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GEOL6380 Sequence Stratigraphy - Day3 04-29-2022
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00:04 Okay. Oh, sorry, this my computer. Okay. All
00:36 Yes. So you've got your short plant, right, facing. I
00:41 say something lost this. That's You could have just taken this and
00:47 giving it a little tail trading over stuff here. I think that's
00:53 These black things here tend to be we call the cadets sections. They
00:58 be slowly positive shells rich in And now the only problem what we're
01:07 today is we need to be able just figure out place it here on
01:11 far away from so I'm not sure it's going to capture that.
01:19 anyway, that's okay. The other is like you don't have any
01:23 See how one thing I told you too. That's yeah, that's quite
01:29 . Yours is getting bigger than we with. And then I had a
01:33 gray tail and then that share. ? So even here I'd like to
01:39 gray shale and then that drake because you're telling me is that this low
01:44 fan is never covered by any right? That means you have no
01:50 . Remember your petroleum systems source strong and scale of three strata, graphic
01:59 and then trapped ah haven't critical And of course the overburden that pushes
02:07 source locked down into the zone assistants , right? That pushes the source
02:13 down. So it's generating a lot gas. Right? You got the
02:17 . Right, okay. So you've well there. But here he's gonna
02:22 one big platform researchers have this and that flat earth thing. So you
02:28 have a little bit less Sheldon, like to see in your stocking shelves
02:32 here. I want to just drape over. Right. And then I'm
02:35 drape this over. So you have layer of shade above your right.
02:41 , you know, you should hamstrung the right direction in honoring calling for
02:49 . You've got your based on what faces here and that's your sequence
02:54 That's all good. Ah And you've your preserved steps, just shells.
02:59 shallow stuff is corroded away. Oh yeah, yeah, sure.
03:10 seen it. Yes, Yeah, . So that's when we got to
03:15 drinking. Right? So like that get better and there you keep the
03:19 . So that's ah I'll give you extra few marks for that. What
03:24 need to just current color in the is good to go. And what
03:27 the next one? Yeah. So was the number two is your best
03:33 . Do you have another one? . Yeah. So this one is
03:37 the world. The best just filling , the faces and I can see
03:42 the faces are. Right, So a great that. Okay. And
03:59 Yeah everything. Don't skip any any . Yeah. So Angela, did
04:13 want to show yours this is Doing like this. Right?
04:19 And when we can all see. then Mhm. Goodbye. Oh
04:46 But all right. But I wanted . Exactly, sure. Right,
04:53 of thing. Sorry, I'm only , I was seeing if I could
04:57 my displays. Never mind. I'll you may not be able to hear
05:03 , but I don't think I'm giving advice. That doesn't really matter to
05:06 right before we have been able to to be an american doctor Donna.
05:14 . And I'll just turn the computer way and that way my voice will
05:18 closer to the microphone. What we've here. Okay. Yeah, I
05:26 these long lapse. Here's some sometimes those and what I like what you've
05:31 and really kind of. Okay, a bit of a concern here.
05:35 does the circle mean? Those are ones I wasn't sure about.
05:40 so that's why I put a little got so that I know which ones
05:46 still needed to. God. So what's blue? So because there's
05:54 transformational problems, yep. Okay. good. Yeah. So does anyone
05:59 to tell Andrew what those are? an old surface. Truncate against a
06:07 surface. So you have all the trunk it or lower surface truncating.
06:17 already said it determining gets an upper . So what what does that have
06:22 be? So and then what kind talk about truncation? I'll talk,
06:28 what about here now you have an surface terminating into dipping lower surface.
06:36 what is that? I have a surface terminate against older surface in a
06:46 with direction That's online. Right? on like on lap truncation,
06:53 Truncation? Truncation? That's down lap ? That's online, correct deposition
07:03 lap down lap. Yes, those beyond labs. Same error.
07:11 Did you rent it out? looks good, yep. That there's
07:24 more little guy down here. So and that's an old younger surface turning
07:31 blank. Right now there's a lot on here. There's this surface here
07:37 terminate against this dipping surface and this is terminating down on top of that
07:43 I think. Right? Yeah. what was that? It was good
07:52 with the diet with every right considered anchor surface or older. That's an
08:03 surface. Yeah. So that this that's your submarine fan. Right?
08:07 that was where first then this stuff on. Right. So what?
08:12 what without orange B. Yeah. , it's an old, it's a
08:20 surface on top turning against his lower here. That surface there.
08:34 nope. Here's what he has. ? So what's this that surface is
09:03 against this surface. I'm not Right then. What's this?
09:16 The map the maps, that makes . Your fans. Their first and
09:25 your low staff wage comes across the . Crystal toes to share his
09:40 Okay. Then you got this glue here. That's good. So now
09:44 got to get those And these other too? Right? Yeah. I
09:49 want to higher. Do you want resolve those dots on maps that were
09:54 lights first? Sounds good. Any questions? Okay. Mhm.
10:54 so you're missing all the stuff associated your valleys, right? You need
10:58 have the online and filled. So you're putting the valley filled and
11:02 but we put the value of the staff, right? If you do
11:06 a little little cross it, so should be red hair, that should
11:10 read. You're missing all these down here and you've got that. You
11:13 to get that surface in that an sonic surface and surface, but the
11:18 because the green there, I'm not sure. And here you go.
11:23 see all these damn laps here, missing, Right? Truncation? Is
11:30 down laps? Mhm. On lap right there, You're missing.
11:36 So just just get every single one lap here. Down laps here.
11:44 think the issue is you're missing a of your so you're probably not quite
11:51 color and that's also a low stance there. Right? So you're trying
12:00 show that it's green, that's not , right showing up here, and
12:04 it shifts down, but doesn't shift as much as that. You kind
12:09 start with the decision and low stabbed the back step and get a high
12:13 , get low, stand close Is this aggressive threshold? Right?
12:17 you kind of missed that little one there, but that I'm not sure
12:26 there's one here. I know there's one there. That that one We've
12:30 123 ft of four low stands. don't think that's the most out now
12:35 is there. Okay. Yeah. you see how you're missing the determinations
12:48 and there? Yes. You just you can't miss any right? If
12:58 miss them then you're gonna miss all tracks. Right? Yeah. So
13:04 there. But just I think a um Yeah. You know I can
13:09 messy work but if it's so messy stairs across the sequence boundaries that it's
13:14 for. You know like here it's . And then in terms of news
13:18 like well is that blue transgressive or it red high stand you know is
13:24 supposed to be samurai between systems But you don't have to have so
13:28 be a bit careful. Right. know it can be tricky coloring into
13:32 computer but start with your lap outs uh Then the services then put the
13:39 in the last Any questions about the assignment? Yeah. Is that the
14:22 , the only thing I'm confused about start with the sitting on right
14:28 Right. Did you get the shorelines then there's there's your shore line.
14:34 dotted stuff should be great. Sure. That's kind of a
14:41 I'm not sure what I like about If this is you got a symbol
14:45 that's different from that there. I would use just the same symbol
14:48 flu real because I'm gonna be a confused as to what this is.
14:55 ? And you've got great hair that's great here, that that dotted
15:02 should be gray shale. Right? you've got your Suzanne. Okay
15:06 but that's your sandstone. That's this your normal rate lifts up there
15:12 I don't think this is not, think this should be this stuff could
15:16 sad, but then you also probably rode away quite enough. Still have
15:20 bit of a bump there. What about though? Dr Yeah,
15:27 should be shale because this is just . Right? So that should be
15:31 same environment depositions. This got the . You got that right? And
15:36 should probably black. And that's your black. So, you sort of
15:40 got to make too much sad Yeah. And you could want to
15:47 a lot of people, you could a shot over just to cover that
15:51 . Right. But I would counter something greater because there's probably a lot
15:55 sand, that submarine fan that's a exploration target. Right? Do you
16:01 to sort of highlight? You're bright to illustrate where your reservoir status might
16:05 . That's assumed which were Yeah, , as classical about it's about giving
16:11 principles of conventional exploration and it was for sand stones as opposed to
16:17 That's a whole another different sort of and there is sequenced in there.
16:22 do have the opportunity to talk about later. Okay. I'm not just
16:27 what this line is there. So think this thing down stepped and then
16:33 expands. Right? So is that shoes online or is that a second
16:37 form or I'm not too sure of service? And then the other thing
16:45 to make sure make sure the number steps like, you know, put
16:49 123. So I know what steps sometimes like here it could be hard
16:55 for me to trip out, which step five and 6. two steps
17:00 , assume that's six. That's Um at five was a 20 m
17:07 . I'm not sure you should. erosion. Is that kind of expands
17:10 lapse the back steps. And then got the Yeah, lift up there
17:15 a very good lift up again. those steps all look pretty good.
17:21 the questions fashion. That's all Yeah. Yeah. So I think
17:53 would put a lot of sand down somewhere with that drop of sea level
17:59 five and six. I think it be a little bit bigger.
18:06 a One of these things has no overrides. I think 789. I
18:11 I think 78 facts that eight lifts . Not appropriate. I think it's
18:17 denying, which is the one that no sea level rise. But it's
18:23 . Yeah. So you're showing non 8.9 should be see where they
18:27 Right? Hello? Yeah. I can't stay. Right. So
18:39 don't have any rise in line. just want you want nine to be
18:43 shifting seaward and then 10. So though seven It rose 20 m of
18:49 clothes sentiment supply And ate it wrote sea level rose an additional five dynasty
18:59 but an increase of sediment that doesn't ? The increased means program C
19:05 But there's no there's no vertical accommodation build up. Right? That's that
19:11 the part. Yeah. Okay. . And Is that six here?
19:22 . Okay. Yeah. six. think I would stick six right on
19:26 of five Because I don't think there's big $6 high settling supply.
19:32 Yes. So you're back stepping six too much. So I would have
19:37 build on top of all of five then you're back step is running between
19:40 and seven. That makes sense. . What does this do? It's
19:51 . Okay. So I might have get the same tomorrow morning. I
19:56 I think there's enough to fix them . I don't want you guys working
20:00 it all this afternoon. We'll see electricity or regular. I think a
20:05 bit of work to do to kind take that advice and then try it
20:09 . It won't take you long. then just make sure you get in
20:12 non Marie, you know, you've the shorelines faces, you've got the
20:20 here you have adopted. I will bring that down a little bit
20:23 assume that's your sand faces there. . The sand faces is quite that
20:27 that point it's a little bit dar now, so just put a little
20:31 there and you have a building sound there. Yeah, but the overall
20:37 look like they're in good shape and stick a bit of sand down America's
20:41 . Thanks. Any other questions? , thank you. Sure. Um
21:59 , we have a choice. You with that? Would you rather have
22:06 big screen for you to see in ? Mhm. Sure, Thanks.
22:56 right. Where is it? I even see the point of it.
23:02 when they were stopped share first scream . Sure, yeah, yeah,
23:37 . Listen, Yeah, yeah, don't remember where we left off last
24:10 . Well, we'll just kind of here somewhere. So we ended off
24:21 we we uh let me just so our week in our not in person
24:35 , we introduced the idea that you two things on this diagram that there's
24:40 clot to form and then there's the there's the sediments in between the cloud
24:45 . Okay. And in this ground is non marine yellow is,
24:53 know, short face or delta, know, sort of shoreline sand stones
24:58 then we've got some mud stones and really distinguish between shelf and slope mud
25:02 or condensed sections. So unlike the exercise, we had a couple of
25:07 faces in there just to make it bit more interesting. And they pointed
25:11 that these con forms shift and they move horizontally. They can move horizontally
25:18 some aggravation and that will be A. They could lift vertically,
25:22 would be puree, they could step , that will be retro traditional R
25:27 they can drop down. That would degradation. Okay. And the idea
25:31 that is that there is a geometric not only to the surfaces but the
25:37 between the surfaces. And then that into the second exercise you're doing,
25:43 is you're just the first exercise you built a series of Kelowna forms and
25:48 faces and shifted them around. The exercise, All I gave you was
25:53 series of claudia farms that have already around and you're trying to understand geometric
26:00 between the different climb in the form content packages Okay. And based
26:08 based on can find here anyway, on the way they stack, we
26:39 define hi stands, low stance, systems tracks right. And they're defined
26:46 the base of the of the chronic stacking patterns. But prior to this
26:52 of accommodation successions which focus more on chronic form geometries, Van Wagner introduces
27:01 power sequence, which fundamentally represented these coarsening faces, successions that you could
27:09 in a well log or an Right? And he noticed, we
27:16 out that they come from this all of para cycle, which is
27:20 which is based on the rise, system pro grades and it slows down
27:25 stops, but rather than falling, then renews rising. So you get
27:29 of an upward coarsening and flooding surface the new rise as opposed to an
27:36 at the base number shifted on lap all the all the features that you
27:39 would see on the phone. Just flooding surface. That's the difference.
27:51 ? So it's not quite a full because you have to rise and rise
27:56 sea level slowdown and then rise again no fall. Right? So it's
28:01 of like a half cycle. And those are characterized by these funnel
28:07 upward coarsening profiles and well logs, will have on our well off
28:12 And in course you can see your deposits, the base getting sandy
28:17 upwards. And then we point out the contact is marked by a
28:24 whoops rocked by a shale. Try again, marked by shell sharply over
28:42 overlying the sand stones. Right? it's the anomalous juxtaposition of a more
28:48 shale over a cross bedded sandstone. that's very shallow water, perhaps even
28:54 marine that violates walther's law. Remember talked about that. So, therefore
28:58 a flooding surface. That's a that's non walther's law. Contact. That
29:04 relevance and sequence photography as a flooding . Okay. And Mhm. And
29:15 I talked about the fact that you get these stacking of paris sequence and
29:21 here they are in one dimension, ? Where you've got a uniform stack
29:25 these uh proportion units with a similar of shale versus sand And that would
29:31 an aggregation all stack if they get upwards and thicker upwards, That applies
29:37 the space is getting bigger with but but and faster and the space
29:41 increasing faster such that the sediments are or stepping backwards, so you get
29:49 pair of sequences but they're muddier. . In contrast when things are pro
29:53 , if you don't run out of then you simply get more sandy and
29:57 non marine faces upwards. If you start to run out of space then
30:01 can actually get this incision and thinner sequences upwards because you're running out of
30:06 because the accommodation is beginning to Okay, And the power of this
30:11 is it suggests that you can look a single well log and begin to
30:16 Or observe the stacking patterns in 1D then infer whether or not you have
30:23 aggregation or recreational presentational. It's hard see down stepping one day.
30:30 But it allows you to begin to the stacking patterns and then ultimately to
30:37 what the cross sectional relationships will Okay. And of course this primarily
30:44 the cross sectional relationships. But you if you sample one of these you
30:50 you know a muddy pair sequence sandy And then much sandy one.
30:57 So that would look like this sandy sandy and body is straight. And
31:13 we can sort of and it's good it's good to it's good to begin
31:17 at these cross sections. Okay. just draw a vertical profile and imagine
31:25 you would see here. You would upward coarsening and then you would see
31:32 upward coarsening. Right? Because you're sampling to claudia chronic form packages.
31:38 that make sense? I had one here. Let's see this and I
31:45 just see the distal toe of another . Right? So I might capture
31:49 contact between these two platform sets. then I showed some examples of
32:00 you know, rotational presentational, you parasite consents from our crop scores and
32:07 variety of places. Okay. And then just point out that, you
32:17 , The pair of sequences are things you sort of see in one
32:19 and well logs. And the accommodation paper came primarily from Jack Neil Vitor
32:27 Exxon saying, well wait a The concept of para sequence doesn't work
32:30 well with seismic data because all you is these chloroform packages. So the
32:35 of the word para sequence sets doesn't well with seismic data. So let's
32:40 the word accommodation succession as a more term. Right? You could say
32:44 last thing we need is more damn and sequence photography. But nevertheless,
32:50 know, and I quite like the of accommodation successions. Anyway.
32:56 you know, this is kind of we ended off, you know,
32:59 , trying to sort of bounce between sequence photography and seismic data versus the
33:05 information you get from. Well, where you can see the upper coursing
33:08 with finding profiles that give you information the deposition, all trends in in
33:14 sections. Okay, mm hmm. this is a diagram and just bear
33:19 me it's kind of a simple but it does give a warning.
33:27 . So what we see is three loans. Right? So, we've
33:30 these these are things that look like . In reality, they should probably
33:36 like that with the river. So probably draw this diagram sometimes, but
33:41 doesn't matter. Okay, So here got three deltas and which direction of
33:45 building and the upper case the building you away from you. Right.
33:55 that's is that presentational retro gradation building you? Your secret. I'm I'm
34:07 presentational or officials presentational or no, its proclamation. Elit always, always
34:30 this, nope, it's been moving distal position. That's correct.
34:38 a correct piece of information didn't quite the question. What's the word we
34:44 for the shore line moving distance? word probation will first want the sediments
34:55 doing if the sediments appropriation or what's water doing the shoreline? What's the
35:02 to be used for the direct? water is moving. You're right,
35:09 not moving up or down. But show is moving in which direction?
35:14 the system is presentational. Okay. . And what's the word we use
35:19 the shore line moving away from the regardless of whether there's any vertical or
35:25 elevation drop of the sea level. slides written on the slide. Retro
35:35 refers to what the sediments are The word is written is written on
35:41 slide. Oh correct progressive write. word regressive refers to the shore
35:57 So pro gravitational sediments are always Retro gradation of sediments for always
36:10 So when the shore line moves what do we call that? Well
36:16 must say where the shoreline moves Right. And when the shoreline moose
36:23 the sediments are commercial retro gradation and the shore line moves seaward the sediments
36:32 okay we gotta get those terms in head. Okay, so in the
36:36 diagram the sediments are the upper diagram the shore line is progressive. Okay
36:46 the upper diagram shows a regressive system a pro professional shorelines. Okay.
36:52 there's a twist here. Okay in to moving towards you, which way
36:58 the delta shifting in the diagram? . Mhm. And also which way
37:10 moving laterally. So it's not pure . It's also moving laterally. Now
37:17 now? Here they've got an example well okay so although the doubt first
37:22 towards you in that in that system blue delta is is right smack in
37:33 middle of that blue that blue delta right under the well. Okay,
37:40 the time you get to the yellow right the edge of the delta is
37:45 the well is. And so is delta thickest in the middle or on
37:49 edge in the middle. So what see is three upward cautioning units And
37:59 Upper one is the finest even though delta is moving seaward and it's also
38:04 laterally away from the well. So looks like you get a series of
38:08 upward delta packages even though the system procreation now in the case of
38:15 Well here it starts off at the of blue, greener is close to
38:20 middle and yellow is a bit closer the middle of that of that was
38:25 on the edge. So this one like a typical procreation repair sequence
38:30 So they simply point out that if we do look is one D stacking
38:34 might see a series of finer uh sequences. And it could be just
38:38 systems moving laterally away. It doesn't that the system is further away you
38:44 , but it doesn't always mean that it's further land where it could be
38:47 laterally shifting. Right? So it points out that and in the lower
38:51 we have exactly the same situation where system is retro traditional but it's also
38:57 laterally and in the in the yellow it's shifting shifting landward but laterally closer
39:05 the to the that left hand right, see the dilemma,
39:11 So it's just it's just a warning we have to be careful with over
39:15 one dimensional stack patterns. So the to think of interpreting stacking patterns in
39:20 well is to think of it as hypothesis, right? There needs to
39:24 tested by looking at the other wells ultimately doing the mapping. Okay.
39:29 know, it's it's it could be educational program additional based on stacking and
39:35 on the theory that we've covered in of stacking patterns. But you
39:38 you also have to think about lateral , particularly if it's a delta X
39:44 . Any questions with that. so pair of sequences and essentially it's
39:53 , you know, it's it's a informal bed set bounded by flooding surface
39:57 their relative surfaces. Typically they're expresses standard upward coarsening faces succession representing pro
40:05 and regression of some sort of shore or delta. And they're commonly bounded
40:10 these flooding surfaces that violate walther's And the paris equal sets are related
40:18 uh um para sequence sets are are of para sequences that show distinctive stacking
40:29 . Okay. And of course because paris sequences always regressive, right?
40:35 know, a transgressive para sequence, retro traditional para sequence set in a
40:43 systems track can still have moments of with it. Right. So you
40:47 have regression and procreation within a retrograde para sequence set because you have nesting
40:53 short moments of settlement supply but with overall back stepping. Right.
41:01 So uh and then we talked about idea of our systems tracked. We
41:09 there. Did I talk about systems if you get. Okay, so
41:14 deposition system would be something like the river, a shelf slope, submarine
41:21 . Those are all de positional systems if you prefer deposition environments.
41:30 An environment is sort of a suite conditions, right? You know,
41:35 environment that is could be a a of processes. An environment sort of
41:41 be an area. A deposition system a three dimensional body of sediments,
41:47 characteristic of deposition within a specific environment linkage or linked environments. Right.
41:55 Deltek deposition system has distributor channels, bars. You could have a pro
42:02 shale. Um And so a deposition could have a number of environments within
42:08 but they're linked but that they have genetic linkage. Okay. And a
42:14 tracked is defined by its physical Both in the basin. In the
42:19 . It typically shows diagnostic para sequence patterns. A P P A.
42:26 . D. Okay. It's bound they could be bounded by specific surfaces
42:32 they may be related to formation during interval of relative sea level change.
42:39 tracks are commonly interpreted as being deposited a function of specific types of accommodation
42:47 accumulation regimes. Okay. And the between systems track commonly are defined by
42:56 in the rate at which a combination sediment supply changing. And there's been
43:00 discussion literature, particularly in John van 1995 book about. In his
43:08 Systems Track should be defined by their relationships and observe faces boundaries but they're
43:16 interpreted in terms of their association with of a cycle of sea level
43:23 And so people talk about a low . Systems tracked and a transgressive systems
43:28 and a high stand systems track and falling stage. Systems track falling.
43:34 falling stage, What was sea Wait a minute. So a systems
43:38 is defined by a stage of sea . Yes. According to Henry
43:43 the van wang said no, no, no. That that's that's
43:45 terrible idea. It should be defined the basis of its stacking relationships.
43:51 . This is an unresolvable debate Okay, I don't think it will
43:56 be resolved. My humble personal A systems contract can be defined by
44:04 properties but ultimately it's used for interpreting the the the the relationship with doing
44:12 body of rocks and what's happening with level. And it's it's almost impossible
44:16 extricate. The reason why people don't this is because the scientist, we're
44:22 to separate our observations and our And if you describe something as a
44:28 stand systems tracked, you're saying, know that it's deposited during a time
44:32 low sea level. Wait a Unless you know where sea level
44:36 That has to be interpretation. That's longer an observation. I'm like,
44:40 that's so what then it's not it's interpretation. Make sure you explain this
44:46 provide the observational evidence used to interpret . If someone doesn't like your
44:50 they can interpret differently later. You know, by and large,
44:56 you like it or not, you're be paid to do two things
45:01 And actor right now, I can what you're paid for by and
45:06 You're not paid to do a lot interpretation. Is that fair? You're
45:10 to gather data, you know, an accurate way. But when you
45:15 the geologist a well log it better the damn well log right one.
45:19 you have the wrong api number, give them the wrong size of
45:22 you know, fired right? But you have to do is keep track
45:25 the quality of your day to make you give the right data to geology
45:29 , the jaws have to interpret okay. And they have to interpret
45:33 and making it make an interpretation based that. Risk their money or someone
45:37 money on a prospect, right? if they mess up their interpretation,
45:42 real bad. Right? At the least they have to have the right
45:47 , if you have the wrong data the wrong interpretation. Oh my
45:51 Right. And so there's two aspects being a scientist. one is to
45:56 the systematics never ever screw up, sure that you've got the face is
46:01 or observations right? You've got the , well log you understand that there's
46:05 . I mean, I can well, log interpretation as well and
46:09 had well logs with, with, the well casing problems, you
46:14 the well, log, well, , it says it's a shell,
46:18 it's just, it looks like a , it's just a big blown out
46:21 . So the gamma underestimates the mythology looks like it's sand, snobby,
46:25 , blah, blah, blah, . You know, I've worked basis
46:28 radioactive sand stones that look like shales you know, I mean, that's
46:33 whole another thing. Right? Long you get the data, right?
46:35 the question is, are you getting right? You know the reason that
46:39 taking this class because you'll get paid money with a master's degree because you're
46:43 interpretations. It's a riskier business as consequence, there's more on the line
46:49 you need more training to get it , and therefore you get paid a
46:53 more money to interpret, Right? if you have to use math as
46:58 , you get paid a bit bit . Which is why geophysicists and engineers
47:02 paid more money than geologists. Ah. So, yeah. And
47:10 but having said that if you're an and try to do geology and don't
47:14 all this gobbledygook jargon, you will really bad interpretations quickly and start losing
47:19 for somebody. Right? So, , All right. So, mm
47:27 . So, we talked about this little bit. So, in the
47:30 they were, you know, sort in the early sequence photography. And
47:34 are different varieties of sequence photography. was a high stand systems tracked
47:41 You know, and and again, know, here we have a some
47:47 of a could be careful these This is sea level and systems
47:52 You need to look at these things . Is at sea level, or
47:55 it based level, right? You , sea level does not have substance
47:59 it. Base level will So, you if you have C level,
48:04 , you know, if you have level, that's going up and
48:07 You know, sea level rises because melt and it falls because ice build
48:12 . And basically, you know in route, you know, it's very
48:16 for ice to build up infinitely. , the amount of fall is,
48:20 know, produced when glaciers build up typically matched by the fact that when
48:23 melt, the amount that was built melts and puts goes back in the
48:29 . Right? So the magnitude of and rise pretty equal in a glacier
48:35 world. However, accommodation by and in sedimentary basins is always more.
48:42 the accommodation generated by sea level Why is that? Thanks?
48:54 I'm not going to give you a for that. So accommodation is a
49:01 available for summer in Philly. So that's controlled by sea level change
49:07 that could be tectonic ecstatic of grocery . That's why I can't give you
49:11 used to sleep. What else generates in the basement? Exactly.
49:18 Right. And so subsidence is That's why there's a sedimentary basin.
49:23 means the whole is growing and see he's doing that. So this is
49:28 , this sea level. See what . The basin is getting bigger with
49:32 now fills up and it fills It fills up. Right. And
49:37 as a consequence, the base of will always look like this,
49:42 Because you've got linear subsidence, which is linear, linear substance creating space
49:49 . Or maybe it'll be faster and on this on this sandy soil.
49:56 static curve. Right? That's why have to look at these things
50:00 Right? So in this case you've sea level rise fall and then in
50:04 case the rise looks bigger, which implies either that there was more ice
50:09 in the second cycle or maybe there some substance out of it. So
50:14 is died by chris Kendall. I think he thought that. I think
50:18 actually got subsidence in there. you're in the right. So we've
50:22 high high sea level falls and then rises again. And so we've
50:27 you know, strong lines kind of here. Then the shorelines shifted way
50:32 word, we've got our submarine fans then the shoreline back step and then
50:37 in a high position to get. that's sort of the the position of
50:41 high shorelines. Right? They kind go back to the same place and
50:45 the show the low shorelines are So we have high stance shorelines,
50:50 stand shorelines, right? And they're of of the high stands and low
50:55 of sea level, regardless of whether rise and falls are caused by tectonics
51:01 by glaciers to see. And the way to determine that is to is
51:05 know how much time is wrapped up this geological cross section that we're
51:10 Right? If that's 20,000 years of . That's almost certainly you status if
51:17 five million years of geology, then probably tectonic. Right, That makes
51:23 . Okay. Any questions about that of introducing the systems track terminology.
51:33 this diagram here we have, we three systems tracks. And the low
51:43 is characterized by and in size Right. So you see the incision
51:49 and the well log you see we've a sharp based finding upper unit which
51:54 interpreted as flew the yellow river erosive lee overlying difficult shales.
52:00 So that's the wealthiest law violating Write a river should not be juxtaposed
52:07 a shelf sale. A river should a delta which feeds a shelf
52:12 Right? So the delta has been away by the incised valley.
52:17 And then we go into the distal . We have a nice gradual upward
52:22 and of course the sequence boundary is down here, not even intersected in
52:26 well lock. Right. And then we've got this low stand shore line
52:33 fed by this river. So that a river deposit is feeding that shore
52:38 and see how the river is separate the shoreline by Maybe 100 km on
52:42 cross section. There's no lateral scale . Okay, and then I think
52:48 showed this. So here's so on diagram here is a couple of
52:56 I notice you've got the the so we have a sign your soil,
52:59 static curve. Okay, substance is longer on this courage. So this
53:04 showing the evolution of a continental margin a static hi or fall to low
53:13 to rise ceilings. So right now in the green part of the
53:16 extremely rapid fall. Now another thing want you to think about in this
53:21 is what's along this axis here? on the arrow? What's along that
53:31 ? The red arrow? They just again the red arrow I just drew
53:44 direction right here. Yeah. Just try this again. Okay.
53:57 see this curve here. Right. curve is that? What is that
54:23 ? That's showing sea level, Right. And so what's on the
54:27 ? There's a graph here. What's the vertical axis? Hi and low
54:36 my spelling here. Right. And on this axis? Time? There
54:42 go. Okay so there's a couple I want you to notice.
54:52 Okay. What should I draw a bit better? So this is showing
55:04 geology that happens from this point on curve to that point on the
55:11 What are C. Level is doing he loved doing? Right. And
55:17 much time has it taken from that to that point? Not much
55:24 Okay. That's that's kind of because have a whole other exercise we used
55:28 do to try to get you think about so on the sign you saw
55:32 curve you know it's just the physics waves you know on some periods
55:37 The rate of change is very Right? So a lot of change
55:41 in a short period of time. what this is showing is a lot
55:46 changes happening CNN has gone from high low position that's occurring in quite a
55:51 period of time. Okay. And . Excellent. Should have reasoned.
55:56 because the fall happened so fast you get a lot of sedimentation occurred.
56:04 in their view, this area here largely being excavated. There's not much
56:10 for rivers to migrate laterally and leave record. Okay. And you get
56:15 point erosion and the problem that it takes time for next point to
56:20 So that's not necessarily all that rational they've drawn here. But you
56:25 I'm not sure they thought all this through. And then they got some
56:29 know little deltas stage at the edge the edge of the shelf because sea
56:33 has gone through a big drop as went from this high position in this
56:36 position and we're taking sediment from this area, dumping it as the submarine
56:43 . Okay and so again, there's beginning, there's the end and
56:52 as you correctly point out a very period of time. Now then we
56:56 into this next part of the Right? And how much sea level
57:02 occurring. So now we're going from time to that time, is that
57:06 or less time in the previous a lot more time and how much
57:11 level changes going on? Not very . Right. A little bit of
57:15 , a little bit of rise. . Mhm. So can I do
57:22 choreography here? Okay, so it's one systems right, credit card stops
57:31 a little bit because kind of standing the base. Right? So the
57:38 of the Exxon idea is like renters , just just cut, cut,
57:46 , alright, dumps a bunch of but that that right, and that's
57:51 sequence boundary and the south, it's , that's kind of soft X
57:56 you know, and I'm gonna look a little bit. Yeah, I
57:59 I don't want to go back a , you know, I'm not like
58:03 that stops you like shopping, you , a little bit. And so
58:09 that sort of that time of right, and what am I
58:15 What am I doing now? Right. I mean standing means not
58:21 very fast, right? So you build it, it's just a little
58:25 of motion. And so all of sudden the the previously existing irrational
58:33 Now, all that topography is filled right by a series of robust shelf
58:40 deltas and systems. Okay, uh . That that the submarine fan gets
58:45 by by shales, right? With some maybe what they call slope fans
58:53 the basic floor fans and the valleys then as, as Cielo begins to
58:58 a little bit, the valleys begin fill up now, what else is
59:04 during this long period of time? the sea level falls, just a
59:08 bit that rises just a little what else is happening in the sedimentary
59:15 ? What else is happening? Right, so you've got a little
59:21 of fallen will rise, but subsidence going on. So maybe during that
59:26 , even though there's a bit of of sea level, if substance is
59:30 little bit level, there's no more level drops. Right. A combination
59:34 begins to increase and that last assistant to pro grade and then as you
59:39 to the end of the low sea levels rising subsidence continuing. Now
59:45 creating a combination. So you're going P two a But because sea level
59:50 still sort of stuck down here, know, and the system that sort
59:54 hanging there, there's no need to a step back. So it just
59:58 want to see the sediments have the edge and builds a big wedge of
60:03 and settlements, right? And they and build over and they could put
60:09 and shells on top of those fans . Right now, then what
60:19 Okay, so now we go into next step. Now, unfortunately they
60:26 two steps in one here, which me a little bit. But what
60:30 from this point to that point? , please. Exactly. Right,
60:39 now we're back to an enormous amount sea level rise, but in it
60:45 without a lot of time. so let me do the visual for
60:50 . So during the civil fall II down there. I stopped and took
60:56 time, you know? And then starts to rush back a little
61:00 Some kind of, you know, something. Hopefully it's like if I
61:04 jump back, right, and once river that was confined to the
61:11 once the value fills up, but just kind of like, okay,
61:17 let's just say this is a value now. Remember, I can't go
61:20 with. So I just I just experience you, right? And then
61:25 the value fills up, right? of a sudden I can go over
61:30 , which means that I've got too space to fill. So I'm just
61:33 like I can't I can't I can't myself the shelf edge. So as
61:38 consequence I jumped landed and that produces here at this most found under the
61:46 aggression. And then finally when the fills up, I should step back
61:52 all of a sudden I used to there. Now, I'm back
61:57 What surface has been created. that's the first major surface of
62:05 But before that big scene of I was in my point of maximum
62:11 Headset Service has given two names directly the point of massive aggression directly talk
62:18 that big back step. Okay. it happens because once you flood back
62:24 the shelf slope break, right the for for the area for available for
62:30 becomes almost infinite. Which means the simply can't keep up anymore. So
62:36 it's sort of it's partly driven by sea level rise. It's probably driven
62:40 this sudden expansion of area as a jumps out of its valley. And
62:47 that's why you see these massive surfaces back stepping for retro gradation.
62:54 And of course, at some you know, the sea level reaches
62:57 maximum position so it comes back and , okay, yeah, I'm
63:03 you know, brush yourself off and it just it just starts to claw
63:07 way back. Right. And it's doing it seals too high.
63:11 So now we're in the orange, blue part was rising, that it
63:16 less less. Then it starts to and stable. Okay. I don't
63:20 against anymore and start to drop a there. And the next time I'm
63:26 Right, it's an absolute great great that that are at A and
63:35 And manufacturers like when. Right. if you sort of think about it
63:42 terms of how you would behave if are a surfing or swimming, you
63:48 , kind of, you know, that's your accommodate the first accommodation.
63:54 . And then of course on the they go to the next sequence
64:19 Low stand following stage sequence spanning And, you know, sometimes they
64:26 this the early low stand systems Then we've got the low stand systems
64:31 deposition of the Los Damn wedge. we've got the transgressive systems track and
64:36 high stand shoulder one. And then got the next no sand.
64:40 during the depositions, transgressive systems they show this green stuff.
64:46 so that's the condensed section, shale a condensed section is sediment that's deposited
64:54 . And if if sediments deposited what tends to accumulate in the
65:01 you haven't got a lot of clay out what's going to be deposited in
65:05 marine setting fossil material? Right. could be shells could be organic
65:15 And if we're at transgression, high sea level, maybe it's a bit
65:19 little bit more. Maybe it's a bit less auction down there. So
65:23 can produce content sections. The condensed can have organic material on the
65:27 not much silt and so they can both condemned sections and seals.
65:32 So, we can get to two of patrolling system for one event.
65:39 right. And so a type one is a sequence in which the self
65:46 , the shelf slope break is So, we get these nick points
65:50 incised valleys. Type two sequence is which there's a drop of sea
65:54 but not sufficient to expose the shelf slope. Okay. And they can
65:59 a bit more difficult to recognize. . All right. So this will
66:07 certainly be on the quizzes and I'll say, you know what surface
66:11 the low stance systems track. so what surfaces at the base of
66:18 low sound systems tracked? The sequence . Right. So let's let's do
66:23 bit of chanting error. The base the low stand systems tract is the
66:29 . And the low stance system tracked bounded by the or the maximum aggressive
66:38 . Right, Okay. The transgressive tracked is bounded on the top by
66:47 what's more and below by the transgressive . And you said it too.
66:55 transgressive surfaces under laying by the the systems tracked is underlined by the
67:09 that would be the low stand systems the transgressive systems tractors underlay and by
67:17 No, it's over land by the flooding surface. The transgressive systems tracked
67:23 underlined by the the maximum aggression surface the also called the transgressive surface.
67:32 the transgressive systems, tractors over land the maximum flooding surface. Okay,
67:45 high stand Systems tracked is underlined by and over land by the next sequence
67:57 . Okay. The low stance systems is underlined by the sequence boundary.
68:06 . The transgressive systems tracked is over by the the high stand systems tracked
68:13 underlined by the which over lies that , he's at the maximum flooding surface
68:23 lies the the transgressive assistance track, is underlined by the maximum directing surface
68:38 also called the the transgressions of the surface. Right now, there's lots
68:44 transgressive surface. It's called the transgressive which means the first major one in
68:49 stack. Right? So I think community is getting a little bit tired
68:53 the word the transgressive surface because this surfaces, transgressive surface kind of all
68:59 the same. So I think you all answered the most of the ones
69:06 . So practice that a little bit ? Um I know it feels a
69:11 bit kind of like grade school to but you know, it's just a
69:15 to kind of memorize it, And I don't have a pneumonic for
69:19 . But nevertheless. Okay. Um you know I've got some words here
69:26 sort of just give you some uh . You know the transgressive systems tracked
69:33 characterized by uh a retro gradation We're back stepping pattern typically ah The
69:45 the top of the transgressive systems tax show a change from retro gradation to
69:50 a nation. Right? So Two P. A. Right?
69:56 or or are to a P. should say. Right? So here
70:01 could say marked a change from from two ap right? And hi stand
70:25 be marked by changed from ap The you've got to be a bit
70:38 here. Okay. Exxon got to real bad fight with Henry postman
70:47 Henry liquid wax on and I gotta careful about these stories. I
70:54 These are old stories I was working the University of texas at Austin and
71:00 were being funded by Exxon. And I phoned this guy at Exxon and
71:06 tell you his name, he's not anymore. And I said, you
71:09 what, we're looking for some wells the powder river basin. He
71:13 john locke, he said, I said that, you know,
71:19 I need to talk to you said been discussing you and your colleagues
71:25 you know, he said, we've discussing our relationship with the bureau at
71:29 and you know, we want to out to you and teach you how
71:31 do sequence photography. I'm like, , so you don't think I know
71:35 to do sequence photography. And I , well, you know, I
71:39 , you know, I worked at Calgary back in the early eighties,
71:43 , you know, things have already in seven said, you know,
71:46 know, and I said, you , I worked with Henry post
71:50 we don't believe anything. Henry's done you left axle. I'm like,
71:54 , okay. Of course Henry left and then did all this work on
71:59 aggression. And this guy that someone's me, yeah, we don't,
72:02 don't believe any of that stuff. know. And then I say,
72:04 , you know, I mean we're revetments Jonathan that we've got on the
72:10 . We've looked for revetment surface. laugh when we hear that they don't
72:14 . And I'm like, well, guy's, I don't, this guy's
72:19 . Like he doesn't know what he's about. I thought I was nice
72:22 kind of extricated myself from the phone turns out that they got really piste
72:27 of me and wouldn't talk to me about, oh, shoot. That
72:32 96 In 2007. They finally began you get. So I was I
72:39 not allowed to talk them for 10 and I won't tell you what
72:45 And the guy that was that was a meeting with me went to another
72:51 . There's another interesting story. He at this other company. We're a
72:54 good friend of mine works and they discussing funding funding my consortium. This
72:59 was just meeting and started bad mouthing and my good friend. And I
73:03 to school and said I've worked with Kerry and he influenced the way I
73:07 . And he's an extremely good sequence . And I read find what you're
73:12 offensive, the guy, the guy the hospital, I don't think we
73:15 score anything. And left the And that company funded me for about
73:19 years. Anyway, so that's the of sequence photography, right? So
73:24 , it was kind of nice when Neil and Vitor Bruno came to visit
73:28 and you know, they knew that had some fights with them in bars
73:33 meetings. There was a bit of blood between us. but you
73:36 we started, we started talking, other thing that happened is, you
73:42 , job bandwagon really got crossways, I only met him once or twice
73:46 a long story short, ultimately he encouraged to take retirement for the company
73:52 he was a difficult person to work and Exxon, we're losing really good
73:57 because they kept getting in fights with guy and they would go in the
74:00 . I think the Exxon matter started , wait a minute, we're losing
74:03 best people to all our competitors because guy is impossible to work with.
74:08 finally an interesting again, I went a meeting with Exxon and I realized
74:14 john Van Wagner's old roommate was the of the lab and so he was
74:20 . Right. Anyway, it all up van wagon left the company.
74:24 the next thing I know I was to meetings with Exxon and they were
74:27 me and I was best friends with . So you know, anyway,
74:31 then the other weird thing that happened like bloom, I went to excellent
74:39 , Mike Bloomberg, famous the quaternary and there was a lot about sea
74:46 effects, fraternity systems and he went Exxon left, I guess he was
74:52 issue and Mike is another interesting it was not a cakewalk for
74:59 he ended up getting in a big with the manager there, but he
75:03 into fights with Van Wagner and he of helped the company convince swag wagon
75:08 retirement. And then Mike tried to his version of secret photography. And
75:14 course he and I were good He was convincing them to fund
75:19 In the end they did. But the time they funded me he was
75:22 fights. So he was not going meet him because he was considered too
75:26 . And he he and Vitor used go to beers at the ginger man
75:32 rice village and Mike bloom said to to vitro Brown. Jackie said,
75:38 screwed up sequence photography, you've got stamp systems, track terminology. Nobody
75:43 could keep track of you guys need fix it. The United States needs
75:46 publish a paper that has an optional based, you know, sequence photography
75:52 doesn't have all this high stands and stands and transgressive transgressive surfaces. And
76:00 went to the ginger man because vito I are buddies now. And they
76:04 this paper on accommodation succession and the was, and they realized paris sequences
76:09 apply to seismic data. The system's terminology is getting confusing and they were
76:16 that this was an observational based approach that relied on the observation of,
76:21 these client form surfaces through time. it's been kind of an interesting
76:27 right? You know, So I've full circle with Exxon, they funded
76:31 for quite a few years, invited to all their research meetings and uh
76:35 know, now I want to come time return and I go through beers
76:38 we wrote a paper on the history photography and which was a lecture I
76:43 you last week. But anyway, course, you know, the Systems
76:46 terminology uh is retained in addition to three systems tracks low stand, high
76:55 and transgressive. And there was this called the shelf margin systems tract,
77:00 is sort of a low stand without incised valleys. And then of course
77:06 other big big breakthrough was the identification that you know, so in the
77:14 view, CNN will sort of falls that. Right. But in reality
77:21 you look at quaternary systems, sea falls, rather graduating hiccups. And
77:28 static rises are incredibly fast. So thing that we realized looking at at
77:33 static times is that the falls, takes a while for the great glaciers
77:37 build up and they do it in as a consequence of many basins.
77:42 a prolonged record of of of step of sea level. And of course
77:46 happens is you get these down stepping forced regressive deposits. Right? There
77:52 no one through going sequence boundary, a series of down stepping system.
77:59 so that led to the development of of a an additional systems tract which
78:04 rather than a single surface formed during policy level. There are actually a
78:08 of physically down stepping uh wedges of and that became the following stage or
78:16 regressive systems track deposit during a time falling sea level or as a result
78:23 this process of regression is forced by drop of sea level. That makes
78:31 . All right. And then we through this before this was sort of
78:35 was Henry's example of of of down . That would be his, his
78:41 forced regressive wedge, which he lumped the he called that the early low
78:47 systems track. So he sort of the systems track into an early and
78:54 . Okay, now the interesting thing again, I'm I'm packing in a
79:02 of concepts here for you folks. , notice that that Henry uses the
79:07 early low stand systems track. Getting attention. He calls it an early
79:13 stand systems track. So according to , that term, what kind of
79:20 is a low stand Systems track? it a material unit or it is
79:31 is it is it is a krone graphic unit is a physical unit or
79:36 it a time unit? Exactly Exactly. Right. So this
79:44 drove john van wagoner crazy because in opinion a systems track is a material
79:51 . It should be described as upper lower but not earlier. Late.
79:55 implies a time unit. Right. I don't think I don't know what
80:00 realized that he stepped into a puddle , but it by calling it by
80:06 subdividing systems tracked into early and late stand, early and late low
80:11 He was saying time is an essential of the concept of a system
80:16 The question is ton of what the in which sea level changes happening,
80:20 time in which the settlement is being . Right? So that's why,
80:25 know, although it may have been maybe why spanish sherry talking about all
80:28 early and late and upper and lower because it creeps into the very essence
80:33 the way that we name systems It tells you that the early proponents
80:38 the terminology Rudy thought of it as time strata graphic unit. That's why
80:43 I said, my little equation of photography is rocks plus time plus
80:51 I think you put in there. , surfaces integrated with rocks and interpret
80:56 terms of time That equals systems. two sequences. Okay, so we
81:02 a late, high standard early, stand and so on and so forth
81:07 now. Okay, this lecture is a bit longer than I thought,
81:13 that's okay. It's it's an opportunity us to revisit some stuff we talked
81:17 last week and this part of the always seemed to go a bit
81:20 but it's a good way to sort finish it and yet review some
81:23 Right. So I want to think this diagram of Henry's Henry has shown
81:31 he hasn't quite drunk the kool aid forced aggressive systems tracked. He
81:36 oh, it's the early low Okay. Mhm. I'm going to
81:42 my choreography again. Right, Right, now I'm gonna be the
81:46 boundary. Okay. I grew it . So now now I've just just
81:55 . There's also contacted based on transit . So I translated the shelf,
81:59 gone through a high low position. . Just just for the sequence boundary
82:07 rico's texas. Okay. That this is only part of that.
82:17 . If we agree that I end in a low position, do you
82:22 agreed by? Simple? I So this is screwed up already knows
82:34 it's like period of time, which is moving with the greatest figure,
82:41 . The law established while I was , ain't it? Mom was moving
82:45 .84 B. So calling out to those staff is a perversion of the
82:49 language. That's why I refused much part of the following statistics describes when
83:00 are moving fast. Right? But let's talk about the uh the transgressors
83:06 extract that makes sense. I know . Hi stand in the early high
83:12 kind of hanging right? You I'm largely degraded what happens when I
83:17 to move fast this way. Now could argue, well if Celia started
83:23 sense the field of supply, but you can sell our people, you
83:32 , sea levels still kind of standing and the settlements were whizzing past.
83:36 you could argue that a late Hiestand sense because it's describing what the water
83:40 doing, not what the sentiments but it's really stupid. But when
83:47 use the word standing describes something that's . I think it gets, it
83:53 it makes it very confusing right? any rate. And you know,
84:01 a nice example of one of the examples of back stepping retro traditional para
84:06 step that's from the almond sandstone, is a that's a late cretaceous system
84:12 Wyoming that I've had students work on then ah so this is an issue
84:21 is really problematic. We cut a and we start to fill the
84:26 You know, maybe it fills you know, alluvial sediments and then
84:34 the upper part of valley fills with setting such that there's a major transgressive
84:40 in the valley. Now, Van would say, such as the,
84:45 value, the value becomes an a drowned valley. And we're going
84:50 talk about this when we get to valleys next book that's going to be
84:55 week. So there's been a big Van wagoner said anything that fills the
85:02 by definition because of its physical position sequence. I'm going to call that
85:07 step and then bob Dalrymple and Ron and brian's England said no,
85:13 no, no, no. If valley, if the transgressive surfaces in
85:17 valley, then the marine part of valley fill is a transgressive systems
85:22 Right? I think in the end valley filled people have won that
85:26 but but there is a debate in , in your exercise, we're going
85:31 use the Exxon approach. I'm just assume that the valley fill is all
85:37 stand and the first big transgression doesn't until the valleys filled. But there's
85:41 big debate about the literature and even vale said he wished he'd never used
85:48 word transgressive systems tracked. They wish use a more descriptive terms such as
85:54 gradation system track that describes the physical of the units as opposed to what
86:00 that was doing. But they say . But then, you know,
86:04 using low stand and you know, , low stand and late, low
86:09 . So, you know, the guys tried to say, you know
86:13 internet, they use the systems, terminology said, oh man, it's
86:17 interpretive, it's kind of getting And as Graham must have said to
86:22 , interpretations changed with the rock stone . And of course, you
86:26 at the same time as I told . But you know, the bottom
86:29 is you're really being paid to So you know, there's nothing bad
86:33 interpreting but interpretations change. Right? question is what should the sequence series
86:41 be something that once it's done it's done and never changes. Or can
86:45 sequence of trickery change because the interpretations . And this is why sequence trickery
86:50 been formalized. Probably because it's very that makes it useful to find all
86:56 gas, but it makes it difficult finalize, right? It's hard to
87:01 interpretation, interpretation all frameworks. Okay. So in the high stand
87:09 tracked accumulation can exceed accommodation, allowing shore line to continue to regress
87:18 Right? But a combination can be static in other words, not really
87:24 very much standing and the settlement supply increase. So in that case,
87:32 standing, what's not changing very much the accommodation. So again, inherent
87:37 the systems track terminology, Is that is constant or either a combination is
87:43 rapidly or it's constant. And the refers far more To what the accommodation
87:49 doing versus the seven supply. And there's some stuff about the kinds
87:55 deposition systems that might be most And also that condensed section is usually
88:02 of the boundary between the transgressive and highest and system. And that's this
88:06 stuff. They keep showing these there's your that green condemned section and
88:11 the stuff that's below the down lap . Okay, condemned sections of
88:21 Well, these age equivalent money They are typically see what have see
88:30 the systems tracks. They tend to based and distal, they commonly developed
88:35 the influence of excessive to original which means, as McDonough's correctly pointed
88:41 , they can be rich in organic inorganic material. Shell material, fossil
88:45 because their fossil rich, they're good to bios photography. The flip side
88:50 , you can have a lot of zones in a relatively thin layer of
88:54 . You have to sample more frequently more tightly in a condensed section.
89:01 material can fix Iranian thorium so gamma ray profiles will will show a
89:09 increase. You might get chalks phosphor rates and you may get these
89:17 have enriched fauna. And of if you're in carbonate settings, you
89:23 actually get hard grounds and marine Right? And if you get a
89:34 deeper, you can drop below the compensation debt. You've got carbonates,
89:39 can start to, that's what I'm for, dissolve them. Right?
89:44 corrode the surface. Bill Hawk wrote paper about that back a long time
89:48 . So if we look at our log cross section here, right?
89:54 at what happens to the uh, these three wells in the basic
89:58 So, so there's there's there's a of general Gamba log and that's a
90:02 gamble. Okay, there's a clean . Look at the gamma in the
90:07 section, it's much much more Alright, so we're gonna, do
90:13 know anything about these? These gamma well logs. So, so that
90:18 less radio activists is to the left the more radioactive to the right.
90:22 the highly radioactive Ian shales commonly reflects volcanic material or organic material because the
90:32 material fixes uranium story. And so is the condensed sectors. Now you
90:39 get a condensed section at the base the high stand systems tracked. You
90:43 that there's also there's also a down surface between the submarine fans and that
90:49 low stand wedge. So you can a mini condensed section there. And
90:54 here's an example of of some this from the carbonate literature. So in
91:01 carbonate grand cycles here we've got, know, a retro traditional accommodation succession
91:08 around goes pro professional. Then it retro additional. So here we've got
91:13 got two cycles of sea level that being superimposed. Okay, and in
91:19 case we've got maybe a second or high stand or a third of the
91:24 sand superimposed on the fourth or the stand. So the positive reinforcement.
91:29 we talked about that. So we these ultra organic rich mud rocks and
91:35 could this could be where you've got super sequence high stand occurring at the
91:39 time with the sequence high stand and can predict these things using uh you
91:45 use static curves and these these super mud rocks commonly form things like the
91:51 shale or the the marcellus shale up pennsylvania and a lot of these things
91:59 these super rich organic shales that are big the big condensed sections that companies
92:06 pioneer or exploring for. Right, . Type two sequences just shown
92:13 So here on the diagram you can on lap right on lap. So
92:23 lap is there in the lower sequence then it shifts in the in the
92:28 sequins. So there is the basin shift in online requiring requiring a drop
92:33 sea level. Unfortunately, it's not to expose the shell slope break.
92:38 you don't get incised valleys, but is a genuine drop of sea level
92:42 by a basin would shift in Right? And you may I don't
92:45 you have some of those sort of your on your little lap out
92:51 Right? And in this diagram they appropriation all parents sequence set. And
92:56 type one sequence spanish is indicated by program adding two more aggravation, all
93:01 pattern distantly. And there is evidence the basin would shift in on lap
93:06 it's all within the non marine part the of this photography. Okay.
93:12 then you can also have a type sequence in a deposition or basin that
93:17 the shelf. Smoke bright. So this case we've got shallow and stars
93:22 on a ramp margin which would be ramp margin. Let me drop
93:28 So, you know in the very exercise I showed this, right.
93:39 I put my little but my little . I put my little shore line
93:59 , mike, Lana phone wedge right Iran margin. Right? The
94:08 the only knick point you have is little shore face, which but if
94:13 you have is a wrap margin will the cretaceous interior seaway in north
94:17 Were you very rarely had a big stable platform? So as a consequence
94:23 nick point that's exposed. So if drop sea level from say here down
94:31 , the rivers, see that nick , which is the shore face,
94:34 might be 2030 m. And so and behold the incised valleys of the
94:38 seaway are seldom more than about 2030 deep because you don't have a shelf
94:43 . Right? Which is where as a passive margin you can get a
94:48 deep, incised deep water canyon because point is much, much, much
94:55 . Also, if you have a gradient ramp margin, even a small
94:59 of stable can jump the shore line hundreds of kilometers. You can get
95:03 big translations of the shorelines. so I'm not sure if I like
95:13 slide or love to slide or hate . Anyway, this is from Katherine
95:18 paper and textbooks. So he's got series of systems tracks. Okay.
95:27 he's got deposition is seeking to De sequence. three. Then he's
95:37 I don't remember what all these are sequence. That's Bill Galloway. There's
95:42 , tR sequences. And you notice , you know here he's got the
95:47 regressive surface. What's the other name that? The transgressive surface and that
95:54 overlying by the transgressive systems track for . Just give me one step because
96:02 gonna be finished in 30 seconds. And so here we've got a falling
96:08 systems tracked in a deposition sequence Excellent. Call that the late Hiestand
96:15 calls out there early low stand. you got high stand systems tracked in
96:21 early late high stance. So you , we've got these different systems
96:25 Some of them recognize, you correlated conformity. Some of them have
96:31 surface of marine erosion. Uh Some them have lump all of these systems
96:37 into simply regressive and transgressive. I care which sequence to trigger if you
96:42 . Some are more applicable with different of data. Uh And anyway,
96:48 that's the last slide. I'll stop it is time for our break.
96:52 get your water. I'm kind of low to and we'll come back uh
96:58 quarter three. So come back at . So let's say 15, 16
97:04 . Okay. Mhm. Okay. . And what should be finishing
97:17 six, is that right? Right. I think we're scheduled to
97:28 as late as six. And we'll see mm hmm. We'll see where
97:34 get to today. Okay. So Mhm. And I do like to
97:46 those stories. I think it sort breaks up the just brutal nonstop
97:53 So I tell stories. It's just to kind of lighten up the
97:58 Um, when I became an you know, I was faced with
98:06 the strategic graffiti class, Basic the 50 which is the basic Science center
98:13 class. And then, and and advanced classes in in sequence photography as
98:19 graduate class. And ah, a bunch of things happened when I was
98:25 Ut Dallas, I told this course a consultant. And then, you
98:31 what? First time I taught at Dallas, about five students. And
98:35 yeah, it's gonna be just a class and stuff, you know,
98:38 exams. It was a disaster. , and I realized, you
98:44 I was taught faces uh sediment transport of that in a very systematic
98:54 If you'll recall when I told you the history of sequence photography, I
98:58 talking to photography. I mean, just had to learn it by doing
99:02 . S o resources calvary to be , inventing it in my PhD.
99:09 then grappling with all this new excellent . And, you know, and
99:13 was there was a competition between myself axon in terms of my version of
99:19 photography based on the work that approach for my PhD, which make no
99:24 was influenced by Exxon but but but faces analysis I learned from McMaster.
99:30 ? So, when I went back school, I thought this seismic Strat
99:34 critical, but it needs to be with with with a better faces
99:38 Right? And and I had faces training before. And uh and
99:46 so what I, what I did was integrate this concept of key surfaces
99:50 this idea of faces. And of , actually almost doing exactly the same
99:54 at the same time. Right? we both arrived at the same conclusion
99:58 the same time, published the same with slightly different terms and gotten a
100:03 of a turf war. I think won. But that's fine.
100:08 so, but when I started teaching the university level is like,
100:13 I don't have a systematic way of sequence photography. And so this lecture
100:19 sort of my what do I how I really do it? The interesting
100:23 is that when Exxon published their sequence , it was all about the sequence
100:28 . And I think they did this . It's not the way they did
100:33 work because I didn't work with You know, they did what I
100:37 , you know, find flooding surface sections and sort of work towards a
100:41 boundary. But when they published they sort of, you know,
100:44 they wave that the sequence spanish the important surface sort of giving the impression
100:48 that that's what you target first. if you talk to them behind the
100:52 and of course we don't do the that way. They're actually hard to
100:55 , right because there's sand on sand . But you know, commonly you'll
100:59 correlations will start to break apart and , well, correlations aren't working
101:02 There's got to be sequence barry in . So you should have worked towards
101:05 sequence boundary. You know, it's necessarily intuitive because you sort of
101:11 well, sequence photography is all about boundaries. That should be the most
101:14 surface. No, right. It's not. And so, uh,
101:21 is literally, you won't get anywhere for a number of reasons. And
101:26 all, if I told you all reasons you might think of being mean
101:30 orbit, arrogant or both, I know. Um, a lot of
101:34 people who write textbooks and sequence photography that great at it. Haven't done
101:38 work that I have look octavian and are, we've been in the field
101:45 . You know, he writes all textbooks. He's a nice guy.
101:49 reviewed his papers, man is oh Corliss's just aren't that great in
101:55 field with him. He doesn't, not really a rock guy. He's
101:59 at theory. And he's just like , his supervisor Andrew Mile who have
102:05 papers with Andrew's great theory and he's that great at actually looking at
102:09 right? So he's much better at about the theory of sequence photography.
102:14 when it comes to actually doing the work is not great. That's
102:20 that's the blunt truth. Right. things get recorded. If those guys
102:23 heard me saying this, they'd be never talked to me again,
102:26 And their colleagues of mine. But know, it's scientists, we have
102:28 be very realistic about our skill very critical of stuff that's, you
102:32 , and I'm a pig for being a pig for good quality systematic
102:38 And but there are other people in town that wish they were teaching this
102:44 . Don has me here for a . Okay. That's not because I'm
102:48 nice guy. Right? I mean good friends and all that, but
102:52 because he knows that that I've got approach a secret and it's not,
102:55 not unique, but it's based on deep understanding of well log both the
103:03 the liabilities and problems with their the patent recognition and extremely high skills
103:11 faces analysis. Now, engineers Chief typically don't have those strong faces analysis
103:19 whether, you know, so, maybe it may be harder to be
103:22 absolute top sequence photographer if you were with a lot of cores if you
103:27 understand that as well. But you , it's like if you have to
103:32 what it is in a big oil or a small company in order to
103:37 you need to get expertise to help the problem and what the risks of
103:40 understanding a part of the geology that's to reduce the risk, right?
103:45 that we do in this course. you do in this course has one
103:51 . That's to reduce the risk of money that you invest. That's why
103:54 need to understand, right. What's risk of the uncertainty of seismic processing
103:59 risks the quality of the porosity estimate the strength of the Avio. And
104:05 true, it's true for secrets. good are the correlations? How good
104:08 the mapping, how certain you are that's a delta versus incised Valley.
104:13 know, a lot of that comes the quality of the observations of the
104:17 and the quality of the correlations. my job is to give you a
104:20 for the concepts the theory and the of sequence photography. Okay.
104:25 with that um I gave this class long time ago and I'm not about
104:34 Association of Geological Association of No, you know, excited of a marriage
104:41 . S. A. Meeting. think it was. It's changed a
104:43 bit. And then about four years the sea spg, the Canadian side
104:47 petroleum geologists said we want to have lecturer on basics. Just fundamentals.
104:53 they asked me to give this talk sequence photographic methods. Mhm. I'll
104:59 you another story. This is a story. I'll tell you two stories
105:04 on these the next two lectures, going to give you a student of
105:07 . Unfortunately, he passed away quite , but he and his brother owned
105:11 oil company and after he took the for me, about two years later
105:16 would take me out for beers, always pick up the tab said,
105:20 . How come you always pick up tab? He said, do you
105:23 how much money I've made from taking with you? Like, I've applied
105:25 stuff to find all these little oil gas fields in west texas and it
105:30 . This sequence Strat stuff works. then back in the day when I
105:34 teaching for Pioneer. Pioneer were mostly resources, but skip Rhodes, who
105:40 the chief geology of the company. , these students don't know anything about
105:44 seed street and they need these And one day I came and he
105:49 , john sit down, he said years ago, Utah ! So and
105:53 this class, she used that to find an oil, oil and
105:57 an oil field and made us a of money. And that's why you're
106:00 again. I was like, great , you know, so people have
106:04 these two lectures to find oil and . Okay, okay, I've got
106:08 more story. I tell this to , the kind of stuff that you
106:14 in this, that these two lectures these systematics. If you work for
106:18 own company, you can use this prospect yourself. If you can commandeer
106:21 . You know, there's two ways make money in your business. I
106:25 us to have a little mom and company and and just sniff around
106:29 just around the peripheries of known known fields in mature areas. You need
106:35 lot of, a lot of knowledge the geology of the area. And
106:38 you apply these techniques of extremely detailed correlation for people that know the geology
106:43 they could just do a slightly better and find that little pocket was
106:47 You get an overriding well, you become a millionaire right now, massive
106:52 companies, you can't make money finding little bit of oil and gas fields
106:55 too small. Right? Um so lot of this kind of work is
107:00 working on oil fields where the data , you know, lot of the
107:04 that we're talking about isn't relevant to $1 billion dollar deepwater exploration, deep
107:09 , nothing to do with that. But anyway, let's get into
107:18 So, uh it's, it's increased , I would say 11 steps or
107:26 11 Key Pieces of Information. I'm gonna give you a very traditional
107:31 , I'm gonna tell you what I you. So the 11 steps
107:34 make sure you get the big evaluate the previous for, you
107:38 the first thing is to figure out everyone, what's been done,
107:40 get the big picture. Next thing to look at the rocks, figure
107:45 what the deposition environments or deposition of . That will tell you whether you've
107:49 platforms or whether things are layer whether or whether things should even correlate
107:54 begin with. Once you've got a for deposition, all faces and
108:00 Next thing is apply Walters law. for those contacts that look like there
108:04 be a break and see if and then once you've figured out in one
108:09 , looking at your well logs of , where do you think the big
108:11 are, whether it's para sequence boundaries possible sequence boundaries at the base of
108:16 sands start correlating, don't correlate Look for areas where you've got two
108:23 close together twin wells or maybe get little oil field, you've got a
108:27 of wells and see how well things . We've got close well spaces.
108:32 things don't correlate where wells are they're not going to correlate further
108:37 So once you've figured out whether it sense to correlate certain units of certain
108:43 over certain distances, then you can to expand the correlations to the larger
108:48 , you know, and and maybe a regional mapping exercise, maybe
108:53 Typically you focus on on mud, , sand contacts or picked within the
108:58 stones and typically you correlate sand on contact last In the process of of
109:07 4, 5 and six. Your type started well go around and come
109:12 to the well, right? Conceptually can be very easy to correlate dip
109:17 sections from proximal distal. But if you've got planet forming straighter,
109:21 you'll get you'll get bustin your If you don't do loops, loop
109:27 are a complete pain. They asked do for me because I used to
109:32 it in in paper much easier if doing it in portrayal in the digital
109:37 . Right? So looping is easier . It was not easy when I
109:40 a grad student, I assure And then once you've got the
109:45 once you've, once you've correlated you can start. So I've got
109:49 correlations coming together. These two contacts have a lap out relationship. You
109:57 you don't very rarely observed lap out well logs because it's just one
110:01 Data. Right? So you have interpolate the lap about relationships at
110:09 If Step # nine Actually has to much earlier before we start correlating,
110:16 got to figure out the data. but in in point not. And
110:20 just explain the rules and the pitfalls picking a strata, graphic data on
110:25 to hang well logs, you don't a data problem with seismic data because
110:29 continuous data, right? And you pick any reflection you want as a
110:34 and flatten on it, but it's difficult with with well logs. I
110:41 you this last week, my buddy Jordan's Chesapeake asked me to teach a
110:47 on mapping. I said, you need a class on mapping. You
110:50 a class on correlation. If you're are right then. So the mapping
110:55 comes after the correlations correlate correctly. maps makes sense. Bad correlations.
111:01 not going to have maps. That sense. Step Light 11 is
111:06 I'm a big fan of wheeler Uh, they're not necessarily required.
111:10 you've made your map, you've mapped sandstone, you can start to drill
111:14 . Uh, so we'll we'll diagrams necessarily required for explanation for exploration by
111:20 to be a very useful a Mhm. Okay, mm hmm.
111:27 I get in this first step, will say that the methodology I'm going
111:30 describe can be applied depending on whether can use any one of the secret
111:36 I showed in the last slide in last talk. You know, Type
111:42 deficits secrets. Type three, Type types 20 tr cycles. Do you
111:47 sequences? Doesn't matter? The methodology regardless of what kind of sequence photography
111:54 decide to actually uh, name things the end of the day. The
112:01 particularly applies to well, logs of , if you have it And outcrops
112:05 , if you're an outcrop person, guys probably would never have to do
112:10 and shouldn't no matter who you work , you should use this technique.
112:13 the best thing is if you're using you're working for a company that prefers
112:17 type of sequence photography use my approach then just name it according to their
112:22 . You know, the surface will be there. You can just just
112:26 to highlight a surface or or or highlighted depending on which services your company
112:32 . Okay, there are different versions sequence photography. The key question to
112:38 is does it matter what secrets photography use or does it you know,
112:43 matter. Does it make a difference what I correlate with? What if
112:46 does, then you have a problem it doesn't and everything correlates the
112:50 It's just you highlight this surface to that one, then it's not going
112:54 affect the maps, right. It means you can either map the forced
112:59 systems tracked or the late low stand you know, the map looks the
113:03 . It's just the label you put . Okay. Time for a little
113:09 And step one. So step one to look at the previous work.
113:13 here's an example of the typical kind information you can have that you might
113:18 in the literature on a sedimentary On the left. We have a
113:22 Geographic Mt. So this is the and about 100 million years. We've
113:26 a seaway that extended from the arctic the western interior and was closed and
113:32 from the gulf of Mexico by this continental arch. Okay, so on
113:38 diagram, I can say that line on the left, just till I
113:49 on the right. On this approximate is on the right, digital
113:54 on the left, on this line to the south. Just listen to
113:59 north. Right. So basically to me where land and sea is,
114:05 . So in general, which if contact forms, which way should they
114:09 according to that? According to that , which direction should clan informs dip
114:18 towards the center of the seaway and going to the left or right.
114:21 you're on the western margin, right left, If you're on the eastern
114:25 north to south. If you're on southern margin, that makes sense.
114:29 all of a sudden you got a piece of information, which way would
114:32 correlations dip if all you have is locks okay. Or you may have
114:37 regional size of size of wine across area. If you have a regional
114:41 applying, there's a shelf, there a slope right? That's proximal.
114:47 land that's distant. So, regional data can give you the big
114:53 in terms of, you know, the where's the shelf? Where is
114:57 slope? Where's the face? That's big picture information. Okay, so
115:04 me give an example of how I that in my PhD. So when
115:08 began my PhD in 1980 ah before guess it was the only work that
115:15 been done on the Dunvegan formation. Big Deltek was called the Dunvegan
115:19 Big plastic wedges. Just a big of Of mostly sandy faces that tend
115:24 a zero edge. And and this the the map done by Bourque in
115:30 showing the ice a pac man. that the or the map of the
115:34 thickness. And you can see it's it's thick here. Okay. And
115:41 then tm here. So it thins that direction. Okay, There's a
115:49 edge roughly through there. Right? that's basically roughly the shore line.
115:56 ? So it's a curving shore which is why they thought it was
115:59 delta and it basically looks like approximate up here and distal is down
116:05 Okay, So, so I roughly where land and sea is.
116:09 on the right, is my original of cross sections that I put together
116:14 my PhD. Okay, so I my study area. There's the box
116:19 chose that was my research area and chose it because I wanted to map
116:25 pinch out of the Dunvegan formation. thought it was a delta. I
116:29 to map the seaward limit of the . Right? Then. I've got
116:34 standing edge of the delta. I interested in sands because I wanted to
116:38 work that was relevant to the exploration trying to do a better job.
116:42 understand this, this complicated formation. with the big picture, it allowed
116:49 to order. So basically I well basically the the the the the
116:54 in my area kind of runs roughly that orientation. So I want to
117:00 have a series of cross sections that per particular. Those would be
117:05 Those should have the maximum platform. , something else I did. Now
117:13 there's lots of wells in this I've got a map of all the
117:17 , but it's not this one, on any given line of cross
117:23 I chose everywhere along that line. if there is a well here and
117:28 well there, there's no wells in , there might be well there,
117:32 I decided not to protect that far . So I made sure that I
117:35 every single well along my line of section. What that means is there
117:40 some wells in these areas in between different strike sections, but there's no
117:47 wells along the line. This section okay in the end, Out of
117:54 maybe two or 3000 wells in the , I chose 500 wells to correlate
118:00 these along these lines that I thought oriented with respect to different strike.
118:07 , now, before you get your out, I want to tell you
118:10 much work this was okay in Calgary well, logs were in trays,
118:18 never forget. It was the company made the trays was called caribbean which
118:22 uh very good in french in Right? And so the whales are
118:27 by township. So it's very easy pick all the wells that went from
118:31 to east. It's very difficult to north south because those were all in
118:34 trades. Right? So you pick your train, you pick every
118:38 on that. And of course my sections, you know have maybe a
118:42 of wells in one township, then one. So you know, so
118:46 not having and so a lot of just due east west and north south
118:50 section because it was easy to pull data that way. Now you take
118:54 microfiche, you would stick it in reader and you would print the well
118:59 on silver paper that would go brown about a year. So and roger
119:06 only let us print one copy of well because the paper was expensive.
119:11 wasn't at the oil company more, was at McMaster and the company had
119:16 a copy of the, of these and a well log reader. And
119:22 I would sit there for hours printing logs. Then I would take the
119:27 log I would tape it onto a table. Then I put my lawyer
119:32 top of that or vellum which was through paper and I'll take a thing
119:38 a repeat a graph and I would trace the well by hand I couldn't
119:44 every well because it would take too time. So I traced the gana
119:48 in the recent activity log For 500 . That's 1000 things. I had
119:54 trace. It gets worse because I to do that for the dip lines
119:59 the strike loans. So some of wells were in common, which meant
120:03 you know probably about 100 wells had trace twice right? There was no
120:07 , this is, there's no digital . There's no, there's no,
120:10 no digital, nothing, you roger would let us use the actual
120:15 copies of well logs. So you , because you wouldn't let us print
120:18 the wells twice. So this was done by hand. This took,
120:24 took a year like just to trace well logs right now in doing so
120:30 good news is you got really familiar those profiles right? So you did
120:35 , it was like, you you're actually tracing the welded profile,
120:39 boy, you got those logs that log patterns memorized, right?
120:43 and then I started correlating along these and everything busted and eventually I
120:51 I had to do it loops but had to trace the wells again to
120:56 the loops right? So it was , it was a mic.
121:02 so there's the violin. Okay. so you know, eventually we're going
121:07 go to step seven, which is time, right? So it,
121:11 know, when digital world came my God, this is so much
121:14 . But uh, there we You know, because eventually if
121:20 if you find a surface and correlate here and then go here and then
121:25 you gotta, you gotta come back the spot, you start if you
121:28 a pair of sequence higher or you've got to, you've got a
121:31 your correlations, right? And if , if you make a map with
121:34 tonight, you'll get, you'll get eyes on your maps. Whenever I
121:38 a map with bull's eyes, I'm , yeah, someone messed up.
121:41 correlation is real bad. It was on step one. So ah I
121:49 to some of the other steps. the basic point I want to make
121:52 , you know, I got this map that showed me the basic orientation
121:55 the line and pinch out the sand I oriented my cross sections parallel and
122:01 to the, to the orientation of I thought was a shorelines.
122:08 the next thing I did was one the first that was the first one
122:12 looked at but but one of the that have been drilled was by imperial
122:16 and I've already shown you as well they drilled wells in the 40s and
122:20 that they were just strata, graphic wells and so they would call the
122:23 well do all the buyer Strat and they were doing this to get the
122:27 photography of the entire base to figure . And and so, you
122:33 it was 1.5 inch core which is great, but it's it's the whole
122:39 , Right? So most cores just a particular reservoir sand. They don't
122:44 don't core all the formations and all shales besides. Uh, and it
122:50 me a week just to wash the core. Right? But the good
122:53 is john wall remember his name Had done the and charlie still cut
122:58 the the read that that the, , the foraminifera bios photography. So
123:04 allowed me to see are there any strata? Graphic pics within my formation
123:09 could help me carry that through. answer was no, the entire Dunvegan
123:15 of part of one bio zone. I said, okay, so I
123:18 really use bios photography. So I to rely on sequence photography to to
123:23 further subdivide the unit into anything that's Chronos strata graphic based on key surfaces
123:29 opposed to key bio zone boundaries. ? Because remember in the original definition
123:36 sequence photography, a sequence boundary should a a surface in which there is
123:42 measurable period of time missing. that doesn't work when, When the
123:48 formation is less than one bio Okay, okay, now we've done
123:54 one, let's go to step So yes, I spent a lot
123:58 time in our crops and here's a , we've got a wide exposure of
124:03 viel rocks. This is the Morrison in Utah and what you see and
124:10 see a style of photography, you've relatively layer cake sands that go across
124:15 slide. You will see there's a of parallax here. So although it
124:20 like these rocks are Children, they're . If you notice you can see
124:24 there's some thin sand stones in this layer. Okay. And you'll you'll
124:30 that they're being truncated at the base this thick sandstone here. Right,
124:38 that's an irrational channel about and it's a relatively flat top. So it
124:44 makes a very simple point that influential you have, you have sand belts
124:49 have relatively flat tops and erosion all that cut into floodplains and relatively flat
124:55 are eroded by channel belts. That's style of strategic graffiti. And you
125:01 look at the at the width of channel belts and we'll talk about source
125:05 sink and wits. And you can , well in general, you
125:08 alluvial channel belts are this thick generally about this wide. So it can
125:13 you some very basic information about whether not you have platforms, you don't
125:18 platforms, whether it's sands or tabular they have under any bases and how
125:24 far any given sandstone mike, Carlin that's valuable information to have before you
125:31 start correlating. And it doesn't work with managers. You know, here's
125:37 would happen if a manager came to and said, john Mack Bhattacharya,
125:41 want you to correlate these wells. , that's impossible. The wells are
125:46 km apart, the channels are two thick, none of them correlate between
125:50 wells. Oh, really? the geology is not continuous, it's
125:56 more complicated, imagine. And let tell you why, as opposed to
126:01 he came to you and said Angela to correlate these wells, okay.
126:07 know, you know, if you , well, I'm not sure if
126:09 can do that well, you better that, you're fired because I'm paying
126:12 to correlate these damn wells. See difference, right? You know,
126:16 is nontrivial. One of my students , his master's with me went to
126:21 texas with conocophillips interpreting all these side , That guy thought it was a
126:28 , they start drilling wells based on model. Michael's wells one, his
126:33 lost. That guy got fired. because Michael had a master's degree,
126:38 was able to, to fight effectively the guy. Anyway, there's another
126:45 of layer cakes for trickery that extends kilometers across the horizon. These are
126:50 para sequences, They caution up. in one day they would look like
126:57 and you can maybe see a, upper portion that gets thinner upwards,
127:01 it's a shale, then it starts coarsen up again and then it goes
127:12 stick shell here. Okay. But can see that the these flooding surfaces
127:19 for as far as the eye can . Now. That may be about
127:23 couple of kilometers of of of view the, in the ground, in
127:26 in the I can tell you if start to walk, those surfers out
127:30 start to converge. So they're not cake forever, but the layer cake
127:35 at least a few too few tens kilometers. So that means that
127:40 you know, so the messages were surfaces on tops of deltas can correlate
127:46 several kilometers. Right? So as as you're well spacing us less than
127:49 kilometer or so, you should be to correlate your your your flooding surfaces
127:54 an area later, but maybe not hundreds of kilometers. Right. And
128:00 course This was step one. Get big picture, but it's also step
128:06 here, you've got some deposition all . These flat seismic faces are a
128:13 , the dipping or a slope. , you know, there's other flat
128:18 . But because these flat faces are the dipping faces, we know that
128:22 younger and more proximal and so therefore can, you can look at both
128:26 vertical and lateral relationships. So if had a well well here and well
128:32 , you'd expect layers to correlate to relatively flat. Whereas if you had
128:37 well hair and well here you would a layer on that well to be
128:42 much lower in the adjacent well So you see how even even general
128:46 , even if you don't know what geology is, it's gonna allow you
128:50 about the about the direction and the of drop of a given correlation,
128:55 is important information. And you can those kind of relationships and our crops
129:01 , you can see a flooding Okay. And you see that it's
129:09 and you can see here there was channel sound ended up of course in
129:14 sequence. And here there's two well proceedings. Did you see that?
129:19 you can say, well, so over a distance of maybe a
129:22 of kilometers I go from channels, know, over thick paris sequence to
129:27 muddy your paris sequence. So the sequence may correlate, but they change
129:31 character, they can change in character a few kilometers. Right. And
129:36 can also see that that red surface actually dipping from left to right.
129:42 by law, but you know, dropping by a few meters over distance
129:47 a kilometer or so. That slope only be attentively degree, but it
129:51 zero. So again it can say if I've got to well spaced two
129:55 park and I've got a parasite. boundary one, It could be 10
129:59 lower in the next. Well, hadn't disappeared, but it could be
130:03 bit lower the next. Well Not m lower, but maybe tens of
130:13 . And of course this is the and sandstone. Right? So let's
130:16 graphically all one unit and he had got it's got one sandstone with a
130:22 above it, then a second sandstone the shale above it, then the
130:24 sandstone with a shale above it, 1/4 sandstone with a shale above
130:28 Those would be different reservoir compartments, fluid flow units in one feat in
130:32 formation. Right? And you could might you might they all might have
130:37 charges when the wells were producing. might get The oil out of this
130:42 , but not on that, that . And so 10 years into producing
130:46 oil field, all this complex of was gonna be a real pain in
130:49 butt. And they're going to need much better reservoir description with secret
130:54 that's exactly what yours truly did. I worked on Prudhoe Bay, the
130:58 has been producing for a long time all of a sudden or was coming
131:02 out of one's own water was coming of that zone. And the engineers
131:05 their hearts had no idea what was on because they hadn't done any sequence
131:10 . So bota bota and I rolled her sleeves. We got it all
131:13 out and we and we wanna words the work because we told the engineers
131:18 to manage the reservoir better. Everybody very happy with us. Okay,
131:24 here's the Faron and again, you it's a delta. So if you
131:27 well here and a well there, has finding up the channel and then
131:34 course not with Delta and this has coarsening up with Delta, but you
131:40 , and then maybe another course in delta. So we see okay,
131:45 the channel cuts out the Delta and dealt with continuous but you know this
131:50 at the top of the well is of midway down that well. So
131:55 sand stones within, you might say sandstone correlates but fed within its dip
132:01 that might affect how that sound, sand body water flies right, so
132:06 faces architecture and the sequence story can you predict the behavior of the sandstone
132:12 a secondary or tertiary recovery situation. here's another sandstone. And I think
132:20 can see it courses up Okay, the sandstone, the layers in the
132:26 dipsy words. Okay, now The thing we can do is go to
132:36 three. So now we've established the environments which lets us know whether things
132:41 of flattish or whether things might depend what scales. Now we start to
132:45 for contacts that violate walther's law. , so we can change this to
132:50 three, which is surfaces and we see a nice upward coursing unit.
133:12 you can see a very sharp contact separates a marine shale above from an
133:18 cautioning sandstone below. So that's a for walther's law surface. Okay,
133:24 have done and here's what looks like detail. There's the contact and you
133:29 see it's razor sharp as you get to it and now it does look
133:34 it's a little bit wider here. you know this, this looks like
133:38 some a little layer there that might lap there might be a bit of
133:43 up with their of shale. There's sandstone and there's our measured section.
133:54 , so what are the different types on conformity? We've got a variety
133:57 truncation of irrational surfaces. These could the various types of un conformity,
134:02 we talked about last class surface that see a base of channels or channel
134:07 , or valleys, irrational lags, could be a sudden appearance. Of
134:11 , material marking a erosion. And course if you can see truncation sometimes
134:17 the core, you'll actually see an discordance, right truncation surfaces that indicate
134:24 to the air. These will be saul's mud cracks, Kenichi roots and
134:31 . We've obviously already talked about flooding . They can also be marked by
134:35 of a transgressive variety. Sometimes in floodplain a dry flood plain mud stones
134:45 suddenly be marked by cole that indicates groundwater level has increased and the groundwater
134:51 increased. A rise of water table correlate with the rise of ceiling for
134:56 as as well, of course the of of of mud stone layers of
135:01 suddenly rich in marine fossils, sometimes marine bands. We talked about the
135:06 sections common being indicated by these hot shells and all these surfaces can be
135:12 as contacts if you're building reservoir models fields, oil fields on gas fields
135:19 is kind of the the, you , very obvious kind of contact.
135:24 got vertical beds, these are cretaceous age and those are overlaying by relatively
135:34 cenizo bed. So a classic angular conformity. Okay, here's another kind
135:41 contact. There is there's a there's shale here and a sandstone zero
135:54 And at the contact there's there's the contact. We could use the cross
136:01 and I think you can see some here. Is she does Okay,
136:07 better turn the lights off in the . I don't know. No.
136:12 . No. Okay, that's Yeah, you can see it
136:21 And so here's an example of log on the left. Okay,
136:25 open cautioning and there's that razor sharp on the gamma log that indicates a
136:32 contact with gradually up. Of course mud to sandstone and then the sudden
136:37 of shale over sandstone. Look at contact in more detail from the core
136:43 is an example of roots. we've got vertical route traces here and
136:49 we've got an opium morphine burrow. there is marine borrowing here and then
136:56 a razor sharp contact that puts mud above bar debated sand stones. Of
137:08 , that's not next. Now, probably a surface of transgressive erosion there
137:14 separates So initially this this this surface exposed to the air high dry,
137:20 the water came across and by debate surface. Then the water continued to
137:25 and eventually mud was deposited on top that surface, that the waves transgressed
137:32 . Okay, here's another example. an irrational channel finds upward. It's
137:42 land by these laminated valley Phil mudd . These are not marine. So
137:48 are these are fine Grant River And interestingly you see this erosion of
137:55 it's dipping. This is these are rocks. So this is a scour
138:00 then these weird, it's weird. sounds don't actually draping that dipping
138:05 Okay, this is a this is borough made by view focus. It
138:21 a little concentric features called sprinter that the bat filling of the of the
138:31 the film as the animal moves in direction, packing the burro behind it
138:35 sometimes it packs a bit of sometimes a bit of sand, and
138:39 is a characteristic of an outer shelf . So you've got a shelf bar
138:44 faces overlying influential channel filled with evidence scour. So that's marine erosion.
138:51 waves have scoured that surface and left transgressive marine sound. So there's there's
138:58 the finding upward transgressive faces. A transgressive faces overlying a flu viel
139:08 and then over lined by a marine with evidence of normal grading enough.
139:14 that's the that's the maximum cutting That's the initial transgressive surface or the
139:21 surface of erosion. There's about 20 of transgressive facings. Okay. And
139:27 that funding services is the service of . Once transgressive deposits deposited eventually the
139:36 delta shales, claudia form on top that surface and that's basically a pro
139:41 shale above the transgressive faces. call the whole thing a kind of
139:46 transgressive lag of marine sandstone. So got two surfaces for one here,
139:51 initial service of transgression, Which is one and then the second surfaces,
139:56 final surface of transgression. Then the , the system progresses on top of
140:03 . Here's an example of, of sediments, the red beds and over
140:10 by this beautiful comrade. So clearly a major channel scout and it's conglomerate
140:16 flood plains. Now it could be got gravelly rivers and the muddy flood
140:21 or they could be based on the . So, you know, the
140:25 size would make people like. That's a pretty amazing base level
140:29 Pretty amazing faces contact. I wonder that has sequence data. Graphic
140:38 Here's another example where you've got a graded silt stone going into a shale
140:45 then it's over flamed by another grated with scoured surface. There's some lags
140:53 and you can vaguely see some cross . Okay. This is actually a
140:59 channel and it's overlying a Pro Okay. Pro delta is not next
141:08 food. Pro Delta should be overlaid Delta Sound and a channel on top
141:13 a distributor channel. But here you've a big whopping channel cutting into the
141:17 dealt. So that's definitely a candidate a sequence band and indeed it's overlying
141:27 several meters across. But it's sand and shows razor sharp gamma contact separating
141:34 muds from the sand stones. And shows a nice regular finding upper profile
141:40 characteristic of a channel filled. Mhm. It looks like there's maybe
141:46 episode of channel cutting and then there's episode of channel. We may have
141:50 couple of stories stacked on top of other. Here's another example. Pro
141:56 mud stones with a razor sharp contact land by this really aggressive lag.
142:04 lag actually has some shell material in . Some oysters. Those are on
142:08 fresh side of things. So those have been some freshwater oysters living in
142:12 river. And there's a lot of chip ups. There's some nice cross
142:16 here formed by dunes which represent high flow in a river if you've taken
142:23 a price class And of course I identify that even in 1D measuring the
142:29 . But in the end I was to place that in a regional sequence
142:32 , graphic context here we have a log profile on top core profile on
142:39 bottom and that this is Canadian They call everything the government's a
142:45 a little bit more socialists and You can't keep your core, you
142:48 to give it to the government, put in a warehouse and then let
142:51 students look at it for their PhD . The idea is that the more
142:55 on it overall it means more efficient of the resource so that they think
143:01 the country overall benefits. You you can still compete uh you know
143:06 find the oil and gas but there's a bit more sharing of knowledge.
143:14 . Um and of course here's there's the valley sitting into the pro
143:19 , eroding uh several pair sequences. ? So para sequence there para sequence
143:25 and this valley cuts into two of . So para sequence there. Percy
143:29 stare at the valley cuts into two them. Right? And uh and
143:33 that valley feels just close down That on laps in this sort of
143:39 position here. And I'll go through cross section in much more detail.
143:46 probably tomorrow afternoon. We'll see see we do and of course, remember
143:51 I said. Once you've done your you can map. So there's a
143:57 of one pair of sequences that Dunvegan there's the channel, it breaks up
144:02 distributor channels and feeds his lovely delta . Right? And it's the most
144:08 there's no, there's no shale seaward that line. Right? So that's
144:13 . It's the most distal sand in base. Uh, and it on
144:18 this, this older, forced progressive and correlates to a period of
144:27 Okay. But it sort of you know, the concept of finally
144:36 . The 4th step is to be aware of not to over correlate
144:43 You're always going to do it, it introduces a degree of a degree
144:49 lateral continuity of units doesn't exist. . We always tend to over correlate
144:55 we're doing regional correlation and that caused problem to get to producing oil and
145:00 from the oil field. It's, a common from the old business.
145:03 find a field, you put your in, you've got a few
145:06 everything's all pressured the same level and produced as well. But at some
145:11 , the field life compartmentalization means that got bypassed oil, some parts are
145:17 . If you start to water you're going to get water and it
145:21 to create problems. Right? So level of detail that that's good for
145:25 production of reservoir is seldom very good the late stage. And so it
145:30 in something that oil companies hate, means it's more expensive to get the
145:34 bit of oil out of a The early oil is more cheaper to
145:39 and you get more of it at faster rate, at much cheaper
145:42 because you don't have to worry about all the complexity. Right.
145:46 so we worked on this outcrop And drove this by this outcrop about 50
145:50 before I ever walked up to And and it's in an area where
145:54 unfolding. And I thought, maybe that's a thrust fault,
145:58 thrusting that sand. But you notice that the vegetation on the sand is
146:04 from that sand there. And in end we realized there's no thrust fault
146:10 . These are two separate Sandstone bodies there's the lower sandstone body with a
146:16 flooding shell above. It sooner rises to here, and then this sandstone
146:24 pinches out very quickly right there, it pinches out over over about less
146:31 0.5 km And eventually map these two stones out as completely separate Sandstone.
146:37 so eventually this sense, this pair gets very thin. This is actually
146:41 relationships. So these deltas are programming from you. Then there's a massive
146:45 surface. And then there's another pair sequence at the top of the cliffs
146:52 , we've seen this a lot a times, you know, although the
146:55 para sequence correlates and a sand at top may end up maybe maybe both
147:04 and at the bottom as you go as you go down there. So
147:19 an example of of three outcrop Okay. And you notice that there's
147:26 of pair of sequences. There's the one, There is the lower
147:33 Well maybe there's four. Maybe there's another little one here. And they
147:39 like pretty well what we call railroad . Right? Then there is a
147:43 creating channel. So the point bar lateral creation. So the channel belt
147:51 correlates between the areas. The base . Remember I told you channel belts
147:58 flat tops and based on your There it is and closely spaced out
148:03 . These are crops are probably a 100 m apart. The short faced
148:07 as a flat layer. The channel correlates as a layer that's got a
148:11 top with an undulating bass, but layers of sand within the channel dipped
148:16 markedly. Okay, now let's look the those in three wells. So
148:24 three outcrops, I just showed Okay, and if we look at
148:28 pair sequence There it is, then gets cut by this big channel belt
148:33 , truncation and then that channel belt smother channel belt with lateral accretion.
148:41 pick up this this pair sequence there there. And you'll see that's getting
148:52 , right? So you see it's thinner here than it is here.
149:01 we see that the power sequence of over longer distance. But that's starting
149:05 change their character. Now here's two , right. Uh and how we
149:13 these? Well usually I kind of my pair of sequences and I'm like
149:39 on the surface there necklace there, that across flooding surface up there.
149:53 . We're done like for correlation, a pair of sequence, go
150:08 There's a pair of sequence, it's , there's a pair of sequence,
150:13 eroded, wow, Nothing makes it 100 km, right? But it's
150:19 tempting to to try to correlate Just give you two wells as they
150:23 it. Sure walker like that. just makes the point. Right?
150:29 that's that's that's the question. Should correlate the, would you correlate
150:34 Sorry about the two of us and anyway. Mhm. So what?
150:40 here's the original map for my PhD back here, I showed you the
150:52 grid. See there's less wells on grid. Alright, so I didn't
150:56 every well, but what I did , I noticed that there are lots
151:04 areas with really close well spacing. are in Devonian carbonate reefs. And
151:10 good news is the wells have to through the cretaceous to get the
151:14 So every well and devonian had all nice cretaceous geography, very tightly
151:20 These are the actual Dunvegan wells, there's cores, the black dots represent
151:24 . So when I started my PhD looked at these areas where I had
151:28 lot of close wells and core first close and and correlated those. It's
151:41 common in the life of a We're scientists where one figure is inspiration
151:49 so inspirational. So when I was I went to S. O resources
151:58 and within two weeks I was on second course, which was seismic
152:06 Never look at the size of a in my life. And they gave
152:09 a copy of a pg memoir 26 there's one figure with well logs in
152:14 . This is the figure was done George Mccallum who worked for Imperial Oil
152:21 . And he was one of the guys to use his concept of lap
152:25 and truncation and correlating upward cautioning pair . The word power sequence sequence didn't
152:33 in the cretaceous Spirit river group of of Alberta and B. C.
152:39 at the boundary. And I wow, look at that. There's
152:43 1, 2, 3, there's five sand stones here. But
152:47 there's dozens and dozens of pics. there's everything On your exercise number
152:54 There is incised valleys of the getting truncating adjacent uh markers. There's down
153:05 units. There's only mapping units. these define the Spirit River sequences.
153:12 , 2, 6. Okay. a few sandy paris sequences and a
153:16 muddy ones. Many of you see very clearly. But he's got the
153:20 log and he's got these little lines , you see these lines and that's
153:25 basic that's the job kind of a pattern, finding upward pattern. I
153:30 that all the time. I kind kind of and you'll see me doing
153:33 when I'm lecturing, I'll go you know, it looks like a
153:36 line or a wiggly line to try capture the pattern. Okay. And
153:43 obviously we we've gone to the step , you know, we figured out
153:47 wealth of slot boundaries. We've looked close day to see what we can
153:52 . Now we can start correlating like and with sort of kind of,
154:00 know, Rules 5 - eight. is correlated. Everything you can,
154:09 know, there's a pic correlated. be shy. You know, if
154:12 boss says just I just want you correlate the tops of the formations.
154:16 , so you want me to do you want to figure out the actual
154:19 , we need more than just Right? Because that the formations might
154:23 picked on the basis of what the might be picked on the basis of
154:30 define the basis of water, how little strata, graphic formations defined,
154:42 . How they define and what kind contacts. Right? And how the
155:00 boundaries defined. Right, chief. thanks. And maybe how else are
155:18 strategy graphically defined formations defined? You the formations there is one, there's
155:32 that's formation one and thats formation too that's formation what we do here.
155:49 , that's formation one and thats formation . And then That formation three across
156:02 top. So what's the what's the between formation one and so this is
156:10 to that's formation one. What's the ? Thank you. An arbitrary vertical
156:19 off. Notice how there's no arbitrary cut offs when In parallel with the
156:25 . Even in the even in the they abandoned arbitrary verdict cutoffs. They're
156:30 sequence photography. Right, okay. then um you know, here's another
156:37 with lap out and truncation and logs just coordinating a gazillion things.
156:43 another example of something I did and know, I'll carry a marker for
156:47 wells then I lose that so I an upper marker can carry something
156:54 you know, and try to figure where I've got, you know on
156:57 here, truncation and other places. then I think I showed you these
157:05 other ones. Right? So the of all these correlations. Look at
157:10 number of surfaces that the geologist is the surfaces go, you know,
157:14 able to pick the surfaces long after lift those, the formation has
157:21 Now he's now he's carrying picks within formation but they have sequenced photograph is
157:30 . So Part of the rule is correlate key markers with the mud stones
157:35 and then the sand stones last. . And you know, part of
157:44 issue is you can see lap out trunk. You can infer lap out
157:48 truncation but not in one. right. You have to refer it
157:51 by looking at where surfaces going, you think it's going to hit or
157:55 you think it's going to be truncated . So the problem with, with
157:59 logs, the fundamental problem with well is that lap out and truncation are
158:07 as opposed to directly observe. It it more difficult. Right? Uh
158:13 other thing is sometimes you have you have to be a bit model
158:17 . You say, well, this marine sequences, I know which way
158:20 is, I predict things should dip that direction. Right? So you
158:25 sort of force things to dip in direction that they should dip. You
158:29 want para sequences, you know, uphill or rivers flowing uphill.
158:36 okay. We can take a break because I see it 61 minutes.
158:41 means we've been recording something for an since we took her last break.
158:58 , so here's a seismic line and is a seismic image of uh,
159:03 offshore Rhone Rhone delta. But when was at the last glacial maximum,
159:09 the low stand systems and you can a nice series of, of
159:16 Ah that's the water bottom multiple. that's all junk. That's just repeat
159:23 the reflections and that's the water motor repeated again. So we just keep
159:29 the same thing. But anyway, this is all the primary photography here
159:34 you can see these nice cloning Right? But of course look at
159:42 at the strategic graffiti. Okay, every line that's drawn on here could
159:47 a flooding surface or on off lap . Right. Let me ask you
159:52 . Is anything here flat is anything ? We have a Yes, we
160:01 . No. So there is a drawing of that geology on top and
160:09 very common that if this all this got draped by shale during a
160:13 clay during a transgression, you picked top of the whole quantum foam
160:18 Right. Look what's happened. Look happens when he flattened on the,
160:23 know, this is this is these the shellfish deltas. If we're flat
160:27 the modern day flooding surface all of sudden we've got truncation and the size
160:35 where there is not. Right. I just stare at that and just
160:41 how much distortion happens, particularly when , when you start pulling up the
160:46 part of the kata forms. so if we look at this is
160:52 Van Wagner's big big cross section Yeah, extra. What are the
160:59 persons? We are placed statistics Sure. Friends report the future.
161:12 is a strata. Graphic data. a very different thing. You were
161:15 about absolute data. You know and you got statics, you know,
161:22 don't know. I mean, let , Yeah, you know, let's
161:34 say that you've got what I'm drawing is sand dunes. Let's just say
162:25 got some sort of buried prospect and in the Sahara desert, right?
162:31 you try to shoot seismic over Well, the surface is going to
162:35 up and down with the Sandra. got to get rid of all that
162:37 , right? You've got to get of all that to try to get
162:40 seismic data organized, right? That's , right? That's a very different
162:45 than a strata graphic data right There's no status problem. You've got
162:51 which is nice and clear set of in the face. You know,
162:55 have no problem with that with data the size of data in this case
162:59 it's if all you had was well here, you know, if I
163:12 a bunch of wells and I flattened that flooding surface, I bring all
163:16 photography out that I understand. So here's an example of Van Wagner's
163:24 . I can see he's flattened on top day to see that. So
163:28 used the buck tongue shale, which over this book, cliffs, photography
163:32 the cascade sandstone and he's flattened on . And you'll see here's a paris
163:37 . So all this lowest photography, are claw uniform and marine para sequences
163:44 , it dips uphill here at gypsy , then it kind of flattens
163:51 That dip seaward flats out and it's of flat and dip seaward here,
163:56 starts to dip landward and here at C. Word and then it dips
164:03 . That can't be that's an impossible , which is impossible geometry. That's
164:10 he's pulled this photography out by flat a top data. Okay, if
164:17 go back to this cross section you'll also see that there's these jogs
164:27 this photography, right? But these little down steps. So you flattened
164:31 that. It's smooth something out that's just jointed, right? And that
164:39 these landward dipping impossibilities. Okay. could be a place where the rivers
164:46 uphill. Now, I'm not I'm criticizing this. You know, ideally
164:51 would use a lower data, but all coverage that's all covered.
164:57 So, in our crop, Van didn't have a lower data to
165:02 So he's forced to pick the upper , but it necessarily distorted the
165:07 So you better to start lowering. talk about that. Okay, I'm
165:23 to answer that question, but it's answering the talk, right?
165:27 So if the question is not answered the time this talk is over,
165:31 we'll come back to it. So, here's an example of the
165:36 in the words, the Van Wagner and Van Wagner said, look
165:40 you've got a short face. And normal rate. And it's a real
165:45 in our crop, it's a real cliff. Right? So you cliff
165:48 a kickback. And so it's a obvious with a strata graphic pick and
165:54 this, in the upper outcrop, the other cross section, the judges
165:58 pick that kick and flatten on And then he's got this non marine
166:03 sort of tapers to nothing. He's a series of sand stones lower down
166:08 he's assumed a layer cake correlation. he's got upper coursing marine stands,
166:14 ? That just taper out land would the middle of a pro delta
166:18 He said uh correlate on flat on surface here, which is the barrier
166:27 either non marin or marine below and shale above. So that's the Funding
166:35 . So that's new datum. He that cliff might be a cliff,
166:40 outcrop, but it's actually a shoes . Zigzag line has no chronic traffic
166:45 signals at all. And in you know, this sandstone here correlates
167:00 that sounds down there and this flooding there correlates with that there.
167:12 and this top laps. Anyway, see, you see the difference,
167:21 ? You know, and now you do the correct correlation and then you
167:27 have to draw this as a shows . Right? So here's this is
167:36 interesting story. I want to get question Angela, it's coming up in
167:41 slides. So it's coming up in one, it's coming up, the
167:46 slide. Then again, the next , I've got four or five slides
167:50 on that question. Right, it's major theme of, that's why I
167:54 to take a break and come back this. So this is very interesting
167:59 . We've got three correlations of the data and this mine c is the
168:10 I did, mom was the most . And then this one was published
168:19 a paper by Lauren Rosenthal and Roger . Roger walker was my PhD
168:26 Lauren did his masters with Roger and a paper and Lauren and Roger had
168:32 disagreement. Lauren felt the correlation should like this. Rogers should thought it
168:38 look like the lower one. Rogers with the top of the cliff that
168:46 ashore face below from non marine or faces in different places. He thought
168:51 the most obvious pick in the outcrops flattened on that. So Rogers
168:59 he had stands out in the basin correlated with shales. He had a
169:05 face that represented krone strata graphically unit was just a layer across the area
169:12 that he had the nomad shale which a marine shale overlying the jungo,
169:18 marin, but that correlated with this shale further in the basin. So
169:24 broke the Nomad up into several shale and several sandstone tons. Lawrence
169:32 I don't think so, I think nomad shale is a transgressive shale that
169:38 over lies the Chongo. Um but he dated on top of the,
169:46 the base of the nomad transgressive Um and he didn't think that
169:52 and they all thought that these marine recorded that non marine faces, although
169:59 some questions exactly what's going on here he does have power sequences dipping in
170:06 wrong direction because of a top Now, I use the same data
170:11 Lauren did, but I just forced just forced it to chloroform, I
170:15 it to conform. So I imposed model on the correlation. My model
170:21 that there was top lap such that such as these rocks here were absent
170:27 that flooding surface. There. What's is I used to give this as
170:33 correlation exercise to the students and I this lecture when I was teaching
170:41 I think with Chevron Corporation, unbeknownst me, and I gave, I
170:45 this story about, about roger walker Lauren Rosenthal actually, ah I didn't
170:52 this, I didn't have this figure , just compared Lawrence cross section and
170:57 cross section was kind of said that was wrong. Anyway, one of
171:04 guys who was taking my class, know what I mean, norm was
171:07 contracted to work with chevron three floors the building there. So lunch you
171:13 through and said, this guy it's like trashing your work. So
171:16 came down, I showed him what said, he said, well,
171:20 didn't actually agree with Roger. I a different correlations with laura, it
171:23 your paper and I went back and Lawrence paper and he had like a
171:27 paragraph that sort of described what he , well I published that in the
171:30 . S. P. D. Guide and like you know throwing that's
171:33 literature. I've never had that damn guy. I've never even seen
171:36 Anyway, eventually I got the field drafted up his cross section and realized
171:42 Lauren, you know laura was partly . Roger was dead wrong and I
171:46 of you know, did my version it turned out that after I published
171:51 in the atlas of the Georgia western or around the time is publishing
171:56 I discovered some bio strata graphic Remember step one use the damn
172:00 photography Bar centric. We showed that was a 1.5 million year gap at
172:06 un conformity that completely disallowed Rogers correlation supported, you know, although,
172:15 know, Lauren wasn't, you this was very early days. Roger
172:20 sort of claiming this was kind of graffiti wasn't quite sequence true but getting
172:27 , you know, and all Lorne to do is put some kind of
172:30 in and we basically have the same , right? And of course Lauren
172:35 a more of a petroleum background than walker. All right, but it
172:40 you what happens if you pick the of the shore face, which Van
172:45 warned against doing versus the flooding surface separates the transgressive nomad shale from the
172:51 faces below. That's a better data pick. Okay, now we get
172:59 um Angela's question. Okay, So are three schematic cross sections of a
173:05 enigmatic sandstone called the Shannon in And I've worked on the units below
173:13 . And if you if you hang the on the if you hang on
173:23 base of the Shannon, okay, looks like it's a it's a
173:28 Right. And so that was interpreted an offshore shelf Sandridge or bar.
173:36 gonna give you a whole lecture on bars. Okay. It's coming
173:40 If you hang on the top of Shannon, it looks like some sort
173:44 U shaped scour. Ah And if don't use any data, you sort
173:51 maybe get some off flapping and some erosion and some down stepping. And
173:58 had three different deposition all models for same unit. one, it was
174:03 sort of distant offshore bar Model. was very popular in the kind of
174:08 70s, early 80s. Then there a secret strategy african interpretation that there
174:13 a incised valley cut by rivers during level falls. And that was the
174:18 . This was some sort of forced . So this is sort of the
174:23 exon sequencing photographic model. This is older sort of static sea level,
174:29 and sand stones out in the middle a shelf or some sort of
174:33 sand. And then this is the regression model. Clearly they can't all
174:38 right. Right, But And so Angela. The choice of data can
174:45 you to an interpretation, right? that I struggled with this with a
174:52 that I did, you know, after, I was very convinced with
174:56 photography. So the correlation that I use the bottom hand, because in
175:03 , I think as you surmise, began to realize that bottom hang might
175:07 better right in the road and certainly better. Right? Because if you
175:13 planted forming and down lap onto a bottom surface, the bottom hand is
175:18 . Right? Which I think you . Which is why you ask the
175:22 . And so here we clearly got lapping right nice down lap surface for
175:29 units here. But then these upper , they they've got bentonite is dipping
175:35 directions. Everything pink is a bentonite Madonna. That's a that's a volcano
175:43 a layer of volcanic ash settles on sea floor. It's as good as
175:49 , instantaneous. Probably happening in a days to a few weeks. It's
175:53 timeline. And then you've got these bodies that are being eroded on one
175:59 or both sides. And then I , well, wait a minute.
176:05 these others have, you know. then you've got sandstone is dipping.
176:10 got bentonite stepping in that direction and completely the opposite direction. The
176:14 Well, that means you've got, know, as soon as you think
176:16 things and when you see things dipping the opposite direction, you must have
176:20 nonconformity in between required to write. how you find blackout. Well,
176:25 , you look for places where the are at odds with each other,
176:28 flat, something's dipping. They got converge two things dipping in the opposite
176:32 . They got to converge right to though, of course, Dennis the
176:40 is, or if things are you could also have a, or
176:51 could have a, if you have sections in the world, you could
176:58 or repeated sections. Exactly. So you have to worry about whether
177:03 structure going on, right. General steer this, there's there a few
177:08 faults, something Charles. Right? , in this case we realized,
177:12 a minute that when we, when , when we hang on the Soap
177:16 bed tonight, uh, all of sudden you see this kink that kink
177:24 very persistent. That Well up to point and there's another sort of kink
177:31 and it's sort of, and we these pinch outs of sand stones,
177:35 these sand stones kind of view that pinches out, that pinches out and
177:39 also have to pinch out in the . Well, that sort of sounds
177:43 a fault. It turns out what really is. There's false deeper in
177:47 atmosphere. They're moving while these sentiments being deposited and they're causing differential
177:54 So these are actually fault. Ben . Right? The fault tip is
177:58 below the area. But the reason we see all the defamation in the
178:03 positions photography is because is because the fee being folded and I decide that
178:10 . So we asked Watson de positional here. Okay, now we're still
178:19 your the the answer to your Right, Right. This is this
178:22 a this is an excellent question that answered. So, I got pains
178:29 I both looked at don Vegas. . I worked on this area and
178:36 plants worked in a more approximate No, I worked and I picked
178:42 top datum. Okay. And and can see that my photography is being
178:50 backwards in the foreland basin. And don't have, you know, and
178:54 can see I'm flattening my cloud of . Don't have anything dipping uphill.
178:59 I'm getting close to it. You look at plants correlation. He
179:03 lower data and his clan of forms very consistent all the way to the
179:08 . So why did I use a datum? Why did plant use the
179:12 date, I guess. Mm Mhm. The question is why did
179:26 use the top datum? Why did use the bottom date? Okay.
179:41 , partly very, very, very answer. You ready for it.
179:58 . You can't see the map. is Alberta okay. The rocks broadly
180:11 in that direction. They're back, okay and the done vacant is exposed
180:19 , so it's at the surface and it dives in the subsurface. So
180:24 worked in the area where the Dunvegan deep in the subsurface and produces oil
180:29 gas. But because I started with Dunvegan and focused on wells that record
180:35 the Dunvegan and focused on wells that Dunvegan, they commonly didn't drill deeper
180:42 done Vegas. There's a beautiful condensed datum. But a lot of my
180:47 didn't hit it. They just never to him. So I didn't have
180:51 lower data just didn't exist was If it hadn't been drilled into plant
180:56 the, on the other hand, in the northern part where the Dunvegan
181:01 very shallow and at the surface so upper datum is behind casing, we're
181:07 there. But every single well that drilled not a single well that he
181:11 at was ever drilled for the Dunvegan drove from the target. Always there
181:16 no corners. There is no single because it was never, it wasn't
181:20 single well except for those one or wells drilled by imperial oil, not
181:24 single well into his area ever recorded Vegas. But they all because they
181:29 always doing something deeper. So he had a lower date. So we
181:34 it purely out of practicality. Now could have gone back and said,
181:38 , I'm going to pick a lower . And if I don't have
181:41 I'll just pick the lowest para sequence I have. But I couldn't do
181:44 until I called the paris sequences. ? So I couldn't pick a middle
181:48 until I had everything correlated. So was just easier to start with an
181:51 data. Now these days in you could pick a update them do
181:57 and you you could hang flatten on whatever you want, right? So
182:00 easier today. But not my They can also use structural data which
182:06 hang on sea level, Right? or you could hang on the on
182:10 topographic surface of the, you the KB. That's very good to
182:17 out the structural geometry of the But it means that the layers are
182:21 physically in the well logs. And makes it makes it very difficult to
182:25 photography. So here's an example where got there is sea level and you
182:31 , you know, you can clearly that there's two pair sequences here but
182:34 physically offset. So the correlation lines kind of angling through the wells.
182:38 just, it's very hard to It's easier to put the wells side
182:41 side get the wells oriented as they when the when the senators were
182:46 not as they are now that they've deformed. So in typical what we
182:50 in the petroleum businesses, we do strata, graphic correlations on a
182:54 graphic data and then we read and we read data on a structural data
182:59 defaults in. And that's what we into the reservoir model. Okay,
183:06 top space or for like face off way things are now on the books
183:11 then no, I would pick the on the basis of the way they
183:16 or when they were deposited. So I want to use paleo sea
183:21 at the time of deposition, not sea level 100 million years later when
183:26 unit's been faulted and folded. Does that make sense? So in
183:35 end, you know, here's my top hyung correlation of the Dunvegan when
183:43 see the room. What what I about this is look at the green
183:47 , look at the top of the . You see it's got these sort
183:50 bumps and I just thought that was . But I realize now no,
183:56 are actually little force progressive wedges. I look at my Dunvegan, I
184:00 these bumps, these little bumps, ? This shingle one here is actually
184:07 force progressive wedge. It looks like a bump because they use the top
184:11 . If he's, if I used bottom data, it would drop it
184:15 , right. So I just well maybe that's just artistic noise and
184:19 not noise. Those are actually documenting down step wedges, right? And
184:24 little down step wedge looks like a has a very strange job when you
184:28 the top data. So you I realized there was a lot of
184:32 even even though I was happy with correlation, there's artifacts because of the
184:36 I used the top data now, I used a cartoon and I could
184:39 redrafted the bottle data, but that's hard to do in the pre digital
184:44 that everything's by hand. Alright now once you've done the correlations
184:50 once you've got something that looks like cross section left and I've got all
184:54 power sequence broken up para sequence I've got my red incised valleys,
184:59 milo stand deltas. Now I can baffled and I remember when I started
185:03 these maps, you know, I probably, to be honest at least
185:11 years correlating maybe four. I probably a couple of months mapping and then
185:20 a year and a half writing and , I mean the mapping was a
185:24 of the time of correlation. I the map. So I was just
185:28 my goodness, these look like delta's I was very pleased. Right?
185:34 so again, just to emphasize the , so there's there's the sequence strategy
185:39 section on the left and here's 123456789 , 10, 11, 12,
185:47 , 14, 15. So I 17 maps. Now, some of
185:50 maps are just just emphasizing the big transgressions. So I just said,
185:55 , there's a shale all the So the whole area started plant actually
185:59 the limits of those transgressions when he the mapping. So I could actually
186:03 a better job of those maps and be because we're redoing these For the
186:10 atlas. And you know, there's map of my low stand delta based
186:17 that ice pack. But you I had a whole bunch of other
186:20 Aisa packed maps or isolate maps of sand stones. Right. And mapping
186:27 reservoir compartments, to be honest with . Uh to this day, ah
186:36 know, all these maps were published the atlas of the geology of Western
186:40 published by the sea spg. And 3, 4 years after I finish
186:47 more from my PhD, you I started consulting a Calgary's and companies
186:52 have these maps digitized on their walls eventually started using these drill horizontal wells
186:57 the fringes of the various productive para . Right? So I was
187:03 yep, those maps are useful to money for companies in Calgary.
187:08 Anyway. Uh and of course, know, that's a bullseye.
187:19 but but that boys have made sense it's part of a a channel
187:24 admittedly, maybe I should have added more wells and here I might have
187:27 able to constrain the german to that actually did do that look better and
187:31 not sure if that was, you , eight contributory distributor channel, whether
187:39 that comes from a separate drainage and are actually two separate lobes fed by
187:46 tributary advantage. So there's still some there. The questions that can be
187:50 for the maps. So if you see both eyes, just go back
187:54 check them and make sure that you're with them, those eyes are a
187:57 indication that you're correlations are wrong. , Once you've got maps, you
188:02 start to see, remember, I about how deltas can shift laterally and
188:06 . If you map them in then you can see exactly how things
188:11 . And so then you can start , oh yeah, no, that's
188:13 finding up because it's laterally moving. not, it's not retro, retrograde
188:18 Okay. And channel channel built patterns. Uh, now sometimes you
188:24 see these things in three D. and we'll talk about that later.
188:28 just, it's always be aware, always important to be aware of the
188:32 of the features that you're mapping versus reasonable. Okay, we'll talk about
188:37 maybe a little later. Step 11 Wheeler diagrams? I am going to
188:43 you make some wheeler diagrams. so I'm not going to go through
188:46 details. I want you to look these very carefully. I want to
188:50 the exercise. Are we to start with that? I would start playing
188:54 that. Maybe look at those We'll review wheel diagrams tomorrow. We've
189:02 the well log to do, we've the seismic line um and the wheeler
189:11 and I'd like to get started on uh next tomorrow we'll start a nose
189:18 you're finishing up the lap out You seem to be doing pretty good
189:22 the, on the first accommodation I'll go, I'm going to go
189:27 the exercises today, right? And I want you to work on those
189:32 little bit tonight. And then we'll on those in breaks and over
189:37 And we can also just take an and just work on exercises tomorrow as
189:41 . Um And you've got paper copies some of them. Uh You might
189:47 to try to get some, we've lots of colored pencils here. So
189:51 got pencils we can use. Um and uh we'll do some of
189:56 little bit of that today and more . And of course, as I
190:00 about the wheeler diagrams, which is this are used to infer things like
190:05 level charge. So they can be loose useful. So there's my cross
190:09 on the bottom and there's my wheeler of the Dunvegan above it.
190:13 You know, it's very sparse, of empty space and and the time
190:22 by by sediments is actually pretty So, So the 11 steps Step
190:36 Start with a big picture. Look regional maps, regional paleo, geographic
190:41 , you know, depending on where the world, those sometimes those
190:45 Sometimes they'll be regional sites, you , a lot of times you'll be
190:48 on a small exploration area, Yeah, but is there any regional
190:53 that kind of shows the whole confident margin the whole basin. And of
190:58 it's critical to integrate bias photography if have it. And of course Don
191:03 , I think a whole class on . It's really critical to establish the
191:09 , whether those seismic faces or core is best. And use that to
191:15 a priori decisions about what the correlation is reasonable. If it's flu viel
191:21 are likely to be flattish, sand might have scary bases its marine,
191:27 should expect platforms of some sort of scale if you work well, logs
191:34 outcrops, you try to get the spaced data that you can, If
191:39 only got a well every 200 there's only so much you can
191:43 you can still do a sequence graphic correlation but it's going to be
191:47 speculative. You know, the more spaced your data, the more certainty
191:52 have. And part of the trick , is knowing ah it is knowing
192:00 know, when to, you knowing knowing how far how far you
192:08 push the data once you, you know how things correlate over short
192:14 with confidence you can export start to the correlations over longer distances. Always
192:22 on the mud stones, sand sand, sand contacts. Last obviously
192:28 got a loop tie, we're not do any looked on in this
192:31 That's, that's, that would be you did a project. Okay.
192:34 obviously identifying lap back truncation used to a step back and go,
192:39 got some correlations, where does it like things aren't, you know,
192:42 are things converging? I've got somebody that's something going in the wrong
192:47 . There's gonna be an unconfirmed that is a sequence parents of funding
192:50 what, what you know, so sort of have to logically work your
192:53 through explaining where the things, where got correlations at all with each
192:59 Um always be aware. Sometimes you have to use the data, but
193:03 using a top down and just be that at some point it's gonna start
193:07 pull things in the wrong direction. that means is don't keep client
193:11 If you're the display, you might , okay, I expect things to
193:14 pulled up right. And even though , even though they are chronic forms
193:17 look like it and once you have card, except now I'm going to
193:21 my cross section and just drop the down right. You know it was
193:24 to have the data when I when did the correlations but I know that
193:27 data was not flat. So just the data marked down and pick up
193:31 data that forces the lower data to down. Right? So you just
193:35 what upper lower base or whatever. ? Yeah. Thank you correct.
193:48 you pick the data that's the most knowing that it may distort distributing some
193:54 and then you can either just be with it because it doesn't affect the
193:57 or if you want to show your manager what the security looks like and
194:00 all these weird geometry. So well know these geometries where I've re shown
194:05 with the variable data we call the data that shows the geometry you know
194:10 we think was at the time of mapping is usually relatively easy if the
194:20 are good and you may choose to with er diagrams. Okay we've done
194:28 . Um And the show you guys asking good questions so I'm very pleased
194:40 are at 5:00. Okay. So so if you look at where we
195:12 um we've got we've just finished the correlation methods lecture I do have a
195:21 up on that which is all about . Um And maybe what we can
195:29 is if I started that lecture I finish until six then it's just another
195:34 lecture. I think what I'll do all maybe review the the exercises?
195:42 . Will review the well log What else do we have? We
195:47 the the the last class I reviewed seismic exercise with you. Right.
195:55 And so I'd like you to play that because I'm not going to review
195:58 again. So I'd like to be be ready to ask some questions about
196:03 tomorrow. Okay. Okay, so we'll get to those. Okay?
196:12 and then I'll go through the well exercise. I'll go through the winter
196:17 and exercise with the idea that we work on those tomorrow probably when we
196:23 together and see if there's any questions any of the homework. I'd like
196:26 lecture first in the morning is because all bright and fresh. It's a
196:29 more tiring towards the afternoon, so almost better to work in the afternoons
196:33 we'll see, we'll see how much get through. Okay. We do
196:38 a lot of lectures to go. um but we sort of did 1.5
196:45 today. I want to go there you're asking good questions if that's
196:49 I think it's better to have less and good questions than 20 lecturers and
196:53 understanding. Right, that's kind of so Okay. Um Do you want
197:06 put your question up? Think you just share Right. Yeah. And
197:28 can share. And did anyone else on this seismic assignment and get to
197:46 , nope. Mhm. Just Okay, just be aware of my
198:01 , next saturday I'm leaving for The downside is, it's going to
198:09 me two days to drive back. I'm really not going to be very
198:14 for consultation between Finishing Saturday and getting . I'll be back on the
198:21 That's the day you write the Right? Yeah. So um so
198:27 really want to get all the feedback next weekend is going to be the
198:32 time to get feedback from me. . So I'm not, the question
198:43 formulation succession. Okay, Okay, here's an example, we've got a
198:56 unit and it's terminated gets to Right? That would be truncation.
199:02 , there's down up there, sit up here. Ok. On
199:13 Mhm. You know there is this incision here so that they're on lap
199:19 this big incision not there. Maybe. Ah I agree the online
199:29 a lot harder to see in this here, wow. Maybe there could
199:35 some all black and deep water stuff , which you gotta be careful because
199:40 is a this is a structural D surface. Right, So that
199:46 that's kind of strategy and you not being me here because it's a
199:54 class, my friend, you know structural geology, but there is a
199:59 here as well? Yeah, there see there's a wedge share that might
200:08 think it's thicker here. And so probably all laughing at their really?
200:14 this gets a bit tricky, there's of the faults go through some of
200:20 the reason the surface that so kind , you know, there is a
200:23 tabular unit capital of this with a bit of geometry. So be aware
200:29 that and also be very careful these here, right. They curve,
200:33 have they're coming, they're Listrik, I think that, you know,
200:38 not offset that white thing there. these units should probably curve. And
200:45 there's there's all this stuff is right? So that's the just bring
200:51 , bring the falls down, there's spreading this false here. See that
200:59 is curved, that's curved, that's fault, moved and attract. You
201:03 actually see the dragon of the layers drag the units, right? So
201:08 can sort of use the observation of to inform really false. And there's
201:16 some smaller sequences which there's actually down here. So there's a little sequence
201:21 here that could on laps. I , you could go crazy trying to
201:25 the sequences in that unit there. did not really expect that level of
201:30 that they figure. That's great. get here, you see this kind
201:38 a flatter unit, the different there's a wedge in here, probably
201:45 probably a little shift in the right? And there's there's a down
201:52 there going forward down there. That's from the top of the valley.
201:57 own surface explanation. That kind of and programs broadly speaking, you can
202:04 can. And there's the rollover. ? So you just tag that you
202:07 two more cats and then it's doing . Right? Should we have to
202:12 a good A PPK renomination succession What? That looks pretty good.
202:19 work. Another question for help. happened? Work on it somewhere on
202:37 . If you understand the seven. if you saw this week, I
202:49 really quite busy with some friends and , but, you know,
202:54 who's funding your dead. But maybe ? Uh huh. She gets to
203:07 house. Let's take a day, . What time is working for you
203:39 ? I can do it at All right. Where is still No
204:05 . Yeah, I thought it would for me. Family, friends and
204:11 so we're trying to You're fired. . The field time six. We
204:20 do a little workshop on thursday will . Some meeting, actually.
204:35 you shouldn't work. But once said , whatever you want. Right.
204:49 give you how many issues to get work on? Let's say Wednesday.
204:54 will try to. That says 5 6. 35 - six. I'm
205:04 with the vice president of. What that usually? Excellent. Nothing
205:20 Yeah. Seven 670. You're not of at least of you and you
205:29 get these, you that and can someone you remind me, I'll get
205:41 calendar any other questions about any assignments I review, So we'll just try
205:49 do the same thing, like we to make sure. Mhm Yeah.
205:59 now would you be available for that ? Did you want to? I
206:05 usually report those. I think there all this uh also workshop, I'm
206:15 that you know, right. I think so. I'll just use my
206:27 all sensitively. Mhm. So there aren't young kids there, but
206:37 not that young. Mhm Okay. time like Mhm My dogs always thank
207:20 . I can't believe what Utah just me. I always share the power
207:29 . I realized no share the screen then whatever's on that screen is what
207:34 students and I'm like, I've been around with this for a year,
207:38 what do you see switch? I've figured out how to do it
207:41 so it's so simple, like, stupid. Oh well yeah,
207:57 Yeah with the paper copies, you , if you find it should play
207:59 those and then just, you it doesn't take long to kind of
208:02 it up, you know, when your next, do you have a
208:06 class? Starting? Yes. Okay. May 20th stop.
208:36 So, so when would you like too? You know, what would
208:52 like things to do. Great. , It's, there's a lot of
209:12 there. You have to work There's something there are, there are
209:19 that sort of assumes some science, ? Yes. I'd be happy to
209:32 you a couple of days. I'll check the dog. It's um,
209:37 for everything, but I need some on next week. But those last
209:42 assignments can take a lot of work you know, it would be good
209:45 get some work done, but also don't want to take some study and
209:50 , okay. I would say that the best reasons nonsense steal mail.
210:04 very great stuff. It's time to . However, I can look at
210:14 to figure out. I'm gonna let know overseas. I know roughly what
210:23 , so it's going to be ready victory. So I would say bust
210:31 butts this week 17 results serious progress , I'm worried. Don't you
210:40 Don't you have ideologies? Yeah. small faces where I've seen some crazy
210:46 , politicians, worst just once once first off, You know, you
211:09 say I just didn't have a dollar we were working on something.
211:26 what lesson? Mm hmm. So find it, you know, I
211:35 with big screens drafting things on laptops anyway. All right. Okay.
212:00 is the, well, log So it's what can you guys see
212:17 ? Yeah. Let's see the If you want to go talking through
212:27 through. Let's just point out what see? So I see.
212:32 location proportion of don't Oh, studying tradition and therefore we cannot take this
212:50 seconds. Okay. Well, I'm they shouldn't be there. Okay,
213:05 . So help. That's fine. see anything that I was unhappy
213:20 You didn't jump to what I call the flight level analysis as opposed to
213:26 habits. Right. Thank you. you, can you just tell us
213:32 any? Nobody just, just, points the tax. Okay, that's
213:47 . Yeah. So you got a on the right, uh, left
213:51 then restoring the right when the drama high. It's usually the shared because
213:57 have passport. Okay. So where's , where's Shelly? That there.
214:04 . Highs to this is to the , lower to the left.
214:10 So yeah, this should be the . Yeah. Yeah. The festivities
214:22 optimistic. Right? So show me sand. This is going to be
214:30 . That's sad. And where is other big sand sand wall anywhere
214:37 The topic. Right. So you three major areas of sand developments.
214:42 . Now look at the profiles in of getting Sandy reports for money
214:49 This is how we're gonna take our , or it's, it's getting stuffy
215:05 . How do you know where is money stuff for one hour for the
215:11 camp. Okay. Where is the gamma response? The camera? The
215:25 is high to the right. It's to the left. So where is
215:28 highest capital. Okay. First of actual highest capital Singapore with the highest
215:54 spots. Yes, that's how I business. Where is it?
216:12 Yeah. Right there. Right. the shade is at the very
216:15 Okay. What happens from there? ? Let's go. Right. So
216:25 so that's what Dennis point out. overall it's getting less high to their
216:33 . So that that's a pretty large . Right? That dedicates failure.
216:39 since that. Then here it starts get see these these funnels here.
216:45 . So you need to fit This is almost a palace.
217:10 so well off there is a typical right, humble funnel found funnels typically
217:26 valid and public services else commonly, so careful of that. Right?
217:36 that's the pattern you want to be to see. So, she just
217:39 out a small family, so chris . All right. Sometimes at the
217:58 Australia. Just a single fund smaller funnel that you could see there.
218:08 , that's where he just a little . Yeah. Second it is.
218:20 there's lots of noise in there. . So, I'm asked for the
218:23 something smaller. There we go. . So that is almost certainly a
218:31 para sequence. Alright. They There's another one. There's another one
218:38 . You can put the third one . Um There is one there maybe
218:43 ? Maybe three? Maybe something So that's kind of, you
218:48 the level of detail is pretty. is there a bell in here?
218:52 place where you see a bell shaped ? Yes, So see here comes
219:02 and then it's bell ship. So what what would that be?
219:15 are paracetamol pills founded by flooding that surface be at the base of
219:20 bell? Yeah. Right. So that's that's your potential Chandler valley
219:35 Right, alright. Let's see how is beginning to course upwards. Never
219:40 gets there because it's probably cut it much. There's no artist. Your
219:47 is really that Yeah, Look at scale, right. That's 100
219:54 But his parents, he gets like m sometimes place there, it gets
220:01 of it. Yeah, but it's have a field on the scale of
220:04 you're supposed to think. That makes . So this is how this is
220:13 work. Okay. Did you guys together at all? What?
220:25 okay, good. Yeah, so think it's probably good for you Madonna
220:29 work with because because you have the engineering, they can help you a
220:33 bit with the geological concepts. I can too. But so for
220:39 , you know, Madonna correctly picked that that isn't myself requesting unit,
220:47 ? And we can draw flooding surface the top of that. Another one
220:55 . Another one there. And so looks like, you know? And
221:00 here we've got three pair of Right. And are they getting sandy
221:05 upwards? And muddier upwards? Right. That could be an upward
221:12 para sequence set. Right then there's kickback and then it sort of,
221:19 know, that's the major kickback. here we've got maybe a small
221:26 a bigger one and a smaller run smaller one, I think this is
221:33 just a little slump in here. you've got Muddier one, Sandy
221:38 Now, here, you could you argue that it finds up, see
221:44 little bit courses up to that then it finds up. So that
221:48 be another channel, there's a big there. And then so here's a
221:58 upward coarsening A Thinner Muddier one. only two pair of sequences there.
222:03 , maybe there's another one here. argue that there's something there. I
222:12 of note that's the that's kind of highest gamma in this area here.
222:18 , that's a candidate for a maximum surface. What would a maximum cutting
222:25 separate? That's right, yeah. . Southern maximum flooding service would be
222:37 top of the and below the And then what's above a high sound
222:50 track? And that could be that right, you got high stand,
223:00 stand transgressive, Hiestand. Low stand generally finds upwards generally courses upwards.
223:09 , again, you probably got a stand transgressive and another Hiestand systems track
223:16 . And you can draw as many those in as you like, as
223:18 paris sequences, Yes, Mr Feeling for but that's required.
223:28 that's what you see here, right there, that's getting founder
223:33 right. Each successive little para getting money you're upwards. So I
223:39 probably stick that as a transgressive systems . Could be that's a condensed
223:51 Here's the problem. Right. You , and you've got a pair of
223:55 there, maybe they'll build up there finding upward. That could be a
224:03 sequence boundary to and he got some upwards. There could be a
224:09 you know, part of the problem that, you know, you've got
224:11 dimensional sample, something that could be . Right. And so something might
224:15 very muddy. It doesn't mean there be the distal part of a low
224:18 where the valleys way here and then time, the valleys and you do
224:23 to have that going on. you see the amount of information I
224:28 here, that's sort of the amount information I'm looking for. And you
224:33 sort of think in terms of of you've got small triangles, which your
224:39 repair sequences. Right. And then got a bigger triangle, which is
224:46 parents sequence set and then you wanted to be aggregation. All right,
224:58 you can say, okay, a a symbol for a are and then
225:08 or a P. That makes sense now, we will play with us
225:32 . Right, So we're gonna work this tomorrow, so have a look
225:35 it tonight. And then I used give to test in this class one
225:39 morning, but probably because it was way I thought, you know,
225:43 rather have you have working on assignments mess around with tests. We will
225:46 a test first thing saturday morning next and that will give you an example
225:50 you just get a feeling for how easy. My test star with the
225:55 of you are probably able to get over lunch or even during the break
226:00 I'll get that back to you before end of the day. At least
226:02 have some feeling for kind of where standing. No. Okay, I
226:11 a study guide. Yeah. In , I will send me a reminder
226:14 put that up there. I'll post up tomorrow. We'll post up sometime
226:21 before meat. Well before we meet other questions, but there's seems pretty
226:34 , Oh yeah, the first let's act like this. Let's just
226:43 at the bottom or top or do just pick out of the, you
226:54 , I mean it's logically bottom to , but depends how much detail.
226:58 know, I wouldn't go naming systems randomly, you know, they should
227:04 in order, right? You the flip side is the high stands
227:08 get eroded. So sometimes the high system tractors very begins and then it
227:13 eroded by sequence boundary. Right? , you know, some people would
227:17 get the obvious things in and then more detail, but don't do the
227:21 trip, don't interpret the systems you've already finished it, right?
227:26 you know what you're going to have you know, you can label your
227:30 of sequences, so your P. . S. Then you're para sequence
227:39 , P. S. S. . And then your systems tracks,
227:44 should match your para sequences and and your key surfaces. So SB you
227:53 , F. S. T. . Whatever M. R.
227:59 You know, just just start getting labels on there and you should have
228:04 full systems tracks preserved, right? does get tricky because you could have
228:09 situation where you've got incised valley, ? You gotta well here that penetrates
228:20 valley and well here where it's mud mud and all there is is a
228:27 lag there, right? Pale Right? So 1 1 of these
228:33 , it was always harder. You , what you can do is make
228:38 , the observations are robust, just aware that you don't know what's
228:42 but it can at least sort of to window down some possibilities of what
228:46 have there. Of course, you , we're going to go from,
228:49 need to cross sections and the in next week we start doing correlation
228:57 Yeah, the I think that's probably to for you guys today. What
229:16 you think? Don't usually finish but I could do well diagrams but
229:23 very complicated. They're actually easy but I think we'll just do those
229:29 . What were diagrams sound
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