| 00:00 | Okay, so there we go. , so any other questions? So |
|
| 00:07 | four. So here um your book go into a lot of eukaryotic cell |
|
| 00:16 | stuff. I'm not Okay, but will I will show a picture of |
|
| 00:20 | eukaryotic cell just for comparative purposes. . Our focus is on precarious cell |
|
| 00:28 | etcetera. That's what uh focus Okay, so as you read the |
|
| 00:34 | , you know, stick always stick turned out that exam review sheet, |
|
| 00:40 | example, already available. You're reading book, just kind of don't read |
|
| 00:47 | that's not gonna be covered. so I'm not gonna ask you about |
|
| 00:51 | carry out of cell structures. I'm gonna focus on carrying cell structure. |
|
| 00:57 | , so uh material where many different morphology right here live in a |
|
| 01:09 | A number of these types. Um basically the single cells themselves can have |
|
| 01:19 | number of different arrangements. Uh So basic rod shaped, the cell i |
|
| 01:24 | shaped proxy uh comet shaped called vibrio these guys. Okay, um |
|
| 01:34 | Um Of course spiral is shaped uh . Alright, this is kind of |
|
| 01:38 | unusual one. You can see the types. You know whether it's a |
|
| 01:46 | chains, extracted caucus or uh uh like staff or even rod shaped. |
|
| 01:57 | singular and chains or the they're all even they're all uniform rather all |
|
| 02:06 | They're all rock and they're all uniform . The metamorphic is not. That's |
|
| 02:13 | kind of characterize is not uniform And have these branching forms um the |
|
| 02:22 | shape to them. So they're not shape so that we can use the |
|
| 02:28 | to describe those types that don't have uniform shape. We don't call them |
|
| 02:33 | proxy or bacillus or what have Okay. More for mankind is weird |
|
| 02:38 | non uniform shapes to them. So um All right, so here |
|
| 02:45 | part 11 is kind of what kind takes the approach of, what's the |
|
| 02:52 | on the outside of the cell And go continue to go inward. |
|
| 02:56 | So we're going to start with more the peripheral stuff. Right? And |
|
| 03:00 | part two is kind of more about inside the cell. Okay so that's |
|
| 03:04 | of the approach here. So here's question. So if you join the |
|
| 03:12 | uh liquor points, I've switched points capital. Next Tuesday because the book |
|
| 03:18 | is a shortage backlog codes or whatever so they'll be in today tomorrow so |
|
| 03:26 | just push it back until Tuesday. do check upload these to blackboard. |
|
| 03:33 | keep checking them and you're seeing your . Okay So you should be able |
|
| 03:42 | all these things today. Um So going to let you answer then I'm |
|
| 03:52 | take a snapshot of the results. gonna see this slide again then we'll |
|
| 03:56 | over it. You do cold turkey . Alright let's see let's do a |
|
| 04:09 | down here. 10 9 seven six 43 2 1. Alright. Here |
|
| 04:26 | go. Beautiful. Okay. Alright onward we go. Yeah |
|
| 04:46 | Okay. Alright um Next let's look the comparison between the two. |
|
| 04:53 | Not not to scale exactly here, . It's gonna be smaller but but |
|
| 05:01 | for only for competitive purposes. So what's obvious is eukaryotic cell. |
|
| 05:06 | the left. Lots of members. holdings, Right. Um compartments um |
|
| 05:16 | nucleus containing chromosomes um uh Right You can't see stuff in there but |
|
| 05:26 | don't see the degree of membrane folds these kind of things. And there's |
|
| 05:30 | such thing as organelles, improved Um one chromosome so relatively simple compared |
|
| 05:36 | a new stereo. Um But of they they have certain things in |
|
| 05:41 | Obviously they have DNA and proteins They have a cell membrane. Of |
|
| 05:46 | . Right. That defines anything. But the is gonna have some some |
|
| 05:51 | to pro carrying dozens and and vice . Okay. And so that's gonna |
|
| 05:55 | Our focus is gonna be Over So remember your hopes the size |
|
| 06:02 | Right. 1 to 10 Microns. micron. These are generally greater than |
|
| 06:09 | microns. Okay. And up. , so size differences. And of |
|
| 06:15 | uh and I have all this here well. Let's just look at that |
|
| 06:19 | . Okay, let me move this the way. Okay, so you |
|
| 06:24 | out uh you see that chromosomes you like 46 of these in yourself. |
|
| 06:30 | . A defined nucleus as you can their membrane bound nucleus containing chromosomes. |
|
| 06:39 | lots of different organ alum's central. sexual reproduction and a sexual reproduction can |
|
| 06:46 | with uh So all plants have sold these are gonna be so he looks |
|
| 06:53 | different from bacterial our so nuclear nuclear . It's not obvious. Right? |
|
| 07:03 | oid basically means its nucleus like it's not it's all it is. |
|
| 07:09 | just the area occupied in the cytoplasm the chromium. Okay, that's |
|
| 07:15 | So you can give it it's kind grainy appearance. Right? And you |
|
| 07:19 | see the nuclear Lloyd here is kind right here. Okay. Is |
|
| 07:25 | So it's simply just a site of area that that's it. Okay. |
|
| 07:30 | more. There's no membrane around Okay. Yeah. And you can |
|
| 07:36 | clearly from these two pictures, the of stuff that's a eukaryotic cell and |
|
| 07:42 | size difference. Right. So precarious course have like organelles, site of |
|
| 07:49 | . Right. Remember those were a series of different types of filaments, |
|
| 07:55 | filaments that have different functions in you ons. Right. Everything from an |
|
| 07:59 | spindle during mitosis or mitosis to micro . Right. For. But you |
|
| 08:08 | out uh what are called intermediate filaments anchor organize together different many different very |
|
| 08:15 | organized complex side of skeleton. Not not so in bacteria. Um |
|
| 08:22 | so well again is very different material compared to plant cells. Of course |
|
| 08:27 | fusion is our motive replication again. taxonomy. Right, bacteria, archaea |
|
| 08:33 | carriers. Okay, so uh let's at this question. So you're looking |
|
| 08:40 | this uh I want to show you over to you the appropriate cell and |
|
| 08:47 | show you all the structures and then take it one by one after |
|
| 08:53 | Okay, so let me open the , sorry. Okay and that |
|
| 09:01 | Okay, so the most abundant molecule the bacterial cell really in any cell |
|
| 09:06 | be honest. So I think in of quantity of modular cell quantity |
|
| 09:28 | All right, let me do 10 2nd countdown here is here and |
|
| 09:37 | is. Okay, Clark is going speed that up a little bit. |
|
| 09:47 | seconds one. Okay, we'll go . Okay, so molecule um 3rd |
|
| 10:11 | . As a cat. So he see because was the proportion of on |
|
| 10:18 | percentage basis? Yeah, Here is water. So water molecules are gonna |
|
| 10:33 | the most abundant in terms of molecules cell in any little thing. |
|
| 10:37 | Life is 70% water. Give or . Okay, so you're gonna have |
|
| 10:44 | ? Okay, second would be Right? Protein numbers. In the |
|
| 10:51 | of the thousands. Okay. In south numbers and millions more billions |
|
| 11:00 | Um How many how many um on quantity basis? How how many how |
|
| 11:08 | D N. A present training? one be granted. Okay, there's |
|
| 11:21 | one of those. Okay um this get the water thing, anybody challenge |
|
| 11:31 | on that one. I'm okay with . All right, so, |
|
| 11:37 | so let's look at the structures I told you. And so one of |
|
| 11:42 | things to um mentioned first is this cell envelope. Okay, um I |
|
| 11:53 | it because to say because the number is is so every cell is defined |
|
| 12:03 | this, just like this, By that, right? You know |
|
| 12:06 | ? So, you know, you're to sell you see, see this |
|
| 12:10 | of the microscope that has this boundary it. Right? That's what makes |
|
| 12:13 | cell cycle classic memory. Okay, , what for bacterial pro carry it |
|
| 12:22 | . Alright, I throw archaea in as well, of course, is |
|
| 12:28 | out here. Okay, what's in boundary external to? That's that's the |
|
| 12:38 | to go negative and positive. Something . You have a lot of different |
|
| 12:46 | out there, depending on the type bacteria are th Okay, so, |
|
| 12:52 | why I use the term cell envelope describe what that is. Okay, |
|
| 12:58 | , um All right, so, the membrane is gonna be a medical |
|
| 13:05 | them in a violator kind of Okay. But of course, with |
|
| 13:10 | have proteins to because proteins help things out of the cell. Right? |
|
| 13:14 | , they can have a catalytic activity Okay, gradients, we'll talk about |
|
| 13:20 | . It's very important in terms of be able to transport and energy things |
|
| 13:26 | sell later uh in the cytoplasm, course the cytoplasm, the cytoplasm and |
|
| 13:33 | all the cytoplasm is basically everything that's that boundary within that the silos all |
|
| 13:43 | the angriest portion. Okay. Of cytoplasm. Okay, so the sight |
|
| 13:50 | this all of course contains water, the different various chemicals, ions, |
|
| 13:56 | . Okay, um nuclear. We talked about that. Right? The |
|
| 14:01 | occupied by the chromosome rhizomes are visible electron microscopy into a bunch of |
|
| 14:09 | Decided to sell probably the number one any cell on this planet is to |
|
| 14:15 | proteins that are needed all the time everything. And of course if you |
|
| 14:20 | protein to be made there are lots items. Okay, so you're gonna |
|
| 14:23 | lots of resumes. So so here see the appearance of Okay, what's |
|
| 14:32 | ? That's right. The envelope. I just try one more time |
|
| 14:36 | So now you see it now. , So it can be a cell |
|
| 14:40 | , right? That can be part the envelope now. And uh for |
|
| 14:45 | gram and gram positive, gram gram positive and negative distinguished by the |
|
| 14:53 | of that cell wall and cell different sugar matrix, different sugars than |
|
| 15:01 | sailors is. Okay, sales we implants all so very different uh and |
|
| 15:08 | the thickness of varies from gram You see they're gram negative has thinner |
|
| 15:17 | also also has an extra layer. you actually see three layers here. |
|
| 15:24 | , in the gram negative gram positive the here we use that because If |
|
| 15:34 | go back just one in here. here's a cytoplasmic membrane and because bacteria |
|
| 15:40 | archaea have stuff generally have stuff on outside refer to that. It's the |
|
| 15:50 | that bounds everything and even stuff So so wall is outside that inter |
|
| 15:59 | . Okay against robert let me think has an extra third layer an extra |
|
| 16:06 | memory. So I have that sandwich structure remembering so we'll remember it. |
|
| 16:14 | . And then in the cell walls thin in the the uh plasma. |
|
| 16:20 | plasmids we see here are small pieces D. N. A circular piece |
|
| 16:28 | D. N. A. They A few genes. Okay, their |
|
| 16:36 | is generally 10 times less than that . Um These are the pieces that |
|
| 16:44 | transferred from cell to cell. So this can be transferred to another |
|
| 16:50 | cell. Okay. Not all pastors do this but something we'll talk about |
|
| 16:56 | uh here but it's you know antibiotic are just only requires a couple of |
|
| 17:04 | that we often find those classrooms that be transferred himself himself. That's how |
|
| 17:09 | can spread positions um now and you have one or more of these and |
|
| 17:20 | sell but it may have not. just depends. Okay so external |
|
| 17:25 | things like. Okay so both of things are made of the same |
|
| 17:35 | Okay, they do differ in terms how they function. So pillai are |
|
| 17:42 | more numerous and short. Okay I'm you got that backwards, erase that |
|
| 17:53 | informants Pillai are longer typically and a for sale the pill. I typically |
|
| 18:02 | to have more specialist functions like a pilots. That's how they transfer plants |
|
| 18:08 | cells. Other types of pilar involved uptake of certain molecules involved motions. |
|
| 18:17 | talk about that. So there was difference between those two in terms of |
|
| 18:21 | the function particularly about attachment. So forming bacteria, those that knew that |
|
| 18:29 | have it's essential to their ability to a biofilm can stick to stuff. |
|
| 18:36 | motility. There is a type of that we'll see with life but kind |
|
| 18:43 | the traditional type of utility you're used seeing they have that two different than |
|
| 18:48 | you carry it does it. But for motility and then as you look |
|
| 18:55 | you see a purple structure appear. , that's for those that have |
|
| 19:01 | It's a capsule. Okay. Be thick. So a capsule basically is |
|
| 19:08 | back up back up once, basically the structures that are external to that |
|
| 19:17 | memory. Right. And so in so you often see this associated with |
|
| 19:22 | pathogens. Right? The the pneumonia the the meningitis organisms very thick |
|
| 19:30 | . Okay, so by covering their structures, they're really kind of hiding |
|
| 19:37 | from the body because remember the body for these antigens to mount an immune |
|
| 19:42 | to it and those things are being up and then you can't see |
|
| 19:46 | You can't see it. Right, capsule is kind of a way to |
|
| 19:50 | itself from the body. Also a capsule. Makes it hard to sensitize |
|
| 19:56 | ability to get rid of pathogens. of many functions is certain cells you |
|
| 20:01 | that favors a path and eat them , take them and eat them. |
|
| 20:05 | , capsule makes that less easy to . Okay, so that's why you |
|
| 20:10 | it as a as a balance Okay, so in terms of what's |
|
| 20:18 | this page, yeah, can be factors for certain types. So kind |
|
| 20:24 | jell o um capsule for sure can a factor. So uh toxins can |
|
| 20:35 | religious factors. Uh Other things we'll about those as we go along. |
|
| 20:41 | um so yeah, it's kind of of the structures will get more specific |
|
| 20:47 | certain of these. Okay, and you kind of begin with again, |
|
| 20:54 | on what's outermost and then take it , go further in the cell. |
|
| 20:59 | , so black. Okay Alex is of a generic term for three different |
|
| 21:07 | . So typically it's a sugary can somewhat protein matrix Ok, surrounding the |
|
| 21:15 | . Okay, almost all cells uh all bacterial cells or cells produce some |
|
| 21:25 | of news if you will. Some than others. Just as a byproduct |
|
| 21:30 | kind of a and you notice there certain facts are really good at this |
|
| 21:34 | you have a Petri dish and the contains like saying excessive sugar that will |
|
| 21:41 | on that plate. Like a they they do so much this extra material |
|
| 21:50 | just loses out very noticeable. So but there's 22 ways to do |
|
| 21:58 | Okay. One is what you call capsule that we just mentioned. |
|
| 22:05 | capsule is very tight. See this a capsule right here. Very tight |
|
| 22:11 | the cell here. Very tight Uh Right, you can have uh |
|
| 22:26 | else capsule in itself. So it's genie could affect a slime layer is |
|
| 22:34 | it's a loose a sandwich as you here. Right? That's the slime |
|
| 22:39 | and that's the capsule. Okay. capsule stain, you can see here |
|
| 22:46 | halo, right that clear area around pink cells that the capsule. |
|
| 22:53 | so just kind of byproduct this stuff made. The cell doesn't use that |
|
| 23:00 | of secretes it and it kind of hangs around the outside of the |
|
| 23:04 | Okay, now uh a random thing , but you know those that produce |
|
| 23:11 | slime layers, it can help them this stuff. Of course, it |
|
| 23:15 | be some bit of protection. But it's it's not like it's a |
|
| 23:21 | that that's producing this contrast to a . Okay, biofilm of course is |
|
| 23:32 | completely different because it's a product of cells come together uh of the biofilm |
|
| 23:42 | species. Uh then they uh code materials that make is basically the |
|
| 23:51 | Sugary matrix. They produce, it's of the glue that holds together you |
|
| 23:58 | that. It's really the essence of biofilm. Okay, so um so |
|
| 24:05 | things that are produced external to the some of these kind of buying |
|
| 24:10 | There's very capsule. Okay. Um questions about that? Yeah. |
|
| 24:25 | A capsule is because the slime layer kind of more random. Right? |
|
| 24:29 | not the amount of slime produced by , made very substantially what's growing |
|
| 24:36 | And it may prove a little or lot. It's kind of like kind |
|
| 24:39 | a random thing kind of based on than what's what it's eating. The |
|
| 24:44 | is a very specific thing. So gene coded all sales will have it |
|
| 24:48 | capsule. They'll produce it. So , very very different from no |
|
| 24:55 | Yeah. This might be a little of an odd question. Can that |
|
| 24:59 | matrix be processed into? I'm sure probably work on that, but I |
|
| 25:09 | think it would be that difficult to a few things. Uh I'm just |
|
| 25:14 | sure. As with all those it's if you're going to develop that |
|
| 25:19 | comes down to people buy it will money. Okay. And trust |
|
| 25:25 | I want to buy a tech. I've been involved, those kind of |
|
| 25:28 | and it essentially comes out that it something that medical importance maybe then we |
|
| 25:34 | a better chance to but yeah, comes down to Yes, I would |
|
| 25:38 | it can be done with the utility uh for um Yeah. Good |
|
| 25:46 | And then you. Alright. Um . So I'm assuming there's a familiarity |
|
| 25:56 | eukaryotic movement. Okay. Is so Well again and the movement the movement |
|
| 26:07 | a whip with the. Okay. like this. Right? A bacterial |
|
| 26:15 | propeller spins spins. That's the movement creates is a rotary movement. |
|
| 26:23 | So this is showing a this will a gram negative because we have an |
|
| 26:29 | and inner membrane. So grandpa can multi as well. So but regardless |
|
| 26:34 | have a structure that is a based that anchors the um and uh then |
|
| 26:46 | called the basal body. Of So that kind of was what anchors |
|
| 26:49 | the membrane and then you have this part they call the hook. |
|
| 26:54 | That rotates. Okay. And that's kind of motion we're producing here. |
|
| 27:00 | , so you're gonna see the terms okay, uh protein units called um |
|
| 27:16 | have uh the protein content can differ from strain the strain. And it's |
|
| 27:29 | structure that can elicit the response. . And so many decades ago scientists |
|
| 27:41 | particularly with E. Coli and Okay. Cause food poisoning their their |
|
| 27:49 | path in times of both with that . They worked out this ancient. |
|
| 27:59 | you're probably familiar with um the black the chipotle E. Coli. |
|
| 28:05 | Which is what's called E coli Okay, so this one is referencing |
|
| 28:11 | oh that's the engine. That's part the grand negative structure. Right? |
|
| 28:16 | you can also identify it based on H. Number two. Okay so |
|
| 28:21 | number it's basically a particular type of which contains antibodies to that specific |
|
| 28:29 | Okay so we worked out no need have these antibodies to these various different |
|
| 28:36 | and to identify. So there is food borne outbreak of E coli we |
|
| 28:42 | identify which one it is. We just do the simple serological test. |
|
| 28:47 | know the antibodies to it if it up with 157. Boom you go |
|
| 28:52 | that's that's the bad several but you identify them by these types of |
|
| 29:00 | And H. Okay so the and you can identify are used as a |
|
| 29:13 | pool. Uh the nature of the morphology or arrangement better work. |
|
| 29:21 | Of of these types because they can different arrangements. So you can have |
|
| 29:28 | just one flagellum at one end. can have a brood of you can |
|
| 29:36 | all over the set. Okay. it's very terminology for these things. |
|
| 29:40 | don't I'm not gonna like this are for you to know that because it's |
|
| 29:44 | something that's very common. Use that an identification tool but nonetheless the point |
|
| 29:48 | is that you can have different arrangements is a species specific. You even |
|
| 29:54 | a type that is um one ft . This end and one on that |
|
| 30:02 | . Okay and only uses one at time and it can be both. |
|
| 30:08 | he's one this way one is that . Okay and that sort of thing |
|
| 30:13 | call it. Uh One thing you note is that all these things you're |
|
| 30:18 | that our total they're all shaped. most bacteria are motel are line shape |
|
| 30:28 | very very very they're actually in their vast majority of things that are |
|
| 30:37 | Um Okay the motion of this, motion with this type of jump. |
|
| 30:42 | again it's rotary. It's based on they moving clockwise or are they moving |
|
| 30:51 | clockwise? Okay so um so a in the run versus a tumble. |
|
| 30:59 | so. Okay and so it's all the proportions of those. Okay so |
|
| 31:10 | and what's driving this? Uh So means movement. Right so photo taxes |
|
| 31:17 | movement toward light which many things on have. Uh this is chemo taxes |
|
| 31:24 | based on the presence of chemicals. what that's what's driving the motion. |
|
| 31:29 | so you have a picture of Okay, I'm gonna just back |
|
| 31:34 | So you see On one end of cell there will be I'm exaggerating this |
|
| 31:43 | effect here. Right receptors At one . Okay. Little little protein receptors |
|
| 31:53 | one end of the cell. And so so we called chemo attraction, |
|
| 32:03 | based on the presence of a chemical one of the chemical chemical is going |
|
| 32:07 | be nutrient things amino acids, sugars they can use to grow on. |
|
| 32:13 | . And so if the receptor binds of these that will induce it to |
|
| 32:22 | out a run a straight line Okay, so it's moving around and |
|
| 32:30 | senses and the run takes it to chemical, more binds and equal |
|
| 32:38 | So presumably it's going toward more and nutrient which it wants to do. |
|
| 32:44 | you can use it. So that's driving the movement. Okay, so |
|
| 32:51 | a lesser amount of attractive then you fewer runs, more tumbling going |
|
| 33:02 | so you see here is a high of tumbling. Okay, and you |
|
| 33:08 | that because it's kind of randomly going nowhere seemingly. Okay, it goes |
|
| 33:14 | direction directly go this way and that this way that way. Okay, |
|
| 33:18 | really purpose to it. Okay, but actually going on is is trying |
|
| 33:23 | see if I randomly go this toy that way and this way that way |
|
| 33:28 | I run into a molecule because if do then that will change my motion |
|
| 33:35 | go from something very just random all the place to. Then something with |
|
| 33:39 | purpose to imagine the presence of attractant then guide it and that's when you |
|
| 33:45 | a a lower tumbling frequency, higher of Ron's. Okay, so what |
|
| 33:54 | doing is we're going from more um rotation here more Counterclockwise because that's um |
|
| 34:11 | is one. Okay, so you're the rotation and it's all based on |
|
| 34:18 | chemical down there. Getting more counterclockwise runs. Okay. And so the |
|
| 34:23 | is okay if I initially kind of go this way that way I'll hit |
|
| 34:27 | chemical that that I want and then change your emotion into going towards. |
|
| 34:34 | that makes sense. That's kind of . Okay. Any questions about |
|
| 34:39 | So tumbles to runs right more runs you've it's picked up attracting it's going |
|
| 34:45 | it. Okay uh so another type motion is what's called aspiring. Okay |
|
| 34:57 | unique motion. Uh clinically speaking, enema syphilis organism causes secretary transmitted |
|
| 35:09 | Um One of these types and so does have extra jello it's just not |
|
| 35:16 | that's like this where it's here's the and here's the flopping around doing and |
|
| 35:23 | I'm here general here is what's called actual filament. Okay. And it's |
|
| 35:33 | around the set. Okay okay so fixed at both hands cell. So |
|
| 35:42 | of its the passion on both ends direct around the cell when it moves |
|
| 35:47 | it rotates the whole thing was like corkscrew. A corkscrew. Very characteristic |
|
| 35:54 | . In fact corkscrew. So very to diagnose. Right? Somebody has |
|
| 36:00 | . You take some of the material the uh the wound the uh what |
|
| 36:07 | call what it is the blister and will contain live bacteria in the |
|
| 36:14 | And you see these great uh it's a way that motion is also how |
|
| 36:24 | will burrow into your tissues. Using that motion into your tissues like |
|
| 36:30 | very long corp And uh since this a disease that uh initially it's uh |
|
| 36:37 | be diagnosed fairly easily and be treated then it kind of disappears if you |
|
| 36:42 | treat it and after a few years may not think so I don't have |
|
| 36:47 | and it breaks out in a different in a rash but by that time |
|
| 36:51 | actually penetrated into your body and one the ways it doesn't corkscrew motion to |
|
| 36:57 | into your tissues. Okay. Um so again as mentioned before, you |
|
| 37:07 | see here the numerous appendages on are much due to right short and more |
|
| 37:16 | . Okay, attachment is kind of thing. Okay, attachment to |
|
| 37:21 | Um uh The uh Okay so for the bathroom formers they will have |
|
| 37:32 | It's been seen that those lacking was critical to the process. Um pill |
|
| 37:42 | uh as a specialized functions like transfer plasmas as you see there uh and |
|
| 37:48 | functions and and a type of joke kind of a weird joke completely online |
|
| 37:57 | . Okay this is what we call motility or gliding twitching and or gliding |
|
| 38:03 | . So again all that surface. so if you were in labs you |
|
| 38:13 | proteus miraculous on a plate. It's of a weird appearance. You see |
|
| 38:17 | swarming effective in that. And so can do this kind of weird |
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| 38:22 | So you see the bacteria, here's pilots right here. Okay. And |
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| 38:28 | it attaches, right? It will , it will get longer, then |
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| 38:34 | will attach as you see here. the cell is still in this position |
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| 38:38 | the pillar has elongated. Okay then cell moves forward, right? Because |
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| 38:47 | pillai has deep, deep deep, you take units off making sure. |
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| 38:53 | because of what connected to each it moves along, right? So |
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| 38:58 | on the surface. So it's kind a very perfect jerky motion. Is |
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| 39:05 | goes out. They have as the kind of a twitchy, herky jerky |
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| 39:16 | check. Um Many questions. I that's a good spot. So we'll |
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| 39:24 | it up with cell wall next So uh no school monday. So |
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| 39:31 | weekend. Yeah. Excuse |
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