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BIOL 2302 Human Anatomy & Physiology II - 2302_lecture07_0207
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00:03 All right, good morning y'all. you're probably aware, we have a
00:08 on thursday. If you haven't signed for your test lot, you're probably
00:12 stuck in the really crappy hours? we will have an extra credit that
00:17 up the night before the exam at o'clock. So if you're not aware
00:22 that, just write that down, be available on blackboard. It's a
00:25 . If you took A. And . One with me, you already
00:27 . It's like it's basically a five at the most five minutes? Like
00:32 like easy mode and all it's doing saying have you studied for the
00:36 Right? It's asking you to self um before the exam to say
00:41 I'm actually ready to go and take exam and then after the exam um
00:45 a week after the exam, we'll up the exam at some point when
00:49 when we're comfortable that everyone's taking the , there'll be a set extra credit
00:53 applies to that test as well. each test has two halves, 2.5
00:59 for the 1st 12.5 points for the one on that test. Um And
01:04 second one is basically um So you , you thought you studied, did
01:08 get the grade you did yes or ? And then what did you miss
01:12 on, what did you not know you thought you knew? And this
01:16 what you should be doing naturally. so I'm trying to train you guys
01:19 start thinking about when I take an did I learn what I was supposed
01:22 learn, right? Did I prepare properly? And if you did,
01:26 should get the grade that you And if you did, you got
01:28 grade that you didn't want. And okay. Now that I know I
01:31 the grade I didn't want. Why I get that grade and then
01:34 what are the changes I need to in order to get the grade that
01:36 want? That's really the cycle that trying to create. All right.
01:40 the extra credit, like I we'll open up right before the test
01:45 p.m. I think it's six p.m. On . I gotta get my days right
01:51 . And the next one will be a week later. Alright. And
01:53 try to remember to make announcement for 2nd 1. Okay. We'll do
01:56 for every test ready for the last bit. Alright. So what we've
02:02 so far, all this stuff has the cardiovascular system. We've talked about
02:06 blood. We've talked about the formed in the plasma and what it all
02:09 , right? Where all the different are talked about the heart and how
02:12 the pumping. Right. And then now moved in the vascular chair and
02:16 talked about the arteries and we talked how they're responsible for construction. And
02:21 they actually play a role in blood . What we call peripheral resistance is
02:26 term that you'll often hear. But basically just saying peripheral blood pressure and
02:30 we're gonna do is we're gonna now at blood pressure inside the capillaries and
02:35 veins and so we looked at their and so today we're kind of just
02:39 all that stuff off. And the last thing we're gonna look at is
02:42 gonna ask the question, how does body go about regulating your blood
02:46 Both on a minute to minute, by second, millisecond by millisecond time
02:51 as well as over the long In other words, day by
02:55 week by week, etcetera, Alright, because those two things,
03:00 have very very short term regulation and very long term regulation. And what
03:05 gonna do is we're going to see couple of things that are gonna freak
03:07 out a little bit because it's gonna you to think conceptually, rather than
03:12 things. And this is the starting here dealing with the capillary blood
03:16 Alright, so capillary blood pressure. we're doing here is we're allowing for
03:22 exchange of blood and the material that's the blood with the surrounding fluid between
03:28 cells called the interstitial fluid. All , So we have material in the
03:34 . We have material out in the fluid and we want exchange to take
03:37 . So that exchange can take place the interstitial fluid and the cells.
03:41 the question is how do we do ? How do we get things between
03:45 two places um in our system. , when we looked at the
03:50 we had pulse style blood pressure, ? We looked at systolic diastolic closest
03:55 the aorta, you're going to really it. But as you move further
03:57 further away it gets weaker and weaker weaker. In terms of the
04:00 pulse, utility pulsating nature. And happens is it smoothes out and that's
04:05 function of the muscular arteries and the creating enough constriction or resistance to that
04:13 of blood, that it basically reduces pressure so that it becomes smoothed
04:19 And so by the time you're in capillaries, we're talking about smooth flow
04:23 blood and smooth pressure. All In other words, there's kind of
04:27 equilibrium that's taking place here. The pressure needs to be high enough
04:34 that this exchange can take place but so high that it's actually going to
04:37 the vessels. Remember we talked about , capillaries are itsy bitsy teeny tiny
04:41 alright there as small as the cells are traveling through them. And we
04:45 about how close they are, there's 10 microns between every capillary or every
04:51 in the capillary that's the furthest away be. And also we talked about
04:55 many miles, like there's lots and of miles. Remember that? So
04:59 lots of this stuff. So we want a lot of pressure in here
05:03 , The thing is is that we're to see pressure diminishing across its
05:07 And this is gonna be true through vessel because of what we talked about
05:10 brussels law, right? That big word. And basically said F equals
05:14 P over our right. So, resistance is there, that's going to
05:20 the pressure as you travel along. . So that is actually taking
05:25 All right. And what we're gonna looking at is we're gonna be looking
05:29 bulk flow. And so as things out, bulk flow is simply all
05:33 things that are moving together. We're focusing in on one little thing.
05:36 , we're not asking the question what is the oxygen doing? What
05:39 the carbon dioxide doing? What are sodium doing? What are this
05:43 Or that doing? We're saying, is everything doing? Which direction are
05:47 moving? And again, an example bulk bulk flow using a really simple
05:52 one, is at the beginning of , students are moving into a
05:56 right? So there might be students out of the room. But for
06:00 grand majority, most of the people moving in that would be an example
06:04 bulk flow is which is the general , which flow is taking place when
06:09 breathe in air that's bulk flow, though there's different things that are going
06:14 your lungs that you don't necessarily want need, Right, when you breathe
06:19 , what's the one thing that you oxygen? But what are you actually
06:23 in everything? Well, it's So that's the word I'm looking
06:27 Air. Air is nitrogen and oxygen carbon dioxide and water. And and
06:34 and and if you're smoking and and and you know, so you can
06:38 put all the little ants in But when you breathe in all of
06:41 comes in the body that Oh no, no, no, I
06:44 want the oxygen. It takes it . Alright. So, when you're
06:49 bulk flow, that's what's occurring at level of the capillaries were saying what
06:53 in and really what is moving through capitalism goes out of the capillaries,
06:57 the interstitial space, into that intersection . And then what from that intersectional
07:03 is moving back into the capillaries after exchanges take place. What we're looking
07:08 here is what is called absorption Alright, filtration is when you're moving
07:14 of the capillary absorption, when you're back in. All right now,
07:19 still gonna see a pressure gradient. gonna see a pressure gradient until we
07:22 to the heart because we're we're haven't to zero yet. It's And we're
07:27 moving blood towards the heart. So always going to exist. Alright.
07:31 , here's the capital exchange. I've kind of talking about when you think
07:34 exchange sometimes, what we're gonna do we're gonna be talking about individual ideas
07:39 individual molecules. We're not talking about right now, we're talking about the
07:43 picture stuff, the bulk flow. so there are basically three different types
07:47 exchange that can take place. We diffusion. When you're talking about
07:50 you're really talking about the individual So for example, uh in a
07:56 oxygen is going to the cell. there it is, it's gonna defuse
08:00 inside the capillary into the interstitial space from the interstitial space that's gonna diffuse
08:05 the cell. Alright, so you , diffusion is specifically talking about one
08:11 , right? And you talk about , glucose doesn't diffuse, it has
08:16 be moved and so it can for example, um from the capillary
08:23 the interstitial space, but it has mechanism is more glucose inside the
08:28 And so glucose can't just simply diffuse pass into the cell, It has
08:32 be moved in the cell has to pumped into the cell. So here
08:36 going to use a different mechanism to so do so. And then another
08:40 of type of transport you're gonna see vesicular transport, This is where you
08:44 a vest. Ical. And so that are too big to defuse must
08:49 carried across through a vesicles. And what you're gonna do and this is
08:54 this is trying to show you down , the little tiny dots represent
08:57 And so you're picking up materials inside capillary. Inside the vesicles vesicles moves
09:03 and opens up and it releases its on the other side. So,
09:06 lots of different ways we can move . But ultimately, the big picture
09:11 is which direction is the flow is it going out of the
09:15 or is it going in and on arterial side? That's where we want
09:19 see things moving out of the Alright, Because we're in the delivery
09:24 of the capillary. Alright, So where you'd see bulk flow moving outward
09:31 the other side of the capitol, the venus side of the capillary.
09:34 you were to divide it into on venus side of the capillary, that's
09:37 things are moving from the interstitial space being moved back into the capillary.
09:42 would be that absorption. Alright. so here this would be an example
09:46 the carbon dioxide. We're producing lots lots of carbon dioxide, we want
09:49 get rid of that. So, going to use bulk flow to move
09:53 things that we don't want around back of the interstitial into the interstitial space
09:57 then from the interstitial space back into capillary and then the blood in the
10:01 goes and joins the venue from a to a vein back to the heart
10:05 yada yada yada, you kind of that whole process going on here.
10:09 right, so diffusion, as I , passive event individual uh salute.
10:18 what we're dealing with here is not blood and cells, there is interstitial
10:23 in between and so the exchanges first from the blood to the interstitial
10:29 from the interstitial fluid to the cell from the cell would be the opposite
10:34 from the cell to the interstitial from the interstitial fluid back into the
10:38 of the blood. Alright, that's , individual things, particular transport,
10:43 is active and again, that's through sis So but what we're interested in
10:50 is this both flow through filtration and . And the way this happens is
10:58 to be through these unique pressures that gonna be found both on the inside
11:03 on the outside of that blood Alright. And there's two basic types
11:09 pressures. You need to learn them because you're gonna see them again in
11:13 kidney and you're gonna see them again the lungs. You're gonna see these
11:16 over and over again. Alright, the first type of pressure is gonna
11:19 called a hydrostatic pressure. And the type is called the colloidal osmotic
11:25 You can think it was just an pressure. Alright, and what these
11:29 pressures do is they oppose one another so they drive the fluid in one
11:34 or the other depending upon what's Now, we can keep it simple
11:38 just leave it like that and just , okay, there's hydrostatic pressures and
11:41 colloidal osmotic pressures. But the problem we have two different spaces and each
11:46 has their own hydrostatic pressure. Each has their colloidal osmotic pressure.
11:50 So what is the hydrostatic pressure? . A hydrostatic pressure is simply the
11:55 force exerted by the fluid on the some sort of structure. So like
12:00 said, I've showed it before, got my I got my drink
12:03 You guys have your drinks in front you. You have fluid inside
12:07 That fluid is exerting a pressure on walls of the container. It's trying
12:12 to get out of the container. ? And we can take that
12:17 we can apply more fluid in there it increases the hydrostatic pressure. But
12:22 it doesn't say water, it's saying fluid. Alright, So the plasma
12:29 a hydrostatic pressure on the inside of capillary. So we call that capillary
12:37 pressure and it's measurable, right? its job for the most part is
12:41 drive the fluid outwards. So what saying is is regardless of where you
12:46 in that capillary, that hydrostatic pressure trying to push the fluid out.
12:50 trying to promote the process of Okay. But we have interstitial fluid
12:59 the outside and what does fluid have pressure. So there's a pressure on
13:05 outside that's trying to push fluid back the capillary. These two. These
13:10 pressures are in opposition to each So whichever one's stronger is gonna
13:17 right? You can think of it this way if I pull one of
13:23 one of you guys up here and we're gonna have a pushing war and
13:26 who pushes the other one harder. one that has the greater strength is
13:31 be the one that's gonna direct which the two of us are going.
13:38 ? Does that kind of makes sort of, do you want to
13:41 it in action? Some people yeah, you know, I'd let
13:46 win. Alright, so these two are in opposition to each other.
13:50 just abbreviate them. Different textbooks use abbreviations. I think your textbook is
13:55 this and so I'm just throwing those up there so that you can see
13:58 . So we have a hydrostatic pressure the capillary that's driving the fluid
14:04 So it's promoting filtration. We have pressure on the outside of the blood
14:08 . Hydrostatic that's interstitial fluid that's pushing . So it's trying to force absorption
14:15 re absorption. So those two things in opposition to each other. All
14:20 . But we have another type of all right, And this one's a
14:24 bit more complex. And this is that throws the students or it throws
14:28 guys a little bit. Alright, the colloidal osmotic pressure. Now,
14:31 you've taken chemistry before, you know a college boy is. If you
14:35 taken chemistry before you're sitting there going not sure. And some of you
14:38 have taken chemistry and I still don't what Lloyd is. Don't worry
14:41 It's basically it's a fluid with stuff it. And really what colloids is
14:46 basically saying the particles inside of fluid attractive to fluids and so it creates
14:53 osmotic pressure. That's why we call osmotic pressure. And so it's an
15:00 pressure. It draws fluid towards Okay, that kind of makes
15:05 So it's like this if I have whole bunch of of women, I'm
15:10 use this as an example of a bunch of women together. What are
15:13 attracting towards them? You should be guys. All right, that's that's
15:22 nature right? Guys. See a of women, they're like I'm heading
15:25 this way and I'll be cool. what colloids does. The difference is
15:30 that it's attractive to water molecules. , It's pulling water towards it.
15:37 so inside the capillary we have a of plasma proteins that would be collide
15:43 we don't say what the particle We just say there's particles. It
15:47 be any sort of salute that happens be in the fluid is attractive to
15:52 . So if we have a caller osmotic pressure inside the capillary is a
15:56 of all those proteins and stuff that water back into the capillary. So
16:03 osmotic pressures pull water towards it. the capillary colloidal osmotic pressure. Which
16:11 man, that's just a whole bunch letters there. So the blood is
16:14 water to its promoting reabsorption. And conversely out in the interstitial
16:23 we're gonna have an automatic pressure. that pulls water towards it. In
16:27 words, it's promoting filtration. The is is that we don't have a
16:32 of protein sitting out in the interstitial proteins we don't want just floating around
16:38 you know, doing whatever they That's kind of a dangerous proposition,
16:41 are sequestered. That's why you'll find in the blood. Why you find
16:46 and sell. But you don't find really in the interstitial fluid but there's
16:50 potential osmotic pressure here as a So typically when we go and measure
16:54 which usually around zero. But in spaces it may actually go up a
16:59 bit. So while you see that present it may actually have a value
17:05 zero. So it basically is Okay. But it's helpful to keep
17:11 in your calculation to understand what you're now to determine which direction blood is
17:17 flow. Is it flowing outward or it flowing inward? We just have
17:20 compile all the four pressures. We looked at what we refer to as
17:25 net filtration pressure. All right there's math here, but I'm not
17:31 make you do math. You just to understand relationships. Alright. So
17:34 it helps you to do the math little bit then that's fine. The
17:38 are there to help you understand Alright. And so with the net
17:42 filter that the net filtration pressure is just the difference between the two hydrostatic
17:49 minus the two collide osmotic pressures. right. And so, you could
17:54 it mathematically this way. All You can say here's the capital A
17:58 pressure minus the hydrostatic the interstitial And you subtract from it. The
18:04 osmotic pressure in the capillaries versus the pressure of the interstitial fluid.
18:08 the way I was taught is through formula, but I'm not going to
18:11 through. It's just pressure in versus out. So, you have to
18:13 of rearrange that stuff. That's just associative property stuff. You remember that
18:18 properties like way back in fourth you learn the names of those
18:22 Probably never used them ever again. all that is. And really the
18:27 thing is whenever your net filtration pressure positive. So, if you could
18:31 in values and it comes out that means you have flow out of
18:35 capillary. And if your net filtration is negative, that means you have
18:40 into the capillary. That's all it all right. And so again,
18:45 not gonna make you do math on test, right? Because math can
18:48 scary sometimes. But what I do you to do is I want you
18:52 understand what these relationships are and what looking at. If you think about
18:56 capillary capillary is an arterial, And you have that meta arterial that
19:01 between them to the venue and then have your capillary bed. So in
19:04 , what we have is we have of the capillary that belongs to the
19:07 , half of the capillary belongs to venue. All if we ask the
19:10 , All right, what's going on arterial side? We can go in
19:13 do some measurements. And so these actual values that you can see up
19:17 and I just plug them in. there's that equation, I just gave
19:20 the hydrostatic pressure of the capillary hydrostatic in the interstitial fluid. The colored
19:27 pressure of the capillary colored osmotic pressure the interstitial fluid. I just plugged
19:31 in. So over here, 35 the hydrostatic pressure and capillary, the
19:37 fluid. Hydrostatic pressure is zero. , I want you to understand what
19:42 means is relative to the atmosphere. , this is an easy thing to
19:47 if I poked you and did not an actual artery. But if I
19:51 poked a hole into your body into interstitial space. Would water comes spraying
19:56 of you like a cartoon character? you've seen those right? Where Daffy
20:00 gets shot like 30 times and that happen to you, right? You
20:05 have holes that leak out water because pressure inside your body is a quill
20:11 with the atmospheric pressure. Right? when you increase the pressure, that
20:15 does that fluid wanna do wants to where there's less pressure. Very
20:20 That's the idea what we're doing is we're saying look relative to the outside
20:25 . The pressure inside the interstitial spaces zero. So we can do
20:30 And then we say, all well, uh your textbook is showing
20:33 is what is the color osmotic Well inside the capillary there's a lot
20:38 plasma proteins. So the pressure there 26 mm of mercury. And then
20:43 says outside, it's about one it's really closer to zero. But
20:47 just go with what the book is you. Okay, just so that
20:49 know, you just do your 35 gives you 10 of mercury.
20:54 that number positive or negative? So on the arterial side we're getting
21:01 and so all those materials are getting out in bulk out into the interstitial
21:06 . That means the cells are going be exposed to oxygen and glucose and
21:11 sorts of little tiny ions and whatever to be in the blood that is
21:15 pushed out through that bulk flow. then as the blood is leaving,
21:21 have reduced pressure. And so we go back and we can measure and
21:24 we we can see here we can along the whole length. But what
21:28 doing is just measuring on this side we just plug in the numbers
21:31 notice over here with regard to the osmotic pressures. The pressures don't
21:36 do they? Right. And the for that is because plasma proteins don't
21:40 out. They stay there. And you're not gonna see a change.
21:44 there's nothing that's changing with reference to colloids inside the interstitial space. So
21:49 value stays the same. But because have fluid leaving, that means we
21:53 pressure that's dropping because fluid has left a result of that bulk flow pressure
21:58 dropped. And we can measure and comes out to about 17. So
22:03 17 0 from outside. Right? doesn't change all that much. We
22:08 do the math. And now we about eight of mercury and notice what
22:12 uh signal or sign is on this is negative. So what that's saying
22:17 that now there's a pressure that drives fluid back into the capillary.
22:23 what's going on outside? Is that with the cells. So carbon dioxide
22:28 oxygen are being exchanged, glucose is taken up waste is being produced and
22:33 out into the blood. And so that stuff is moving through bulk flow
22:37 into the blood along with I mean a result of this pressure,
22:42 So you can see now on the in the capillaries where exchanges taking
22:46 Remember we said capillaries are vessels of . So at the level of the
22:50 , because of these four pressures you materials nutrients going to the cells via
22:58 interstitial fluid and then all the waste being produced is now being moved back
23:03 the interstitial fluid back into the blood be released or removed from the
23:08 And it's because of these four So all you gotta do is you're
23:13 here looking at me, what do have to know about this? What's
23:16 the test dr wayne? All No. The four pressures. Hydrostatic
23:21 both in and out. What do do? Filtration, reabsorption, colored
23:25 pressures. What are they what do do? Filtration, reabsorption. How
23:30 I calculate net filtration pressure is a between these four pressures. You do
23:35 ? You understand flow inside the So, I'm a positive for a
23:42 other questions. Yes. Yes and . Yes. At least let me
23:51 in theory, you know, in in a healthy body. The question
23:55 , is the arterial side always gonna positive? Is the capital or the
24:00 side is always gonna be negative in healthy body. The answer should be
24:05 . Right. Because that's the only that exchange can occur if this side
24:10 here was not negative then blood and would accumulate in that area and ultimately
24:16 pressure would become so great that it flip it back over. All
24:22 Yeah. Mhm. Okay. So asking what is really in the
24:41 Right. That's basically what you're What is really in this fluid?
24:44 . So, remember we're talking about fluid. So, that's the
24:49 Alright. So, that means all cells are being ignored here. All
24:52 formed elements are not leaving. what's left in that plasma are plasma
24:56 . Plasma proteins are too big. , those don't go. So,
24:59 least the fluid plus whatever things that small enough to pass through.
25:04 what does this include molecules as big glucose? Glucose is not a very
25:08 molecule. It's really tiny. So, your your sugars the nutrients
25:13 are monomers that can be in the that your body's gonna use for for
25:20 . That's gonna be one thing oxygen carbon dioxide are gonna be plus
25:25 but nitrogen doesn't do anything. we just ignored. All right.
25:28 any of the dissolved gasses. I'm gonna say that term very carefully
25:32 , dissolved gasses. Because where is normally carried, which were in the
25:39 red blood cells, but they're also in all of your tissues. All
25:45 cells have oxygen them all the blood oxygen dissolved in it. It's not
25:50 carried by the red blood cells. oxygen just isn't enough for you to
25:55 . And we're gonna talk about the and what that means, and how
25:58 lungs deal with um or really kind packing your blood full of oxygen.
26:03 kind of goes with that conversation. right. So you're dissolved gasses are
26:07 . And then the other thing that's in the blood is a whole bunch
26:11 salutes like sodium and potassium and calcium phosphate and yada yada yada. So
26:17 any sorts of ions carbon, the one is bicarbonate is another one.
26:22 all that stuff is there in that . And there's other things that are
26:26 . They're small that can transport but don't we're not really concerned about
26:31 But for the purposes of what you're is is basically glucose and oxygen are
26:36 carried into from the capillaries down to cells that need them through the interstitial
26:43 . And then on the other what is it? What is the
26:46 produce? They produce carbon dioxide and as waste byproducts. And so that
26:51 is then carried back into the interstitial and then back into the blood the
26:55 direction. Plus all the other And I saw back there then then
26:59 here then there. So yeah. that again, colloidal. Right?
27:06 the word colloids refers to a fluid stuff in it. Milk is a
27:12 for example. I mean, you there's there's things floating in suspension.
27:17 what we're looking at here is called is basically saying something that has things
27:21 in it and then osmotic refers to attractiveness of that, that that suspension
27:27 draw water towards it. So that's it comes from, colloidal osmotic.
27:31 then I saw, okay, right could provide yes. Because if you
27:39 know that, then all these things just talked about for the last 10
27:42 is useless, right? So the here is understanding what these pressures
27:48 right? And why I say that because we're gonna see these net filtration
27:53 repeat themselves in other organs. This the fun part about all right,
27:57 just gonna I'm gonna just put this here right now, you have your
28:01 are like, let me put things categories and I'm just gonna shove it
28:04 that little spot. And then this the spot where I find that information
28:08 is the day that we're gonna start things that are gonna be applied over
28:12 over and over again. So, they are are things that I can
28:15 back to regardless of which system I'm , Right? And that's kind of
28:19 cool stuff is once you start stop things in a little tiny box and
28:23 realizing this actually goes to a whole of different things. It makes learning
28:27 lot easier right now, you're gonna figuring this out as you go
28:31 Like you're gonna see it again, like, oh, that's right.
28:34 talked about that like three weeks Okay so but that's what we're doing
28:38 , we're talking about something we're gonna multiple times. Alright so learn your
28:45 now. Makes your life easier in long run. Any other questions about
28:52 ? So I think right now this pressure stuff and just recognizing those relationships
28:58 probably the hardest thing because it's not that you can just look at right
29:02 say okay I can you have to of think about what each of them
29:05 doing right? It's it's not directly , you have to kind of draw
29:10 pictures, draw your and I encourage to that draw a simple capillary like
29:15 , draw your arrow in, draw arrow out and say okay what's going
29:18 here? Could I figure out what's on? And I think that's the
29:21 way to learn this. Alright flat memorization you're gonna confuse yourself especially because
29:25 have called osmotic pressure. I. . Call it as my pressure blood
29:30 you know sometimes it's easy to forget doing what. All right, great
29:36 on. Now we've talked about blood in the artery, we talked about
29:40 pressure in the capital and what their are and now we're dealing with one
29:44 . We got venus blood pressure and is that big giant chart. And
29:47 it's showing you look out here you see the arterial pulse pressure is going
29:51 and down up and down up and . So we have systolic diastolic,
29:54 smoothed out down here in the So we don't see that postal
29:58 We're now in the capital as we see that pressure drop really rapidly and
30:02 finally get to the venus system and have very little pressure left. But
30:07 still have pressure, right? So h remember has no pressure. And
30:13 no matter where you are in your there's still pressure to drive fluid from
30:19 it is through the venous system back the heart. The thing is this
30:22 not a really really strong pressure. it needs some help. All
30:26 And that's what we're gonna be looking is we're going to see the different
30:29 of health. So we say it's sufficient to drive the blood to the
30:32 . If you're lying on your back it would do just fine. But
30:35 you lying on your back all the ? No, I mean I guess
30:39 could say lying on your stomach It doesn't matter which, Right?
30:41 if you're flat it would be But you stand up we are organisms
30:45 are upright and so we need to that part of our body. The
30:52 return to get back to it All now. Part of the reason is
30:55 because we're trying to overcome the effect gravity. And this is what I
30:59 kind of talking about on thursday last . I was like, look,
31:02 know, if you think of a of blood, you can just make
31:04 at any side. It has a and you can just start stacking those
31:09 on top of each other. And what that means is that the weight
31:13 each of those things is being applied all the blood that that sits underneath
31:18 . If you're a person who's scuba before you've experienced this, the further
31:22 you go, you can feel the pressure of the fluid around your pressing
31:26 on your body. I'm looking for who's scuba dive going, Yeah,
31:31 true. All right. If you scuba dive, that's okay. I'm
31:35 to death of going under the water you can't breathe under it.
31:39 it's just weird. All right. , the idea is I've got to
31:45 this and we have a whole bunch countermeasures. We've talked about the
31:48 right? The valves play play a in basically breaking up the that that
31:53 of fluid. But we still have little pressure serving as a driving force
31:59 move it forward. And so what gonna do is we're gonna use three
32:02 mechanisms that are physiological that help us blood forward. Alright. And what
32:07 have is we have those valves. have what is called the skeletal muscle
32:10 . And we have what is called respiratory pump. All right.
32:15 the easiest one, we've talked about valves, we're gonna leave that back
32:17 we talked about it, we're gonna here at the skeletal muscle pump.
32:19 I refer to this a little I said, while you're sitting in
32:22 chairs, you probably don't even know perceptively. You can feel your muscles
32:26 and stuff. You can kind of of sit and watch for a little
32:29 every time you step, every time move, every time you make any
32:32 of movement, you're contracting a Most of the veins in your body
32:36 deep, they're not superficial, there superficial veins, but most of your
32:41 veins are deep. And so every you move, that muscle contracts and
32:46 up against that vein. And what doing is you're squeezing the vein and
32:51 drives the fluid from that little tiny between the two valves to the next
32:55 with two valves. And it does along the entire length of that blood
32:59 . So the veins are assisted by just simply moving around when you don't
33:06 around. Well, you don't give a lot of help. And that's
33:10 you get the varicose veins and yada yada. Alright, so skeletal muscle
33:15 contractions. That's what we refer to a skeletal muscle pump. It's a
33:19 contractions on the blood vessels. It blood in the veins towards the
33:24 And it also acts kind of like valve in the sense that it can
33:28 . So when I squeeze the blood , if I squeeze a vein,
33:31 , I've interrupted the column of so there's left wait below and I'm
33:36 the blood forward. This is a bit. This is a concept that's
33:42 little bit more complex because when we talked about the lungs and we haven't
33:47 about respiration, but basically the respiratory helps to assist by creating kind of
33:53 bellows system that acts on the Alright, now, we're gonna just
33:58 ahead a little bit and talk about we do when we breathe in and
34:01 out all right, and we'll go detail later when I breathe in,
34:05 I'm doing is I'm expanding my chest , So I'm expanding my thoracic cage
34:10 I'm dropping my diaphragm downward. In doing so I've increased the volume
34:15 my thoracic cage. So when I the volume, that also drops the
34:21 which draws air inward, so that's breathing in is and when I do
34:25 opposite, when I compress the cage pushed my diaphragm upward, I'm exhaling
34:30 right, So I just gave away a lecture for you all right in
34:34 , in that two sentences, we're look at how it's happening, but
34:37 in essence what's going on, So I'm decreasing when I breathe
34:41 I decrease pressure in my chest, I breathe out, I'm increasing pressure
34:45 my chest. Now let's take a and see what's going on. So
34:48 going on in the thoracic region down the abdomen. What's going on when
34:51 breathe in? Alright, so I've my chest and I'm dropping my
34:54 So I'm reducing the volume in my . Right when I'm breathing in and
35:00 I'm breathing out, my diaphragm lifts up so I'm increasing the volume in
35:06 abdomen. All right now, notice just talking about the space. I'm
35:10 talking about all the organs, I'm talking about anything else here. I
35:14 blood vessels that travel through the abdomen up towards the heart. So,
35:20 I decrease the pressure around those blood , that's the external pressure so that
35:28 vessels no longer being pressed up Now it's allowed to relax. And
35:33 that means the pressure inside the blood has dropped. So it pulls blood
35:37 where there's less pressure now, similarly, at the same time,
35:42 putting pressure on the abdomen. basically, I'm squeezing on the blood
35:46 in the abdomen, which pushes the towards the heart. So I'm pushing
35:49 from the abdomen towards the thoracic cage I'm breathing in, right? So
35:55 sucking it up to the chest And then when I exhale, I'm
36:00 on those blood vessels which now have blood in them. And so that
36:03 the blood to the heart and it the space in the abdomen, which
36:07 blood from the extremities up into the . That's your respiratory pump. Notice
36:14 not actually acting on the blood vessels . It's just an indirect action as
36:19 function of you creating a bellows in chest, Kinda Cool. Huh?
36:26 . So that's number two. So of these things are assisting the movement
36:30 blood back towards the heart. Number . Which isn't in that first list
36:35 your part itself serves as a suction . We talked about the heart being
36:41 pump to drive blood into the Right. That makes sense because that's
36:46 it does. It squeezes through Sicily push blood out. But when the
36:52 constrict, the archer are the not excuse the atria kind of bulge
37:00 right? Because it's like squeezing one those uh those stress toys,
37:04 You're squeezing the stress toys The the eyes bulge a little bit
37:08 right? That's what's going on. squeezing the ventricles. So the atria
37:12 no sincere in a relaxed state. just kind of go, huh?
37:16 when they go, huh? That they've increased their volume when they've increased
37:20 volume, the pressure drops. And that pulls blood into the atria right
37:25 acting as a section. So this the suction pump that's occurring. And
37:33 during ventricular die oscillate. What's happening is those those atria become uh uh
37:41 . And so that's going to push blood into um my goodness.
37:50 so in essence, what's going on is we're just basically pulling blood into
37:55 heart through the natural constriction and Constriction and relaxation of the uh the
38:04 . So, think of the heart a suction pump. So, are
38:08 good with those four things? Were three things valve skeletal pump makes
38:18 See I'm pushing blood back up to heart. Yeah. Makes sense.
38:26 , we're good back there. Kind sort of I'll take the one not
38:30 the back. Yeah. Alright. like that two thumbs up is even
38:34 . That just makes me feel good . All right. All right.
38:38 far, that's that's how we regulate move blood or not regulate. That's
38:44 we move blood. We're using that . So, flow is remember is
38:48 result of the resistance, right? , if we increase resistance, we
38:52 flow. If resistance drop, flow up. So F. Equals delta
38:57 . The delta P. Is the in pressure between the two points that
39:00 measuring divided by the resistance. And a simple way to understand it.
39:06 we can look at length. We look at radius vessels. You gotta
39:09 And the the viscosity of the blood all that together. Plus, what
39:14 just learned here really deals with size vessels. And what I wanna do
39:19 I want to change our conversation and to regulation. All right. When
39:28 talk about blood pressure regulation, what doing is we're talking about two different
39:33 . All right. If you have blood pressure, what that's in reference
39:38 is the long term. Alright. short term refers to is what is
39:44 body's need? Right, this very . And how do I modify what
39:48 need is at this given time? , that kinda makes sense.
39:54 So, short term use our quick . We're talking very, very short
39:59 that are taking place to create homeostasis the right now. So, this
40:04 like seconds, milliseconds, minutes, sort of thing. And what we're
40:09 is we're altering your cardiac output and total peripheral resistance. And we're using
40:15 nervous system. Alright, So, nervous system, fast response. The
40:22 term is what we're dealing with, days, hours. I have minutes
40:27 . But it's really these larger periods time. And here we're going to
40:34 the presence of salt or the presence water as a result of changes in
40:39 hormones are present in our bodies. right, So, let's deal with
40:46 Euro. €1 is actually pretty We have in our medulla a region
40:51 the cardiovascular center. All right. in the cardiovascular center, they have
40:56 different structures. The first is gonna called the cardiac center. The other
40:59 called the vas a motor center. so, what we're doing here is
41:02 can see cardiovascular when you see that cardio means heart vascular means blood
41:09 All right. So, we have cardiac center is going to be responsible
41:12 regulating the heart. And the VA's motor would be regulating blood vessels.
41:19 right. So, that's what it's to these two different areas.
41:24 we've got a big area cardiovascular with cardiac center in a vase, a
41:27 center. These are autonomic. You make your heart beat faster or
41:32 You cannot make your blood vessels relax constrict by just willing it to
41:37 It doesn't happen. Okay. the cardiac center is responsible for regulating
41:43 cardiac output. That's your heart Alright? And there's two different halves
41:47 it. One that accelerates one that accelerates, alright. Or inhibits.
41:51 right. So, when we're talking acceleration, we've already sent this.
41:54 talking about sympathetic, sympathetic acting on s a note on the myocardial.
41:59 doing two things. We're increasing heart and the force of contraction when I
42:04 heart rate. Or if I increase volume through that force of contraction,
42:09 increasing cardiac output. And then the is gonna be true as well.
42:14 I'm doing parasympathetic s a no on A V. Node, what I'm
42:16 is I'm putting the brakes on the at which my heart is beating.
42:20 , my heart rate goes down and gonna basically slower cardiac output. Because
42:26 relationship of cardiac output cardiac output equals heart rate times the stroke volume.
42:32 right. so notice And this is I Or said when we're talking about
42:37 heart, when I speed up my I'm speeding up both the rate and
42:42 strength. When I'm slowing down. just putting the brakes on the heart
42:48 . Not worried about the strength strength take care of itself because of frank
42:55 frank Starling law. Sorry if that's clear. Alright, so far these
43:00 . Okay. Alright, okay. on motor. Alright, so here
43:05 gonna be dealing with a degree of in the blood vessel. So,
43:10 talking about resistance now. All right this is where it gets a little
43:15 . And I think I mentioned this thursday. I think I mentioned
43:20 Alright. I might have been just to one person so I can't remember
43:24 , you know. All right. , what we have is we have
43:28 different types of receptors that are found blood vessels that respond to sympathetic
43:35 Remember it's sympathetic stimulation and the degree sympathetic stimulation that results in vessel constriction
43:41 dilation. The more sympathetic stimulation. greater the constriction, the less less
43:47 stimulation. The less constriction. So get Visa dilation. Now these two
43:53 are the alpha receptors. These are are epinephrine receptors. Right? So
43:59 have alpha and we have beta Now these alpha receptors are found pretty
44:06 throughout all the blood vessels in your . Alright. They're basically everywhere where
44:11 don't see them is when we get to the skeletal muscles and down to
44:17 coronary vessels. This is where you're see the beta receptors. And I
44:21 I describe this and what happens here what we're trying to do is we're
44:26 to in response to sympathetic stimulation. want to get blood very quickly to
44:32 tissues that need the blood, So if I'm running I want that
44:37 to get to my leg muscles, ? And I want my heart to
44:41 hard. All right. And so I'm gonna do is the hard
44:45 that's the easy but the blood vessel wanted to constrict and when I constricted
44:49 flow of blood through that vessel is much faster. Even though I've increased
44:54 , it's going faster. And now do. I remember I talked about
44:57 , talked about the hose right? right. But when I get to
45:02 tissue, I don't want it to zipping by. Right? I don't
45:06 it to be like I'm just sprinting . Good luck getting any oxygen from
45:11 . I want to slow down. . And so here because we have
45:16 different type of receptor those vessels actually as a function of their stimulation.
45:24 so in the skeletal muscle they relax so the blood slows down exchange can
45:31 place at the capillaries and then back they get out of the capillaries,
45:34 have our veins constricted again So we push that blood back to the heart
45:38 , very quickly and so it moves to where it needs to go.
45:41 it slows down, does its thing it goes back off quickly as it
45:46 . All right, So, the here is we get an increase in
45:50 resistance. We get more blood in . It's not sitting around and hanging
45:55 in the veins anymore. It's actually because we have constricted the veins.
45:59 then what happens is we end up more blood in the skeletal muscles,
46:03 blood to the heart so that the can take place. All right.
46:08 this is a function of the visa center to determine the degree of sympathetic
46:14 so far so good. Alright. uh way that we regulate blood flow
46:25 looking at the amount of pressure that's on. All right, So,
46:29 two different types of receptor locations. are for barrow receptors. Barrow refers
46:35 pressure. Right? So, if think of a barometer, you've heard
46:38 barometer that measures pressure. Atmospheric pressure receptor is simply a receptor in the
46:44 vessel that looks at the degree of and pressure. That is in that
46:48 vessel. We have two of We have one that's found in the
46:51 arch, one that's found in the artery. Right, So the carotid
46:55 . So, think right where blood exiting the heart and up here trying
47:00 determine how much blood is going up the brain. Now, why do
47:05 think that's important? Brain is Right? If you don't get blood
47:11 the brain, you're gonna die. right. It's real simple,
47:14 And that's what it's looking for. right. And again, these are
47:19 at the degree of pressure to to the vezo motor center whether or not
47:24 need to be activated, in other , increase the pressure to drive things
47:28 . So this is how we're monitoring pressure. So, right now,
47:32 your bodies, you don't have a of blood pressure going on because you're
47:35 around doing nothing other than listening to in a couple of minutes, you're
47:39 stand up and your pressure is gonna the same as it was when it
47:42 sitting down. And your body's gonna this is not good. I need
47:46 increase my pressure to get blood up my brain. And so your blood
47:52 will go up. It will rise match the need of the body.
47:56 this would be an example of where is short term. Alright? So
48:02 always sending a signal. And if increase that signal, right? If
48:06 increase the rate that basically a signal , hey um that's an increase in
48:12 . And if the pressure drops then slow down the rate at which I'm
48:16 to the Visa motor center. And what they're doing is just simply adjusting
48:21 degree of sympathetic activity? Parasympathetic activity the blood vessels and to the heart
48:27 match the need of your body. this is kind of what it looks
48:31 . If we consider all those things . And I've got to just look
48:35 the picture. So here's your blood if your blood pressure drops, barrel
48:38 recognize that since signals to the cardiac torrey center basically to your heart,
48:45 it to the Visa Motor center and blocks the car cardio inhibitory center.
48:50 as a result of that basically your rate goes up a degree of strength
48:54 the heart. Uh it contracts harder the blood vessels that causes an increase
49:00 cardiac output and increase in resistance and an increase in blood pressure. And
49:05 you can just do the reverse. not gonna walk through all the
49:07 but it's just the reverse. I'm cardiac output by basically activating the cardio
49:14 center and I'm blocking basil motor and celebratory systems and so blood pressure goes
49:21 when the blood pressure rises. And at any given moment right now your
49:24 is sitting there going I'm trying to out and trying to figure and so
49:28 body is sending these signals over and . I guess if you stood up
49:32 sat down, stood up, sat . You kind of notice that you
49:36 a little lightheaded, This is another to look at, It's a little
49:41 more expanded. Its just kind of through where is it detected? What
49:44 the signal? What is the So it's the same thing that you're
49:47 here, right? It's just a . And it tells you what the
49:51 is. So showing you when the pressure rises and when the blood pressure
49:56 and notice the difference here is above below. Normal. Alright,
50:00 if this does chart doesn't make sense you want a little bit more
50:04 You can use this chart, but the exact same thing, They have
50:07 exact same information. Another thing we're talk about this when we get into
50:14 lungs is there are also chemo receptors are there looking at the amount of
50:19 , the amount of carbon dioxide and amount of ph what? How
50:22 what's your protons in your body? is your ph really, really
50:26 or is it high or whatever? this is really just an indication of
50:31 of oxygen use in your body. , as carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide
50:35 rise, ph drops and your oxygen drop. And your body is really
50:41 not with the amount of oxygen, really with the amount of carbon
50:44 because that's really the indicator of your of oxygen. And so it's measuring
50:50 and when that happens, it's also to send signals to the motor center
50:56 it's going to do it through one two ways either through the karaoke bar
50:59 , which is through the glass, nerve or through the aortic body,
51:03 is gonna be the vagus nerve. think I said that over here
51:06 But I didn't actually pointed out. glossy differential vagus nerves. All
51:13 What he's doing is basically saying, , when this when your carbon dioxide
51:18 rise, we need to increase sympathetic because we need to get oxygen to
51:22 systems. That's really all I'm Right? So, think about when
51:26 start exercising, right, What Heart rate go up? Yeah.
51:33 . You become a little bit That's because you're pushing blood up to
51:36 surface and stuff. And that's because this. It's oh we're running out
51:40 oxygen. Let's let's or we're using because carbon dioxide levels Alright. And
51:46 , increase peripheral resistance and shifting from blood reservoirs which are the veins towards
51:54 blood back to the heart. another way you can look at this
52:00 just say, all right with regard parasympathetic and sympathetic activity. What's actually
52:04 on? Alright, Parasympathetic is really only on the heart. It doesn't
52:09 for the most part on the blood . Its primary remember sympathetic is primarily
52:14 vessels. So parasympathetic acting on heart heart rate. If I drop the
52:18 rate. That means I'm dropping cardiac , which means my blood pressure is
52:23 down. We're dealing with sympathetic heart , veins, what am I doing
52:29 the heart, increasing heart rate and strength, which means I mean also
52:33 stroke volume, which means cardiac output going up. Those relationships are all
52:38 going to result in an increase in pressure with regard to the arteries and
52:43 veins, arteries and veins are veins, and veins are constricting when
52:47 constrict, that's increasing peripheral resistance, is an increase in blood pressure.
52:52 , if I'm constricting here in the , that's increasing venous returns, increasing
52:57 volume, increasing cardiac up. But is the same thing you see up
53:01 , which is increasing blood pressure. , collectively what we're looking at sympathetic
53:08 is going to result in an increase blood pressure is really what we're trying
53:12 say, but it's not acting just the heart, it's acting on all
53:17 of the vasculature as well. So . So good. Alright, that's
53:22 easy part. And I think this little bit is not terrible. But
53:25 look at and go, oh, lots of big names and that makes
53:27 scary. All right. So, we're looking at here now is the
53:37 for long term regulation. What do do on a day to day basis
53:43 you woke up this morning, Were thirsty and you started doing what drinking
53:49 ? In theory it's water. But everyone drinks water what your body is
53:53 when it's thirsty, It's it's craving that thirst is a function of a
53:58 in blood pressure. Your body is , not just saying, oh,
54:01 mouth is dry. Your body is the blood pressure overall in my body
54:06 low. I need to bring it . What is the best way I
54:10 increase the pressure of blood in my , add more fluids. So I
54:15 more volume and that pressure goes Now. Your brain is not actually
54:19 . That's just that's the natural And there are hormones that play a
54:24 in regulating your blood pressure. This three of them. We're gonna learn
54:29 . Four of them. Alright. confusing thing. They all start with
54:33 letter A all right. So, like, oh, crap. I've
54:38 to know which one does which. , so the first one is called
54:42 diuretic hormone. Anti means against write . Is is you wanna know
54:52 That's when you think of it as . But diaries. Is is the
54:57 of urine. Okay. And then is just hormone. So this is
55:02 anti urine producing hormone. That's an way to remember it. Okay,
55:08 , what is it actually doing? has another name. It's called
55:11 Um And we're not gonna do it much more right now. Will come
55:16 . But what it does, it , hey, um I have water
55:19 my body and your body, your are always trying to get rid of
55:23 water and your kidneys never stop So, they're always producing water.
55:28 what we're going to learn when we about the kidneys is once you're in
55:31 actually made, you can't extract anything it. So, before you're in
55:35 actually made if you need water back your body, you need to grab
55:39 before the urine, it actually becomes and it becomes urine once it leaves
55:43 kidney. And actually it's a point the kidney that it's like,
55:46 this is now you're in you can't it. All right. And so
55:50 this is doing is it acts on kidneys before the urine is made of
55:54 . And it says, you know um you're getting rid of too much
55:58 . I want that water back and kidney says, oh yeah,
56:01 Here you go. And it puts back into the blood and that's how
56:04 hold it back in there. So its job is to conserve water
56:10 of paying it out anti diary Okay, now it does some other
56:18 . It plays a role invasive Alright, so this is under under
56:23 specific conditions. And so this results an increase in blood pressure as a
56:29 of an increase in peripheral resistance. number one anti hormone. And here's
56:34 thing. All of them will tell what they do. So, you
56:36 have to kind of know what the mean. Alright, Second one.
56:39 . Tencent. When you hear the angio you should be thinking heart
56:44 Or blood vessel. It deals with vasculature. And then the second word
56:49 the second half of this is Which is actually two words jammed
56:53 So. Tencent really is tension and I. N. At the end
56:59 protein. I. N. Is the protein at the end of
57:03 So this is the vascular tension All right now what it does that
57:11 vaso constriction. All right now notice has a two. There's angiotensin
57:18 There's an angiotensin one. If there's angiotensin two. There has to an
57:22 one. And I'm just gonna tell this. Don't write this down.
57:24 a three and a four and we know what they do. Okay they're
57:29 they're still trying to figure it Alright. And we've ignored it.
57:32 it's probably like the most important protein our body. We just don't
57:35 Okay that's how it always works. . So what this does is it
57:41 a role in basal constriction but it releases another hormone called Valdosta rhone.
57:46 we will look at in just a and it's responsible for the release of
57:51 first hormone. We just looked at H. The anti peeing hormone is
57:56 president or anti diuretic hormone. All now when you're thirsty. This is
58:02 bad boy. That's telling your body you're thirsty. It stimulates you and
58:07 you know what we need to increase in our bodies. So what I'm
58:11 do is I'm gonna go wake up two hormones that are responsible for increasing
58:15 pressure. But I'm also gonna tell brain that you're thirsty. So go
58:19 some water so I can at least some water in my body so I
58:22 increase the blood pressure. Now this part of a larger system which we're
58:27 see on the very last slide for day is called the rent an angiotensin
58:31 or that's what your book calls I'm more familiar with the rent an
58:35 out das theron system so it kind puts it all together. So so
58:40 we have two that promote the increase blood pressure. All right. We're
58:46 see that angiotensin also plays or not valdosta plays a role, increasing blood
58:51 . So three of them are for blood pressure and then there's one that
58:58 alright. We have one that drops pressure and that's this one that you're
59:02 here. The last one. Atrial heretic peptide. That's a tough
59:06 Atrial. What does it refer to . Alright so this is where it's
59:11 produced? Alright in the atrium of heart naturally. This is the harder
59:16 of the word naturally. What do think that means? It has to
59:20 with a chemical what chemical begins with in and an a sodium. Everyone's
59:28 what sodium it starts with an No, naturally you're naturally um It's
59:34 is where I think it's german so where that in a symbol comes
59:37 if you've ever wondered. But that's that word is naturally. And then
59:41 edit refers to your area. All . So it's also order your resources
59:46 so what it's referring to is And what this does is it promotes
59:51 excretion of water by promoting the secretion salt. Because there's a principle that
59:56 going to introduce to you right now you're gonna just sear this in your
60:00 . Water follows salt. Alright. that with me. Water follows
60:08 Say it Water follows Salt. Once you learn that principle, everything
60:16 in physiology makes 100% sense. when we get further down the
60:23 I'm gonna tell you the story about school and I'm gonna flash you back
60:27 the relationships that exist in high school once you remember that you will remember
60:32 how water behaves. But we're not that today. All right. Just
60:37 waterfall assault. Okay, so with to the rented angiotensin system, we're
60:44 have a th we're gonna have angiotensin we're gonna have valdosta rone. They're
60:50 uh an increase in blood pressure by water back into the body.
60:57 Atrial natural peptide opposes the rain. Valdosta phone system. Angiotensin valdosta phone
61:04 . Okay. It's trying to push out of the body to lower blood
61:09 . So when your blood pressure increases heart, recognize it and says wait
61:12 second. Uh let's start excreting So it drives salt out. The
61:18 follows and that's how your blood pressure over the long haul and then you
61:23 dehydrated because you're naturally pushing that And that's when the rent in system
61:28 , hey, okay, I'm gonna the kidneys go, I'm gonna produce
61:31 . Renan is simply an enzyme that out into the blood and it looks
61:35 a plasma protein that's already existing that's in circulation made by the liver.
61:41 plasma protein angiotensin. Oh jin ! when you see the region at the
61:47 , just means it's an inactive So angiotensin already exists in the
61:52 it's just not active. And so going to cause the conversion of angiotensin
61:57 into angiotensin one and that goes into lungs plus other tissues but in your
62:07 and there's an enzyme there called angiotensin enzyme, which is a really long
62:14 . So we shrink it down into that's easy to manage. We call
62:18 a space and ace converts angiotensin one angiotensin two. Then angiotensin two is
62:28 circulates and activates the production of a and the production of Valdosta rone al
62:36 theron is made in the adrenal It is a steroid and its job
62:45 simply to increase sodium reabsorption. So of peeing out sodium kidneys go,
62:52 okay, well I'll pump that back the body and when I pump salt
62:56 into my body, what does water ? I'm gonna go follow the
63:01 And so that's why the water goes into the body and why your blood
63:04 increases. So you see we have mechanisms to do this. One is
63:11 for pumping water, one is responsible pumping salt. So the water will
63:16 to go right or it creates a so the water will go right and
63:22 we have let's see oh and then also are going to increase thirst through
63:27 And we're gonna create Visa constriction. this chart looks scary but it's not
63:35 right. It's actually just showing you structure. So here we got angiotensin
63:40 . Renan is the enzyme that comes , converts it into 81. There's
63:44 second enzyme and lungs converts it to to 82 increases the production of vasopressin
63:50 increases water reabsorption, makes us So we bring in more water by
63:55 and we also create vessel constriction These three things are going to increase
64:00 pressure. What does valdosta own It acts on the kidney and
64:03 hey absorb the water wherever sodium Water follows all of those together are
64:08 to increase blood pressure by increasing blood And then when it gets too
64:17 what does the atrium do the atria ? It says we don't want
64:22 push the water out, push the out so it causes salt to be
64:25 . Water goes and you pee out stuff and your whole life is spent
64:28 working along these hormones back and forth make sure that your blood pressure is
64:35 statically balanced. Now before you go is just an aside, anyone here
64:43 that hormonal or that that enzyme at . You guys watch enough, you
64:50 don't watch tv, you guys are Tiktokers. Alright, alright so very
64:57 if you have a family member who high blood pressure they give them first
65:02 blockers, we saw beta as with to those receptors and then after beta
65:08 don't work we give them ace inhibitors basically blocks this so that you can't
65:16 your blood pressure. Oh that's where names come from. Yeah that's because
65:21 exist. Alright. Remember test is or sorry test is thursday that's two
65:27 from today. Extra credit opens up at six. Alright, it will
65:34 open till nine a.m. So if you to get it done, I don't
65:38 it. Alright, it takes just couple of minutes. Yeah that's
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