| 00:00 | So this is, uh, exam your midterm exam to review where we |
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| 00:08 | briefly review what we covered for synaptic , the discovery of neural transmission, |
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| 00:16 | neurotransmitter systems and then the development major on functions off the C. N |
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| 00:24 | ending with the 12 cranial nerves that , eso under Louis discovered the chemical |
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| 00:31 | transmission by stimulating the nerve onto a heart. This is a nerve muscle |
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| 00:37 | cardiac muscle. When he isolated the from the stimulated heart and applied it |
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| 00:43 | a non stimulated heart, it had equivalent of fact proving the chemical neural |
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| 00:48 | , which was settled. Colleen recall there are two types off synopsis. |
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| 00:55 | chemical synapses, and there electrical Electrical synapses are made up of |
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| 01:00 | making up connect songs and to connect and two cells. Bridging together to |
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| 01:07 | a Gap junction. On that Gap allows for the passage off ions current |
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| 01:14 | well, a small molecule so only fraction of the current passes between |
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| 01:18 | And it's important for synchronizing fast especially off large networks, off interconnected |
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| 01:27 | as well as passions, passage of molecules and between the cells, gap |
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| 01:31 | are also present not only neurons, also in glial cells. And they're |
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| 01:37 | for buffering special buffering of potassium there used for passing a small molecules as |
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| 01:43 | as other islands such as calcium and calcium waves that partially spread through these |
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| 01:49 | junctions through the glial, especially Astra cells. Chemical synopsis Again, we |
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| 01:55 | the pre synaptic terminal with the active and Boston optic densities with the receptors |
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| 02:03 | distinguish the between excited her and inhibitors there. Actually parents is a symmetrical |
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| 02:09 | symmetrical and the shape of the vesicles of obstacles as well as different types |
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| 02:15 | synapses that can be accessed. Accident critic Actual sonic and vendor dendritic |
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| 02:21 | the case off extra sonic Sinatra, modulating the output of another neuron instead |
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| 02:27 | influencing the integrative properties of this neuron all of these other synapses dendritic somatic |
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| 02:33 | influencing the integrative properties of Soma. here Axl Islamic is a modulator prop |
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| 02:40 | of the output that is already active this out, putting south through its |
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| 02:46 | on Neuromuscular Junction, police recalled that have released off acetylcholine receptor acetyl Colin |
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| 02:54 | with a contraction of the muscle. . With the actual potential in the |
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| 03:00 | neuron, the release of the Seattle will cause a contraction of the |
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| 03:04 | You only have a single Colleen nicotine of the synopsis thoroughly excited tourist synopsis |
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| 03:11 | locally in receptor cell, located closely then tossing up inside of muscle. |
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| 03:17 | initial deep polarization happens through in the acetyl Kobe and receptors, and the |
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| 03:22 | of the action potential in the muscle an interplay of sodium, calcium and |
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| 03:27 | ions if we didn't have a chance discuss. But what we pointed out |
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| 03:32 | that these synapses are extremely high That means that a single synapse like |
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| 03:38 | of this motor and played produces about million volts off deep polarization, which |
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| 03:44 | will produce enough deep polarization to drive to the Threshold faction potential generation to |
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| 03:50 | very reliable synapse where action potential means twitch of the muscle. And that |
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| 03:57 | not the case in the C. s and again, the potential, |
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| 04:00 | is the end played potential, which produced here at the motor and played |
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| 04:04 | played potential, is approximately 70 million and size, always guaranteeing enough deep |
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| 04:10 | to produce an action potential. In twitch of the muscle contraction your transmitter |
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| 04:16 | , they have certain criterias or review they need to be synthesized, released |
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| 04:21 | tohave, automatic recep person Then we degrade it and they get re imported |
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| 04:28 | part of you. And so we addressing that you're a transmitter systems and |
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| 04:35 | talked about, you know, acid . We talked about immune systems and |
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| 04:39 | talked about the peptides we were I mean acid neurotransmitter since a |
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| 04:46 | um, you know, be tear of gathering the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in |
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| 04:50 | CNS glutamate. The major excited Terry acid neurotransmitter in the CNS and glycerine |
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| 04:56 | an amino acid transmitter in the spinal . It is used by the inhibitor |
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| 05:01 | neurons and it is inhibitory. And let's see an ass. It serves |
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| 05:04 | a co factor. Tend them year to glutamate binding. We also discussed |
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| 05:09 | means and we'll review them and we also the peptides. We also in |
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| 05:15 | boxes that are not shown and you know we included the gas is and |
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| 05:20 | we included the lipid soluble molecules such a new cannabinoids on our economic |
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| 05:27 | So we distinguish between the synthesis, and storage of neurotransmitters and top |
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| 05:32 | And you should know these differences between neurotransmitter vesicles and the secretary brand |
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| 05:37 | where the peptides are stored and produced from the neurotransmitters that we're discussing, |
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| 05:43 | as a mean neurotransmitters and Alina Hassan So pep guys would be produced in |
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| 05:48 | secretary Granules. So we talked about fact that it will be released along |
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| 05:53 | extent of the Exxon so not necessarily to these very special synaptic spaces. |
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| 06:00 | a whole machinery between the vesicles and numbering, this protein protein complex that |
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| 06:05 | activated, and in order for the diffuse, you need to have a |
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| 06:09 | polarization. That means you have to an action potential influx of sodium. |
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| 06:14 | influx of sodium will activate multiplication calcium , influx of calcium well, then |
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| 06:20 | the protein complex on the vesicles full fusion or partial fusion to the |
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| 06:25 | membrane and eggs, a psychosis of neurotransmitter molecules into the synaptic, cleft |
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| 06:32 | end of psychosis. Number four. the exhaust, Saito's is so if |
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| 06:36 | don't have calcium, you cannot have release of least temporarily because without |
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| 06:43 | you do not have the protein, , complex, binding and fusion of |
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| 06:47 | vesicles. We discussed briefly how you visualize thes neurotransmitter release and we talked |
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| 06:53 | police fracture technique. And then we about about here and we're talking below |
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| 06:57 | about the calcium sensitive dies showing again micro domains of calcium that are located |
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| 07:04 | the present active active zones and increases would increase the polarization and neural |
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| 07:11 | You can have even partial fusion or fusion. Uh, in full |
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| 07:16 | you have XO psychosis, followed by of that piece of the membrane with |
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| 07:21 | and end the psychosis of the Claritin vesicles, which can be then sent |
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| 07:26 | further processing in the early end. and reloading with neurotransmitter or in both |
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| 07:33 | on in the second case, can also be acidified and reloaded when |
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| 07:38 | transmitter and again position to be primed prime for the subsequent nor transmitter. |
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| 07:45 | . We discussed Botox botulinum toxin that produced by Clostridium Botulinum, and we |
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| 07:51 | the application off Botox. First of , the toxins will impede with this |
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| 07:57 | , protein complex of ethical binding to plasma membrane. Therefore, the release |
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| 08:02 | the neurotransmitter it targets a Seattle uh, testicle release on Botox will |
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| 08:10 | the release of acetylcholine. And if is locally injected at the muscles that |
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| 08:15 | impede the contraction of the muscles so can be toxic, it can |
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| 08:20 | uh, botulism. But it used in small amounts, it can be |
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| 08:28 | for cosmetic purposes. Botox. It also be used for when there is |
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| 08:33 | much muscle activity and spazz Matic muscle or migraine pains. There's also approved |
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| 08:41 | applications for these medicinal purposes. We talked about Black Widow venom, which |
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| 08:47 | influence the civil code and release. talked about organophosphates and a Civil Colin |
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| 08:54 | ace inhibitors that will influence the Seattle in the synapse and Alfa Bank, |
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| 08:59 | a toxin which will target plus synaptic receptor. So both we have nature |
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| 09:06 | for microorganisms. Then we have spiders snakes that had venom that they produce |
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| 09:13 | have toxins and then humans that produce for both industrial applications. Unfortunately, |
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| 09:22 | for warfare, and that's the Calico inhibitors for pharmaceutical medications for Alzheimer's |
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| 09:29 | So in order to get any PSP have good, um, a binding |
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| 09:33 | the receptor. And you have influx sodium and you have this deep polarization |
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| 09:38 | PSP, and we know that the phase of E p s P is |
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| 09:41 | combination off ambling later on in the activation, I've PSP or inhibitory potential |
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| 09:48 | produced. One gabba binds thio gaba gabba, A receptor channel influx of |
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| 09:53 | causes this initial hyper polarization. This i p S p. So we |
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| 09:59 | between high on a tropic signaling and tropic signaling on DWI said that in |
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| 10:04 | on a tropic signaling, it's the that are channels and medical tropic signaling |
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| 10:08 | receptors or not channels. But there linked to G protein complexes. An |
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| 10:12 | of these two protein complex system. activate the G podium, gated ion |
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| 10:18 | nearby, embedded in the plasma number remembering associated enzymes that can then influence |
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| 10:24 | secondary messenger cascades all the way down the transcription factors in the nucleus of |
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| 10:30 | cell. We're very carefully studied the Colleen synthesis, uh, degradation, |
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| 10:37 | we discussed it in the central nervous . Unlike in the numerous still a |
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| 10:41 | . You have two types of acetylcholine . One is nicotine. Nick I'm |
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| 10:45 | Tropic one is most chronic medical When the fetal call me miss synthesized |
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| 10:51 | Colima pseudo transporation, it is loaded the vesicles. Once it's released, |
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| 10:56 | gets broken down. But it's a filled with Nestor race and so targeting |
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| 11:00 | a little Colin esta races. we discussed that Alzheimers medications that block |
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| 11:06 | investors, and by blocking the degradation acetyl Colin, it increases the by |
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| 11:12 | of this molecule, the synaptic If the civil Cohen Esther, it's |
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| 11:16 | successfully breaks down these molecules, which on a regular basis, Colleen is |
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| 11:22 | transported back through the sodium transporters, supporter into the pre synaptic terminal |
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| 11:30 | again synthesizing Macedo Colon and loved it into the vesicles. Austin optically, |
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| 11:36 | have nicotine receptors on must Koranic Cecile Colleen is an agonist for both |
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| 11:42 | is endogenous agonist, exogenous agonist for receptors, nicotine muscular nick receptors must |
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| 11:48 | and dodging this antagonistic again agonists the that will open there, or will |
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| 11:56 | encouraged the activate the receptors or open receptor channel and antagonistic are the molecules |
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| 12:03 | will close the receptor channel or deactivate receptor function. So, if you |
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| 12:07 | are A is an exogenous antagonists for seal calling the continent receptor and a |
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| 12:13 | in an exogenous antagonist for Miss Quranic , Cata Cola means again we discussed |
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| 12:20 | . It's a really nice pathway of , and we later viewed in some |
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| 12:25 | slides, which I'm gonna no, these slides, Aziz, they repeat |
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| 12:32 | in this section here. So in section we started talking about how you |
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| 12:41 | neurotransmitter function. On. We talked immunity is the chemistry, which uses |
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| 12:47 | , and these antibodies will have a marker attached to them. And if |
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| 12:53 | cells express a molecule of interest or of interest, and those cells will |
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| 12:59 | light up identifying only the South of , the specific molecule of interest was |
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| 13:06 | by the antibody. Instead of you're having a radioactively labeled probe, |
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| 13:12 | is a specific sequence off nuclear And if you have a complementary strand |
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| 13:18 | messenger Ernie and specific cells, certain of cells and you will reveal those |
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| 13:24 | that expressed a certain type of or even protein or other type of |
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| 13:30 | , and we talked about the mimicry neurotransmitter. So if you stimulate an |
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| 13:34 | Terry acts on, you should release . But if you isolate glutamate and |
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| 13:39 | you apply glutamate onto the cell you should also record the same excited |
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| 13:44 | Parson optic response. And we compared as fluid. Diffusion will activate not |
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| 13:52 | one synapse, but maybe a new of about 50 micron zor 20 microns |
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| 13:57 | diameter. And we talked about the neurotransmitters was being a more precise and |
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| 14:04 | to being using photo license with lasers precise microscopy and being able to engage |
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| 14:11 | excited or inhibitory neurotransmitter. So the of single synapse. Now we discuss |
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| 14:18 | length constant and synaptic integration. So synaptic integration, we talked about spatial |
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| 14:24 | , where you have the sum of axons and space that air being |
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| 14:29 | And this summation causes a much larger Editori post synaptic response. Or you |
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| 14:35 | have the same accent activated or high , and you will have this temporal |
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| 14:40 | still potentially reaching the high levels of polarization and potentially the threshold for action |
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| 14:48 | . So remember that lambda the length length constant. This value off lambda |
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| 14:59 | representative. The lambda is 37% decrease 100% total current. Because dendritic cable |
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| 15:09 | like accents is not insulated in the cables, air not insulated and there |
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| 15:15 | be a certain league of current. the longer the length constant, the |
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| 15:19 | of this current will be preserved. high amplitude term will be preserved over |
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| 15:24 | distances, which is advantageous for, , especially spatial information. When you |
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| 15:32 | several synapses in the vicinity and the length constant, you can guarantee this |
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| 15:37 | summation and effective deep polarization. Cost building. We talked about shunting inhibition |
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| 15:43 | we said that if you have these inputs which most of them are located |
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| 15:48 | the Selma's excitation, any PSP that could record in the den dried. |
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| 15:53 | there is inhibitory synapses firing inactive, will have a small, deep polarization |
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| 15:58 | will reach the SoMa again. Talking the CNS synopsis that they're very produced |
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| 16:04 | small, deep polarization about 0.5 and that the small, deep polarization |
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| 16:11 | have to summit multiple synapses tens of synapses in order to de polarize the |
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| 16:16 | enough to produce an action potential attacks initial segment. And if you have |
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| 16:22 | synapses that are active, first of , there will be an active |
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| 16:26 | And second of all the shunting inhibition some of these currents will be leaking |
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| 16:31 | through some of the channels so the air specific. But at some |
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| 16:35 | the specificity is lost on inhibition can shunt. Some of these excited Terry |
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| 16:40 | blocked them actively if we inhibit their PSP's, but also shut them so |
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| 16:45 | there is no activity at all in SoMa now letting you understand that has |
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| 16:51 | be strong, excited to input. we can inhibitory inputs in order for |
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| 16:55 | Celta de Polarized and produce an action . As's faras modulation goes, there's |
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| 17:02 | shortcut pathway that we discussed. We this modulation pathway. They're shorter Pathway |
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| 17:08 | directed to the receptor modulation pathway from protein to the receptor module. A |
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| 17:14 | pathways through the secondary in a little Messan, uh, to cyclic amp |
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| 17:20 | through poetry, in Chinese production and first correlation of the Potassium channel. |
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| 17:25 | this is a longer pathway, and can see that these processes little tropic |
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| 17:30 | in the tropics responses at the level the ion flux is in the |
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| 17:34 | Who had a significant the delay from eye on a tropic responses about 10 |
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| 17:39 | 20 milliseconds. This process takes about to 20 milliseconds tax today. |
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| 17:47 | so this slide overviews all of these techniques for the neurotransmitter systems. |
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| 17:53 | uh, you know, is the and pseudo hybridization, uh, neurotransmitter |
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| 17:59 | Korea. And as we mentioned, engaging of the neurotransmitters this slide I |
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| 18:04 | like because summarizes our amino acid neurotransmitter Colleen serotonin. I mean, they're |
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| 18:11 | kind of cola mean all. I , there are transmitters here, and |
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| 18:16 | highlighted some important neurotransmitters and their functions their systems again. A single |
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| 18:23 | you should know really well in your If using Placido Colleen, Uh, |
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| 18:28 | is G protein complex through most Koranic . You can see that this is |
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| 18:33 | called the shortcut pathways. Would you while immediately have a binding side for |
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| 18:39 | Jeep rhodium catalytic subunits? By binding that's a unit, it will open |
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| 18:44 | channel. So it's showing to you when nicotine IQ receptors open sodium influx |
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| 18:52 | happen. That's the deep polarization. Mouskouri nick receptor acetylcholine receptor is |
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| 18:58 | you will have an opening of potassium and the flux of potassium, causing |
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| 19:04 | polarization so the academic will dipole The South and most chronic receptor was |
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| 19:10 | here will open potassium channels and hyper the South. Um, let's look |
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| 19:16 | about on the cat A cola me . So again, remember that L |
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| 19:22 | is a precursor for dopamine norepinephrine. enough run. Dopamine is involved in |
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| 19:29 | function. All of these categories, mean so involved in movement mood attention |
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| 19:35 | troll function when we talk about movement we talk about dopamine dysfunctions, dopamine |
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| 19:41 | dysfunctions. We referred to do neurological , Parkinson's disease, which has tremors |
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| 19:47 | controllable movements and tremors. And also talked about the opening and receptor theory |
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| 19:54 | receptor dysfunction on schizophrenia and neuropsychiatric So Cata cola, means and amphetamine |
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| 20:02 | cocaine would be blocking the transporter of molecules again. Prolonging them out of |
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| 20:09 | colon means in the synaptic cleft and the m a. O s that |
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| 20:14 | review that has shown here on on mean oxidase inhibitors eso again. You |
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| 20:24 | have medications that inhibit the breakdown or after. The serotonin has bean reimported |
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| 20:32 | into the prison Africa left, where can block the transporter here. |
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| 20:37 | in the case of the Seattle Coley manipulation, you can block the degrading |
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| 20:43 | because that degrading enzyme is in the . So trip to fan five htp |
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| 20:48 | five ht serotonin, which is very for mood, appetite, sleep in |
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| 20:53 | and Prozac being one of the Well, it's a brand name, |
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| 20:57 | it's ah, and I had to medications that act on the transporters for |
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| 21:03 | , in part. Also on the off the inhibitors, uh, G |
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| 21:15 | . Again, this is norepinephrine So if you look at norepinephrine signaling |
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| 21:20 | have data receptor and you have Alfa receptor and so you have this what |
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| 21:25 | call push pull mechanism and some synapses contain both Alfond data receptors. So |
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| 21:32 | you activate beta receptor, that G coupled subunits will actually stimulated in a |
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| 21:38 | cyclists increase the production of cycling can and protein kinase C, which is |
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| 21:43 | force for relating kindness. Remember the between kindnesses and phosphate ASIS kindnesses will |
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| 21:50 | for a late and phosphate. ASUs defrost for a late and force for |
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| 21:55 | . A lot of times it's important manipulate an opening off the channels and |
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| 22:02 | relation off. Different protein kindness is on different protein. Kindnesses will force |
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| 22:12 | different receptor channels and phosphate cases will for later. And so local interactions |
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| 22:18 | the cells locally of these kindnesses and is also dictate the downstream into cellular |
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| 22:25 | following the medical tropic receptor activation. northen effort activists Alfa two receptor. |
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| 22:31 | the other hand, this subunits here protein which is inhibitory G I. |
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| 22:37 | inhibitory G province of union will inhibit production of little side place and inhibit |
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| 22:42 | production of cycling champion inhibit the production programs Heidi's. So in one |
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| 22:48 | the beta receptors pushing identical sideways to more cycling Campion, PK and another |
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| 22:55 | , this Alfa two receptors blocking and pulling away from producing more cycling. |
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| 23:01 | PK now recall that there's a difference we're discussing all of these. I |
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| 23:07 | , they're transmitters. There's a big between them and they amino acid |
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| 23:12 | The difference is that these transmitters air in very specific locations in the nuclear |
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| 23:18 | the Brian's brain stump. So norepinephrine producing local surreal ius. Rathi nuclei |
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| 23:25 | serotonin. You have Magna Cellular, forebrain producing acetylcholine and green here, |
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| 23:33 | well as Podunk Ula Ponting and ladder door Celtic Mental Nuclei. You should |
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| 23:38 | able to now recognize but dunk UMA , big uncles and ponds. So |
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| 23:45 | is Podunk Ula Ponting nucleus and it located lateral door, salted mental |
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| 23:53 | lateral dorsal, historical located dorsal and e tech, mental nucleus and the |
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| 23:59 | Mentum versus tech. Tim. remember those air all of the |
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| 24:04 | I told you, you can determine to find where to look for these |
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| 24:08 | structures. If you understand the locations natural, take mountain area and substantial |
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| 24:15 | well produced, opening us well. these air very specific locations and then |
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| 24:19 | neurotransmitters. It's sprinkled through their projections the cerebral cortex and cerebellum and down |
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| 24:27 | the spinal cord as well were remarkable where you have the south coding and |
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| 24:33 | these neurotransmitters, but their terminals and external terminals are located everywhere, but |
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| 24:40 | Selma's are located on Lee in the nuclei in this very special areas and |
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| 24:46 | cannabinoids, on the other hand, acid neurotransmitter so produced locally the phenomenon |
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| 24:53 | are produced in demand. So if have an increase of glutamate or |
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| 24:58 | there will be increased production of under and their economic noise air not stored |
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| 25:03 | the vesicles. They are lipid They will then retrograde. Lee, |
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| 25:09 | pre synaptic to posson optics side, travel to bind their respective cannabinoid |
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| 25:15 | There's CB one receptors that are dominant the neurons that we discuss, and |
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| 25:19 | in the course, we'll discuss CB receptors that are dominant on McGreal cells |
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| 25:23 | serve a different function. The neurons of CB one receptor through the G |
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| 25:29 | coupled complex. Well, well, , well close. The calcium channel |
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| 25:35 | of calcium channel will then reduce the of the neurotransmitter. So if it |
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| 25:41 | inhibition, if it is a Gabba synopsis and there's too much inhibition, |
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| 25:46 | will be dipole ization and induced suppression inhibition. So this deep polarization person |
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| 25:53 | a lot of signaling and Gavin synopsis lot of Gabba release will turn |
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| 25:58 | and the cannabinoids and the negative Fashion director Greatly activate see the receptors |
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| 26:04 | will control the release of inhibition. it is excited or a synopsis, |
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| 26:09 | gonna be a lot of deep Prison optical A lot of glutamate released |
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| 26:14 | lot of neural transmitters. Uh, Avenue neurotransmitters produced. They were |
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| 26:22 | Play a role retrograde. We see one receptors of both inhibitor and excited |
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| 26:27 | If we sent optic terminals will expressive receptors, You will have deep polarization |
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| 26:31 | do suppression of inhibition. If it Gabba project synopsis, you'll have deep |
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| 26:35 | . Do suppression of excitation If this happening in the gloom a tragic inside |
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| 26:40 | terrorist synopsis. So in their cannabinoids endogenous molecules and undermine into a G |
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| 26:47 | T h c A Tetra hydro Phenomenal a fighter. Phenomenons is a psychotropic |
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| 26:52 | , intoxicating psychotropic molecule that also bind B receptor well non intoxicating with psychotropic |
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| 26:58 | that binds to CB receptors again mimicking activity off this endogenous molecules. |
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| 27:06 | Nina, acid neurotransmitters I'm gonna cycle into these slides again. You have |
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| 27:12 | of Luda made and Galba locally. once glutamate gets released, glutamate can |
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| 27:17 | buying Thio Tropic and Madama Tropic receptors be cycled through glia glutamate gonna be |
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| 27:25 | up, taken back into glia formed glutamine And we have taken back into |
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| 27:31 | and synthesize through contaminated into glutamate and uploaded into vesicles or glutamate can be |
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| 27:36 | transported back into the pre synaptic terminal and the vegetables. So this is |
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| 27:41 | happening locally and it's happening all over brain and the cannabinoid production and this |
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| 27:48 | but a positive under economic noise. so most of the positive Fomina said |
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| 27:53 | so located all over the CNS. not confined to these nuclear like what |
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| 27:58 | mean there are transmitted. Remember that inhibitory cells will express Bhutan. Mikasa |
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| 28:03 | box Will is God because you atomic Discombobulated, reporting blue name and you |
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| 28:09 | a machinery of God. Then you an inhibitory cell because you're producing |
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| 28:13 | You're releasing Galba and this is just box elation. Just taking the co |
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| 28:18 | group from glutamate that turns it into step reaction one most. A major |
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| 28:24 | attorney neurotransmitter in the brain into major neurotransmitter in the CNS. They will |
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| 28:31 | respectively, have their pumps live in Andi Gava that will transport them from |
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| 28:37 | lapse back into the pre synaptic And they also have the the secular |
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| 28:42 | and the secular glutamate transporters, that won the vesicles are acidified |
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| 28:48 | Radiant will a lot of the drive these new transmitters into the vesicles little |
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| 28:53 | neuro pharmacology We distinguish between three types iron. A tropic receptors. He's |
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| 28:59 | three types of iron, a tropic receptors, AMP A and D A |
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| 29:04 | kind endogenous agonist to all of them glutamate and exogenous agonists are Amper the |
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| 29:11 | and MBA and kind of have their distinguishing neuro pharmacology. Now, |
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| 29:19 | Amina as a channels and the activation the pre synaptic terminal will cause the |
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| 29:25 | of Lucca, Maine and Boston optically have ample receptors in blue here and |
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| 29:31 | receptors and pain. So E. . P. S P is really |
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| 29:34 | composite of activation off and point and be a receptor. But the initial |
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| 29:39 | early phase of e. P s is due to the sodium influx through |
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| 29:44 | receptors. Interesting member and potential parson if there is pre synaptic glutamate release |
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| 29:50 | off this glue tomato. Ample receptor sufficient enough to open ample receptor and |
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| 29:56 | an influx of sodium, causing the deep polarization and in the air receptors |
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| 30:01 | different in India receptors, interesting member potential have a magnesium which is blocking |
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| 30:06 | receptor and glutamate. Binding is not to open an M b A |
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| 30:11 | but rather within a binding and deep of the plasma. Member of Boston |
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| 30:16 | , which alleviates magnesium walk, now up in the vehicle sector, allowing |
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| 30:22 | influx of sodium and calcium. No that these receptor channels are also impermeable |
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| 30:28 | potassium e flux of potassium from the . Both of the channels is responsible |
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| 30:34 | the re polarizing phase of this excited Pawson optic potential. So the pharmacology |
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| 30:40 | different from these receptors. The kinetics different. Ample. It's faster than |
|
| 30:44 | receptor is activated after sometime when there deep polarization that already happens posson optically |
|
| 30:50 | ample receptors. They're selective and emperors supermen, able to sodium and potassium |
|
| 30:56 | all NMDA receptor supermen able to sodium and potassium. Only some ample receptors |
|
| 31:02 | discuss that have a certain change in amino acid sequence may be formidable calcium |
|
| 31:09 | INTs Conducting refers to the fact that am back in interceptors, conduct about |
|
| 31:15 | people, Siemens of cars and then receptor. Once you activate this beast |
|
| 31:19 | will conduct 50 people Siemens of current a single channel, they will also |
|
| 31:24 | their own antagonists or blockers, and it will be blocked by seeing Q |
|
| 31:29 | a lot of times ample kind. group together because they have different |
|
| 31:34 | and they both have a similar the same antagonists that will block out |
|
| 31:39 | kind interceptors an M B A. get blocked by a PV and that |
|
| 31:43 | relevant when we're discussing that I the of rampant in the receptors when we |
|
| 31:49 | the blockade with a PV and then A, then is a coincident |
|
| 31:55 | coincidentally, has to detect the pre glutamate release. Binding of that Lou |
|
| 32:00 | has toe happen with glycerine co factor in orderto have a full activation of |
|
| 32:05 | receptor, and posson optically detects deep . And so this magnesium, which |
|
| 32:11 | blocking in India receptor, gets alleviated deep polarization. By that Virgin of |
|
| 32:16 | , A receptor has slower kinetics of compared to non an MBA or ample |
|
| 32:21 | receptors. And NMDA receptor is therefore for the labor portion off the E |
|
| 32:27 | s p thes air. All I a tropic receptors NMDA receptor including that |
|
| 32:33 | I on a tropic glutamate receptor. the right, you have medical tropic |
|
| 32:38 | , um interceptor signaling again, which the G protein coupled receptors downstream into |
|
| 32:44 | intracellular posson attic space. This is experiment that showed that if you have |
|
| 32:50 | concentration of extra salable magnesium 1.2 and record an M d A channel opening |
|
| 32:56 | the presence of eliminate, that will be much on N. B. |
|
| 32:59 | receptor and channel opening here but at 30 with deep polarization, you will |
|
| 33:04 | an M B receptor opening these channel through apparatus afternoon MBA s AFTRA and |
|
| 33:11 | Seattle Colin Rece. After the all zero mil level in this case, |
|
| 33:15 | M. D. Recep trouble again show any current zero normal. But |
|
| 33:20 | you remove the magnesium here in experiment the right, there's no extra seller |
|
| 33:25 | and you released glutamate. Now you start seeing the opening of NMDA receptors |
|
| 33:30 | the resting number. So this proves this experiment proves the fact that magnesium |
|
| 33:40 | and in the receptors addressing number and , so that gets removed the deep |
|
| 33:44 | potentials and if experimentally you remove it , addressing number and potentials, you |
|
| 33:49 | actually activate chapter. We discussed the curves here, the i E. |
|
| 33:56 | for ample receptor, which is the curve, and an M d a |
|
| 34:00 | , which is nonlinear curve. And this experiment, we said that there |
|
| 34:04 | two measurements air being done. There's stimulation going on here at the snot |
|
| 34:09 | here at the beginning, and you're the cell a different voltage holding |
|
| 34:15 | So using voltage clamp and you're clamping potential of minus 80 minus 40 plus |
|
| 34:20 | mil Volzer. Clamping the membrane of puts potential as you collapse the member |
|
| 34:25 | you're doing two measurements. The early measurement, the early component measurement here |
|
| 34:33 | five milliseconds following the deep polarization following glutamate activation, and the other line |
|
| 34:40 | measures the late carbon that that's five milliseconds after after the deep polarization |
|
| 34:47 | the stimulation has happened and if you that, you will notice that this |
|
| 34:52 | P component is linear components, so receptors are open and they conduct the |
|
| 34:58 | amount of current negative and positive current the different holding potentials. Same an |
|
| 35:05 | amount of current and negative and positive potentials. And it is a linear |
|
| 35:10 | plot from ample receptors which represents this conducted early current measurement the same |
|
| 35:17 | The late measurement is these closed It shows that if you have an |
|
| 35:22 | d heiress after and the number of is, I proposal arised NMDA receptor |
|
| 35:27 | virtually conducting zero until there is deep when there is remembering deep polarization off |
|
| 35:34 | six who loves to minus 50 minus have the maximal activation of NMDA |
|
| 35:39 | It starts reversing both ample and NMDA Reverse it zero Mila vaults and the |
|
| 35:46 | is with the Seattle Colin Receptor And you can see that NMD |
|
| 35:51 | after which is close circles, is is rectifying in the in the in |
|
| 35:57 | outward directions. Once it reverses zero mullah balls Then the last experiment |
|
| 36:03 | is you apply NMDA receptor specific a PV, and in closed circles |
|
| 36:10 | have a PV applied and you can that it doesn't affect open circle |
|
| 36:16 | A PV close circles a PV which blocker for NMDA receptor. It doesn't |
|
| 36:21 | the early component, but if you this blocker a PV, it affects |
|
| 36:26 | late component. Then now you get circles in this line here and open |
|
| 36:31 | represents a year zero current productions. . And that is because you have |
|
| 36:37 | an M d A receptor. So is where you're using combination off pharmacology |
|
| 36:43 | voltage clamp, and you have a response, which is a composite deep |
|
| 36:49 | of ample in M. D. . With your teasing out the hamper |
|
| 36:53 | on the I V car For that channel, you're teasing out an M |
|
| 36:57 | A, which is the late component the late component in the current for |
|
| 37:01 | M. D. A, which not linear. And this blue area |
|
| 37:05 | represents an M d. A component gets blocked in the presence of |
|
| 37:10 | and you don't see any currents at . During the late phase in the |
|
| 37:14 | of e p. D. It down to zero. These currents, |
|
| 37:17 | it doesn't affect the early component at because CPD is not a blocker for |
|
| 37:21 | . Sure, So now you're putting your knowledge of neural pharmacology. Off |
|
| 37:27 | I am a Tropic Receptors. I curves linea universes, nonlinear, rectifying |
|
| 37:33 | non rectifying. And you're talking about the sense off current blockade by specific |
|
| 37:41 | . So voltage clump on pharmacology together order to tease out all of this |
|
| 37:47 | valuable information. Now we discussed that ample receptors. If they have in |
|
| 37:54 | sequence in the M two trance member segment like Q, which is |
|
| 38:00 | they will be conducting calcium. But you replace one single amino acid with |
|
| 38:05 | and the sequence, it will not calcium. And that's in contrast in |
|
| 38:10 | receptors, which all conduct calcium, Tajani or development off on M V |
|
| 38:17 | . Sort of excited Terry synopsis excited synopsis at the beginning. Express only |
|
| 38:22 | MBA receptors, and they're called Silence because if you released glutamate, it's |
|
| 38:28 | enough. Thio. Activate the synapses so there has to be massive, |
|
| 38:34 | deep polarization and the network, in for these synapses to activate developmentally |
|
| 38:40 | the silence synapses because they're not responsive glutamate. They're called Silence Synopsis of |
|
| 38:45 | . Synapses turned into fully functional active that will have AM pilot in the |
|
| 38:51 | receptors. Um, part of the also has to do with the shift |
|
| 38:55 | the receptor composition in the sub unit of these receptors For NMDA receptor, |
|
| 39:03 | the difference in the ratio of men too, and then are to |
|
| 39:07 | That is changing with the early which is also influencing the function of |
|
| 39:12 | service sector. Urged now cellular location activity dependent. We have an M |
|
| 39:18 | receptors that are very intricately involved in and memory processes because they're binding the |
|
| 39:23 | synaptic in the process synaptic activity. , we have ample receptors that are |
|
| 39:29 | in the synapses, and those ample can also be located. Extra synaptic |
|
| 39:34 | . And so you have a lot activity independent movement of the receptors where |
|
| 39:40 | receptors of the speed of milliseconds can to the super active synopsis and increase |
|
| 39:47 | number off the receptors and activity in synopsis and potentially promote LTP long term |
|
| 39:54 | ation. So Guido Lethargic signaling and m D A signaling in particular ample |
|
| 40:00 | move fast with an M D receptors particular very important for these forms of |
|
| 40:06 | , which is basically substrates of learning memory, long term potentially ation and |
|
| 40:12 | term depression as well. These are a tropical item interceptors, and when |
|
| 40:17 | talked about medical tropical, intimate receptors review it one more time. Activation |
|
| 40:21 | medical tropical intimate receptor will activate I. P to foster, |
|
| 40:26 | title and also tell Die false which will then through G protein complex |
|
| 40:33 | and activation of off the live Basie get broken down and thio in hospital |
|
| 40:39 | , an I P. Three and second pathway which will diverge. And |
|
| 40:44 | will have the second compounded by glycerol or D A G with stays |
|
| 40:49 | bound and activists protein pine A C and I. I P. Three |
|
| 40:55 | also will try. Phosphate binds to receptors are located on the smooth and |
|
| 41:01 | plasmid particular, thereby enabling the release calcium from them for cellular and the |
|
| 41:07 | particular stores and rises of intracellular calcium , which, again intracellular calcium, |
|
| 41:14 | act as a secondary messenger. It act as something that binds Thio, |
|
| 41:20 | CA module and kinda system can activate kinda system can regulate Chinese number versus |
|
| 41:26 | days numbers well through the signaling cascades well of us through the levels of |
|
| 41:31 | expression protein Chinese see protein. Chinese , we discuss is they're all tiny |
|
| 41:38 | will be false formulating versus prospectuses that be defense for relating their function. |
|
| 41:44 | these folks. Formulation also noticed that then the a receptor we have binding |
|
| 41:50 | was in here that we didn't discuss . But we did discuss the binding |
|
| 41:54 | magnesium and we did mention PCP, is a dangerous solicit toxicity, toxic |
|
| 42:00 | of abuse that can, on the off street name of angel dust, |
|
| 42:08 | meth, ane whatever I can Significant and permanent damage to the brain |
|
| 42:14 | induce active schizophrenia even with self mutilation can be permanent not just in episode |
|
| 42:22 | psychosis, but can develop into chronic conditions. And actually, when we |
|
| 42:28 | about cannabinoids, we also have to that THC is not the same a |
|
| 42:35 | cannabinoids which are dangerous and intoxicating. can also induce psychosis that is |
|
| 42:41 | So THC s and cannabis plans and . An avenue is a synthesized in |
|
| 42:47 | lab by the evil scientists in Eastern and mostly in the Eastern Europe and |
|
| 42:55 | . So this is very different. , so THC does not have the |
|
| 42:59 | property. It's a synthetic phenomenons. when we talk about different molecules that |
|
| 43:06 | to them, the heiress after this also a synthetic molecules, not plan |
|
| 43:10 | molecules a synthetic drug that is quite because it has massive activation properties for |
|
| 43:16 | India or Sacra that can permanently it lots of month. I mean, |
|
| 43:21 | acid channel, another one that we this Gabon, especially Gabba a |
|
| 43:27 | A channel will have a binding This is a endogenous agonist, but |
|
| 43:32 | we have a lot of exogenous So ethanol is, um, exogenous |
|
| 43:38 | , Benzodiazepine benzos, or anti epileptic are also agonist for gabby receptor barbiturates |
|
| 43:46 | sedatives, our agonists and your steroids well. So we discuss it |
|
| 43:53 | that's why when you're taking some steroid , a lot of times that will |
|
| 43:57 | you don't consume alcohol or operate machinery if you consume alcohol, you may |
|
| 44:03 | inadvertently changing the function of this receptor tooth pathways, neurosurgeon platform and ethanol |
|
| 44:10 | rendering even your stereos dysfunctional or completely the two functions of ethanol in their |
|
| 44:17 | , causing almost like drunk like So benzodiazepines we discussed also is very |
|
| 44:24 | anti anti convulsive medications that are discovered 60 years ago. Still used |
|
| 44:30 | Yeah, but be receptors. We about it different. And so gaba |
|
| 44:34 | receptors binding of Gabba gabba receptor will influx of fluoride and this is the |
|
| 44:41 | I PSP and Gabba B receptor is to calcium channel linked to potassium |
|
| 44:48 | So if we sent optically, it's to calcium channel will control the release |
|
| 44:53 | neurotransmitter of bicycles will Causton optically it potassium channels and the flux of potassium |
|
| 44:59 | cost further delayed hyper polarization. So this illustration you have gathered the receptors |
|
| 45:07 | you have a gather allergic so First of all, Gabbert of synapses |
|
| 45:11 | have what we call Gabba be order . So these gather the auto receptors |
|
| 45:16 | located in the same synopsis. Gabble released and it binds the pre synaptic |
|
| 45:22 | and controls calcium So pre synaptic elite control Gabba release can control its own |
|
| 45:28 | its reminiscence of Endo cannabinoid control off receptor and GABA release But it can |
|
| 45:35 | done in the pre synaptic level Austin GABA release will Gabba buying to gobble |
|
| 45:40 | channel so caused chloride influx initial hyper during i psb And if it activities |
|
| 45:49 | channels, it will cause the flux potassium responsible for the later phase off |
|
| 45:54 | I. P s p inhibitory possibility . Now listen what can happen in |
|
| 45:59 | glue dramaturgical synopsis, you can have matter. GIC synopsis and you have |
|
| 46:04 | the receptors located parson optically posson optically the receptors can control potassium. So |
|
| 46:13 | optically if you have control of be receptors. But how do you |
|
| 46:19 | these gabby receptors? Personality? You glutamate? Well, the only way |
|
| 46:25 | can activate these Gabba be receptors is the Gabba spillover. If there is |
|
| 46:29 | lot of gabba spillover now you're gabby . Now you're generating and that cannabinoids |
|
| 46:36 | Catholic like this gabba is being spilled . Not all of it is being |
|
| 46:39 | transported back pre synaptic aly So this can travel to nearby excited Terry synapse |
|
| 46:48 | Gabba view receptor and caused hyper polarization and excited very soon as poss in |
|
| 46:54 | the Gabba can also travel pre synaptic extra outside of its own synapse through |
|
| 47:00 | spillover mechanism and control glutamate Release by the calcium, uh, influx and |
|
| 47:08 | ical fusion. So these air gabba order receptors. Gabba release will influence |
|
| 47:13 | own gabba released on the same synopsis these air Gabba B In this |
|
| 47:17 | Gabba be header receptors for gabba release spillover will activate Gabba B receptor some |
|
| 47:24 | synopsis and creeson optically it can regulate , release and posson optically you can |
|
| 47:30 | polarize the south regulating again the deep of the council influx after along the |
|
| 47:39 | shaft gap would be receptor activation can what Gambian gather be presence that can |
|
| 47:46 | hyper polarized the south the opening of potassium channels and can impede with the |
|
| 47:52 | propagation of the action potential which is tourism. So please review this because |
|
| 47:59 | really puts a lot of things in context and it has very important |
|
| 48:03 | said Gabba. Hey Gabby ! Auto spillover hetero receptor. Somehow Galba spillover |
|
| 48:13 | just Galba doesn't just affect inhibitory synapses the spillover Can the fact that excited |
|
| 48:19 | synapses that are located nearby these external that are coming from blue dramaturgical versus |
|
| 48:25 | allergic here on the left synopsis. gabba a receptor here is a stimulation |
|
| 48:30 | the lateral Jinich Hewlett nuclear So this a simulation of retinal input going into |
|
| 48:36 | Jean Nicolas. New clues, which in the foul, was in this |
|
| 48:39 | visual information. And you first get excited Terry E P s p that |
|
| 48:44 | followed by i PSP And this is driven Gabba A i p ESPN with |
|
| 48:50 | delay of about 20 milliseconds or so have activation off gabba be response and |
|
| 48:56 | is opening of the potassium channel. hyper polarization. So this retina of |
|
| 49:02 | gym Nicholas Synopsis You have very tight of Gabba and Gabba be receptors person |
|
| 49:08 | A very tight control of this ex impact. And if you put a |
|
| 49:13 | a receptor antagonists exogenous antagonist by Koukal what you do is the same stimulation |
|
| 49:19 | will produce a massive massive response Massive polarization. So telling you that this |
|
| 49:26 | processes both yeah, bouquet and but be keeping this excited Terry synapses |
|
| 49:31 | check not allowing them thio deep polarized much, not allowing them to become |
|
| 49:36 | excited or hyper excited. Do party couple structure receptor structure again. It's |
|
| 49:45 | seven trans membrane subunits that their length different G proteins GI's Geos Goc inhibitory |
|
| 49:53 | O G. Q. The exciting and all of these different combinations. |
|
| 50:00 | not just one must carry nick It's a ton of matter of a |
|
| 50:03 | miscreant receptors, ton of blue dramaturgical of a tropic receptors. Even gabby |
|
| 50:09 | have their own combinations. Notice that of the I mean, they're transmitters |
|
| 50:15 | can Omine, oise and 80 They're all acting through G protein coupled |
|
| 50:20 | cell phones. Okay, so everything we looked at that I mean, |
|
| 50:27 | , signaling Apart from the civil which has nicotine IQ receptors in the |
|
| 50:33 | . N s. You have all the certain and dopamine norepinephrine. Canavan |
|
| 50:38 | in a teepee. They're all acting the G protein coupled receptors, and |
|
| 50:42 | have variations of these g protein coupled to review a little bit off the |
|
| 50:47 | that they have trance member in sub . This is a civil Colleen Herceptin |
|
| 50:51 | through them before it has five He's a four trans membrane segments. |
|
| 50:57 | one of these will form a sub . You have five subunits and you |
|
| 51:01 | to settle calling molecules to bind to two subunits in order to open the |
|
| 51:06 | . O Connor Colleen Channel receptor. review the agonist that we studied. |
|
| 51:13 | , this little calling an antagonist Luca Gabba We didn't really addressed antagonists or |
|
| 51:22 | the agonists. We've mostly talked about A and, uh, Gabba Gabba |
|
| 51:28 | receptors gabba gabba be receptors in gabba a simulating molecule in a teepee which |
|
| 51:34 | through a diaper, Septus and we that's important. Agonist is a Dennison |
|
| 51:40 | antagonists caffeine Denison receptor. Similarly to be receptors and similarly thio endo cannabinoid |
|
| 51:48 | receptors control the release off glutamate. caffeine stimulates the release of glutamate G |
|
| 51:56 | coupled with softer pre synaptic with a and Hibbitts, The release of |
|
| 52:01 | Uh huh. We have significant amplification can happen by metta Tropic pathway |
|
| 52:07 | We can activate downstream g protein coupled and can activate. I did little |
|
| 52:13 | places protein kindnesses which can then for many different channels having a profound amplified |
|
| 52:19 | within the cells. And you review things up. Divergence, convergence, |
|
| 52:26 | , parallel streams and amplification as In the last 15 minutes, we |
|
| 52:33 | try to power through the structure the . N s. We discussed how |
|
| 52:38 | looks in different animals. You have know your planes and locations in restaurant |
|
| 52:45 | coddle and Ross Troll Interior your nose , the top of the head posterior |
|
| 52:53 | detail Dorsal is the back. Eventual the front here. Media is a |
|
| 52:59 | ladder is away from midline mid sagittal along against Ross Troll cargo plane horizontal |
|
| 53:07 | along the horizon. Khurana lacrosse sections perpendicular to the horizontal cuts, the |
|
| 53:13 | parts of the brain. The fact the hemispheres process contra lateral sensor of |
|
| 53:19 | information. Our cerebellum s a lateral stem is a location for vital body |
|
| 53:27 | , controlling nuclei as well as a of the pathways that Travers between cerebral |
|
| 53:33 | sir about him. Uh, meninges mater Iraq annoying and PM otter that |
|
| 53:41 | and cushion the brain. That sort protective structures the hardest one and the |
|
| 53:46 | is the dura mater and we discussed hematomas. It may form here. |
|
| 53:52 | Early on, Maybe the brain tripper where apart used originally thio clear up |
|
| 53:58 | of this, uh, blood in brain and some of the coagulation forming |
|
| 54:05 | the brain are putting the pressure on brain. So super spinal fluid is |
|
| 54:12 | through the ventricles. It is producing cord plexus, goes into the soup |
|
| 54:17 | space and gets produced and refreshed every . Have abnormal production off the |
|
| 54:23 | You could have hydrocephalus, which can push on the soft brain, |
|
| 54:28 | stretching the brain structures and stretching the , causing that normal shape so the |
|
| 54:34 | can be drained. It's an early disorder and also being do sorry by |
|
| 54:41 | or by in some cases, to baby shaken baby syndrome. Uh, |
|
| 54:48 | tube formation, where you have ended measure. Durham, Ecto Durham In |
|
| 54:52 | neural plate, uh, making a in forming a new relation process. |
|
| 54:59 | to information you green is you have tube, which is your nervous system |
|
| 55:06 | skin. And that's that actor and you have the so my so |
|
| 55:12 | SAR vertebral column in skeletal muscles and you have the girl crashed here, |
|
| 55:17 | is the, uh, pianist. eso. If you have abnormal neural |
|
| 55:26 | process, you may have more cases anencephaly. Rasta. All part |
|
| 55:31 | Thio properly fold or spina bifida where coddle part properly fails to follow the |
|
| 55:36 | spina bifida could be treated with the detection and surgery. Corrective surgery and |
|
| 55:44 | early development is that this new relation goes this to goes through differentiation. |
|
| 55:50 | once the two has form, it now about three different creation. Frozen |
|
| 55:55 | alone or the forebrain, Mesen, in the midbrain and Rome and stuff |
|
| 55:59 | the hind brain at the primary. from this tube that they have |
|
| 56:03 | creating the secondary in Mexico's tone. dies and stuff along optical vesicles with |
|
| 56:09 | stock in the Arctic cups, med and hind brain, the telling Cephalon |
|
| 56:16 | the device into two hemispheres, and Cephalon, which is the thalamus and |
|
| 56:22 | columnist midbrain, further differentiates into these structures of for nuclei that are referred |
|
| 56:28 | as corporate Quadra Gemini Corporate. The Quattro off the Four Gemini of the |
|
| 56:35 | nuclei, these air, the satirical and empirical Oculus and membrane process. |
|
| 56:40 | special census telling Cephalon is for the them into the gray matter and white |
|
| 56:48 | , where you have information of telling the testicles than Cephalon, which is |
|
| 56:52 | problem is the half a columnist. elements of the cortex is connected through |
|
| 56:57 | internal castle fiber bundle fibers, the matter that is running into gray matter |
|
| 57:02 | the cortex and into the, uh the cortex into the columns from the |
|
| 57:07 | us into the cortex and informing the cortical cortical thalamic loops. And the |
|
| 57:13 | hemispheres are interconnected through corpus callosum, is a heavy fire, a bundle |
|
| 57:18 | connects information from the two hemispheres emerging into a complete bilateral picture for both |
|
| 57:26 | sensory and emotional motor outfits. Now further differentiation as telling stuff alone and |
|
| 57:35 | self alone midbrain differentiates that stuff Just the thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain |
|
| 57:40 | to tackle TEM Documentum text him is you will have the information off the |
|
| 57:48 | Quadra Gemini, the Robin stuff along cerebellum pons and medulla long gotta and |
|
| 57:54 | into the spinal cord, the ventricles lateral ventricles, third ventricle supplying the |
|
| 58:02 | stem the third ventricle, supplying the Cephalon IX of cortical areas of the |
|
| 58:08 | , the fourth ventricle in the brain and the spinal canal for the supply |
|
| 58:14 | the cerebrospinal fluid to the cerebrospinal the spinal cord so cortex and the |
|
| 58:21 | loves that we discuss. These are great label in questions is showing you |
|
| 58:26 | particular structure, the foreign ventricles inside brains or now all of the structures |
|
| 58:31 | have shown here. He's a great questions. This is a review of |
|
| 58:37 | similar anatomy in different animals and the . And this is important that you |
|
| 58:44 | these three stains and that the cortex the columnar structure columns on a laminar |
|
| 58:50 | that has six layers, and these or collections of the South that are |
|
| 58:55 | through fiber bundles here, revealed by Stain, which is specific to |
|
| 59:01 | that shows the interconnectivity within these columns air further also connected laterally between different |
|
| 59:08 | and between different hemispheres through long lateral . Center interconnecting these columns through |
|
| 59:14 | so in these columns you can have processing. It's like a local module |
|
| 59:19 | Simula, uh, the same type information Jason Collins processing the same type |
|
| 59:25 | information and then laterally. They're interconnected this area here and laterally there will |
|
| 59:31 | interconnected with other areas off the so the side architect tonic methods and |
|
| 59:37 | areas of the brain were originally discussed and described by your opinion problem. |
|
| 59:43 | primary and secondary association areas to slide that in humans, very little areas |
|
| 59:49 | to primary sensory or motor information but tried and most of it is |
|
| 59:54 | to binding several sensory emotional motor experiences through association area and this moto multimodal |
|
| 60:04 | of motile activity from different senses. visual sensation is gives us an advantage |
|
| 60:13 | other animals that dedicate most of their space, such as in rodents to |
|
| 60:18 | the primary sensory and motor information I'm not going to go over all |
|
| 60:23 | these functions here, but you are for the major parts of the brain |
|
| 60:28 | label these major parts of the brain well as their functions. Review all |
|
| 60:33 | these for labeling review that Diane Cephalon the Thalamus and the three major Nuclear |
|
| 60:39 | would discuss the lateral Jinich Hewlett nucleus visual information mediagenic Hewlett nucleus for hearing |
|
| 60:45 | and eventual posterior lateral nucleus for so sensor information, so you can see |
|
| 60:51 | following. This is a collection off . These nuclei relay the information to |
|
| 60:56 | respective Courtis is L G m to occipital lobe MGM to the temporal lobe |
|
| 61:02 | hearing information. DPL for the parietal with somatic sensory cortex is located. |
|
| 61:10 | that sends off this information to dance to specific areas to the internal capsule |
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| 61:16 | the fiber bundles into the cerebral cortex also receives information back from the cerebral |
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| 61:22 | . And this particular formation is a . It is a sheep of the |
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| 61:27 | cells, but also modulates and controls inputs. So it has these nuclear |
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| 61:33 | a gating properties. They have the to amplify the signal or tuned down |
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| 61:38 | signal on amplify signals given nucleus that then processed mawr attentively. So by |
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| 61:45 | neocortex, this is the corpus callosum the fiber bundles. This is a |
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| 61:51 | gyrus here, little factory involves. is optic eye as more the two |
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| 61:56 | nerves well cross over. This is hippocampus, which is responsible for semantic |
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| 62:02 | as opposed to serve Alum which is for procedural memory. The Magdala, |
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| 62:08 | is located here, responsible for five anxiety. A lot of emotional |
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| 62:14 | Cerebellum with the left and rights or hemispheres if you peel them off, |
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| 62:18 | these. Podunk owes that air interconnecting cerebellum with a cerebral and the corporate |
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| 62:24 | German in the midbrain. The secure was processing psychotic fast eye movement and |
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| 62:31 | curricula, switches involved in the hearing and the favorite pineal gland favored by |
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| 62:37 | car. So you should remember Finally, the 12 cranial nerves for |
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| 62:42 | 12 cranial nerves you should review the cranial nerves I have actually uploaded. |
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| 62:49 | life for you. I mean, so this slide is uploaded in your |
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| 62:55 | and it basically presents to you a Bunny says pneumonic, after 12 cranial |
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| 63:02 | , and I pointed out the nerves you need to know for this |
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| 63:06 | Olfactory optic ocular motor, trigeminal vestibular in Vegas known. You should be |
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| 63:16 | to identify the location of the optic and the sky as, um, |
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| 63:21 | crossover of the optic nerves And after chi as, um, the optic |
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| 63:24 | becomes optic tract and you should be to identify the trigeminal nerve stock. |
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| 63:30 | , the largest trigeminal nerve stock. now the function of this trigeminal |
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| 63:36 | which is that both but stands for , which is so matter, sensory |
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| 63:44 | motor function. Eso sensory and So cranial nerve. Five trigeminal nerve |
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| 63:51 | control the muscles of the face and the sensations and motor output of the |
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| 63:58 | of the face. So then these cranial nerves, everything from the |
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| 64:04 | down is controlled by the spinal The motor output, in the sense |
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| 64:07 | information coming into dorsal root ganglion and stem, now sends out these very |
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| 64:13 | nerves. And the other reason why should know Vegas nervous, runs throughout |
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| 64:18 | body most extensively and also interface the . And this is what the low |
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| 64:22 | discovered the synaptic transmission chemical synaptic Okay, so this is I |
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| 64:29 | all for this review, I wish luck reviewing this. I'm gonna upload |
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| 64:35 | video so that you can do And, um, I will now |
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| 64:42 | any questions on the |
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