| 00:49 | there we go. Alright alright welcome . Last class day. Um uh |
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| 00:56 | see uh send an email and I'll another one here this week because not |
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| 01:02 | you don't know the exams coming up I'll just remind me again anyway at |
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| 01:07 | end of the week I'll be here week. If you want to email |
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| 01:12 | have questions or you want to schedule meeting that's fine. Uh we're gonna |
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| 01:17 | up 26 today obviously and then the that's due so that blackboard could remember |
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| 01:24 | for you all since we don't finish know before until today that the |
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| 01:29 | there's no sense they have the quiz until uh Until this week. So |
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| 01:33 | actually opens to this evening at six you have until thursday so so that |
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| 01:39 | be up. Um And then evaluation I've I've sent you the email reminders |
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| 01:44 | this kind of forgotten to mention class I know you all get emails as |
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| 01:49 | from this measurement and evaluation center of dispenses those things. So do do |
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| 01:57 | that. But you know the due is there closes tonight at midnight. |
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| 02:02 | So if you haven't done those because is worth a little bit of extra |
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| 02:06 | if you do it. So um that and then uh I guess that |
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| 02:13 | next Tuesday Wednesday. Um I will shouldn't take that long to turn around |
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| 02:21 | break it. So I'm gonna say so obviously have to finish wait until |
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| 02:28 | done on Wednesday. So realistically Yeah sometimes sometimes thursday I know people |
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| 02:37 | graduating as well and you know, least you want to know that. |
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| 02:41 | . Anyway, so I'm thinking thursday the very latest friday, but I'm |
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| 02:45 | confident it will be sometime on thursday, the uh 10, |
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| 02:52 | I guess 12 or 13, 12. Anyway, so I'll email |
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| 02:58 | you again unless we get closer to . So the tradition normally though in |
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| 03:04 | the in the fall fall, because the end of semester, in the |
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| 03:09 | , of course it's near christmas And so I always show this |
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| 03:13 | It started like maybe six years ago a student pointed this out to mango |
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| 03:17 | cow, every time I see um very annoying every time I see |
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| 03:23 | see this person, especially in a or a movie, I go just |
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| 03:29 | me out. So uh so maybe know this person, let's see everybody |
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| 03:35 | think has a witness, has a . Okay, does that look so |
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| 03:44 | ? I know if you, I'm you watch different streaming shows, if |
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| 03:48 | familiar with Goliath. Yeah, he a lawyer in there. Really good |
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| 03:53 | by the way. But nonetheless, time I watch it, I |
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| 03:55 | it's like, okay, that's that's , it's insane because earlier in his |
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| 04:03 | we didn't really look at all like he was younger, so, but |
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| 04:06 | he got older, I definitely see similarity, so anyway, that's billy |
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| 04:11 | thornton, you don't know who he . Um Okay, so uh let's |
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| 04:19 | so we're gonna do we have to it up. I didn't get to |
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| 04:23 | too much in the G. tract infections. So again um we're |
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| 04:28 | go through part two. So we'll with G. I. tract |
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| 04:33 | Then we only look covering one T. D. Which is syphilis |
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| 04:37 | and then uh remainder are different uh nervous system pathogens. So um so |
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| 04:46 | go into G. I. So like with um respiratory infections um |
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| 04:55 | those are primarily viral in nature. So too with gi tract infections are |
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| 05:01 | viral like respiratory tract infections the bacterial tend to be give me the worst |
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| 05:10 | . Also true in G. Tract infections as well as there's a |
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| 05:15 | of protozoan types. Well I'll mention are also cause some fairly bad |
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| 05:21 | But uh like with you know all infectious diseases. The can't say all |
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| 05:29 | for many of them um those with immune systems non immunocompromised uh you don't |
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| 05:39 | tend to get the worst effects. you can get quite filled but generally |
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| 05:44 | not fit and that's true for um . I. Tract infections are generally |
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| 05:48 | fatal. We've all experienced some form this whether food poisoning you call it |
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| 05:53 | flu right, the symptoms of diarrhea fluid loss. Okay and that's that's |
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| 06:00 | for for all these types of jackets there can be some something get |
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| 06:04 | Okay um And so of course it's about water loss with. And so |
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| 06:10 | the bacteria or the virus or the that gets in there uh can cause |
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| 06:17 | . Um Some types can invade cells the intestinal lining. Um Somebody's toxins |
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| 06:24 | so these are defects can cause inflammation the intestine can lead to imbalance because |
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| 06:31 | the one of the main the functions your intestines is to re absorb |
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| 06:37 | So salute movement, movement of water sites is critical. And so of |
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| 06:44 | one of the main functions that I your large intestine remember. Right is |
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| 06:49 | reabsorption. Okay and so of course G. I. Tract infections kind |
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| 06:54 | interfere with that. We get lots water loss and leading to the typical |
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| 06:59 | . Uh So as mentioned viruses are that the root of most of these |
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| 07:04 | very common. Okay so too is kind of the variant of that so |
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| 07:10 | normal virus is been attributed to a of these cruise ship infections pre |
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| 07:18 | There is it seems like at least or three times a year there's a |
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| 07:23 | cruise ship and they're overcome with these disease and it's typically normal virus very |
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| 07:29 | to roto virus that causes this. Again all these are typically due to |
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| 07:36 | oral route transmission. Okay contaminated water is typically the culprit here. Okay |
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| 07:44 | so among bacterial types here bacterial types protozoan types. Uh somebody can cause |
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| 07:51 | of the worst effects. Okay so effects beyond just the typical water loss |
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| 07:56 | diarrhea is um blood now enters the . Okay so that can come from |
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| 08:03 | invasive types that actually penetrate into the cells, causing damage that plus toxin |
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| 08:10 | well because these cells to die. And that's where you get blood convenient |
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| 08:16 | enter the picture. Um And then can lead to severe abdominal pain and |
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| 08:24 | many of the products of all types . They attached to your test on |
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| 08:29 | wall. Um and and that can this kind of bad effects. Okay |
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| 08:34 | or sympathy, There's like shigella I uh there's amoebic dysentery, |
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| 08:42 | Typically the ones that really can cause it can be painful. Okay again |
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| 08:47 | necessarily fatal but um but can cause more worse effects. Okay so we |
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| 08:53 | at the in terms of the bacterial , so we're often all gram negatives |
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| 08:57 | . Okay so what we call the bacteria, shigella, e coli, |
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| 09:04 | um if you took the lab then know the unknown was full of different |
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| 09:09 | of gram negative enteric, okay, is typically associated with foodborne illness typically |
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| 09:18 | with poultry, chicken and and or . Um And so again there's a |
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| 09:25 | . So these are all grouped into invasive type. So they can get |
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| 09:28 | yourselves hide from the immune system caused . Some can produce toxins, some |
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| 09:34 | that she get toxins. One that talked about before. It can inhibit |
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| 09:38 | synthesis and then kill cells that Um The and so this over |
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| 09:46 | So as we go into the non type, so remember this is an |
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| 09:49 | , we saw this before Chapter 25 intestinal cells being invaded by in this |
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| 09:55 | Tommy miller remember that your intestines are vascular, arised lots of blood vessels |
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| 10:03 | nutrient absorption as well as lymph lymphatic . And so um these invasive types |
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| 10:10 | cross through these intestinal cells into potentially lymphatic fluid, blood and spread. |
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| 10:18 | of course it's going to be given the worst of the effects of |
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| 10:23 | of the G. I tract Okay. And then there's the 157 |
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| 10:28 | that I call that. That was to as the chipotle e coli. |
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| 10:32 | . And still a number of food illnesses. The current result just |
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| 10:39 | spinach I think have been involved in . Um And so the the designation |
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| 10:46 | see up here at E C E E C E C in all cases |
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| 10:52 | to the colon of course. And can have like E A just mentioned |
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| 10:56 | I there's also you you know you need to memorize this but I'm just |
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| 11:00 | examples here. So you pee. think it's the euro pathogens. So |
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| 11:03 | number of the collared involved in urinary infections. So you have, you |
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| 11:08 | you're a mary In urinary invasive or . There's like six or seven of |
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| 11:13 | that have these different two letter designations the front and all ending in |
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| 11:18 | C. For E. Coli just variant strains causing in the gi tract |
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| 11:22 | urinary tract infections. Um So the so again your non invasive types. |
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| 11:29 | the 157 doesn't get inside yourself but certainly attachment is very important for |
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| 11:36 | These have a thimble guy that mutants lack the Finberg don't really cause |
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| 11:42 | And so so attachment is very important this type here. Okay um So |
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| 11:50 | just a quick example of transmission. so the 157 just mentioned has been |
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| 11:58 | in what proven to be oh emanated lettuce I think one time, one |
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| 12:06 | it was spinach I believe. So types of produce. And you |
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| 12:09 | okay cool. Is a bacterium. he getting on to produce? Okay |
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| 12:15 | so one scenario It has been so number one The natural reservoir for |
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| 12:22 | 0. 157 is cattle. Okay natural lives in their gut doesn't cause |
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| 12:27 | any problems but they are typically the reservoir and so it can spread through |
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| 12:34 | . You slaughtered slaughtered the cow. but then you don't properly handle the |
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| 12:39 | afterwards. And so the 15 70 then beyond that meat because it's also |
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| 12:43 | not just produces being contaminated but hamburger has been contaminated as well with the |
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| 12:49 | people have gotten sick um Now so , so that's one round. So |
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| 12:55 | other route in terms of how produce affected here, of course cows produce |
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| 13:01 | . Like we All right, so have manure across the pasture field |
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| 13:07 | Um You can have water run outs many of these big agricultural areas will |
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| 13:16 | irrigate of course and you can have runoff and into nearby fields where crops |
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| 13:23 | uh is where this can get Okay. Now from the point you |
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| 13:27 | it out of the ground to your it. I mean there's a that's |
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| 13:30 | through a number of different hands. ? So anywhere along the way if |
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| 13:34 | don't you know if carrots are taken not handled properly then you know people |
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| 13:40 | sick. And so um so obviously sure you know any produce and we're |
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| 13:47 | talk about Listeria here and a little that too comes from uh can come |
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| 13:52 | contaminated food sources. And so produce . And that the bottom line is |
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| 13:58 | wash, you know, any of stuff you bring home from the grocery |
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| 14:02 | in terms of produce and things and , even though it says on that |
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| 14:07 | has been triple washed. All Just be sure to be certain. |
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| 14:12 | So we didn't mention uh last time so all these we talked about our |
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| 14:18 | bacterial types or viral types, they into your gut. Okay, physically |
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| 14:24 | in there. They're built to withstand environment to grow in that environment and |
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| 14:29 | cause problems. Okay, so remember . Alright, this staff of caucus |
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| 14:35 | . Okay, this is a grand , right? We talked about |
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| 14:39 | This guy in the context of of course skin infections. Right. And |
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| 14:46 | this one you can also cause I. Tract upset through toxin |
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| 14:52 | All right. Not to the cells ingested. Okay, Because it doesn't |
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| 14:56 | that way. You can't survive but produces toxins on food that you then |
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| 15:02 | the toxin. Gastro intro toxin is causes the issue. Um protozoa |
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| 15:10 | These two into your system. Again through typically through fecal contaminated water |
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| 15:17 | uh politica, amoebic dysentery. And , is because some of the worst |
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| 15:24 | abdominal cramps and blood, things like . Cryptosporidium uh that is a type |
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| 15:31 | can can resist certain levels of So it can systems that maybe you |
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| 15:38 | using optimal levels of chlorine. You kind of escape that and and cause |
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| 15:43 | potentially. Okay, and like many the, like most proto zones, |
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| 15:48 | all have kind of a a life that often involves multiple other animals or |
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| 15:54 | of the cycle. Um giardia, is one that is very common. |
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| 16:01 | something like I think it's the most human parasitic disease or something like 300 |
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| 16:10 | cases occur worldwide of Giardia. Um so again rarely if ever fatal, |
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| 16:19 | the typical symptoms of gi track. ? And so this is the type |
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| 16:24 | many protozoa ones will form a resistant called assist. Uh Not not not |
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| 16:32 | the level of resistance of an indoor , but nonetheless it's kind of it's |
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| 16:35 | stage. So larger proto zones have stages that they differentiate into. So |
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| 16:41 | see the term um trophies site is the feeding stage. There's one called |
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| 16:47 | mirage site stage, which is kind the reproductive stage. And so they |
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| 16:51 | have multiple of these different stages at um the cyst form is what you |
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| 16:57 | ingest and assist dissolves in your gut the ph changed the acid and then |
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| 17:04 | kind of releases it and it sticks your intestinal wall. And then that's |
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| 17:09 | that's when the fun begins. so fun for it, not for |
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| 17:13 | . So but again, with all G. I. Tract infections literally |
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| 17:23 | they pass. Okay. Which is they don't really do any kind of |
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| 17:29 | take antibiotics typically. Okay. Unless only in the very most severe conditions |
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| 17:34 | you're dealing with somebody that's immuno compromised in not so good health then. |
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| 17:40 | , you may likely than provide antibiotics help them out. But generally you |
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| 17:44 | if you have a multiple healthy the immune system's fine. They're just |
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| 17:50 | just gonna give them fluids. So we call rehydration therapy. Okay so |
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| 17:56 | water and electrolytes, right? That's you're losing while this is going |
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| 17:59 | So just replenishing those and you'll eventually rid of it. So, you |
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| 18:04 | , typical is 48, hours. . It's not uncommon. But |
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| 18:11 | like I said, if it's really , you know, you may need |
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| 18:14 | intervene with antibiotics, but generally you want to do that because that will |
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| 18:17 | upset you're balancing your system already and can cause other issues. So you |
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| 18:22 | not to only do that as a kind of resort anytime. Um Any |
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| 18:28 | . Yeah, intro toxins are exotic . Yeah. So they make it |
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| 18:35 | it'll be like on the food they'll grow and they produce toxins secreted onto |
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| 18:39 | food and then you ingest it. . So for I don't like to |
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| 18:52 | , these are uh well shigella has natural toxin it produces. But |
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| 18:58 | but all of these chica toxins and . A toxin. Yeah. |
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| 19:06 | Oh yeah. Right. You get for even in hamburg mm hmm. |
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| 19:15 | , that's actually the meat. So so the so it lives in the |
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| 19:19 | of the couch. So if you you butchered a cow um if you |
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| 19:24 | handle that property like, you washing it thoroughly and that kind of |
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| 19:29 | . Um then that bacteria can then in the meat as you can process |
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| 19:36 | . Mhm. Generally. So it depends on um how well it's |
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| 19:45 | obviously. Okay, so I'm not the heat tolerance of it but there |
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| 19:50 | be um that will certainly have an on it if we don't cook it |
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| 19:55 | enough but you know you cook a or hamburger on the grill for not |
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| 20:02 | long. So if it's on a interior you know it's possible that you |
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| 20:08 | have some survive. Because I don't you need if I recall with all |
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| 20:13 | with all these infectious agents there is there's an infectious dose so it's the |
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| 20:19 | a number of microbes that are needed be there to cause disease. And |
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| 20:25 | the O. And 57 it's actually small. It's like like 10 cells |
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| 20:29 | something like that. It's like So if you only have a few |
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| 20:33 | even the heat that can potentially it cause problems. Yeah. Yeah. |
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| 20:41 | . Yeah. How to be able just from looking at differentiate and external |
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| 20:52 | are made within the cell. There's gene that says I'm making this dental |
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| 20:55 | . I'm gonna synthesize it and I'm spit it out and then the toxin |
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| 20:58 | an integral part of the cell. the end of that's absolutely right okay |
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| 21:07 | what this is right. It just to when that thing falls apart if |
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| 21:13 | gram negative I remember it falls It just has that effect. Every |
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| 21:19 | negative potentially has that effect. Right it's it's it's correct correct. |
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| 21:32 | that's the only difference. Yeah. so here's the question. So let's |
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| 21:38 | a look at this one. This thank you. Yeah. This cover |
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| 21:43 | we talked about last time and just , so um not high debt |
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| 21:51 | Okay. So which is not correctly . Okay. Okay. But I |
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| 22:54 | see um Okay um throw culture and reveals bit hemolytic strep parties. That's |
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| 23:07 | . Okay. No, principal pathogen gi tract infections. Just talked about |
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| 23:14 | . Uh border. That's pertussis, cough. That funk. That feature |
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| 23:21 | that's true. Um Faculty of interstellar pathogen just mentioned that it's true. |
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| 23:29 | and legionella. That's true. This the false one. Okay, so |
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| 23:35 | going to be diphtheria. Okay. streptococcus. So and that's an idea |
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| 23:47 | kind of things to know. So that the particular features with with |
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| 23:53 | pathogen. Um Any questions about Okay, so alright, there's another |
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| 24:02 | which of these famous figures of history this in common. They don't have |
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| 24:09 | thing in common Hitler caesar. I've a terrible and uh leo Tolstoy wrote |
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| 24:18 | and Peace among others novel. Mm . Okay. It's thought that this |
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| 24:29 | to their craziness at some point in life, later in life. |
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| 24:59 | Yeah. They all believed to have syphilis. I can't verify if um |
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| 25:05 | k was around in caesar's time. was sigma chi is that's greek. |
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| 25:10 | . So he was roman. So sure it probably was um Anyway, |
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| 25:14 | yes, they all had syphilis. . and again tertiary syphilis is calling |
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| 25:19 | . So maybe that's communities of their perhaps. Uh But anyway so this |
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| 25:27 | the long STV will mentioned. Uh enema. Okay anything that causes |
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| 25:37 | So this is uh unique um It has that for gel um that's |
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| 25:48 | floating, rotating outside the cell attached rotating on here it's attached at both |
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| 25:54 | of the self. It kind of looped around the cell and attached at |
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| 25:59 | ends. So when it moves it it gives that unique corkscrew shape. |
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| 26:05 | . Um And so seeing these these bacteria that are moving in that fashion |
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| 26:13 | a sample that's pretty much diagnostic for syphilis. Although you confirm with like |
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| 26:20 | an ideological test anybody engine test. if you see that under the microscope |
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| 26:25 | can pretty much that's pretty much a dunk as to what you got. |
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| 26:30 | And so like all S. D. S. They can be |
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| 26:33 | to um drawing they transmit through of direct contact or sexual contact uh mucus |
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| 26:40 | . So that's the need that for . Um The reservoir of course. |
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| 26:46 | maybe other humans is that's typical for of your S. T. |
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| 26:50 | S. Um And so the this has often been called the great |
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| 26:58 | In other words it mimics other diseases just because there's a secondary stage where |
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| 27:03 | rash forms out of the blue and are common from many different types of |
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| 27:09 | infectious and non infectious diseases um initially infection it begins to multiply and produces |
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| 27:17 | lesions. Both males and females can can have these tends to be more |
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| 27:23 | than males. Um And so we shankar's and then uh but that uh |
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| 27:31 | is full of these bacteria. So take a sample look under what we |
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| 27:37 | dark field microscopy. You're gonna see bunch of these things swimming around. |
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| 27:41 | . But as often is the case you get kind of self conscious about |
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| 27:47 | , you're kind of embarrassed. I to go to the doctor and you |
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| 27:49 | it checked out? Right so and doesn't go away. It goes away |
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| 27:53 | about six weeks yourself. Okay. now it's entering into the latent, |
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| 27:59 | latent stage which we call secondary Okay well now it goes into a |
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| 28:04 | phase and then reappears as a rash what we call secondary syphilis. Okay |
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| 28:10 | and this corkscrew shape of the cells also how we can penetrate through tissues |
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| 28:18 | that kind of approach through action. so it can do that multiplying and |
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| 28:24 | and then um appear and this can can be months even years later where |
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| 28:31 | rash appears. Okay so the lesion away that you initially get and then |
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| 28:37 | goes away and then several months or years later this rash appears. So |
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| 28:41 | then by this time you likely have forgotten that you even had the lesions |
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| 28:47 | the first place. Okay. Um so the rash, of course, |
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| 28:51 | you see here, this is typical any kind of many different diseases and |
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| 28:56 | go, okay, well I have rash and what's that about then? |
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| 28:58 | goes away. Okay, so but to continue to progress, it can |
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| 29:03 | to tertiary syphilis, it's talking several now. Okay, decades. Uh |
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| 29:09 | of course by that time that's working the cns. And that's where the |
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| 29:13 | of dementia has come in is affecting brain and the ability to I guess |
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| 29:18 | reason and think properly and uh of affects the heart as well. Um |
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| 29:24 | not, I think something like 10% the cases they get to that |
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| 29:30 | it actually becomes that and it becomes detrimental. But but before then it's |
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| 29:36 | treatable okay with antibiotics? Um but is still syphilis is still very |
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| 29:44 | Very common STD as is uh um the papilloma virus as is clear media |
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| 29:54 | all and even gonorrhea are all still with us and in in record numbers |
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| 30:02 | there are there are a significant number cases still occurring of all these types |
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| 30:06 | this is one one that cannot be still culture to the state cannot cultured |
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| 30:13 | the media. So you don't need that through a microscope confirmed with anybody |
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| 30:21 | um any questions about Yeah uh probably you get into secondary stage. |
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| 30:33 | the general uh it's back here. actually, I think uh I think |
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| 30:39 | stains gram negative I remember. Yeah. Oh, I forgot congenital |
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| 30:48 | . Um So as with all the , a mother who's pregnant can pass |
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| 30:53 | on to the child and this can to things like um cleft palate. |
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| 31:00 | Uh huh. Problems with the Things like that. Okay. Um |
|
| 31:07 | right, Alright. Here's another Okay, so this goes, let |
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| 31:10 | just into the cns pathogens. so all of these could potentially cause |
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| 31:18 | except. Okay, you know, go ahead and uh a hint. |
|
| 31:26 | not that Okay. There is actually that does not cause meningitis. |
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| 31:41 | And there is a difference between meningitis encephalitis. Okay, There is a |
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| 31:47 | between us two. All the inside . Mm hmm, mm hmm. |
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| 32:39 | . All right. So it is does not rabies causes encephalitis. His |
|
| 32:46 | . This is different energies are like covering the brain tissue. And those |
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| 32:53 | inflamed in meningitis. Uh the actual tissue itself that's underneath those men, |
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| 33:01 | gets inflamed. Okay, so that's the difference there. Okay. |
|
| 33:06 | so meningitis um is the first of we'll talk about and there's a number |
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| 33:16 | so streptococcus pneumonia high cause pneumonia obviously also can cause meningitis. And so |
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| 33:24 | meningitis. So, the men NGS a layer of multiple membranes so that |
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| 33:31 | can see here right. And you need to memorize the names of the |
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| 33:35 | the membranes. But so they comprised these three layers, outermost dura |
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| 33:42 | innermost or middle layer erected modern innermost moderate with all three layers. Um |
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| 33:49 | brain in general course and central nervous , Brain and spinal court is obviously |
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| 33:54 | well protected. Okay. Obviously first have the vertebra and the skull, |
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| 34:00 | then beyond that you have these different . Um The it also means you |
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| 34:06 | have a lot of space in So if the brain does get inflamed |
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| 34:11 | these millennials get inflamed, you you're you're in a confined space so |
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| 34:15 | can lead to pressure on the brain the skull. And that can lead |
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| 34:22 | hematomas bleeding splotches where capitalism began to and bleed. Obviously not a good |
|
| 34:28 | . We'll see. You'll see a , there's a picture of them, |
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| 34:31 | know, it's a brain that's been person who died from meningitis and you |
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| 34:34 | the red splotches all over the brain where these little where these capillaries have |
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| 34:40 | the inflammation. Um So in addition protection from these, the skull and |
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| 34:49 | layers of membranes, you have a that's unique to the central nervous system |
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| 34:54 | that bathes the brain and the spinal . This cerebral spinal fluid. |
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| 35:00 | And that's what you look at in of diagnosing a um a condition is |
|
| 35:06 | kind of uh what you believe to a uh inflammation possibly occurring in the |
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| 35:12 | or spinal cord or both, you at the cerebral spinal fluid and normally |
|
| 35:18 | should be free of any microbes. so of course if you see something |
|
| 35:21 | there that can be obviously diagnostic, meningitis again tends to be the more |
|
| 35:29 | form of this. Uh and the forms should give you the worst |
|
| 35:34 | Okay, so viral meningitis at worst be maybe flu like symptoms. Uh |
|
| 35:43 | the the stiff neck is not uh maybe a bit of a |
|
| 35:48 | maybe a low grade fever and that's it and your body takes care of |
|
| 35:52 | . Okay. It doesn't progress beyond . But of course with bacterial |
|
| 35:57 | it can go way beyond that. so it's also a condition that so |
|
| 36:04 | the headache fever, it can be higher fever. Beyond the low grade |
|
| 36:09 | it can be um as well as get into a nauseous feeling, |
|
| 36:15 | convulsions, vomiting, when that if begin to see that now you are |
|
| 36:20 | that's a ticking time bomb because you very limited time until it becomes |
|
| 36:25 | And we're talking like from beginning to 48-72 hours. Okay. And so |
|
| 36:33 | I actually had a it was way in fifth grade, I had a |
|
| 36:37 | friend who died from that friday night sunday he was dead. Okay, |
|
| 36:42 | um a nothing to fool around And so the as I mentioned protection |
|
| 36:50 | your cns Okay, through various cell . Okay, so what you're trying |
|
| 36:57 | protect of course are these neurons, ? Brain neurons. So they can |
|
| 37:02 | they have Schwann cells which kind of the axons, michael ko cells astro |
|
| 37:09 | provide support to create a particular environment . So if you recall your action |
|
| 37:17 | , which is what neurons do, all about an environment of different types |
|
| 37:22 | ions. Um they so you have support cells as a barrier between blood |
|
| 37:31 | that blur and what actually gets to . Okay, so in terms of |
|
| 37:36 | they only eat glucose. Okay. so things have a hard time getting |
|
| 37:43 | your diffusing into neurons because you try keep them protected. And it also |
|
| 37:49 | that treatment may not go very quickly antibiotics can have a hard time getting |
|
| 37:54 | there as well. But this is is the layers that a pathogen would |
|
| 38:00 | to across to be able to um problems that we call crossing the blood |
|
| 38:07 | barrier. Okay. And so we this before. Right, this is |
|
| 38:11 | Syria meningitis, they also call it ninja caucus. Okay. It's the |
|
| 38:17 | the the leading cause of bacterial is this one? Okay, second |
|
| 38:23 | staphylococcus pneumonia. The third one which don't really mention other than saying it's |
|
| 38:30 | influenza is the third type um I the fourth type is actually listeria we'll |
|
| 38:37 | about later. But anyway so I the the virulence factors for this |
|
| 38:42 | The O. P. A. the pill i providing like loose |
|
| 38:48 | And then these will diploma rise and themselves to the surface. And so |
|
| 38:54 | O. P. A. Proteins here more tighter fit. And that |
|
| 39:00 | this engulf mint and then transito sis so you can hit your ride and |
|
| 39:06 | cell types or can cross into uh vessels. So endothelial cells make up |
|
| 39:11 | blood vessel inside there so it becomes . Can get into your C. |
|
| 39:15 | . S. That way. Nice . So again like with many of |
|
| 39:20 | diseases it's um it's one where humans the reservoir right? So roughly half |
|
| 39:28 | population carries this in the back of throat. Okay and so um so |
|
| 39:33 | catch it from other individuals that are asymptomatic carriers. Okay and so this |
|
| 39:39 | a gram negative. It has the like the staph pneumonia. I it's |
|
| 39:44 | impairs right it's like a pair of stuck together. Okay the gram negative |
|
| 39:49 | can see here uh these are all . Okay so they have that weird |
|
| 39:55 | nucleus and uh so each each of so it's an invasive types and get |
|
| 40:01 | cells obviously as you see here and a thick capsule it can resist complement |
|
| 40:07 | . Okay um being a gram negative we'll have the end of toxin. |
|
| 40:13 | one that can change its antigens on surface. So this this um phase |
|
| 40:20 | phenomenon. You can hide it from immune system. So here you see |
|
| 40:24 | brain of a person that was that from meningitis to see all the wrench |
|
| 40:29 | here. That's here. Rather these the the actual many ngos they're pulling |
|
| 40:35 | and then underneath this actual brain you see the red splotches, hematomas |
|
| 40:41 | blood vessels are burst. You did swelling. Um And then uh so |
|
| 40:49 | is a vaccine. So I mentioned to be a very quickly progressing |
|
| 40:54 | So if you do have certainly have stiff neck and the headache and the |
|
| 41:00 | beyond a low grade low grade I is classified as I'm going to say |
|
| 41:07 | and you know it's kind of the line, it gets above that and |
|
| 41:11 | have a headache, stiff neck go the er because you don't want it |
|
| 41:17 | progress to I mean may I have but we don't want to fool around |
|
| 41:22 | it. So uh you once it to like nausea convulsions and that's that's |
|
| 41:29 | not good. Okay. Um And there are vaccines. So vaccine to |
|
| 41:36 | I think somebody mentioned in another class I think you'll like it requires |
|
| 41:42 | Um Not all colleges do but it's know because of dorms, dorms. |
|
| 41:50 | ? Live in close quarters. That's that's where this can when cases |
|
| 41:54 | It's usually in dorms because of the and lots of people there that can |
|
| 42:01 | very quickly. So um so there any vaccines to the to the |
|
| 42:07 | Okay. So I don't that tells there's a problem with the vaccine that |
|
| 42:13 | give you a lifelong immunity. It probably last I think somebody said |
|
| 42:17 | time four or five years and I it's fits. They're gonna be in |
|
| 42:20 | , you're gonna be out of college that time anyway. But because the |
|
| 42:25 | , the carbohydrate or the capsule place is not very strong. Uh I |
|
| 42:30 | immunological agent. Okay. Like proteins , so that's probably why the vaccine |
|
| 42:36 | after four or five years typically. . Um so any questions about |
|
| 42:44 | Okay, so here I just I do this in, you don't need |
|
| 42:49 | know Freddy game, but I just to show this to because um |
|
| 42:54 | we talked about that different responsible for bodies and engines to a number of |
|
| 43:00 | infectious diseases we talked about. Uh many we don't talk about all have |
|
| 43:07 | many of them have these rapid D. Kids basically. Okay. |
|
| 43:14 | of course uh doing one of somebody an infection particularly serious infection. You |
|
| 43:19 | able to identify it quickly. And and then of course come up with |
|
| 43:23 | treatment. So um so it's not not the norm to somebody who has |
|
| 43:30 | disease and say okay let's step Let's uh let's get a sample and |
|
| 43:34 | culture it. Okay that still can part of the part of the part |
|
| 43:39 | the solution because that's how you can antibiotic sensitivity. But while you do |
|
| 43:46 | Step one is typically going to be super rapid I detest. And so |
|
| 43:51 | will involve something like this where you'll um so this is where if this |
|
| 43:56 | to Neisseria meningitis or you're trying to out if that's what's at play |
|
| 44:01 | you'll have a kit will have these are coated with antibody. Okay so |
|
| 44:07 | of course have antibody for all types infectious agents. Okay so we make |
|
| 44:12 | kick out of this. These are made by manufacturers and you buy |
|
| 44:16 | And so the beads are coated with that will be two in this case |
|
| 44:21 | capsule er antigens. Okay so you it with a sample. So here's |
|
| 44:25 | sample of C. S. So here's our nice syria. |
|
| 44:28 | so if they indeed are. You if the antibodies uh are specific to |
|
| 44:34 | particular energy and you'll get the company . The illumination is the clumping |
|
| 44:38 | Right? And this can be um easily seen with the naked eye. |
|
| 44:44 | a problem. And so you'll see right here. So we have positives |
|
| 44:50 | the negatives results. Right? So I can see how it's like grainy |
|
| 44:54 | . These are the company together of cells by the antibodies. And here |
|
| 44:59 | course you don't really see that. that's that's a negative result. No |
|
| 45:03 | . Okay if you've done a blood you see the same thing or the |
|
| 45:09 | your blood type is is the one shows the clumping with your particular |
|
| 45:13 | Okay and so we did a series tests and studies are all different. |
|
| 45:18 | Syrian man enjoying this variance. Okay different capsule engines. Here is streptococcus |
|
| 45:28 | these are all the three main um of bacteria that cause meningitis. Okay |
|
| 45:34 | we put heaven in this test and company rather than you see here is |
|
| 45:38 | positive control and then you see the that matches is this disparity N. |
|
| 45:43 | . Y. W. 135. that's a particular one that's in the |
|
| 45:48 | . Okay so again you can scratch meningitis and put a number of other |
|
| 45:54 | types. You can put syphilis and that you can put this that and |
|
| 45:58 | other types of infectious agents. The is he gives you a result |
|
| 46:02 | Okay. Um so anyway the, another question. Okay so this person |
|
| 46:11 | suffering from bad back. Uh he is but that's not the answer. |
|
| 46:20 | Meningitis botulism listeriosis. Tetanus is actually I think uh painting by a famous |
|
| 46:32 | . Um This was during the I it was a soldier in Napoleon's |
|
| 46:38 | It was like 18 early 1800s I his pupils like rolled up in his |
|
| 46:56 | Or probably yeah. Among other Yeah. So this is actually |
|
| 47:47 | tetanus. Okay, so uh so of course is characterized by the spasmodic |
|
| 47:56 | . And so his toes are curled . Obviously it back is severely |
|
| 48:01 | You can even break your back in cases. Um And like you |
|
| 48:06 | he's probably his eyes are part of back of his head as well, |
|
| 48:10 | . Uh So yeah, this is probably doesn't have long to live |
|
| 48:14 | I would guess. Um So many it. I'm not tetanus botulism. |
|
| 48:23 | , so by Children first and So both are due to neuro |
|
| 48:29 | botulism toxin, tetanus toxin um Both from the same genus of bacteria, |
|
| 48:37 | . So we talked about those guys in the context of endospore formation. |
|
| 48:42 | , so clostridium is characterized by for , those spores and they are anaerobic |
|
| 48:49 | they oxygen is actually toxic to Okay. Um and so you can |
|
| 48:55 | appear the grant to the gram positive and the ham. You have these |
|
| 49:02 | the end that's kind of what's called shape on this species. That's the |
|
| 49:06 | of support form. All right. um so with with botulism so botulism |
|
| 49:14 | botulism foodborne disease. Tetanus is not is transmitted through. It's a puncture |
|
| 49:21 | . The both our soil organisms. But tetanus is through um a puncture |
|
| 49:27 | from the contaminated nail or some other of instrument. Okay. Um we |
|
| 49:34 | hear you've always heard the step on rusty nail. Gotta get a tetanus |
|
| 49:38 | . Alright so um so the botulism comes from can be improperly canned or |
|
| 49:46 | foods, Okay? Um And honestly , the botulism cases where people humans |
|
| 49:55 | of this in a year can probably on one hand, okay, It |
|
| 50:01 | to be more common by more I mean you know not in the |
|
| 50:06 | of thousands of deaths but you know maybe reaching three digits or so because |
|
| 50:12 | we're talking like maybe 100 years ago canning home canning and things like that |
|
| 50:18 | more common. And what would happen you would use in the home, |
|
| 50:23 | don't use an autoclave to sterilize. use a pressure pressure cooker. So |
|
| 50:27 | have your pressure cooker, you take whatever your canning or bottling and you |
|
| 50:32 | them in a pressure cooker to sterilize but if that if you don't use |
|
| 50:35 | properly that they don't sterilize. Okay so um in those sports that may |
|
| 50:41 | in there can germinate and produce Okay? And so you eat |
|
| 50:47 | And of course you succumbed to the of the toxin. Okay, it |
|
| 50:51 | take a lot of botulism toxin to to cause fatal effects. Um of |
|
| 50:57 | the same toxin is used because the of paralysis is the opposite of |
|
| 51:02 | So this type of paralysis is one what we call a flaccid paralysis. |
|
| 51:07 | your muscles will want to contract but can't write whereas intent nous your muscles |
|
| 51:13 | contracting uncontrollably. So it's it's a of a different type of effect. |
|
| 51:17 | and so that's the reason why it as as a way to uh get |
|
| 51:23 | of wrinkles or at least temporarily right injections will relax the muscles and and |
|
| 51:29 | the wrinkles magically disappearing right? Nothing of you need to worry about. |
|
| 51:33 | something I probably need to worry Um But anyway so what happens is |
|
| 51:39 | all about this uh neurotransmitter. So uh number one both of these |
|
| 51:45 | about motor neurons are being affected. . And so motor neurons are talked |
|
| 51:54 | buy um or talked to muscles So muscles community communicate with motor |
|
| 51:59 | Okay and so that's what we're that's the effect is occurring. So here |
|
| 52:05 | a motor neuron, it's synaptic with muscle. Okay and so uh the |
|
| 52:13 | between the two is through neurotransmitters. the actual potential will flow down the |
|
| 52:21 | and so the Exxon termine ir terminus it ends there are vesicles inside the |
|
| 52:27 | holding the acetylcholine and when an action comes down it will stimulate those to |
|
| 52:36 | neurotransmitter. And the muscle response to neurotransmitter binds it and then produces a |
|
| 52:42 | . Right? So um so that's this is kind of shows a close |
|
| 52:46 | of that and don't worry. But need to memorize snap 25 or |
|
| 52:51 | Tax any of this stuff showing this basically jog your memory about how how |
|
| 52:57 | works. And so um through the that will send ups here at the |
|
| 53:02 | and then release the contents. Okay what does botulism toxin do? Well |
|
| 53:08 | will bind to the axon terminus. then enter the cell. Okay And |
|
| 53:16 | it will block the release so that will bind to the testicle and the |
|
| 53:21 | can't release the contents out to interact the muscle. Okay this is what |
|
| 53:26 | means. So you have an actual going down but these things don't get |
|
| 53:30 | so the muscle does not get the right? So the actual potential is |
|
| 53:35 | down but the muscle is not able respond because the neurotransmitter is released. |
|
| 53:41 | that's that flaccid paralysis. So what is uh death actually occurs similarly in |
|
| 53:47 | tetanus and and botulism in that uh respiratory failure followed by heart failure. |
|
| 53:56 | so remember that your diaphragm uh contracts pulls down on your rib cage creating |
|
| 54:03 | positive negative pressure. That brings Okay and so if that diaphragm is |
|
| 54:09 | able to contract and then you're not to breathe properly which then will you |
|
| 54:14 | of course put stress on your heart then that will result in death |
|
| 54:19 | Okay so tetanus similarly similar effects. have the spasmodic contractions where you're not |
|
| 54:25 | properly either. And then the next your heart as well. So just |
|
| 54:30 | of similar outcome but just slightly different terms of how it happens. Okay |
|
| 54:36 | so with tetanus so again this is uh illness. Um Tetanus is through |
|
| 54:43 | puncture wound. So I I just this one in because we have one |
|
| 54:47 | thing that I need to show you um So you have the the stimulation |
|
| 54:54 | a muscle through a motor neuron. . Talking via you're a transmitter. |
|
| 55:01 | now to produce smooth movements of Okay you like this or like with |
|
| 55:11 | like moving um the shh the muscles killer. Right? So one contracts |
|
| 55:21 | one relaxes. Okay so the um you have an interneuron or inhibitory neuron |
|
| 55:29 | brings that about right? So you to contract for this motion, contract |
|
| 55:33 | quadriceps on top and relax the hamstring that's what the effect of inhibitory neuron |
|
| 55:39 | . Okay so the effects of these separated inhibitory versus excitatory through using different |
|
| 55:49 | . Okay so the inhibitory ones don't a silicone. Of course those are |
|
| 55:54 | typically for inhibit excitatory contractions to contract muscle inhibitory wants to relax. The |
|
| 56:00 | are through this one called G. . B. A. Okay so |
|
| 56:06 | produces inhibitory to inhibit contractions. So tetanus toxin which convince your body through |
|
| 56:14 | wound. Um And so uh a uh or very typical the painting. |
|
| 56:22 | just saw the person that was a . You know a wound. |
|
| 56:27 | Um soil containment soil containing the particles those sports can get inside the wound |
|
| 56:34 | is not cleaned properly. And then damage to the muscle causes or damage |
|
| 56:38 | the tissue causes an anaerobic environment to result. And that promotes growth Germination |
|
| 56:45 | the indoor sports. And then so proliferates producing toxin and the toxin travels |
|
| 56:51 | the neuron. Okay and so um where then will interfere with the release |
|
| 56:58 | the inhibitory neurotransmitter. Okay and so don't have then the smooth contractions. |
|
| 57:05 | have the spasmodic type muscle contractions because don't have you don't have the controlled |
|
| 57:12 | of the inhibitory types. So you a spasmodic contraction. Again difficulty |
|
| 57:20 | leading to congestive heart failure and then . Um Of course the vaccine for |
|
| 57:28 | T. Dap. Okay Tetanus pertussis diphtheria. And so it's an antihistamine |
|
| 57:38 | the T. Part and so not a bunch of them. And tetanus |
|
| 57:44 | both neurotoxins working on motor neurons in ways. Um that there is some |
|
| 57:51 | there. So it's not totally surprising in this case about 30-40% identity. |
|
| 57:58 | And most of the types that of remember extra toxins produced released attached to |
|
| 58:03 | target cell and then do the Okay. Um I don't have any |
|
| 58:12 | about. Yeah thank you. I know I'm sorry. Is this a |
|
| 58:26 | ? I don't know if it's a it's just it's just what that what |
|
| 58:30 | does. I mean I assume that respect of the bacteria um I don't |
|
| 58:37 | how it actually benefits it. I it's it's going to be if you |
|
| 58:41 | the body you're basically gonna create an environment in there because now you're not |
|
| 58:46 | blood and finding oxygen. So you're to create an anaerobic environment so they |
|
| 58:49 | proliferate in that person then. So just a big jerk that basically um |
|
| 59:00 | so um it's okay so listeria um this one we've likely I would probably |
|
| 59:12 | probably had this at one time or . Didn't either had very little upset |
|
| 59:18 | our system or did nothing. Because if you like to eat things |
|
| 59:24 | salami and deli, ham and turkey traffic. All the things you can |
|
| 59:33 | in the Kroger deli area, hot . These kind of things uh smoked |
|
| 59:39 | etcetera, even vegetables, processed Right? These are things that you |
|
| 59:44 | ingest. That's where listeria can live . The thing about listeria is unique |
|
| 59:50 | it can grow at refrigeration temperatures. . And that goes a long way |
|
| 59:55 | to why it can cause issues. again for most people with healthy immune |
|
| 60:01 | . Not a problem. You may a slight G. I tract upset |
|
| 60:05 | worst and then you're good. Um The particularly if you if you |
|
| 60:13 | go past the expiration dates on some these processed foods. You may notice |
|
| 60:18 | there may be somewhat of a uh layer in some cases that could be |
|
| 60:23 | to listeria there, but there could other things. Um But but the |
|
| 60:29 | most in danger beyond the obvious immuno compromised Young, not fully developed |
|
| 60:36 | system are pregnant pregnant mothers. Okay pregnant women are ones that want to |
|
| 60:40 | aware not because of them, but thanks to the baby. Okay so |
|
| 60:46 | can cause listeriosis I think is a to maybe 10% of stillborn Children babies |
|
| 60:57 | is due to listeriosis. Okay so so this is one that's pretty widespread |
|
| 61:04 | the environment, instagram positive short rods in a lot of different of salt |
|
| 61:12 | animals. Very right spread. Um so the um the illness itself again |
|
| 61:24 | most of us is fairly mild. The um it can cause meningitis. |
|
| 61:30 | think it's 1/4 on that list in of bacterial types and it can progress |
|
| 61:36 | uh and that can be of course can be fatal. Now you mentioned |
|
| 61:41 | pregnant mothers are the ones that need be aware. I know that my |
|
| 61:48 | in law is, she's is pregnant birth next month. No this month |
|
| 61:54 | weeks. Uh And she's been she's been off all kinds of foods |
|
| 61:58 | this. Um And uh we'll resume course once she had the baby. |
|
| 62:04 | it is a thing that's what I'm to say. It's not something you |
|
| 62:07 | it is a thing that pregnant mothers be aware of. Okay. Um |
|
| 62:12 | they're probably eating these types of the virulence factors. So um it's |
|
| 62:18 | invasive type you can get inside It can also when it forms these |
|
| 62:23 | 10 rockets. If you remember that acting to propel itself. All right |
|
| 62:28 | binding it to one end and then it can move through cells. Uh |
|
| 62:34 | can like again for most of us kind of is confined to the uh |
|
| 62:39 | our gut but it can on occasion on the type it can spread from |
|
| 62:45 | um can become systemic. Okay. does have other factors. So he |
|
| 62:51 | remember that breaks apart with blood This fossil light base is one that |
|
| 62:58 | disrupt the cell membrane has a pretty as well. But um the thing |
|
| 63:05 | about it is this ability to grow low temperatures. Okay So and and |
|
| 63:11 | is real growth right here is at Okay you can see uh we're going |
|
| 63:18 | 12 34 logs for logs of Okay. That's significant. All |
|
| 63:27 | Um even at -20. That's the of dry ice. Right? So |
|
| 63:33 | um it's not it's not growing but not dying either. So it's able |
|
| 63:37 | maintain the viability and -20. So think there was there was the outbreak |
|
| 63:43 | oh Maybe 10 years now. Um Blue bell ice cream factory up in |
|
| 63:50 | had outbreak where fatalities occurred due to , listeria in the ice cream. |
|
| 63:58 | so of course if your ice cream , you know mysterio grows at cold |
|
| 64:04 | . So it's kind of like almost perfect storm there. If you don't |
|
| 64:08 | proper, it was due to improper not cleaning. There was a tank |
|
| 64:16 | held the finished ice cream that would dispensed into the containers. And that |
|
| 64:22 | unit was the one that was contaminated the spigot where you dispense it. |
|
| 64:27 | found listeria there. And so uh know, especially if your bicycle |
|
| 64:31 | you really have to be aware of bacterium since it grows can grow at |
|
| 64:36 | viable, certainly at the cold Yeah. Isn't pasteurization. I |
|
| 64:48 | but if you don't clean your it doesn't matter. Right, |
|
| 64:55 | So um but um yes, a temperature is really the thing here that's |
|
| 65:02 | about this one. So um let's , okay, so here kind of |
|
| 65:10 | , you know, again, for of us it begins and ends pretty |
|
| 65:15 | right here, it won't go beyond . But it can in some cases |
|
| 65:21 | um if it gets into the system be sepsis. Okay, and that's |
|
| 65:26 | it can potentially cause and forgetting the meningitis, but for pregnant mothers you |
|
| 65:36 | cross the placenta and affect the And of course the fetus can come |
|
| 65:41 | it doesn't die before being born then can when it is born of course |
|
| 65:46 | severe infection and that in itself can a can be fatal. So um |
|
| 65:53 | again, so if it just comes to if you're one, if you |
|
| 65:56 | pregnant and you are Um one that to eat these kind of foods, |
|
| 66:01 | , you know, just hold off lime ones. But it is it |
|
| 66:08 | a thing. Okay, you can't serious. Um But certainly preventing things |
|
| 66:14 | effective sanitation practices etcetera will minimize Okay. Um Any questions? |
|
| 66:25 | it's fast and serious. Mhm. there any way Oh yeah. What |
|
| 66:32 | certainly try to do of course, to give antibiotics, I don't |
|
| 66:36 | Um uh the success rate of I think the mortality rate is fairly |
|
| 66:43 | of infants born with this. So , we're gonna certainly try to do |
|
| 66:46 | , but I don't know how successful always, it always is. |
|
| 66:49 | Okay. Um Okay, rabies, one. Okay, so um so |
|
| 67:00 | . So obviously viral viral disease, the rabies viruses are on the small |
|
| 67:08 | of the spectrum there, like on 2025 nanometer range looks like little bullets |
|
| 67:13 | you see there, these are RNA . Um And so of course as |
|
| 67:18 | know it's just through the bite of animal. It's a zoonotic disease found |
|
| 67:23 | various types of animals mammals. Um , rabbits, but I heard that |
|
| 67:31 | don't don't don't have rabies. I I remember that that's what I read |
|
| 67:36 | beyond them so many different types of cats, dogs etcetera. What is |
|
| 67:41 | and humans can contract rabies. What animal most commonly the humans most commonly |
|
| 67:47 | rabies from it and it's not dogs cats. Like you might think which |
|
| 67:53 | bats? Yeah bats. And uh most most most people vaccinate their dogs |
|
| 68:02 | cats. And so typically that's why think I read it bats is number |
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| 68:08 | . But anyway so the uh so kind of a scenario of how this |
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| 68:16 | is not uncommon that one gets bit the leg. But I guess it's |
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| 68:21 | bat. I would say you're probably at you. It's probably gonna be |
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| 68:25 | know maybe your hands or face or . But nonetheless typically typical for rabies |
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| 68:31 | number one. It's a slow progressing . Okay and that's to your |
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| 68:38 | Okay so if you do get bit a very slow progressing by slow |
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| 68:42 | I mean if you don't do anything seek any kind of treatment, okay |
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| 68:47 | not until like two months until you . Okay so you've got once you |
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| 68:53 | bait you know you have a long yet you have lots of time to |
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| 68:57 | treatment. Okay And you obviously you want to seek treatment. Okay you |
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| 69:00 | expect even if you have a hint you may have gotten a bit. |
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| 69:04 | . Um Because if you do wait you get the symptoms of of when |
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| 69:11 | when it's in the C. C. N. S. Then |
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| 69:13 | pretty much lights out. All It's gonna be hidden from the immune |
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| 69:17 | not gonna be able to do anything it. And um by that time |
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| 69:21 | too late. But that time is maybe six weeks so you get a |
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| 69:26 | of time between them to get to treatment before then. So the thing |
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| 69:31 | it is so the bite occurs you we can follow the scenario here. |
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| 69:37 | know you get bit you know muscle tissue will will be wounded. The |
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| 69:44 | is transmitted of saliva and so it in there typically though it's at it's |
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| 69:50 | low numbers in the initial bite. so that coupled with a slow kind |
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| 69:55 | replication cycle occurs. And so that's you can actually get you can get |
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| 70:03 | once you get you can get the even though you've been but you get |
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| 70:06 | vaccine and then that's that will still . So and actually the treatment requires |
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| 70:12 | series of four or five or six like that I think over time |
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| 70:17 | But you give them both the vaccine well as a shot of uh anti |
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| 70:27 | antibodies. Right? The the passive artificial passive required immunity. Right? |
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| 70:37 | uh the antibodies to rabies virus are to you as well. That puts |
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| 70:40 | vaccine after you've been bitten. Um again, it all works because it's |
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| 70:45 | very slow progressing uh process here. so, uh so we have full |
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| 70:52 | of viruses in the initial bite wounds then eventually getting to the peripheral nerves |
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| 70:59 | so slowly climbed up into the central system and the worst effects of course |
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| 71:05 | the brain, brain itself, the tissue itself causing the swelling, inflammation |
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| 71:11 | , we call it. Um and in animals that require rabies, There's |
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| 71:16 | two groups located furious rabies and paralytic , furious rabies. That's what you |
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| 71:23 | in dogs. Um, the very biting behavior, aggressive, okay, |
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| 71:32 | uh paralytic rabies or what we call dumb rabies. I think it's, |
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| 71:37 | see that in cats, so they're of kind of dumbfounded, unaware of |
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| 71:41 | surroundings, kind of in a daze . But of course if you get |
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| 71:45 | close to them, they'll the last as well. But generally they're kind |
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| 71:49 | like that kind of a state. one of the things weird um, |
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| 71:55 | about this disease questions humans as Um, and if you get to |
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| 72:01 | stage is generally too late. But happens is the virus multiplies and then |
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| 72:05 | gets into your set, the salary and uh causes this can cause these |
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| 72:13 | uh in this, in your throat jaw area and you probably heard rabies |
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| 72:19 | with foaming of the mouth. And that kind of leads to that, |
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| 72:23 | effect. And you actually become very , but you can't drink anything and |
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| 72:29 | call this symptom hydra phobia. Can like the fear of water you want |
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| 72:34 | drink? But you see water, kind of freak out because you can't |
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| 72:39 | you can't really swallow it. And it's it's a really strange effect, |
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| 72:43 | it's it's characteristic of of rabies. so but again, if you get |
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| 72:48 | that point where you have that then , pretty much you can do because |
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| 72:51 | already into your central nervous system by point. So, but it's |
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| 72:56 | by inducing that kind of behavior, how the virus perpetuates itself, because |
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| 73:02 | that's the only way it can be through a bite. So we kind |
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| 73:05 | create these kinds of effects more likely the virus can transmit itself to another |
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| 73:11 | . Okay, so um diagnostically um you can uh these negative bodies |
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| 73:21 | what you can see in affected For example, you would look at |
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| 73:26 | brain tissue and you would see the of these inclusions in the neurons. |
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| 73:33 | so these are basically um products of the virus is replicating inside the |
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| 73:39 | viral proteins may kind of congregate and see these as these everybody's. So |
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| 73:44 | characteristic of seeing these in neurons of infected animal. You can also of |
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| 73:50 | do the the antibody engine test as mentioned before. Um but certainly once |
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| 73:58 | you suspect you've been bitten and even you're aware or not aware if the |
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| 74:04 | is rabid, you definitely want to the, you begin to get the |
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| 74:08 | for this. Okay. Because being slow progressing disease, you can inject |
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| 74:14 | vaccine and the both of these both are actually, you can get this |
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| 74:21 | a, as a vaccine, you , without just as getting a |
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| 74:25 | but it's not given to the general . The only ones that really get |
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| 74:27 | vaccine are veterinarians, uh, animal workers. These are the ones that |
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| 74:34 | the vaccine. It's not really the public, but if you do get |
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| 74:39 | then you will get this vaccine plus get the the, the rabies |
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| 74:46 | that's the antibodies in the shot. antibodies to rabies virus. So both |
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| 74:52 | these will be part of the Like I said, I think it's |
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| 74:54 | four or six shots series of shots I think a month or something like |
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| 75:00 | . Um, somebody is curable. . It is curable, but it's |
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| 75:05 | curable if you let it go too . Okay. I think there has |
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| 75:11 | , I read that there was like one case where it advanced that far |
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| 75:15 | that person actually survived and so And so the odds aren't good, |
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| 75:22 | what that says. So, so that I think is yeah, |
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| 75:28 | questions brady you served. Okay. folks. So like I said, |
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| 75:35 | , if you have questions, you email uh, if you want to |
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| 75:39 | a zoom session or something. That's to let me know otherwise uh good |
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| 75:46 | and thanks I'll be here. So gonna stop by, I'll probably get |
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| 75:54 | of virtual office hours next semester, next gonna stop by. That's |
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| 76:00 | Yeah. Question about the uh you him about the, yeah I emailed |
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| 76:07 | but uh I think yeah I think um Yeah I may have I tend |
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| 76:14 | kind of two um you said about right? Something like that. Yeah |
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| 76:19 | may have. I think I did it and I did I recall was |
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| 76:23 | right christian braun wait no, what your name? His song. It's |
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| 76:32 | like he's sam without the apostrophe. I get that? I don't think |
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| 76:36 | got that. We haven't pulled Let me see. Yeah, make |
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| 76:42 | this is your email address here. weird. That's it, you |
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| 76:50 | Um Well I can tell my junk folder, Send it, send it |
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| 76:54 | . Uh Send it again but it be a problem. I just I |
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| 76:59 | it's not gonna be an issue, thank you, appreciate it. |
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| 77:04 | Um um Yeah I did not get one cause I had. Yes, |
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| 77:10 | me tell you what, you just it again. Let me look, |
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| 77:13 | me just check. Yeah, a minutes here but she's probably okay. |
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| 77:23 | Let's see. Oh there you got . Got it. Got it |
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| 77:30 | Okay. Okay. Okay. Three point yeah so what will happen |
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| 77:37 | um uh all you gotta do so wait until like probably wait until friday |
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| 77:49 | this week because there's like there's maybe handful of people that are in the |
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| 77:54 | boat. So what there's a process have to give the cost. So |
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| 77:58 | feel like she said at the casa what I'm gonna do what I'm trying |
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| 78:01 | say is so by Tuesday afternoon Wednesday or Tuesday morning monday afternoon Tuesday morning |
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| 78:10 | your cost account it'll show up there and it'll it'll tell you where the |
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| 78:16 | center will be where you'll have to to. Just just just do that |
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| 78:21 | and now I will likely we'll email anyway and that Okay your appointment's been |
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| 78:27 | so just check your account kind of . So it's likely 99 times out |
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| 78:31 | 100. It's it's always embarrassing but may change. So that's why I |
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| 78:35 | check your account before. So if like the day before the examiner hasn't |
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| 78:38 | as you know you it was the before the account and you don't see |
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| 78:43 | if you don't see anything in your account I'd say by Tuesday morning then |
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| 78:48 | me know but I think that that's been an issue so you should be |
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| 78:54 | I've never seen that be an issue didn't show up with your schedule so |
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| 78:58 | should be fine. I was in homework and this this question really confused |
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| 79:04 | this clearly shows so interacting with the . Yeah. Right. Sure. |
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| 79:12 | then it's both human will and so correct answer is what what what I |
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| 79:18 | selected there. It's all three. don't understand how. Okay so they're |
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| 79:22 | oh it's adaptive so immediately I think think that's what's colored in. Okay |
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| 79:30 | adaptive. Obviously humor. Yeah I see that I guess I guess. |
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| 79:40 | I guess. Uh Yeah. Okay so I guess they're saying so me |
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| 79:48 | it's involving a T. Cell because look at the you know you have |
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| 79:53 | tell so media community and they have community. Why would it be only |
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| 79:59 | community and not and does not involving immediately. It will be in 30 |
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| 80:05 | a free independent activation to be. so that was that's my that's how |
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| 80:12 | would read that. So I guess way that I should imagine this is |
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| 80:16 | cells involved human t cells involved and both adopted and you can yeah you |
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| 80:25 | combine both together if it's if it's it's that T dependent activation. Yeah |
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| 80:34 | is another one that confused me because was looking at the notes while doing |
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| 80:36 | problem we were told that extra toxins also overstimulate with what was that thing |
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| 80:46 | ? Super super androgynous. But then one says that only endo toxins can |
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| 80:50 | that and I'm kinda confused about that is the correct insect and the toxins |
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| 80:56 | by themselves, correct correct. Alright. Extra toxins. People themselves |
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| 81:03 | approach and program comes to bacteria. does um what what exactly does it |
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| 81:13 | to do? Yeah. So what what so what's what's part is confusing |
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| 81:21 | overstimulating the hostess defense because I know toxins can do that with super |
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| 81:28 | Oh yeah that's what does. Yeah I want to be both. Oh |
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| 81:36 | . Good good question. Yeah I I would agree with that. Okay |
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| 81:41 | this is the super energy of actual does have that similar effect. I |
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| 81:45 | with that. Right So technically it's to be both. I was just |
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| 81:48 | sure I would say I would say it's not saying it's both because it |
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| 81:52 | apply to all toxins. Maybe that's the distinction you're making. It's just |
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| 81:58 | . Alright. Is it? Oh just harm the host. Okay so |
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| 82:02 | the Saints always yeah because that's the effect that has is that but if |
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| 82:08 | had a problem like that on the I wouldn't have a problem with |
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| 82:12 | Okay. Yeah. Yeah at least hope I wouldn't I try to read |
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| 82:17 | stuff out over the years when you start doing this and a couple of |
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| 82:20 | it becomes a process over several Okay this is a short question just |
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| 82:24 | . So hopefully by this time I have one or two in there. |
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| 82:29 | I try not to. But you , that's why I always say look |
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| 82:33 | the exam after, you always look the exam if you've made, you |
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| 82:38 | , even though you just want to at it because there may be something |
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| 82:40 | that. So because I remember the time I was only confused about one |
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| 82:44 | because it was like the nitrogen cycle it's like which side has both? |
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| 82:49 | has the products as like that was clear question. I think I think |
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| 82:53 | remember you asking about that in Yeah. And I was like wait |
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| 82:59 | side, Does he mean like the of the reaction I was looking? |
|
| 83:03 | yeah. Okay. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. |
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| 83:06 | Alright. Alright. Yeah. no problem. Yeah. So |
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| 83:11 | I just keep that on that on , on the constant count and you |
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| 83:14 | see it. Like I said, it's uh If you don't see anything |
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| 83:18 | that Tuesday morning then let me I doubt that they're like next Tuesday |
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| 83:22 | , next Tuesday morning at 10 I that's the 10th. I think that |
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| 83:26 | the yeah. Yeah. So I guess I've never seen an issue |
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| 83:29 | that. So you should be Alright. Alright. Well, |
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| 83:46 | How does it work? Because tennis anaerobic, but rust is right. |
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| 83:55 | the what happens, how that happens so many of you when you if |
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| 84:00 | like a nail, you puncture your with the nail. Right? And |
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| 84:04 | what's gonna happen is you're gonna cause to the tissues in that area. |
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| 84:08 | it's not even about something about the of the nail really, it's about |
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| 84:13 | a damage to the tissues and then can interrupt blood flow to those tissues |
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| 84:20 | occurs. And so it can create that micro environment in anaerobic conditions. |
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| 84:26 | that's when those dreams, that's when end of sports can germinate and |
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| 84:30 | So it's about the damage being caused then causes this effect of you know |
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| 84:36 | of oxygen in that area. And created a little bit of a condition |
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| 84:40 | that's that's what that's about. So if you step on a rusty nail |
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| 84:45 | say they air on the side of to get a shot right? But |
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| 84:50 | you can he can just clean out good or something like that you |
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| 84:54 | But but I mean I find myself I mean we get a tetanus shot |
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| 85:02 | you know you have the backs of mirror and you get boosted every 10 |
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| 85:06 | ago, you're supposed to have one year. Um so that protects you |
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| 85:12 | you know everybody they always heard it the side of caution. Alright. |
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| 85:16 | but yeah it's really about creating that environment of lack of oxygen which if |
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| 85:20 | damaged tissues you can in that immediate . So okay so that could just |
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| 85:26 | like a regular. Yeah. exactly. It's a rusty nail. |
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| 85:32 | . Because I guess because the rusty is going to be in the underground |
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| 85:37 | and it will have just been exposed environment and would have rusted. |
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| 85:41 | So yeah, it was a fresh . You think? Okay, it |
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| 85:45 | been it hasn't been exposed to dirt whatever long enough to get contaminated, |
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| 85:48 | ? So the chances are less I think it's more the age and |
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| 85:53 | in dirt and that's how it's all and rusty kind of. Yeah. |
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| 86:01 | , let's |
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