitional between the multiple states, not have

41:16 identify this on the exam. how and a half. But generally

41:23 only have to know three simple Yes. So, to be able

41:31 identify now, you have to know . Right? I mean, you

41:33 to know what they are and kind what is transitional mean? And why

41:37 it called transitional? So you do to know that. But to actually

41:41 identify, you're probably going to get of those four that I said.

41:45 got to know the simple stratified or , simple uh squamous, simple

41:50 simple cube oil or stratified squamous. it. See hard when you put

41:59 that way. It's like, oh , there's like eight of them.

42:01 I only needed a four who? histology. Mhm. All right.

42:09 , eight colors vary in appearance. of the cells they just screw with

42:13 world. It's like Yeah, I'm gonna have to nuclear.

42:16 Yeah. Yeah. All right. , the glands, what are the

42:21 ? Uh gland simply is one or cells. How helpful. Alright,

42:26 gland can be a single cell or be lots of cells. Alright.

42:31 job is to export a product which call secretion. So, what is

42:35 secretion? Secretion is an acquis fluid proteins. Okay, that's the textbook

42:42 . Some can have lipids or steroids . Okay, fine. So we

42:48 two types of glands. We have endocrine gland. We have an extra

42:50 glands, excrete glands or what we're to be focusing on Because this is

42:55 when we think of glandular tissue, epithelial, you're going to be dealing

43:01 execution glands. So they excrete externally surfaces. Is typically what we

43:07 So, it's going to be under surface of the body or it's going

43:09 be into one of those hollow organs cavities. All right. That's what

43:14 saying. And they're gonna be classified based on structure. And again,

43:19 textbook is terrible. I'm going to to help you out with that.

43:23 you have this term endocrine gland. you'll hear glands. Endocrine glands typically

43:28 not epithelial lead arrived. Their job that they don't have these ducks like

43:34 X creen do. So, there's ductwork is basically a clump of

43:37 Their job is to secrete a hormone the extra cellular fluid, typically into

43:44 blood vessel and then that travels around body and then serves as some sort

43:49 signaling mechanism around the body. So, we're focusing here on the

43:54 krin glands. So, one type mexican gland is called the uni cellular

44:00 . Alright, the only example that know of in the body. I'm

44:04 there's more but the one that I is the gobble itself. So,

44:08 is an epithelium. You can see epithelium. What are those things on

44:12 top right there. Micro villa or could be cilia. Alright.

44:17 I don't know. It's just cartoonists up, but that's a good

44:20 Alright, But what we have here we've got these goblet cells. Why

44:23 you think they're called goblet cells? look like the shape against the goblet

44:28 . And the goblets full of mucus . All right. So, what

44:33 do is you can actually see up , see the little line in

44:36 It's basically showing you that's the musician mucus that is produced. And

44:42 what you do is basically you produce mucous used to create it out.

44:46 then the epithelial cells go, fine, let's get rid of this

44:49 . Let's push it, push push it, push it and they're

44:51 producing. All right. So, use this exercise psychotic process. And

44:56 this is just a cartoon that someone . You can see that all these

45:01 containing usin that are basically being moved to be secreted onto the surface.

45:09 , multicellular these are easy to think . You think about your salivary

45:13 you can think of sweat glands, example, All right there structurally

45:18 Which means that they have these unique and stuff to them. All

45:24 So, this is like the basic down here. This would be an

45:28 of a type of uh of All right. So, typically what

45:35 gonna see is we're gonna see Typically these are formed by imaginations of

45:41 epithelium. So, you can see imagination would be like this. All

45:46 . And so here's the epithelium. epithelium and then as it goes

45:50 that's still epithelium forming the gland. evaluation would be the opposite direction.

45:56 , they're typically formed. You first your epithelium and then you manipulate the

46:01 to form the gland. It's what means. All right. So,

46:05 you look at the complex structure, your duck. And at the end

46:08 see these branches and so those are of the duct and at the very

46:13 , that's where you're going to see sina. All right. The Asiana

46:17 where the product is being produced and . And then the duct is just

46:23 pathway through which that secretion gets out the gland. This is all

46:30 So, if you look at all kind of light white stuff inside,

46:33 all connective tissue. All right. so, you might have blood vessels

46:38 to supply nutrients or materials. You'll nerves in there to help stimulate the

46:43 . So and so forth. All . So, that's gonna be in

46:46 connective tissue. So, the epithelium solely the part that secretes and the

46:51 worked. All right. And we them in different ways. Here's the

46:56 so fun part. Well, this the easy part, but the picture

47:00 already ready repeat after me. The sucks. The picture sucks. All

47:05 . So, anatomically we look at ductwork. The duct is either going

47:09 be simple or compound. A simple is like. So, see how

47:14 goes in travels down, travels It's a single un branch duck.

47:19 at the picture over here. It . They failed to show it.

47:23 should go down. You should be to see duct work at the end

47:28 this. So, there should be right there. There should be ducked

47:31 there. That makes sense. Or I need to explain that a little

47:34 better? It makes sense. Or to see. They're like,

47:38 Okay. All right. Want to to do this? Gotta find my

47:46 . Magic bag. Mhm. It's mary Poppins. You never know what's

47:50 pull out. All right. I'm try to do this. Remember?

47:56 is not easy to draw on a that wants to fall backwards.

48:01 So here's the pen. So, the pen. So, when we're

48:06 about ducks were looking like this. right. That's a simple duck.

48:12 right. At the end of the , I want to try a different

48:18 at the end of the duck. where you're going to see the hasina's

48:23 right. So, the scene is have different shapes. All right.

48:38 , the red moving downward represents the the blue represents the easiness. All

48:47 . So, when you see Nice straight. No branches makes

48:56 Okay, compound fair with you. right. Got red again.

49:05 a compound. Here's your duct and is what your duck. Does it

49:17 . It branches. Now, I'm pointing out how many branches. It

49:21 matter. Number of branches. Do matter in this. What we're looking

49:25 here is the duct branches. That's it's compound. And then at the

49:32 that's where we're going to see the . I don't think I have the

49:35 colour. All right. So you have around a sinus. You can

49:40 a tubular sinus. Right? If have a tubular and all the all

49:46 Asiana are tubular, then it's a duct. Or sorry, tubular

49:52 All right. So it be compound . If all the casino around like

49:59 . Right. Then what you call is Al Viola. And so it'll

50:02 a valvular compound to compound Al Viola . And then if you have it

50:07 this where you have both types, it's just tubular valvular meaning it's

50:13 That's the terminology. Alright, so this picture, I'm just going to

50:18 it now. The older one. there's one, there's two. There's

50:24 . So the duct extends from the . And if it's one tube and

50:31 doesn't branch simple. If it's tube branches it's compound. That's the that's

50:38 easy way to think about. But you look at the picture. Does

50:41 picture show compound. Really? no, does the to look real

50:46 simple look real. Well, especially on the left hand side.

50:49 did a terrible job and whoever was for explaining to the artist what to

50:54 . Didn't explain next thing. How we secrete this stuff? All

51:01 Well, that's the other way. name these things. And so,

51:03 we have is we have Merit Ap Quran and holly Quran. And

51:08 know it seems like we're going It seems like this whole lecture is

51:11 to be um epithelium. It's not right. So, mary Quran is

51:17 you're screaming things using vesicles. All . So, you can think of

51:21 sweat materials to make sweat are putting vesicles vesicles move to the surface.

51:25 up, release the materials out onto surface and then that gets on the

51:29 of your body. That's why you're on the outside. Okay, easy

51:33 , mary Quran, Easy a Quran, a little bit more

51:37 Still things are packed in vesicles, what happens is the vestibule doesn't open

51:41 to the surface. What you do you pinch off the surface of the

51:45 of the cell that contains the All right. So, the materials

51:50 not released out into the surface. actually still contained within a small structure

51:55 has portions of the cells, still part of it. All right.

51:59 mammary glands, milk that you're producing an african gland. Alright. The

52:08 one you guys remember acne. you may still have to struggle with

52:12 a little bit right. holocron. right. Think of that big ugly

52:19 whitehead. The one that you woke the morning of the dance. You

52:26 up and there was the middle of forehead saying, hey how you doing

52:29 ? We're going to dance tonight. I am. Right. So this

52:35 what it does. This is how get those. All right with the

52:40 , the cell is producing the material the cell. The cell swells up

52:45 then bursts open and the materials that inside the cell are now being exuded

52:50 that ductwork. All right. So that's that Greece that oil and

52:57 That's how those cells are released. what's happening is the cell dies and

53:02 replaced by a new cell that does exact same thing over and over and

53:05 again. Yeah. 1 2nd. right. So the oil that we

53:09 on our skin uses this sort of production. Now, why do we

53:14 a blackhead or or whatnot? Because have bacteria in our bodies.

53:19 And sweat and dirt and oil all up in a duck gets stuck and

53:25 it begins the process of inflammation, is what causes it to swell upward

53:29 outward. And then that's when that ugly thing is wearing. It's Vesuvius

53:33 head. Yeah. Let's face it all tempted to pop it.

53:43 I knew somebody who had watched youtube of big nasty glands being popped.

53:50 go in. There was one I where they sliced it? Just the

53:53 with a scalpel and then used It was just because these glands can

53:59 pretty large. Okay, I saw hand. Yeah, our skin is

54:05 . Um Yes. So, those are basically saying these are small.

54:10 are small glands, Right? And them you have a series of holly

54:15 like glands that are producing. All . Your sweat glands are a little

54:19 different. They're elongate and they have the bottom. So, you have

54:22 tube, right? That's simple. tube or duct. And at the

54:28 you have kind of this thing that up. And so that produces all

54:31 water. And those are opened up the surface as well. They're fairly

54:37 , relatively speaking. Right? And some big ones on your body.

54:42 we're not going to get to those now. All right. So,

54:45 are the methods of secretion. physical pinching off a portion of the

54:50 wholesale explodes. Okay, It's probably lot more polite cell ruptures. But

54:59 done with epithelium. All right. four more to go. Three more

55:04 go connective tissue. So, really you're going to see is a majority

55:11 lecturer the epithelial connective tissue. We of look at nervous tissue and muscle

55:15 . Go, Yeah, we'll talk those later. Okay, that's kind

55:18 what this lecture, but we do to mention them. All right.

55:20 , what is connective tissue, it the most abundant while the distributed tissue

55:23 the body has different types of depending on which type of organism

55:28 You're looking at the primary functions of tissue protection insulation. That's both a

55:35 and an immune protection. All So, you can think of your

55:40 in your body is like, well, fat I can think

55:42 Yeah, let's play the wrong But what are you sitting on right

55:47 ? Sitting on fat? There's a of fat and then there's muscle.

55:50 right. And so it's comfortable to on our bombs because we have this

55:54 of fat there. All right. it's not just that. It's a

55:59 of comfort and squishiness. Alright? it gets really cold, I know

56:03 is like like Houston cold is like . All right. I mean like

56:07 it was cold like 72. We're like, Oh my goodness.

56:12 feels like fall even though it's pouring rain right, 72°. 50°. What's keeping

56:19 warm? Your layer of fat? insulation. It's protecting you.

56:25 So, it also plays a role binding support and structure. This is

56:29 little bit far fetched. Not far , but a little bit uh Not

56:33 going to get this example. Um , anyone here hunt? You don't

56:38 to raise your hand and say but if you have some people

56:40 No, no, no. All . So, if you don't hunt

56:43 about that chicken breast that you're buying the store. Okay. But if

56:48 hunted you've you've skinned an animal, ? And you have to literally remove

56:53 skin, right? And you have separate out the muscles and the things

56:57 that that animal together. It's all tissue, Right? So, you're

57:01 going in and separating all that stuff . Now, if you haven't done

57:05 and you're familiar, at least with breast, right? You go in

57:09 and it's like, okay, I see the stuff surrounding the chicken

57:13 Even if it's skinless, Right? mean, you still have connective tissue

57:17 holding the muscles together. Right? separate you have You can separate them

57:22 if you want to. We don't chicken breast easy. All right.

57:27 , that's the binding and supporting in structure stories I just mentioned. It

57:31 stuff is an example is sure Okay. Ray Bettina, your phone

57:40 been found and they got a number here. So, you can come

57:43 me after class. There you If you're in here. All

57:48 Transportation. That means moving things around body. And we have to include

57:53 because it is um uh you blood. That's the only one that

57:58 It is a connective tissue. All . So, in a general

58:04 we're going to be focusing up here this picture is connective tissue is basically

58:10 fiber and ground substance. All And so what is ground substance?

58:15 all this empty space in between the and the fibers. It's basically water

58:22 stuff. And the stuff happens to proteins. All right. So ground

58:28 depends on what you're looking at. connective tissues have different ground substances and

58:33 has also different fibers in different But you can look at something and

58:37 , okay, the ground substance here primarily this. And so that helps

58:42 identify the connective tissue. All So ground substance can be viscous.

58:48 , so kind of a fluid That be an example of blood. It

58:52 be semi solid, meaning that it's water and more stuff. All

58:57 An example that would be cartilage. then it can be solid Bone is

59:01 example there where I've taken out all water and I basically have or almost

59:07 of the water. And all I left is the fibers and the

59:12 Excuse me. So, this is example of what we're looking at inside

59:19 there. All right. And what we want to look at

59:22 So, this big pink thing right is akin to the big pink thing

59:25 . That's collagen. All right. so, you can see here there's

59:31 fibers and even smaller fibers and even fibers. And what are the smallest

59:35 . These are the proteome glide And so this structure altogether. That's

59:40 protein google, I can and you see basically what it is. It's

59:44 large protein. It has a whole of things attached to it. The

59:47 bunch of things attached to it are glycol amino black hands. Yeah.

59:53 is why we abbreviated just called Alright, gag. All right.

59:59 , what do you need to know this? It's stuff. Lots of

60:04 , lots of tiny proteins, lots tiny proteins that are charged. And

60:09 charged. And so that means they water. And so that space is

60:13 with water because of all the ground . These proteins glide cans and these

60:19 are located within it. And the artist doesn't do it justice.

60:23 you can see it's like it's Now, there's also sell adhesion proteins

60:27 there that we're not seeing. And is the stuff that holds everything

60:31 So, what are the cells? right. We said each connective tissue

60:37 a ground substance. The amount of substance kind of helps us to identify

60:42 we look at the types of cells are there that's going to help us

60:45 . All right. And so in of cells. All right, we

60:49 different types of connective tissues. So tissue proper. When you hear the

60:53 connective tissue, you're thinking of connective proper. All right. And so

60:57 cell type that's found there are what called fibroblasts and fiber sites.

61:02 when you see blast slash site I'm two cells with that same prefix fibroblast

61:08 a fiber sight. When you see , a blast is an immature cell

61:13 responsible for creating the surrounding environment. site. So like a fiber site

61:20 be a cell that is there to cell. It's maintaining the environment.

61:25 , So that's that's the general Alright, so fibroblasts are in connective

61:30 proper. So, when you think tissue, okay, there's that we

61:33 Condra blasting contra sites Condra, when see that prefix refers to cartilage.

61:39 , these are the cells that are for making cartilage and supporting or maintaining

61:44 and then bone at osteo So, and osteoclasts. Icts are the primary

61:50 . Now, most connective tissues have other cells that are in them as

61:56 . At a post cites fancy words saying fat cells much more polite.

62:01 ? The octopus sites of my body enumerated greatly. A lot better than

62:07 I've gotten fat, isn't it? . It's just they're they're all over

62:11 in connective tissue proper. They're Right? They appear in these small

62:16 and you go back and look at . See right there there's the adipose

62:18 right there. Now. If the you're looking at is nothing but added

62:23 then what you're looking at is adipose . Okay. And that's the type

62:27 connective tissue. All right. Mesenchymal . These are stem cells. They

62:31 rise to all the other types of that are going to be found

62:34 So, if there are a type cell that's connective mesenchymal cells are the

62:40 cells, Right? So I can out of Besides, I can get

62:44 blasts so and so forth. And last immunity sites in Eunice sites are

62:49 part of connective tissue. They reside . Alright. They migrated in and

62:54 hanging out. They are part of immune system. That's why immuno

62:59 Alright. So their job is to of look around and make sure everything

63:04 good. Right there looking for Let me destroy pathogens uh cellular

63:10 Let's chew up the cellular debris if any so on and so forth.

63:13 what they do is when damage they alert the immune system to bring

63:17 more immune insights so that they can with the problem. Now I have

63:22 here that can be residents or wanders resident is a cell that hangs out

63:27 doesn't move right? It's in the and this is where it lives

63:31 Alright. And migrated in and says is company. I can hang out

63:35 . A wanderer is kind of like cop on the beat right? Kind

63:39 wanders in kind of checks things out All right, things look good.

63:42 gonna move on to the next tissue they keep wandering around. So you'll

63:47 some that are wanders some that are . The last thing I don't want

63:51 point out is that sells typically are in direct contact with each other.

63:55 exception to that rule is primarily the tissues. Right? But generally

64:00 when you're looking at connective tissue, cells themselves are separated by the

64:06 the ground substance that they're making All . And so what we're gonna do

64:12 we're going to focus first on this here to look at the fibers.

64:15 then we're gonna look at the individual . Alright. Again, I know

64:19 are cartoons, but it's much better looking at a picture that you can't

64:21 anything in. All right. first off, we have collagen

64:26 So, the big red things are vessels. All right. So,

64:29 can ignore those, right? You see the different types of cells are

64:33 throughout. All right. The pink in between. That's the ground substance

64:37 already talked about. So, what interested in here is this pink

64:40 That's collagen. Alright. They're un there very long. They're very strongly

64:44 flexible and they don't stretch except over . They don't stretch except over

64:53 All right. You're all young. gonna use women as example young

64:58 Your body is tight. Especially underneath . Especially underneath here. And as

65:04 get older. So sorry. It's to get a little bit of this

65:11 you're gonna get a lot of Why? Because collagen over time.

65:18 stretches and relaxes. Okay, It's just part of getting old.

65:24 you're young now. That's future use . Not current used problem.

65:32 You never you never know. I , there's always Botox. I'm cut

65:38 just waking you up in the All right. It's the most abundant

65:44 in your body too. And if watch I mean if you watch all

65:47 commercials, like on aging, You've seen lately, you know what

65:50 talking about? Right? The creams the other creams and the special creams

65:53 the super creams. What do they talk about collagen and hyaluronic acid.

65:59 are the two big ones. All . And those are two of the

66:02 the hyaluronic acid is a major That's part of that structure. The

66:06 glide hands. All right. All right, 25% of your body's

66:11 . A lot of college in your . All right. Well, we

66:13 a particular fibers. These are little brown ones in here basically. These

66:17 similar to collagen and structure, but a lot thinner. They create these

66:22 . And so they're kind of like or or nets and sells like to

66:26 out on them. And so there actual organs that are built on particular

66:31 . It's what we call the strom So, for example, your pancreas

66:37 primarily particular fibers with a bunch of . Just kind of hanging out on

66:41 of this troma. It's kind of . Mm. Well, mike what

66:45 can do. You can just take and just rub it across a

66:49 Um Great. And it basically just apart. You've got all the cells

66:52 the pancreas can collect them up. , elastic fibers. This is a

66:58 a different type of protein lasting is and springy. And so there's lots

67:03 branching in them. So, that's the purple fibers are. And this

67:07 what allows the tissue to be Okay, So those are your three

67:12 fibers uh in the future they may them down even further for you.

67:16 those are the three basic types. so this allows us to go through

67:19 connective tissues. Alright, The first is connective tissue proper. Specifically loose

67:25 tissue. So, when you think connective tissue, remember you're thinking connective

67:28 proper. All right. There's loose tissue of loose connective tissue. That

67:33 you must also have a dense connective . All right. Let's look at

67:37 pictures of the loose are all the touching. Can you see space in

67:43 ? Yeah. Now here all the are touching. I said adipose is

67:47 . But you can imagine the first you look in a microscope. Imagine

67:50 the early 1800s look down a you're looking at fat. What does

67:53 look like? It looks empty, it? Because they don't know what

67:57 looking at. So, it also empty. All right. And then

68:01 a particular uh tissue. All This is um You can see here

68:05 the fibers. It's probably primarily dominated a particular fibers. But you can

68:10 lots of space. So loose connective which can be a real er at

68:16 post or particular. Alright. Is and are separated from each other.

68:23 lots of grand substance fibers are So here this would be primarily collagen

68:29 here. It's primarily a particular and quite a bit of flexibility. All

68:36 . A lot of ground substance. do we find these supporting and surrounding

68:42 ? All right, around your Look at the dense. Can you

68:50 the difference? All right. You see the cells those dark things are

68:57 nuclei of the cells. Everything else looking at up here so dark represents

69:03 . Everything else that is the fibers produced. So there's still ground substance

69:10 there. But there's a significantly more . And so it looks dense.

69:15 , very dense. Now ah primarily . Um What I want to point

69:22 here is also look at the So, it's hard to see in

69:26 picture at least right here. But think in your book, it's

69:29 You can see that the fibers are long. They run in one direction

69:32 and over and over again. Just repetitive. So, it's regular.

69:36 why it's called dense regular here. still very dense. But if you

69:40 at the fibers, you've got some this way. You have some coming

69:43 that way so on and so So it's what we refer to as

69:47 . All right. So it's still . But the fibers kind of go

69:51 they want to go. And it's white irregular. And the last one

69:55 is basically dominated by elastin fibers. this right here is an example of

69:59 artery. All right. So, can think of right outside the

70:03 like your aorta. And so that expands and contracts over and over again

70:08 every heartbeat. And so there's elastin that allow for the elastic connective tissue

70:14 allow for the aorta to expand and . So that would be the elastic

70:19 tissue. That's a type of dense tissue. All right. So connective

70:25 proper. three types of loose three of dense dense, regular,

70:31 irregular, elastic. For the Remember um Areola adipose particular. And

70:38 you see names, ask yourself why it different from the other ones?

70:42 , so with areola primarily collagen, , primarily adipose cells, particular,

70:49 particular cells. Yeah, I remember think of nipples. Right.

70:55 I know. So, so this the re here here's here's the

71:02 You know, you think of You know, you're like this is

71:06 . Why am I thinking of nipples all right. It's just collagen nipples

71:14 collagen. Yeah, It sounds like new band. I mean, it's

71:19 the weird one. So that's that's I remember it. Like it doesn't

71:23 or conform to anything that I can of. Ergo. It's the one

71:26 remember. Yeah. So that that's of the reason when when we study

71:31 you look for patterns, right? life easy? And then you have

71:34 one that stands out and that's the that's gonna make you go,

71:36 I remember that. And you're not remember, he said nipples in

71:41 Yeah. All right. Next type cartilage. We're getting through these pretty

71:46 as I mentioned. So, with to college, we have three different

71:49 of highland elastic and fiber cartilage The type of cells. These are

71:53 condor blast. They're the ones that making the matrix. And then once

71:57 matrix is made around them, they make any more than they mature.

72:01 they come congress sites. And so can see up here in the

72:04 These are very different terms of their . So here the matrix is

72:09 very thick. So the ground substance dominated primarily by proteins. But there's

72:13 water in there. You can take and squeeze it and water will come

72:17 . All right. Um Here, , the primary fiber type is the

72:25 . And so you're familiar with the in, right? And elastic

72:29 That's your ears right here, fiber . The easy place to think about

72:36 is the uh between the vertebrae, have these fiber elastic disks,

72:44 So they basically absorb they compress really well, you can see here

72:49 fibers are all moving in the same . And so there it's very

72:54 There's fluid in there. So that's you compress, you can bring the

72:58 close together. All right, So very strong, very resilient, more

73:03 than bone. Right? So in nose I have highland cartilage,

73:09 I also have bone up here. can break that bone and it hurts

73:13 whole bunch. I can bid my not so much. Right? It's

73:19 flexible. Alright. Notice tissues a in this particular case. Not all

73:25 tissues. A vast remember. Arriola blood vessels in them, so that

73:29 provide nutrients to uh epithelium for So just remember so to get their

73:36 blood vessels nearby travel and nutrients get the cells. So each of these

73:41 living cells in them. The weird , the only reason blood is included

73:50 because it has the same in real origin as the other connective tissues.

73:55 , it doesn't produce the matrix. these are the we have two different

73:59 to it. We have uh the elements and we have the liquid ground

74:04 which we refer to plasma and all other tissues that we looked at the

74:09 that are residing there, the fiberglass blast. and even the osteoblasts are

74:14 the matrix. The formed elements retro and leukocyte and platelet have no role

74:19 forming the matrix. All right. just the origin that becomes important

74:24 So it's plasma and the form elements cells. So, we'll get to

74:29 again when we get to the cardiovascular , which is an A. And

74:32 . Two. So retro sites for red blood cells, lymphocytes, white

74:36 cells, platelets are what allow you clot. They're responsible for um creating

74:42 uh basically to help against for wound . The word lymph is is was

74:50 of they thought it was a separate . But what they did was they

74:53 out I was like, oh well blood is filtered through uh the extra

74:58 fluid and returned back, it lacks cells and proteins. But it's still

75:03 same thing as the plasma. All , there's there's things that have

75:09 And what you're doing is you move basically. The plasma gets filtered through

75:15 outside of the capillaries and then gets up by the lymphatic system. So

75:19 just renaming the same fluid with slight and then the lymph comes back and

75:24 back to the blood. So you remix it back in. So it's

75:28 of the circular circulation to ensure that fluid always returns back to the cardiovascular

75:34 . So, but it's the same that arises from the medicine came as

75:38 else. Last connective tissue, I ? Yes. Last connective tissue is

75:44 tissue or bone. All right. want you to focus not on the

75:49 black circles. The big black circles not sells the little tiny black lines

75:56 your cells. All right. And here we have a matrix that's very

76:00 to cartilage. All right. Lots fibers. The differences is we're squeezing

76:05 the water and we're replacing or putting the fibers these salts. And so

76:10 happens is the matrix becomes very, hard and and and unforgiving in terms

76:18 bending and stretching. All right. a very very rigid structure. But

76:24 not dead. There are living cells within the matrix. So,

76:28 you know, osteoblasts build matrix and they once they kind of trapped

76:34 they remain living inside their own It's kind of cool. All

76:39 So, that's what this is all . Will talk about bone in another

76:43 . All right. So, the sites are there. They reside within

76:47 little structures. And um there is . So, now focus on the

76:54 circles. What you're looking at is looking at a bone that's been

76:58 So, if that's the bone is this you're looking at from this

77:02 And what you're seeing are these canals you have blood vessels and nerves traveling

77:07 and down inside the bone. Have been kicked in the shin?

77:11 It hurts a lot, right? wouldn't hurt if there was no

77:15 So, this is a tissue again has innovation or these are organs that

77:22 innovation and vasculature to provide nutrients for living cells stuck inside their matrix.

77:32 two tissues. And then some very quick stuff. And we see how

77:35 doing on time. No. Huh? I got three minutes.

77:43 . You're still responsible for the I don't cover. Sorry. I

77:47 , the last little bit of stuff really easy. Um So here we

77:51 muscle tissue. Um There are three skeletal cardiac smooth muscles, highly vascular

77:58 what it produced movement. That's not hard. We get to them

78:02 Um The contractions are part of the skeleton that we haven't really gone into

78:08 regard nerves or nervous tissue to major types with branch mentioned already, neurons

78:14 glial cells, neurons are the ones are responsible for sending signals. Glial

78:19 support the neurons and what they Tissue repair can be kind of

78:26 but not really. I got three . I know you guys are desperate

78:29 get out of here. Let's see I can do here. All

78:33 So, what we have is we regeneration and fibrosis. Alright, if

78:37 see somebody with the scar like what you're looking at is you're looking

78:41 both types here, what we've We've damaged the epithelium but we've also

78:46 the underlying tissue, the connective And so the regeneration part is where

78:50 replacing the tissue with the same And so that's the epithelium kind of

78:55 over. That would be the The fibrosis is when you got the

79:01 and the connective tissue growing. All . And so it's reorganizing itself.

79:06 so part of the problem with this of repair is that it doesn't always

79:11 look exactly the same as when That's why you get the scarring,

79:16 the fibrosis underneath doesn't make that matrix the same way as when you

79:23 All right. And so here what doing is you're seeing the connective tissue

79:28 and then you get structural restoration, you don't necessarily get functional restoration.

79:35 , all tissues in essence, should repairable. But some tissues are less

79:40 than others. So, for is nervous tissue has a real hard

79:44 repairing itself. You can but it's difficult for it to do so,

79:49 right. And depending on the type tissue damage or the severity you get

79:53 types. Four steps, basically what gonna do. I want you to

79:57 for a moment. This is a . Not always going to cut.

80:00 can have something internal where you have cut. But in essence, what

80:03 can imagine is that the first thing gonna happen is an inflammatory response.

80:07 right. You're going to start learning that 90% of disease states and responsibility

80:14 responses to infection stuff. The first is inflammation. This is how your

80:19 deals with trapping the pathogen. inflammation the immune sites come in.

80:24 start with sending out signals that causes . Basically, fluid flows in fluid

80:29 flow out. That's why you get . All right, plotting proteins if

80:33 have a cut, are going to in and seal off the wound.

80:36 blood doesn't escape and you've trapped everything the location. Second step after you

80:43 blood flow, is you're basically sitting more signals to bring in more immune

80:47 . All right. So, basically you're saying is this is where damages

80:50 . We need to break up and the things that are broken and we

80:55 to kill anything that shouldn't be Third step, All right,

81:00 we're going to start doing repairs. we start the formation of new blood

81:03 called angiogenesis. So blood vessels move . So that means there's a quick

81:08 easy highway to get things to where need to go. So, that

81:10 more insights. You can bring in blast whatever you need. And then

81:14 fiberglass begins start making a whole bunch fibers. So this is that fibrosis

81:19 taking place, all right. And you're basically creating a matrix. That's

81:23 necessarily the structure that you want, it's a structure that least accomplishes the

81:28 of rebuilding. And then the last is basically the epithelium begins that

81:34 They're lacking the contact inhibition so they towards each other. So that clot

81:38 broken down and the epithelium kind of in place and then the fibrous tissue

81:45 basically matures and resets. So if not a strong uh damage, you're

81:51 even gonna notice the difference. But you have severe damage, you're going

81:54 notice a difference. Last little bit , you should know the differences between

81:59 terms. See that's easy. I even need to do it. You

82:03 just look at the slides and what is the stem cell basically a

82:07 cell is a cell that still has topic ability to differentiate in other

82:13 I did it All right. You have a great weekend. I know

82:20 have to study for a test. remember you don't need to study 38

82:24 just a little bit every day and be fine. Yes, I have

82:28 great day.

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