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BIOL 3324 Human Physiology - 3324_lecture17_1025
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00:04 Alright, looks like we're finally set over here. Sorry about that.
00:08 Just a reminder, you're now in papers have been turned in if you
00:12 turned in your paper yet. This like you have like a day to
00:15 it done with small penalty might be days. But remember if you're,
00:20 longer you wait, the less chance your paper will be submitted to
00:25 So you want to get it in , if you haven't done it,
00:29 still a penalty, a late penalty you haven't done it right. Number
00:33 , do your reviews. If you , if you're not gonna do your
00:36 just you just turn in a paper no points, so make sure you
00:39 your views don't leave that out. the part that's where part of your
00:44 comes from. So with those two out of the way, we have
00:47 test next week. Right, Is Tuesday? Oh man, the
00:55 Oh man. Yeah. So we have a test on Tuesday.
01:00 So that means I got a lot work to do and you got a
01:03 of work to do? Yes. around like seven pages of content.
01:14 So whenever anyone asks me a question how many number of words the answer
01:18 you use the amount of words you in order to make your point?
01:21 right, So if you use too , your reviewers will let you know
01:24 you use too many. They'll also you know because no one wants to
01:26 too much. Yeah, so that's that's really this is this is less
01:34 what does everything look like specifically. more like what looks good or what
01:40 . Well, alright, let's go and get started. Here. We
01:44 talking about the lymphatic system. I'm here to remind you, we have
01:47 loops. We've talked about the cardiac for the most part. This is
01:51 the five liters of blood that is your body right now. That is
01:54 circulating every minute to roughly about 7200 per day. That's pretty impressive.
02:00 ? That's how much and how fast blood moving when we are transferring materials
02:05 and forth across the capillary walls we about 20 liters per day. And
02:11 on the return of that you'll get 16 to 18 return back to your
02:17 . So that means if you consider have five liters of blood, that
02:20 two leaders are more or less left . And if you think about
02:24 five liters per minute are leaving then would be about, oh I don't
02:28 , a couple of hours. And you just have pure sludge. So
02:31 need to have a way to bring back. And this is the third
02:34 . That lymphatic loop which is where left off on thursday. And so
02:39 of these pictures ever do the lymphatic any justice. But really what I
02:43 to point out here is structurally the are kind of interesting and that they're
02:47 a they're not a loop. They a beginning and they end at the
02:52 system specifically at the vascular church. . And their job is to pick
02:57 this excess fluid through these structures. so the first level is going to
03:02 like a capillary. It's really the we call the initial emphatic. And
03:06 you look at them, they're really bitsy tiny, just like the capillaries
03:11 the vasculature. But the difference is that first they're blunt ended or blind
03:16 , meaning that they begin at the . That's its lowest level,
03:21 They have empathy liam that's not Like So like you saw in the
03:27 instead, they're more like shingles, is laid over the other and so
03:30 that means is is that when there's pressure in the surrounding extra cellular
03:36 you can press on press on my hand. No, no.
03:41 Look, see what happens right You gotta press on your your
03:46 You see that I've opened it So I now created a away through
03:51 that fluid can go. And then happens is that the pressure inside the
03:55 lymphatic is greater. It closes back again. So it becomes a one
03:58 valve. Alright. So it's structurally kind of interesting. All right.
04:04 they're kind of like acting like micro . Alright. And then lastly,
04:09 hold them in place in the So they're found in the same areas
04:12 capillaries are and they're kind of anchored place by these micro filaments that kind
04:15 keep them there. So, whenever look at a capillary, but you're
04:18 going to see an initial lymphatic and get bigger and bigger and bigger,
04:21 collecting lymphatic. So, this is kind of converging similar to the small
04:25 . And then they get to become large lymphatic which ultimately drain into the
04:30 , which will enter into um it's subclavian, but they enter into the
04:37 vena cava and ultimately back into And so, what they're doing is
04:42 picking up what's in the interstitial And so, you can imagine here
04:45 am in the capillary. What am doing in the capillary? What's going
04:48 at the capillary level exchange? I got things moving out of the
04:54 . There's mixing of the fluid. , if you're talking about oxygen and
04:57 as being positive, you know, were delivering, we're gonna mix that
05:01 and then that stuff can be delivered the cells and then the cells are
05:04 waste carbon dioxide and other junk and secreted materials and that stuff is gonna
05:09 there and it gets moved back into capillaries. But something's escape that shouldn't
05:15 escaping from the capillaries. Some plasma do escape. We don't want them
05:20 where our plasma proteins supposed to be the plasma. See it says so
05:23 the name. Thank you. What's the other thing? Well this
05:27 a place where microorganisms can show All right. So if you go
05:32 play on, have you ever played a playground? I mean some really
05:36 playgrounds like with the glass bottles and stains and I don't know the chalk
05:41 you ever played on one of Yeah, All right. You
05:45 if you skin your knee on you're just like, okay, that's
05:47 that's it. Right. I'm destined die at this point. Right?
05:53 your body has an immune system that's designed to fight all those horrible
05:57 And so like if you get microorganisms whatever is out there on the
06:01 it gets into that interstitial space. doesn't sit there and go who I'm
06:06 . It basically is gonna move with flow of the interstitial fluids. And
06:09 you can again imagine here I am the capillary because capillaries are everywhere.
06:14 like, oh, I got hey there's fluid and I'm just kind
06:16 hanging out. I'm just gonna follow fluid and then what do I do
06:20 I come up to an initial emphatic that pressure opens it up in goes
06:25 bacteria And now that thing is trapped the lymphatic and the lymphatic are interrupted
06:33 the way by lymph nodes and the nodes are where some of your immune
06:38 hangout. And what they're doing is surveying or surveilling would be the proper
06:44 surveilling the fluid as it's passing by for things that shouldn't be there.
06:50 like bacteria, material damage, other . Alright anyone who have gotten sick
06:56 year gotten a nice swollen swollen right We call them swollen glands are
07:01 glands. What are those lymph And what you're doing is you're immune
07:07 are multiplying and dividing and it causes lymph nodes to swell up with all
07:11 cells that are dividing with. So we feel that swelling those are the
07:16 nodes doing their job because something nasty circulating in your body. Time to
07:22 kill it. All. All right all this stuff is being driven by
07:28 but they're also being supported by other because there is no pump. There's
07:33 heart to push this material and everything dependent upon being moved back to um
07:39 heart via this interstitial pressure which isn't great. There's other things. So
07:44 example they're always going to be closely with these vessels are closely associated with
07:49 arteries and the veins. Remember what said on thursday? I said arteries
07:53 veins are basically always side by Right we'll just throw in that third
07:57 there. That that lymphatic. And you have something that sits next to
08:02 that actually has some pulse little activity it, arteries or pulse. It'll
08:06 nature so you're basically squeezing or pushing against the lymphatic, creating areas of
08:11 and relaxation that serve as a They also have one way valve,
08:16 it drives the fluid in one just like the veins do secondly,
08:21 have their own smooth muscle that is for going through rhythmic contractions. Now
08:28 aren't like, you know, like heart, but enough to create a
08:31 bit of a pulse help drive it and lastly, the skeletal muscle in
08:36 body every time you move. squeezes on blood vessels? Well,
08:40 only squeezing blood vessels, also squeeze the lymphatic helps drive it forward.
08:44 then again, the respiratory pump works the same way on the lymphatic as
08:48 did with regard to the venus So there are other factors that help
08:53 all this flow and ultimately what you're is you're taking this fluid, this
08:57 to 4 million liters of fluid and it back to circulation so your blood
09:02 more or less constant in terms of concentrations. So, one of the
09:06 that point out here, if if you kind of, this is
09:10 of a big picture overview thing, is the same thing as interstitial
09:15 which is the same thing as The only thing that's changing for the
09:18 part is whether or not there's, proteins there and you're just basically naming
09:23 based on where it's located. So is located in the blood capillaries,
09:30 fluid outside lymphatic sex or lymph lymph or lymph is in the lymphatic.
09:38 this kind of just shows you all different things. And so we talked
09:42 the excess fluid, how we deal the bacteria because this is where things
09:46 into the interstitial fluid are gonna You also see it and we'll look
09:51 this when we look at the digestive . This is how we move fats
09:54 the digestive track into our body into because the way that fats are packaged
10:00 create these very large structures that can't membranes real well, especially capillary
10:05 And so what they do is this an easy way to get them into
10:10 so that you can move them to structures that you need. So we
10:13 this and we'll see a little bit . The lymphatic in the digestive system
10:18 called black tails because the fluid is fatty, so so full of
10:22 It's milky white from the fats that present. And lastly I mentioned this
10:27 one, the filtered proteins, such kind of gives you a big giant
10:31 of the the lymphatic six. The little thing I want to talk to
10:36 about is how we deal with resistance the arterials. What are the factors
10:40 are responsible for this? We've mentioned little bit about local control. We
10:46 a little bit about sympathetic reflexes. haven't covered this and we'll spend more
10:50 talking about when we talk about the . Alright. But in essence how
10:54 we determine how much resistance is going be dependent upon these three things?
10:58 , so local control sympathetic reflexes and hormones. So the big picture stuff
11:04 what those things say are on these slides. So first off actor of
11:08 premium, this is a fancy word saying you do the cells themselves tell
11:14 surrounding capillaries whether or not they're in of materials as a result of metabolic
11:20 . So, did we mention that before? Yeah. So that's active
11:24 premium. And so these are the that we're looking at. Is there
11:28 oxygen? And even less auction is as important as an increase in carbon
11:34 . Alright. So, can you why that would be more important?
11:38 is what is an increase in carbon indicate? Well, no, for
11:44 more activity, right. It's going like Allah assist and it's going through
11:50 , phosphor elation and its byproducts are up. And so that's an indicator
11:54 a better indicator than do I have oxygen to move forward? It's I
11:59 I'm burning through oxygen. So bring some as an example. So you're
12:04 get Visa dilation this? We're going learn about a little bit later on
12:08 , I think right before the test increase in potassium as well as an
12:12 in osmolarity are also indicators of increased activity, reactive hyperthermia is a lot
12:17 fun. And I don't have any the tools that I normally use to
12:21 demonstrate this. But reactive hyperthermia is you have an inclusion um in a
12:27 area. And so what the cells is they start sending a signal
12:31 hey, we're starving, we're we're starving. Bring us blood with
12:35 of the nutrients in the oxygen everything need, but that inclusion isn't moving
12:39 then eventually the inclusion is moved for reason. So normally what I'll do
12:43 I'll take like a like a rubber and I'll wrap it around my finger
12:46 I'm talking about this. My finger starting to get purple and more purple
12:50 scary purple. And then usually the in the front row start getting panicky
12:54 , are you ever gonna take that ? The guys don't care. They're
12:57 like, you know, let it off. I want to see that
13:00 . And and so, you it's just getting worse and worse.
13:03 then what you do is you take rubber band off and then what's gonna
13:07 is all that blood that has been is now going to flow into that
13:11 . The reactive part is that it open because there's no one is gonna
13:16 included again. So the tissues like bringing it, you're giving me everything
13:20 need, but I don't trust you . I want more and more and
13:23 I want to be super saturated in event that this occurs again. So
13:27 is another form of vaso dilation that in response to the surrounding environment,
13:34 ? And really what it is is factors. These are the factors the
13:37 are releasing saying feed me, feed , feed me. The last is
13:41 genic auto regulation. And here we're to see both vessel constriction and
13:45 Not so much based on need, more on base, basing it on
13:50 that blood flow and the and the pressure is appropriate for the tissue.
13:55 , so right now, as you're in the chairs, is your blood
13:58 high or low, low. And when you stand up, what's gonna
14:03 , it's gonna you're gonna see your pressure is supposed to go up for
14:08 activity. But because it's already your body is going, you
14:12 oh my goodness, I'm not getting blood flow I need. And so
14:15 is what the Maya genic auto regulation . It's actually determining based on the
14:20 environment. How much pressure is Oh, I need to make local
14:24 . So again, this is at local level. This isn't this isn't
14:27 . This is very local. So if I'm sitting on my hand or
14:32 I'm if I'm doing activity, you , I'm sitting on my hands stupid
14:36 . But even if I'm doing the local environment is commanding or telling
14:41 tissue what it needs. All So that's kind of the big picture
14:45 local control. It's based on metabolic to ensure that the right materials get
14:50 the cells so that they can survive well as to maintain the proper pressure
14:54 flow through that tissue and make Notice here these are by Visa dilation
15:01 this is kind of both. what are the signals that we
15:06 Well, nitric oxide into filling are two chemicals nitric oxide is responsible for
15:13 dilation. Indo fill in. Can guess which type of cells release is
15:19 on the name? Yeah, you . So basically it's responsible vessel
15:24 So they basically oppose one another. learn one, you know the other
15:30 factors temperature when you see an increase temperature. Remember glycol assist oxidative phosphor
15:37 is very, very inefficient. Most the energy doesn't go into making a
15:40 . P. Most of the energy in making heat. So heat is
15:44 indicator of increased metabolic activity. So gonna see Visa dilation when there's more
15:49 . Alright. The other is sheer . So this is the stress on
15:54 vessels. So if there's too much , well the endothelial iem is going
15:58 feel that and so it releases that nitric oxide to cause Visa dilation.
16:05 . So the amount of stress that's pressure portion. We've talked about
16:12 but this is now showing you We said sympathetic activity is responsible for
16:17 dilation. So there's a certain amount tone that all uh blood vessels naturally
16:25 if I increase sympathetic activity generally and increasing sympathetic activity results in viso
16:32 . If you reduce sympathetic activity in , that results in Visa dilation.
16:38 there's no parasympathetic here. Okay, they're sympathetic compare. I mean sympathetic
16:43 is going between those two states to vessel constriction or dilation. Now,
16:49 of the things I want to point is like need override sympathetic control.
16:54 ? We don't starve just because you reasons. Right? It's the cells
17:01 first dibs they get to decide what need. But you may have a
17:06 response, but what you're getting is dilation. And a tissue that needs
17:09 dilation. All right. The last bit here is hormonal control. So
17:18 notice up here that one of the we have with regard to hormone control
17:22 what type of response. What do and norepinephrine when you see those?
17:28 do you think of sympathetic response? . The thing is is that now
17:34 not doing sympathetic innovation. We're now sympathetic hormones. These two neurotransmitters when
17:41 go into the blood are now So we treat them as if their
17:46 . Alright, so this is from adrenal medulla. Alright. This gets
17:51 little bit complicated. Unless you kind slow down and think about it for
17:55 moment. So I want you to about sympathetic activity when I'm sympathetic.
17:59 happening with regard to the blood Arteries are constricting, veins are are
18:09 , right? Because we said increased activity. So blood going through the
18:15 arteries is going by faster blood being back to the heart is going by
18:20 . What's happening in the heart it goes up and so and the
18:25 or the contract I'll strength of the . It all increases all right.
18:30 everything is going by really, really but the response to the sympathetic activity
18:35 ? So sympathetic innovation to the adrenal , adrenal medulla releases norepinephrine epinephrine out
18:40 the uh the circulation. And now is now acting as a hormone looking
18:45 receptors. So when I have sympathetic , if I'm running in a race
18:50 I want to be digesting food? . So that sympathetic hormone now is
18:56 for example on the digestive track through what are called the alpha one
19:02 Right? That group of receptors? said you don't need to memorize them
19:06 they're acting through a specific group of which are basically putting the brake on
19:12 digestive system. Alright. The other where you're gonna see alpha one receptors
19:17 going to be at the capillaries. , so let's see what's going on
19:22 I'm running. Alright so let's focus the leg muscles. Yes ma'am.
19:37 that I'm aware of I mean so when we talk about this when I
19:41 mostly right I said mostly occurs. also there is some parasympathetic activity.
19:46 not an absolute So for example, us um I'm trying to go into
19:56 reproductive system. There is parasympathetic Visa . Right? So there there are
20:05 that are occurring that are not The more universal is this now
20:12 When you talk about smooth muscle, have parasympathetic innovation in different areas but
20:17 blood vessels other than some very weird . You're not gonna see it.
20:27 . Back at the capillaries, sympathetic . We're making them up. Blood
20:33 faster. I got leg muscles. pumping. What do they want more
20:37 anything else in the world? Oxygen glucose. That's that's like the
20:43 Right mantra mantra mantra. All I want to I want my
20:48 Alright. But if the blood is by quickly through the cap players,
20:53 I gonna see a lot of exchange place? No. So what do
20:57 want to do? I'm gonna slow blood down. So, what I'm
21:00 see is I'm gonna see Visa dilation the capillaries. But I'm gonna speed
21:06 the blood as it's getting to the . All right. So in other
21:11 , the blood leaving the heart moves very quickly travels very quickly to the
21:16 where it's needed and then steve is dilation so I can slow it down
21:25 then I leave the capillaries and what I want to do? I want
21:28 get that blood right back to the so I can get it up into
21:31 lungs so I can get it re . So I can send it back
21:34 down again. But I want to it down in the capillaries in the
21:38 so that let's do a little bit gas exchange. Right, so the
21:44 of the right receptors are going to for that to occur. All
21:52 so that's why I'm kind of trying show those to those things out.
21:59 gonna come back to this mostly when talk about the kidney, but I
22:03 to point out two things, Two hormones that play an important role.
22:07 , so these two hormones, angiotensin play a major role in maintaining
22:12 long term blood pressure. All right here, this would be very short
22:19 sympathetic activity is very, very quick it disappears very very quick.
22:23 So this would be like minute to . This is more like day to
22:27 , hour to hour, that sort stuff. Alright, so when um
22:35 lower my blood pressure, what I'm to do is trying to find ways
22:38 bring it back up again and one the best ways to bring up pressure
22:42 to put more water into the In other words, increase its
22:46 I've got a finite space. All gotta do is increase its volume in
22:49 finite space, that's gonna increase That kind of makes sense, volume
22:53 pressure work hand in hand. So that's a Presson which is released
22:59 the post your pituitary. It's related oxytocin. It's not oxytocin, but
23:03 related basically helps to regulate our water by bringing in water. Where does
23:10 bring in water from? Well, it's really doing is acting on the
23:15 and saying, you know what? of paying that out, why don't
23:19 bring the water from the urine It's made it's not actually urine at
23:22 point, Why don't we bring water into the body? So it's just
23:26 going to waste? And so we the water. Now, you're familiar
23:31 this, right? We've all gone the bathroom once, maybe in our
23:35 . Yeah. So when you're what does your urine look like,
23:39 color wise? Yellow. And actually you if you've ever really kind of
23:44 to, you know, like to iron stuff, they give you colors
23:47 are even worse than dark yellow. it's bloody it's what it's it's kind
23:51 an aggie maroon, which is kind scary. You don't if your urine
23:55 that color, you're in trouble. right. Means you are severely
24:00 But that's it. That's what starts and then if you have lots of
24:03 in your body, your body doesn't about the water. So, what
24:05 your urine looks like? Clear. looks like water. Alright.
24:09 you're kind of vacillating between these two . All right. So, when
24:13 urine is getting darker and darker and , what you're doing is you're not
24:16 rid of water at the same rate you are when you're over hydrated and
24:20 over hydrated state is the normal rate which we get rid of water.
24:24 why the urine looks watery. And one of the things that allows that
24:28 happen is this molecule right here is . All right. The other
24:33 angiotensin tells you in your name, is dealing with angio deals with
24:38 heart so on and so forth. . What do you think tenses from
24:43 . And then the I. At the end of any word means
24:45 for protein. So, it's the pressure or blood tension, heart tension
24:51 . So, this plays a role well in in water attention. It
24:57 all sorts of different other roles. notice vaso constrictor. So, what
25:01 doing is we're making the blood vessels and we're holding more water in between
25:06 two things. What we're doing is gonna take a low blood pressure and
25:09 gonna increase it. Okay, So these two things counter low blood
25:17 We're gonna stop with those two. the extent we're going to talk to
25:20 . We're gonna come back and deal them in great depth when we talk
25:24 the kidney, because they're part of larger regulatory mechanism. There's actually multiple
25:30 that are involved in this. And two are the big boys that help
25:34 regulate blood pressure over the long Any questions so far? I know
25:41 running fast through this stuff. Question lymphatic. I should step over
25:46 so, I'm not blinded. No about blood pressure. Local control,
25:52 control, hormonal control. Pretty All right, read about respiratory
26:03 Should I say it should I say easy? Yeah, okay. It
26:07 easy, Alright. It is. respiratory system, primary function is to
26:13 obtain auction and and eliminate carbon That's just it's primary function. But
26:20 not just breathing in and out. we talk about respiration, we're gonna
26:22 dealing with two different aspects. We're here on external respiration, which is
26:27 exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. really, what we're doing is we're
26:31 from the external environment out here and exchanging that auction carbon dioxide at the
26:38 level. It's just all this stuff in the middle to ensure that every
26:43 in our body can get what it right because there are cells in your
26:46 that are nowhere near the outside and would take forever for them to get
26:49 oxygen. It would take forever for to get rid of their carbon
26:52 So the respiratory system speeds up the . So that every cell because they're
26:59 10 microns away from every blood vessel be close to the outside. So
27:03 respiratory system is like a middleman and the other half of the system part
27:07 the system we don't ever talk about . But you already have learned,
27:11 if you're a biology major, is respiration, right? Because the whole
27:17 of the oxygen is to be able power the production of a teepee and
27:22 produce that waste product that needs to rid of. All right. So
27:26 what the cellular respiration has to deal . But there's other aspects of the
27:32 system that we don't really consider all much. I mean, so,
27:35 example, we've talked about the nose an important role in smell enables
27:41 So the way you sound is a of how you push air not only
27:46 your vocal cords, but how it in the nasal cavity and how much
27:51 you push through your vocal chords. , right. Voice. Well,
28:04 you got to think about it this , It's echoing through your all the
28:07 of your head. And that's why hearing it the way that you hear
28:11 because you're used to hearing through the of your skull is what other people
28:18 , What that's that's recorded. So why you sound so awful. You
28:23 you know, in that it's it's kind of weird right? The other
28:27 that does it processes there. It quite cold here yet, but it's
28:31 get cold sometime soon maybe. I know, you know as well,
28:36 though this week it's not even be , but I mean, we've all
28:38 this right. Sugar, sugar locomotive when you're a kid, you more
28:44 . Right? So what we're doing we're actually warming up the air humidifier
28:47 the air and filtering it before it into the body. Bring it up
28:50 temp. Right? And the other that it does is that because there's
28:55 in the air that's airborne our lungs an important role of of defending,
29:01 as a side of defense for or against those inhaled substance. So it
29:05 an immune role as well. But really the immune system that is doing
29:08 work. But it's just that's the of it. We've talked about how
29:11 enhances venous return through the respiratory pop as a blood reservoir for the left
29:17 . Um uh Well, let's see else we have here. Oh
29:22 it activates materials through pulmonary circulation. gonna learn about that a little bit
29:26 . You may be already familiar with 82 for example. Um it helps
29:31 acid base balance and basically I run of things or time to talk about
29:35 of these things. So we're just , here's a list of things that
29:37 does. So it goes beyond just , you're not just breathing in and
29:41 . This is a structure that has important roles in many other things.
29:46 right, So some very quick I don't want to just dive in
29:52 if you're you're gonna get like one about the anatomy. So I kind
29:55 know your parts. We basically divided into the upper and the lower
29:58 So if you think of your larynx you're dividing point, All right,
30:03 is So everything above the larynx, and mouth and the pharynx, pharynx
30:07 a fancy word for throat. so the larynx, that's your voice
30:13 , you can see around around this is kind of what it looks
30:16 . It's basically a really tight elastic tissue that you have muscles attached
30:21 that basically stretch and pull. And as passes through it, it makes
30:25 sounds and we use our mouth to of make the other noises. That's
30:28 we get vocalization. Alright, the portion is from the larynx that move
30:33 into the trachea. The trachea split the bronchi. The bronchi is split
30:38 the bronchial tree and there's multiple levels that. Alright, now you obviously
30:43 want things to getting into the good or just stretching. Yeah, go
30:48 . So that your voice changes same the elastic changes on the back of
30:56 arm. It's just it's it's old it just stretches and stretches and stretches
31:02 that's why. Yeah. Kind of . I guess you got Botox and
31:08 wonder explain why some singers like Mick and all that. They still have
31:13 say they're robots. That was the I read today. Um Nothing like
31:22 richards did. But anyway, we're gonna go down there, right?
31:25 it's it's it's years and years of and probably just like athletes who keep
31:30 muscles tight and stuff, they train appropriately so that they're not over stressing
31:37 . That's my guess. Alright. with regard to the bronchial tree,
31:41 the upper levels, that's the Then you have the bronchi ALs or
31:44 , the bronchi and the bronchial. dividing the bronchi als. There are
31:48 , multiple layers. The key thing is that the trachea has cartilaginous rings
31:53 it stays open all the time. right. It's it's it's nice and
31:58 . The bronc I same thing and you move down, you're gonna lose
32:02 . Alright, so the bronchial can based on pressure. The terminal bronchi
32:08 and everything above that are what are to be the conducting zone. They
32:13 no role in gas exchange. They move air from the outside down to
32:18 gas exchange is going to take The respiratory bronchial xyZ the first part
32:24 the respiratory zone they can actually take Or they can play a role in
32:29 exchange but primarily gas exchange is going take place in the alveoli and in
32:34 clusters of alveoli. So, this kind of a picture. This is
32:37 picture from your textbook. It just you the degrees of branching in the
32:43 tree or bronchial tree. You don't know all the branches. Obviously,
32:47 not going to carry this like level , but you can kind of see
32:51 . So everything from here up, just conduction. Those are hallways,
32:57 ? Everything from here down, that's exchange can occur. So that would
33:02 the classrooms or something like that. right. And you can see that
33:08 alveoli start appearing on the edges and they start forming large clusters, which
33:12 a better picture right here from an textbook. Alright, so the rest
33:17 the broncos smallest airway that will result the exchange can take place there.
33:23 The al valor ducks are what are into these clusters? You'll see these
33:29 what they refer to as sacks. , this is what an al valor
33:33 will look like. Each of these represents tonality. Olas, Al Viola
33:37 plural. This is the actual site gas exchange. This is typically what
33:41 talk about or think about when we're about where gas exchange is taking place
33:45 though all these are possibilities. All , so, you have, they're
33:50 , very small. There's lots of per long. Right? So about
33:55 to 4 million. And really what doing here is you're creating surface
33:59 So, think of your thoracic I mean, you can look at
34:02 , here's my thoracic cage. It's what like a half cubic meter in
34:09 ? Yeah, sort of. I , can you make an estimate?
34:14 . Kind of. All right. , when I divide that,
34:17 I mean So, you can imagine see the hand up so I'll get
34:20 you. Alright? So, you imagine the surfaces where exchange is going
34:25 take place. And so if it just this empty balloon, the only
34:28 would be happening on the walls. I can divide it. And now
34:31 increased my surface area. If I those chambers, I increased my surface
34:34 I divide that again and divided and and divided and divided all of a
34:37 . Now I've increased my surface area the point where I have more surface
34:42 inside my lungs. And I have on the surface of my body.
34:47 you can some textbooks, you'll see make claims and I'm not gonna pretend
34:51 of these are right. But I've numbers like the surface area of your
34:54 is similar to the surface area of tennis court. I don't know if
34:58 true, but that would be pretty , right? That's a lot of
35:03 area. And that's what you see in the alveoli. Now they're all
35:07 with each other. You can see little holes those are pores. So
35:12 no al valises by itself, they're kind of expanding together. Alright.
35:17 then they're surrounded by capillaries. You see here here's the capillaries, trying
35:20 show that. And then um you're see also elastic fibers wrapping around.
35:25 do I want elastic fibers around these balloons so they can expand and return
35:32 to the original shape. Now we'll back to the question. Yeah.
35:44 so think of the lung is more is structurally like a sponge,
35:49 So there are there are passages that and split. Actually, the best
35:54 is this one you can see split , split. Split, split them
35:57 here. It's like a bunch of . Right? So if you can
36:01 of the stems of a grape as your bronchial walls, and then each
36:04 the end of the grape, of grape, as the cluster of
36:08 That's what your lungs are like. so the stuff that surrounds the alveoli
36:13 the capillaries and that smooth muscle and elastic tissue that makes up the stuff
36:19 surrounds it. Alright, So all together is a lung is that helpful
36:26 little bit. Okay, And I'm come back to that because that what
36:32 just described there becomes very, very , right? In terms of
36:36 what is present? So smooth muscles elastic fibers are present and capillaries are
36:43 . Blood vessels. Yeah. smooth muscle, smooth muscle.
36:53 So if you look at this picture that I've been trying to show you
36:54 . The bronchial. Looks a little muscle everywhere, but notice there's no
36:58 in this particular area. Nothing's holding open, right? It's just smooth
37:04 that surrounds those things. Okay? , if you look at an Al
37:09 , what's it made up of? , there's two different types of
37:11 We have the type one cell. are the flat cells. So when
37:15 think of the wall of an Al type one, Al Viola cells and
37:19 you can see the little purple things are gonna be Al Viola macrophages.
37:23 there's these kind of pink looking things kind of look like macrophages in the
37:27 cartoon, they look similar. These bigger cells. These are the type
37:31 cells. And their job is to surfactant which will deal with at the
37:34 of class if we get there, I talk fast enough, otherwise,
37:38 next lecture. Alright, So they're in essence is responsible for preventing alveoli
37:46 , preventing them from coming completely Alright, and then macrophages are there
37:51 clean up. You know the dust you you hear stupid facts all the
37:56 . Right? So one of the facts I heard I don't again,
37:58 don't know if it's true. Just just spreading the disinformation. Is that
38:03 the course of your lifetime, uh breathe in enough dust to fill up
38:07 gallon bucket, you know? there's Houston, maybe two gallons.
38:13 don't know, but you know, mean you kind of hear these
38:15 but you don't have to worry about because you've got the immune system in
38:20 . It's just literally on the surface , okay, what are you breathing
38:24 ? Oh, here's something. I'm gonna go kill that thing. And
38:27 you also have the immune system that in circulation through the blood. All
38:33 now, the barrier between so this probably a better way. So here
38:36 can see this is the Al That is the type one sell this
38:40 here is the end of thallium of capillary and there you can see the
38:43 blood blood vessel inside the capillary. the distance between the inside of a
38:50 or Al viola and the capillary is a half of a millimeter, very
38:57 . And so this is a thin . So you have a very easy
39:00 of exchange. All right. So is the respiratory membrane. It is
39:06 type one self and it is the in the thallium and the basement membrane
39:11 in between them. There's a surface number. What that actually is true
39:17 not. But it gives you kind sense. And so your total volume
39:21 the lungs that you're able to hold 5 to 6 liters. Again,
39:25 gives you a sense of size right , you're not breathing in five and
39:30 L of air. Every breath which learn about in the next lecture.
39:36 , So just to recap, we branching airways, that's the bronchi and
39:42 bronchial walls. We have alveoli. have blood vessels, capillaries and larger
39:47 as we move up. We got connective tissue and smooth muscle. There's
39:51 skeletal muscles and there's a serious membrane surrounds the whole thing. Alright,
39:56 when we breathe, let's all breathe real quick, breathe out. Doesn't
40:05 feel good? Yeah. Now notice did that under voluntary control, but
40:12 is no skeletal muscle there. So question we're gonna answer is how can
40:20 voluntarily control breathing? That's really what gonna be getting too in just a
40:27 . Now, the serious membrane is this is our pleura. And so
40:32 is the example they always use, your lung. It's the balloon that's
40:36 with air and you're gonna take another filled with water and instead of throwing
40:40 at your friend, what you're gonna is you're gonna wrap that balloon around
40:44 air filled balloon. And so what end up with is a balloon filled
40:48 air. That's the pink one that's with fluid that completely surrounds the balloon
40:54 with air around your lungs. So pleura completely surrounds the lungs. It
41:01 a surface that serious membrane that's pressed against, that would be the visceral
41:06 . Then you have the uh the the series the series fluid in that
41:13 . And then you have the the layer of the serious membrane stuck to
41:20 inside wall of the thoracic cage. this material inside its fluid. And
41:30 when we have serious membranes, the of the serious membrane is to reduce
41:34 and obviously you're breathing in and out the time. And so your lungs
41:37 be rubbing up against things all the . And so what we're doing here
41:40 we're reducing friction. Okay. But has another role, fluids are not
41:46 well expandable. And so we're gonna that that characteristic of fluid as of
41:52 un expandable to help us with our of really kind of our breathing
41:58 Alright. But that's really what this cavities and the series fluid is.
42:05 how do we breathe has to do respiratory muscles? Those respiratory muscles are
42:11 in the lungs. They're in the cage they make up the floor of
42:17 thoracic cage. Alright. So these the skeletal muscles that are responsible for
42:23 . The muscles in the lungs play role in ensuring that the bronchi and
42:30 bronchial walls are open. But we're stretching and constricting smooth muscle to pull
42:37 in and out. Instead we're using , we're not using the smooth muscle
42:44 to pull air in and out. using skeletal muscle to do so to
42:51 the bronchial is open or to to them. All right. So we're
42:58 indirectly on the lungs with the thoracic . That's what these respiratory bustles
43:03 And what they're gonna do is they're modify the pressure between the alveoli and
43:09 external environment and the pressure and the of the body. So how do
43:13 do that? Well, pressure and . You remember? Good old boys
43:18 Yeah. P one V. One P two V. C. All
43:24 gotta do is just trigger PV equals you guys. You you're it's just
43:29 stuck in stuck in our brains. ? one mole is equal to
43:37 Yeah. Yeah. 6.2 times 10 the 23rd. Something something. There
43:41 go. Alright. So what we're is we're going to change the volume
43:46 the thoracic cage and by changing the of the thoracic cage, we're gonna
43:50 the pressure in the thoracic cage. what did we learn about pressure
43:55 fluids flow from areas of high to of low pressure. And air for
44:01 most part is a fluid. Even it is gaseous. I know it's
44:06 whatever. All right. So we're use a trans mural pressure or a
44:11 mural gradient. What is trans What do you remember? What do
44:14 say about that cross the wall. . Good. That's what I wanted
44:18 go for. So first off let's with this. What is atmospheric air
44:23 all learned that way back in seventh atmospheric air is made up of lots
44:29 gasses which gasses It's all up Nitrogen And and and and and and
44:38 then a lot of stuff that we bother with. We basically focus on
44:41 things. Right, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and stuff. All
44:46 If you want to throw in that's fine. It falls into the
44:49 . And actually, the first thing gonna do is we're gonna modify atmospheric
44:52 , Right? Because what do we ? One of the goals of the
44:55 system is to do is too humid I Right. So, we're gonna
45:00 water. Alright. But here are rules. Atmospheric pressure is a basically
45:07 pressure of that gas. That's Dalton's . I'm not gonna ask you where
45:11 dalton's law to me. Right. just telling you where these things come
45:15 . So, the pressure of the , which is how many millimeters of
45:21 . See, I'm so proud of guys. You just Yeah, these
45:25 just you know, they're tattooed to brain. I love it. All
45:28 . So, that pressure that 7 is a function of all the gasses
45:35 that are in that mixture at the that they make up. All
45:39 So, for example, nitrogen makes . What is that 79%. I
45:42 read it from here, 78. . So 78%. Alright. So
45:48 . So, if you take 780.78 uh 7 60 then you know
45:54 The partial pressure of nitrogen is in broader gas, Right? How much
46:00 oxygen in terms of the amount of pressure? I mean, what what
46:05 does it make up of the Yeah, it's on the board.
46:09 can just look at like 21%. ? So, again, you can
46:12 .21 times 7 60. And that tell you how many mm of mercury
46:17 partial pressure of oxygen is in And you can go and do this
46:21 every single solitary gas. That's All right. So, that's what
46:27 law tells us. Very, very . All right. If you take
46:32 gas and dissolve it in liquid, still exerts its same partial pressure.
46:36 , when we breathe in air, not just bringing in oxygen. We're
46:40 in the nitrogen. The oxygen, carbon dioxide, the water, everything
46:45 . And that gas when it goes our blood exerts that same pressure as
46:52 percentage of the total pressure. That's Henry's law. So, gasses
46:57 gonna move down their partial pressure Right? So, the reason oxygen
47:03 to go into my body, It's first. There's the atmospheric
47:08 Oxygen has a partial pressure in the it wants to go into my body
47:13 the partial pressure of my blood is . So, it's gonna move
47:17 It's great. Simple diffusion. Carbon wants to leave my body because partial
47:23 in the Al Viola is less. less. I flipped it on
47:28 Sorry, I did flip it on , right. It's greater in my
47:31 than it is out in the So carbon dioxide wants to leave apologize
47:36 flipping it on you. All So, we can consider partial
47:40 Great. And and in fact, we're looking at individual gasses, that's
47:42 we're gonna be doing, is we're be looking at what is oxygen
47:46 What's carbon dioxide doing? Why is doing in this particular area?
47:53 Mhm. And it doesn't pressure. some protective mechanisms that prevent us from
48:03 expanding our lungs and part of it this is the pleura itself. Really
48:08 volume comes from. If we cut lungs out of you and just filled
48:11 with liquid, how much liquid can put in your lungs is probably where
48:15 number really comes from. All right , as I said, one of
48:20 things that we're gonna do is we're to take that atmospheric air and we're
48:23 humidified it. So, Al Viola , the air that we find in
48:26 lungs is different than the atmospheric air we're adding water to it. All
48:32 . The other thing. So, gonna saturate it with some water.
48:35 , So, we're gonna dilute the pressures of all those gasses just by
48:39 of bringing it into our body and water to the air that we're breathing
48:44 . All right? So, it's saying I'm bringing in air and I'm
48:47 water to it. So I'm diluting all the gasses that I'm bringing
48:51 Secondly, when I breathe in, actually not bringing in 100% air to
48:59 all the air that was in my . There's air that's always stuck in
49:02 lungs. About 15% of the air gonna be fresh, less than
49:08 So, I got air that's been in my body for a long
49:12 Well, maybe not that long because mixes. So we don't really know
49:15 much is You might have air that's in there since you were born.
49:20 don't know. All right. But I'm pointing out here is that there's
49:24 turnover that's going over your breathing breathing out and you're taking an old
49:31 . But you still have a lot old area and you're bringing a little
49:34 of fresh air and mixes up. then you keep doing that. So
49:37 Viola air changes because you're actually doing exchange when you're breathing in when you're
49:42 out and when you're not breathing in all or not breathing at all
49:46 when you're on your breath, gas is taking place and that's the third
49:51 auction. Always move down, move its concentration gradient this, you might
49:55 to put a star by asked this on every exam and there are people
49:58 miss it. It doesn't matter if breathing in or breathing out or holding
50:01 breath. Gas exchange is always occurring the alveoli and the blood.
50:08 auction is always moving down its concentration until equilibrium, right? So once
50:16 is met then blood's not gonna other auction is not gonna move. Same
50:20 is true for carbon dioxide, carbon is always gonna be trying to move
50:23 of the blood into the lungs until . So it doesn't matter if I'm
50:29 carbon dioxide is moving out. It matter if I'm inhaling carbon dioxide is
50:33 into the alveoli. Yeah, always lung. The exchange between the blood
50:43 and the alveoli is continuous. So it doesn't I mean if you
50:49 your breath for too long, you , then eventually equilibrium would be
50:53 But I don't think you'll ever meet equilibrium if that makes sense.
50:58 So right now, just hold your for me. Is there exchange going
51:03 while you're holding your breath? Not here in and out, but in
51:07 alveoli to the blood. Yes, you have oxygen being held inside the
51:13 and blood returning back to the lungs less oxygen in it. So oxygen
51:19 naturally gonna flow down. It's a pressure gradient. That's what we're trying
51:23 get at. It doesn't matter if holding my breath. Doesn't matter if
51:26 breathing out. It doesn't matter if breathing in exchange is always occurring between
51:29 alveoli and the blood. That's the thing. Yeah, quit jumping
51:41 Yes. The answer is yes, it's gonna be it's gonna follow the
51:45 rules. But now we're gonna be with blood to tissue, Right?
51:49 , if you're looking at a you're asking the question, All
51:51 Is that cell in this surrounding area the cell? Is there less oxygen
51:56 that sell well, the cell if living, is burning through oxygen.
52:00 blood coming to it is delivering more that's around the cell. So,
52:04 there's a natural exchanges taking place between blood and the surrounding tissues. And
52:11 , I'm making up carbon dioxide as build up carbon dioxide around the
52:15 You know, it's gonna diffuse but the blood coming in has less
52:19 dioxide. So, it's naturally going go into the blood and then off
52:22 blood goes and takes it with So, this exchange is always
52:31 So, when we what we really to when we're talking about respiration
52:34 So, when I'm talking about external , what we're really referring to is
52:40 the environment. So, atmospheric air ourselves. So, all that exchange
52:46 those two points, even though their away from each other is one type
52:51 exchange, it just happens to be respiratory system in the middle as serving
52:56 the middle man between the two. right. So, when we're talking
52:59 internal respiration, we're really talking about respiration, which we're not gonna go
53:04 again because biochemistry and biology one and or cell biology. And whichever ones
53:12 they're going to talk about. Whichever . I think we've seen that
53:18 So, we can actually come up the value. We can calculate it
53:21 based on all these different changes. , what we're gonna work with is
53:24 gonna work with this number right here to make our lives easy.
53:27 I think it's actually like 100 and millimeters of mercury or something. But
53:31 , we can say the average partial when we're looking in the Al Viola
53:35 about 100 millimeters of mercury. And average partial pressure for carbon dioxide is
53:41 40 millimeters of mercury. All And we're gonna use those numbers because
53:44 easier to just say that then and values as opposed to saying hi and
53:49 . Right. I just we're not I'm not gonna ask you what is
53:52 actual value. So, there are things that influence the surface area.
53:59 a difference, thickness makes a Do those numbers seem familiar to you
54:03 not? Numbers? But those aspects fixed law, fixed law of
54:09 Those are important. So, if increase the number of capillaries, you
54:14 , that will have an impact if increase the al volar space that increases
54:19 amount of exchange that can take The thickness refers to the barrier that
54:24 thickness of the, between the alveoli the blood. Um, pneumonia is
54:30 dangerous and so deadly because it's an of fluid in the alveoli. And
54:34 it does is it increases the thickness gas exchange in the alveoli and in
54:42 blood vessel, you know? So you're doing is it takes it takes
54:47 work more effort to move auction carbon in and out of your body.
54:51 , you basically are struggling with oxygenating . Now, all gasses. You
54:57 , I'll take kIM labs. Have looked around the crime lab and seen
55:01 big thick book that's usually about this about this tall brown. Usually it's
55:05 , it could be blue, it be green. It's one of those
55:08 . It's called the CRC. basically, it has every property of
55:14 chemical that ever existed and has ever discovered, Right. And you can
55:18 and look up all these different things in the CRC. Right. And
55:22 of the things that you can look , you can look at sustainability.
55:24 every chemical has the ability and water and tissues ability all the sort of
55:30 . And so that's what we're referring is how well or how efficient are
55:34 in diffusing through the tissues. Well dioxide has a greater ability to diffuse
55:40 oxygen does, it has about a greater efficiency. And so what you're
55:46 what that means is that carbon dioxide very, very quickly across tissue.
55:50 takes its sweet time. But we this in our bodies because of the
55:56 concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in two environments. And so what we'll
56:02 is that we have this really steep or really partial pressure gradient of
56:07 That's like this. Whereas the partial gradient for carbon dioxide is really
56:11 And so if they're moving in opposite , basically, the rate of exchange
56:16 is very similar so we can overcome . But these all have have an
56:25 . Now, you already know this in pressure gradients between areas. That's
56:30 that should be a delta P. ? And so we're gonna move from
56:33 area of high to an area of pressure. We already know that it's
56:37 by Boyle's Law. P. One one, P two, V
56:40 So what that means is if I if I have a uh you know
56:45 I've got I'm gonna just use this two and one. That would be
56:49 . So that would have to be to right. So if I took
56:53 to and turned that into one, would be a one and a one
56:57 actually do it the other way. the volume increased what's gonna happen is
57:02 pressure inside that would have to Right and same thing if I increase
57:07 pressure, if I decrease the volume the pressure has to increase right?
57:12 so that's what the lungs are doing they're going to change volume to affect
57:19 to drive air in or out of lungs. Alright, so what we're
57:25 to here is pulmonary ventilation. inspiration is inhalation. Alright, It's
57:31 air in. Expiration is exhalation, the air out. What you're doing
57:36 now is quiet breathing. That's that activity that air's going in, air
57:41 coming out creates this kind of tidal that moves back and forth forth,
57:47 is when you do something like when you push the air and pull
57:52 air Alright, apart from just normal activity. So what we're gonna be
58:01 is we're gonna change the thoracic there are nuclei in the brain stem
58:05 are going to regulate this and what's happen is you're just changing the pressure
58:11 that the air moves along those So this can be a little
58:20 but I'm hopefully gonna make this simple here. That's your atmosphere. That's
58:26 you're gonna see atmospheric pressure. We've already sent about 760 of
58:33 we have intra pulmonary pressure, that's pressure inside the lungs. That pressure
58:38 always going to try to collaborate with atmospheric pressure. Does that make
58:43 Because there is trying to go wherever is less pressure. So as I
58:48 in and breathe out, air is go till it reaches that 760 of
58:53 . Alright, so we're always going be equal liberating. The Weird
58:58 The one that's hardest to understand is inter pleural pressure. This is that
59:03 mural pressure and what it is. a difference in pressure between the alveoli
59:08 the rest of the body. It's the space inside that pleural cavity where
59:12 measuring this now remember what we said in the pleural cavity? What what's
59:17 there inside that fluid, serious And we said that serious fluid is
59:23 expandable. Alright. And so I you to picture this. You have
59:28 balloons in your chest. Those are lungs. All right. One half
59:33 that balloon during development is is made stick to the inside of your thoracic
59:38 . The other is stuck way over when you're small. Itsy bitsy teeny
59:43 . That lung doesn't have a lot stretch to it. But as you
59:46 up it basically gets stretched and stretched stretched so that now this lung is
59:52 stretched in a position, it doesn't to normally be in. Alright,
59:56 it's stuck to the thoracic cage via plural cat or this pleural sac and
60:02 stuck over here to the media steinem by its pleural sac as well and
60:09 lung itself wants to be this little shriveled piece of bubblegum. It sits
60:12 here and it's very not it's not ? It's nice and comfy. But
60:15 you've done is you've stretched it That makes sense so far. Let
60:20 see if I can do this for . I want the three of you
60:24 come up visual. You're gonna find gonna tear his arms off. No
60:35 we don't tear young women's arms We tear the arms off of men
60:38 flies. All right. So he our pleural cavity. He looks like
60:47 , doesn't he? Yeah. Is expandable? No not really expandable.
60:54 . But over here on this side have our our our viscera are membrane
61:01 membrane. And on this side we a serious membrane. Right? You
61:04 that makes a beautiful iron cross. . What do you want to be
61:08 lung or do you want to be thoracic cage? All right thoracic
61:12 Come on over here. So she our thoracic cage. Our thoracic cage
61:16 over here really really comfortable right here you can see we are going to
61:24 the thoracic or the thoracic. No don't move towards him. The thoracic
61:30 . Oh look there's there's a problem we've got to connect them all right
61:36 . Does he look comfortable? Does look comfortable? Now? Remember we
61:41 have our lung? Remember our lung to be way over here and we're
61:49 . Uh Now where do you want be? You wanna be over there
61:57 ? You scooted get back. Yeah we go. And where do you
62:00 be? You wanna be over there so look what happens to the pleural
62:05 . It gets stretched doesn't it? so the pleural cavity is not in
62:10 sort of position. It wants to in its being stressed as much as
62:13 can be pulled his arms out. and see he's sitting there resisting
62:19 But the reason he can't go any is because he can't be stretched to
62:23 further. And so what we're doing we're creating more and more negative
62:27 But that negative pressure is very very . It's only about four of
62:31 So he's just stretches as much as can be. Now I want to
62:34 you something when the muscle in the put your arms up. Yeah when
62:40 muscles in the wall contract they move to their natural position. You just
62:48 and look what happens pull keep Who does who does the wall pull
62:57 pulls the membrane that makes up the cavity which pulls on the lung.
63:05 then when the muscle relaxes and everything back into their natural positions. But
63:11 is really in its natural position. is kind of being pulled out of
63:15 so there is no stretch that can place so everything moves together. Does
63:20 make sense? So this pressure you can sit down. Thank you very
63:25 for being good sports. Yeah. pressure. That negative pressure of him
63:29 stretches. That inter pleural pressure. pressure is slightly lower than atmospheric pressure
63:37 of that stretching that's taking place. it doesn't get further stretching.
63:42 So when I pull on it it's gonna be expanded any further. It
63:47 naturally causes the movement of the lung it's attached to it. So it's
63:55 indirect activity. So that inter pore that we're seeing here that you'll see
64:00 over and over again, is to the difference in pressure between that thoracic
64:06 and the tissue of the lung. right. So, I've already shown
64:15 this lungs are stretched. Two forces in close opposition, meaning they're going
64:21 opposite directions. There's cohesiveness. He be stretched any further. So everything
64:27 stretched as much as they can. whenever you pull on the pleural sac
64:33 gonna pull directly on the lung which the lung to expand. And then
64:38 the muscle relaxes, that reduces the of pressure which then allows the lung
64:45 return back to its natural position. what this is basically showing you is
64:52 math and the thing that's going on all this stuff. So just to
64:57 you understand. So when you're what you're doing is you're constricting muscles
65:02 the chest and you're constricting the diaphragm is the floor of the thoracic
65:07 When I constrict those muscles? my cage rises. Right? All
65:13 I want you all do this. your hands on your chest. Do
65:16 put them on your chest on your . Right. And feel what is
65:21 what do your lungs do? Do go up? Do you go
65:25 Right. It comes this way Right. It's rising outward. So
65:32 you're doing is you're rising upward and and that increases the volume in the
65:39 . Your diaphragm which you can't see basically this kind of rounded muscle like
65:43 . And when you constrict that it it downward and so what you're doing
65:47 you're dropping the floor of the thoracic so you're increasing the volume in the
65:52 . And so those two things increases volume. And what do we say
65:56 I increase volume, what happens to ? It decreases. So now the
66:01 or the Al Viola pressure is or internal available pressure is less than the
66:07 . So what does it want to ? It rushes in until it reaches
66:11 which is at 7 60. Now say 7 60 of course, you
66:16 , it's not actually 7 60. could be 7 58 whatever. But
66:20 get the idea. All right. right, now That's how that's how
66:25 do it. And the amount of we're moving in is about 500 mils
66:27 would be the normal tidal volume Oh I guess we're doing the muscles
66:35 . All right. You do need know the names of these two
66:37 Alright. The muscle that I described makes up the floor. That's the
66:42 . That's an easy one. And other muscle that you're interested in here
66:46 the external intercostal muscle inter between cost the ribs. All right. If
66:52 want a really good homework to go this, go to a rib
66:56 go order a side of ribs. one of those ribs and take a
67:00 at the ribs from the side before eat it. You're gonna see two
67:03 there. One that sits on the , one that sits on the
67:06 The external intercostal muscle causes the muscles expand outward or the ribs to expand
67:13 . Didn't eat that rib and be , you know? Yeah. What
67:19 would recommend is beef rib over pork . You know? Not just because
67:23 any sort of dietary restrictions. Just rib is infinitely better than pork
67:27 Yeah. Yeah. Where do you that their specific place? You got
67:31 look around for him? Alright, external intercostal means on the outside of
67:36 rib. All right, so it's outer facing one. Alright, so
67:39 the two. That's quiet breathing exploration the relaxation of those two muscles.
67:45 , so notice there are no muscles are being activated to to cause you
67:50 exhale air. So what happens? relax the external intercostal as you relax
67:54 diaphragm? So the diaphragm pushes back the rib cage or thoracic cage goes
68:00 inward. So what happens to the inside the lungs gets smaller? But
68:05 pressure that 7 60. So what done is you've increased pressure now,
68:09 volume decreases pressure increases. So air wants to leave until it gets to
68:15 60. That's exploration. And this what you do 500 miles and 500
68:21 out and out and out. That's title volume. All right. This
68:27 shows you the three dimensions so you see what we're doing in the
68:31 The horizontal or lateral as well as anterior posterior which are also the
68:36 Now when you force breathe, what gonna do is you're actually going to
68:39 the rate at which you inspire. then what you're gonna do is you're
68:42 force push the air out. so there's gonna be some more muscles
68:47 are gonna be involved in this. right, so you're moving more air
68:51 and out quicker when it comes to inspiration, you're gonna add muscles of
68:57 shoulders. All right. So the I want to just point out here
69:00 the sternal Clyde um asteroid. It's big long scary name but it refers
69:04 the muscles or the bones around But think about when you inspire
69:08 Like think about when you're about to . What do my shoulders do they
69:14 up And so what I'm doing is increasing in the vertical. Right?
69:17 I'm increasing volume by doing that. scallions are another ones. You can
69:22 other ones. There's pectorals and other in the chest as well. But
69:25 really interested in the sternal colloidal You may include the scallions as well
69:30 these are right up up high. right. You can see they're causing
69:34 to lift up my my shoulders. it comes to forest exploration, we're
69:39 be pushing on the thoracic cage. what we're gonna do is we're gonna
69:44 first on the with the internal remember external cause it to rise internal
69:49 me to pull it in faster. the other half of the rib.
69:52 gonna use the abdominal muscles and there's whole bunch of abdominal muscles involved.
69:56 I'm doing is I'm pushing on the and forcing it up faster. And
70:01 not interested in, you know, those two names. Alright. But
70:03 idea is abdominal muscles are pushing up the diaphragm to make it return back
70:09 its original relaxed state quicker. So I do that, I noticed,
70:16 , my shoulders come in, Thank you. Yeah, it's there
70:21 a time when I was actually in shape and I'd push all the air
70:24 of my lungs. It was really . So where are we got?
70:30 nine minutes and I think we're getting . Alright. So we have these
70:36 that control how much air is moving out and we actually have some very
70:41 volumes and capacities that the lung is . So if you take the lab
70:45 get to breathe into a ceramic er this is a good old fashioned
70:49 Right? Basically there's a bell, called the bells parameter. And what
70:52 do is you blow an air in bell and that bell rises and then
70:55 has a little marker on it and marks on the piece of tape to
70:59 you how high you're raising and lowering . Now we just breathe into a
71:02 that does calculations. Alright. But volumes are important because they help to
71:08 whether or not we have normal respiratory . Anyone here? Um asthma.
71:14 . Do you have to breathe in parameter every now and then when you
71:18 you go to the visit? Much much younger. Right,
71:22 You know, So this is just is just one of the things you
71:25 to see how how much you're struggling with the breathing. All right.
71:29 just to give you a sense, know, So the maximum capacity of
71:33 lungs again, is this an actual ? You know what is what is
71:36 mexican actually hold is probably less than but just for the sake of argument
71:42 six liters of males. About 4300 4.3 liters in females. You
71:49 again, it's, it has to with averages of size and stuff like
71:54 . But no matter if you're male female, what we're really doing is
71:57 moving from about 2700 mils in the , about 2200 mils. So we're
72:02 going back and forth between those two . Now I can push more air
72:07 , like I could push it So I'm stuck with about 1200
72:10 But beyond that, I really can't anymore out. And part of that
72:13 because when I squeeze, I'm actually the bronchial walls and the air gets
72:18 in there. And this is to benefit because if I have no air
72:22 my lungs, can I have gas taking place? No. So by
72:27 off and preventing all the air from , I'm trapping air to ensure that
72:32 can occur secondly, um anyone here younger sibs or ever had to blow
72:37 balloons for a kid party when when you accidentally make that mistake of
72:41 go of the balloon and all the comes out and then now you have
72:44 flattened balloon and you have to try blow it up. You can't do
72:46 right because there's that balloon is flattened completely. And now you're spit in
72:50 balloon is serving as a glue to those two sides stuck together, it's
72:56 , really hard to inflate a Once it's deflated and it's stuck on
73:00 inside. And so that's another thing trying to avoid is we don't want
73:04 to complete collapse. We want them stay partially open. Yeah.
73:23 I don't know anyone who got a of blood when they work too
73:26 Like I've never had that happen. . You know? Yeah, you're
73:33 have to go see a physician about one. And I'm not I'm not
73:37 to beat easy. I've never heard that. Like that's that's that's kind
73:40 scary. So, you must be running hard. Cold weather.
73:47 well, that's Yeah, I'll go that dryer. All right, so
73:53 are the four respiratory volumes, tidal . Heard me say that name over
73:57 over again. That's just the amount air entering and leaving during normal
74:01 So quiet breathing. Right? what you're doing right now, So
74:05 can see here, it's marked as little wave in that little zone right
74:09 . Alright, the inventory, reserve . This is the volume of air
74:13 you can breathe in above the quiet . In other words, the
74:17 So normal breathing in a how much air can breathe. That's the
74:21 reserve volume, Excitatory reserve volumes, of air I can push out after
74:26 breathing to normal breathing. How much I exhale? And then the residual
74:32 is what's more or less stuck inside lungs. You can't actually measure that
74:37 things you can measure this one. can't because it's stuck in the
74:40 right? But you can make a based on size. So the capacity
74:47 referred to the combinations of these So inspirational capacity, for example is
74:52 title volume plus the inventory, reserve . Functional residual capacity is the excretory
74:59 volume plus the residual capacity. So stuff underneath tidal volume, vital capacity
75:04 everything above residual volume. So it's but that and then your total loan
75:09 residual volume plus the other three. . And those are the things that
75:14 that they're looking at when they do types of measurements to look at uh
75:21 know how well your lung works. these are just two examples uh forced
75:26 volume. This is how much you uh what percentage of your vital capacity
75:31 you exhale in one second. So most of us that be about
75:36 of your vital capacity, maximum voluntary ventilation is how much air can
75:42 inhaled or exhaled in a minute's You know? And so the other
75:46 tests and there that's using one of machines as opposed to the bell
75:54 I have no idea how much more have to go. But um
75:59 I've got like three slides. And I got three minutes. So
76:05 would probably be to save these two these three slides to go together.
76:12 But before you go packing up. gonna I'm gonna leave you with these
76:15 things here are these two things compliance less tense, which is what we're
76:19 to deal with. So I want to picture this is how much effort
76:23 required to stretch or just in the . So the idea here is the
76:29 is basically old and doesn't want to when you smoke, What you're doing
76:34 you're slowly cooking your lungs. So this is me kind of admonishing
76:39 but at the same time kind of you, I worked in the Anderson
76:43 bad, right? So when what barbecuing? Barbecuing is cooking with
76:48 Smoking is cooking with smoke as You're just cooking your lungs. And
76:53 what happens is that connective tissue and doesn't stretch now. So it takes
76:58 work to stretch that tissue. That be compliance. And then the last
77:03 like what happens when you have old or old socks, you stretch it
77:07 it doesn't want to go back into original shape. Alright. That's how
77:11 do the lungs rebound? So to air out now because it doesn't want
77:14 rebound on its own. You don't quiet respiration. Quiet exhalation. What
77:18 you have forced expiration? You have work? All right. So we're
77:25 to deal with these two questions. thing thursday. Yeah. And then
77:32 have a test. Next Tuesday. is too soon. This is how
77:38 we go through the semester six Test six classes. Test you
77:47 You guys enjoy your day. I'll you on whatever the next classes,
77:53 . Bye. Yes. Uh So what's going on? So so
78:17 happening is you've you've done that forced but in response to the punch to
78:23 your muscle is still stuck in a state. It doesn't want to allow
78:27 to breathe in. I guess I to deal
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