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BIOL 2301 Human Anatomy & Physiology I - 2301_lecture18_1102
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00:02 Mhm. All right guys. Good . I hope everyone is sent me
00:11 . I am I'm not I'm barely . I'm just skating in on my
00:19 in the morning. So, what we're gonna do is we're gonna
00:22 looking at again. We're gonna kind take the approach like we did on
00:26 last week. We're gonna die first the peripheral nervous system. We're going
00:29 deal with cranial nerves and then we're move back to the central nervous system
00:33 we're going to finish up with the of the central nervous system. And
00:37 reason we kind of do this is uh when we talk about cranial nerves
00:40 associated with the cerebral the brain So we want to use that kind
00:45 as a springboard to jump back in opposed to going here, spinal
00:49 Here's cranial nerves and then just kind leaving him alone. All right,
00:53 , that's our starting point today is be the cranial nerves. A lot
00:55 people freak out about them. See that trigger warning again. I told
00:59 I wouldn't do. But here I . Um You shouldn't. Alright.
01:04 really shouldn't. I heard here the going on. How do we deal
01:07 cranial nerves? Look at the the name tells you what it
01:10 All right. That's that's what it down to Now, look this is
01:14 is why they're named or number the they're numbered. All right, That's
01:18 this picture is showing you. You see here if you take the cerebral
01:21 laid back and look at the base then you're coming down through the other
01:26 of the brain. And then down would be the uh well this is
01:29 brain stem. This would be where spinal cord you can see it goes
01:34 , so on and so on all way down. Okay. That's how
01:38 got their numbering. Because you scientists are really, really, really
01:43 people and we just look at the and we just kind of just label
01:47 as we go along now with regard cranial nerves versus spinal nerves. How
01:53 they different? What's what's the difference well, spinal nerves dealt with innovation
01:58 everything from here on down, We talked about the arms, we
02:02 about the trunk. We talked about legs. And so that's what the
02:06 nerves are for. So, the nerves are for that what the cranial
02:09 for everything above that. So, basically the head and neck region.
02:14 , so it kind of keeps it , really simple for us. All
02:17 . And like I said, they're named based on their function.
02:20 if you ever like, I don't what this is. I mean,
02:23 of the time, the reason that get lost with this is they just
02:26 on the number. Right? And really kind of have to attach that
02:31 with the name. All right. with regard to their function,
02:35 hearing, taste, smell, touch the face or sensation of the
02:39 scalp, eye movement, chewing, . You see what I'm getting at
02:42 . Everything that's here. On All right. Now, there's one
02:47 sticks out as being different from all others. And this goes back to
02:50 Sesame Street learning. You remember Sesame ? Did you all stay home and
02:55 Sesame Street one time in your Yeah. See you're starting to become
03:00 generation where they didn't go to public . You have cable your entire
03:06 right? When I when I was , So you had PBS kids,
03:11 ? So that's that's how you guys of it when I was young.
03:14 was just you didn't have cable, ? Or if you did have
03:18 there was nothing worth watching on it the day because it was all geared
03:22 adults. So, Sesame Street was we did when we were sick,
03:25 at home. You watch Sesame And there's something we all learned on
03:29 Street. one of these things is like the others. You can see
03:35 of a sudden I just triggered you . One of these things is kind
03:38 the same, right? You don't that? No, you didn't watch
03:44 . And this is why education has through the floor because we didn't watch
03:50 Street, right, Snuffleupagus. Come . I mean a grand hallucination.
03:58 big bird has. I mean All . Anyway, so one of these
04:04 stands out as being different from all others. And so we'll point that
04:08 out. That's the easy one to . And then all the other ones
04:11 of look at the names. what we're gonna do, we're just
04:13 walk through them. All. All . The starting one is the olfactory
04:17 , plural. We usually sell factory , which is just easy. And
04:22 this structure right? Here, you see it coming out. There is
04:25 old factory track note. That's not not the olfactory bulb. It's these
04:29 that look like the bristles on a . There's lots of nerves. And
04:32 we get into the olfactory system, going to see this more clearly.
04:36 basically it's a series of nerves that from the olfactory bulb. So,
04:40 you're looking at it, you'd be at it this way. All these
04:43 coming out at you, what we're is we're looking at on the
04:45 And so we're looking at the bristles down. Alright, this plays a
04:50 in olfaction. Alright. That's your of smell. The optic nerve is
04:55 second one. You can see there's there's two there criss crossing at the
05:00 eye asthma. All right. They a role in vision so far,
05:03 good. These are really easy. right. Third one is the ocular
05:07 nerve. Ocular motor says write the . Ocular motor is the eye
05:11 All right. So what it It primarily innovates the extrinsic eye
05:16 Alright, when you hear the word versus the word intrinsic. Extrinsic means
05:20 of intrinsic means internal too. So, when you hear outside eye
05:27 , these are the muscles that are to the outside of the eye that
05:30 it to move back and forth, you to do the shifty eyes like
05:35 . Okay. And up and Alright. There's some autonomic innovation as
05:40 . So, they play a role innovating the future possibilities. All
05:43 Well, let's stink your pupil. It's the muscle, the smooth muscle
05:47 your eye that contracts so that when really, really bright, you don't
05:52 yourself. All right. The opposite would be the dilator. Alright.
05:58 also have the truck. Clear I don't know where the name comes
06:01 , honestly, I've never bothered looking . Don't ever ask me. All
06:06 . It innovates one extrinsic eye All right. Here's how you can
06:10 it. Remember that one time you to cheat on a test just at
06:16 time. Right. And what did do? You look down at your
06:20 paper without moving your head. You down right over there. That's what
06:24 clear. Does. All right. eye muscle is the superior oblique.
06:28 allows you to look. It's the . I there were like the the
06:31 muscle. Alright. Honestly. How really say? It really is up
06:38 you. But this this is kind how you help yourself to make those
06:41 . So, the truck clear Is one in trick extrinsic eye muscles.
06:48 trigeminal even here Gemini the twins. now. I'm not having you try
06:58 would be the triplets. All And that's what the trigeminal nerve
07:02 There's three branches. So here you see the big old honkin nerve and
07:06 goes 123 branches. All right. innovates muscles in the face or not
07:12 . It innovates the sensory nerves. where the sensory nerves come from.
07:17 , the sensations on your faces through tri jim. Also the muscles for
07:20 our through the try jim. The is another one of those weird extrinsic
07:26 muscles. All right. So, one nerve or 11 muscle in the
07:32 and it's called the abductor. So it's the abductions muscle. All
07:36 . So, that's what it It abducts and turns it I out
07:40 . My daughter was born on one without this nerve. And so when
07:46 have her look one way she can just fine, but you look the
07:48 way the other. I just kind right to there and everyone goes away
07:51 there. It's really weird. Okay. So that's the abdu
07:58 So, it's the abductor. That's you can think about it abducts facial
08:03 . What do you think that innovates . There you go. So,
08:07 the facial muscles, or the muscles expression is how you can think
08:11 It also interacts celebrating glands and the gland. The lack from a gland
08:16 the eye. Economic. And then also innovates the tongue so that you
08:21 get the sensation of taste. That's anterior two thirds. When you hear
08:26 two thirds. That's the part of tongue that you can see. All
08:29 . There's a posterior third of the you can't see. All right.
08:33 , even if he grabs one go, the tongue extends back in
08:38 . So, that's the posterior What you can't see. Alright,
08:42 , now we're getting to the fun . All right. The stimulus.
08:47 . All right. The vestibular apparatus a structure in the ear.
08:52 That's responsible for equilibrium, imbalance in body. All right. So,
08:57 half of it. And the coke is the other structure in that
09:02 Or in that in the bone, , it's responsible for hearing. And
09:06 we get to that in the next , I'll be able to point those
09:09 . So, that's where the name from. So, these are the
09:12 of the inner ear. This There is the cochlear that right?
09:16 is the vestibular apparatus. And that's nerve the stimulus. Cochlear nerve.
09:22 where the name comes from. Moving to number nine glossy referential glossary to
09:29 to the tongue. The Pharynx is fancy word for your throat.
09:33 this is the tongue and throat All right. So, what are
09:38 looking at? Sensory input and muscles the pharynx as well as taste on
09:46 tongue. So, this is salivary . A glass of orange juice.
09:54 I'm going really faster. These that's all I can tell you what
09:59 name me. Right. It's a more fun when you have a brain
10:04 you can sit there and play with , wow. All right. Vagus
10:11 . This is the one thing that's like the others. All right.
10:14 confuse it with the vagus nerve, I was going to try to come
10:18 some dad joke there just wasn't gonna . Alright. The vagus nerve is
10:24 nerve that innovates all the viscera of body. That's where all this is
10:29 to show you. Okay. It with the pharynx and it works its
10:33 down. So it goes through heart, digestive system. Everything that
10:38 your viscera is innovated via the vagus . All right. So, the
10:46 Parsons, pharynx and larynx. Everything is autonomic. The accessory nerve is
10:56 for women to remember than men, you call earrings and necklaces ladies.
11:01 accessories. All right, guys, we have accessories? Mhm. That's
11:09 an accessory. That's a watch. a timepiece. We don't. We
11:14 have accessories. All right. But easy way to remember is your girlfriend
11:18 your wife or your sister or your likes to receive accessories on valentine's
11:25 I don't know whatever the idea muscles of the neck, specifically the
11:30 and sternal colloidal maths toyed. So trapezius you're probably familiar with just a
11:35 Clyde. Um asteroid is found in . And what allows you to do
11:39 ? All right. The last one the hyper glass owner of hippo means
11:43 glass, as I said, is . And so these are muscles that
11:49 the tongue. So these are both and extrinsic meaning. It allows you
11:53 do things like this. Can everyone that? This is the fun part
11:59 ruling. Yeah, the taco tongue what I call it. There's a
12:04 actual name for it. No, cannot do the three. All
12:09 There's some of you who can do three. I cannot do the
12:12 My son can't do just the taco . He gets really upset. How
12:15 you do that? You're born that . And it also allows to do
12:21 like this. I know, So hipaa classic muscles of the
12:28 Easy. Yeah. So you just the name and the number two what
12:33 does. And again, most of tell you what they do. So
12:39 you look at it don't panic and I said, one of them is
12:42 weird one, Vegas. That's the one I guess Vegas and all
12:49 So what we're gonna do now is gonna move back into the central nervous
12:52 . So those were peripheral system. ? Because their nerves nerves is always
12:57 nervous system. And so what we're do is we're gonna now just kind
13:00 jump through, we're gonna do the really quick and then we're gonna go
13:04 the to the dying cephalon and then gonna do the cerebral. So,
13:09 we kind of worked our way up the brain stem into the brain
13:15 rather than working our way down, is normally what you do. All
13:19 . So, when you look at picture, what I want you to
13:22 . So, here is the cerebral what they've done over here is they've
13:25 the structure and they spread it out that you can kind of see where
13:28 different areas are. And they've color it for you. All right.
13:33 , I like to think of the , which is what this structure is
13:37 kind of like. And again, is a very, very niche.
13:41 kind of like the Gpu and a . All right. And so you
13:45 let me go, okay, he's their talk now. And yeah,
13:48 basically back when they were doing they realize, you know, there's
13:53 in terms of the amount of speed doing graphics and stuff on the
13:57 So, someone got the brilliant idea say, hey, you know why
13:59 created our own special chip and put to the side and then we'll do
14:04 the graphics processing over here and will the computer to do all their other
14:09 on the main chip. And like brilliant. And then now people are
14:14 crypto with it. Okay. I a great leap there again. All
14:20 . So that's kind of the same as the brain has this little structure
14:23 does processing on the side. That's whole cerebellum, literally cerebellum means little
14:32 . So again, there's that you know, say hello to my
14:35 brain. You think Brandon? I'm it? Yeah. All right.
14:48 it's connected to the brain stem via ponds. There's three different bad
14:53 We've already talked about them. One kind of on the medulla, one
14:56 on the pond, One is kind divided between the ponds and the
14:59 So I have up here some So basically that's that's how it's uh
15:04 way off to the side. And what's happening is you have tracks
15:07 are coming in and the tracks that leaving so that it can do this
15:12 on the side. Now, structurally can see that there is a cortex
15:16 you again, when you hear the cortex, that means a layer that's
15:19 on the outside. This cortex is matter, which means that's where the
15:24 bodies are located. It also has white matter, which means these are
15:29 of axons that are traveling away from area. So, gray matter and
15:33 matter are located there. The name the gray matter is referred to
15:40 All right. The white matters referred is a white matter you can see
15:44 referred to as the arbor vitae. right. Now, for those you
15:49 your latin. What is arbor Tree of life? What is folio
15:58 ? Yes, here, this helps , foliage foliage. All right.
16:04 here have a portfolio. Alright, is a portable group of pages which
16:12 referred to as leaves or sheaves You get your all your latin in
16:17 little go. These are like the latin words. I know.
16:22 so you can see that the branches the white matter go up into the
16:28 uh regions. And so that's why get these folio. All right.
16:33 , there are three sections alright? a flock, yellow nodule,
16:37 We have the central Vermont which I to pull out and we have these
16:41 hemispheres which I want to point All right, The follicular, modular
16:46 plays a major role in balancing eye . Okay, so the idea is
16:55 I'm gonna give you a dumb Okay, every watch your pigeon,
17:00 does its head do? Right. so, as part of its movement
17:05 like that. Well, your movement your balance is also based on how
17:11 eyes are doing. If you've watched who like you spin the chair real
17:16 , their eyes are still doing this watch. They're trying to manage the
17:20 or the perception of the world with body and that's what we're talking about
17:25 . Okay. The central verma's plays role in posture, locomotion, motor
17:31 and basically helps you produce nice smooth . Are coordinated movements. I hope
17:38 starting to see a theme here. , finally, the lateral hemispheres,
17:42 , it's in uh in contact it's not gonna be up here,
17:46 frontal lobe. So that's gonna be cerebral, basically planning, practicing and
17:51 complex movements. What is the cerebellum a role in then movement. Does
17:56 actually cause movement? What do you ? Does any of that say innovates
18:03 ? No. So what it's all right. Said it's a processor
18:08 sits off to the side we're going see here in the cerebral cerebral um
18:13 primarily responsible for movement. All It's probably the frontal lobe is
18:19 oh, I need to move. the part that's innovating the muscle.
18:23 so what happens is you make a , right? My plan is to
18:28 one step forward. So all processing me to be able to do that
18:33 got sent to the cerebellum and hey, I've got this plan,
18:36 want to move forward like a Um Is this an okay plan?
18:39 the cerebellum sits there and processes it goes okay based on what we where
18:44 are, what we're doing, how standing where our weight is located,
18:48 yada. This is what you need do. And it does this in
18:51 time. As you're moving help. put perspective on this and I'll answer
18:56 question. Have you ever been walking one of the really, really smooth
19:01 in Houston while checking your phone and hit one of those really smooth
19:08 You know what I'm talking about, ? You haven't lived in Houston long
19:12 to know that there's no such thing a sidewalk. Yeah, I felt
19:16 I played the sarcastic card there. are the sidewalks in Houston,
19:22 You're walking along doing your phone thing I've watched you all foot hits that
19:32 . What do you do? Dr trip writes like this. Mhm.
19:44 ? Right? The reason you're able catch yourself as your cerebellum said this
19:49 the plan. The plan has been . We've got to re calculate what
19:54 plan is and it does. So real time, which is why you
19:57 follow your face most of the time your phone, which would even be
20:04 . It's doing all that. All . Here's a time out. Do
20:08 write this down. Okay? As said, this is a processor that's
20:13 put off to the side. There's group in Arkansas that called themselves?
20:17 MRI group. All right. And they do is they like to go
20:21 in MRI machines and do stuff they this at night at the hospital
20:25 researchers. Okay. And the best of research is doing stuff on
20:31 I mean, no, it's finding people who are that's where they put
20:35 in the MRI machine. They like a piano, read a book,
20:38 this. And you just want to what the brain does while while it's
20:40 on rather than always working on Right. And so, what they
20:46 and this hasn't been confirmed. This why we're just mentioning it is that
20:51 looks like the cerebellum also plans other beyond movement. Like as you're thinking
20:58 daydreaming it's sitting there processing information and , well, this might be a
21:02 idea. Why don't you try doing doing that? So, It may
21:06 in about 10 years in the You can see it's not just all
21:09 movement, but for today it's That's a planning processing movement.
21:16 ma'am. Still going to see Mhm. Yes. Mr objective.
21:26 . So, she's asking how does all work in a nutshell?
21:29 How does the serene room and the talk to each other? Right.
21:34 answer is I don't want to talk . Yeah. All right. And
21:37 reason for that. All right. , I told you at the beginning
21:40 the what we like to do as . We like to throw things in
21:43 baskets. Right. And so it's this is what the street room does
21:46 what the cerebellum does is what the cephalon does, and that's the simple
21:50 that we're playing with right now. we're gonna do is we're gonna come
21:52 in the next unit, we're going talk about movement. So we're going
21:55 create a different basket and say this the movement basket. And then what
21:58 gonna do is going to hear is three run the cerebellum hypothalamus. The
22:01 do clay and all these play a in how your movement occurs. And
22:04 is how it works. And if tell that to you now, you're
22:07 throw things at me and I don't to do that yet. Yeah,
22:13 right. I'll be like, I'm . All right. So the cerebellum
22:20 , the dying cephalon, alright, word for saying a bunch of
22:25 You can see what all the structures in common. They're all part or
22:29 the thalamus. Alright, so the is kind of like the central hub
22:34 the dying cephalon and then everything is relative to the thalamus. Now on
22:39 picture right here, what they're doing they're highlighting the green part here.
22:43 there highlighting the diane cephalon. the thalamus can barely be seen in
22:49 picture. All right. So you kind of see this kind of egg
22:52 thing right there. What you're looking is you're looking at. So the
22:56 is paired and connected. The two are connected to each other.
23:00 when you do a uh mid cut through the brain, you see
23:06 connector which is there and then you half of one or you see part
23:11 the thalamus, the medial side of thalamus and you're missing the other
23:15 So, this kind of shows you here. There was one, there's
23:19 number two are left to right Alright. Now, when you're dealing
23:23 the thalamus and dealing with the diet , what you're primarily dealing with is
23:30 between different parts of the brain. right. That's not the only thing
23:34 it does. But that's the primary . This is where most of the
23:40 information comes in and then it's sent to different parts of the brain to
23:44 processed. That's why we can think it. Now, we're going that
23:49 are parts and also control visceral In other words, autonomic activities.
23:54 that you don't have voluntary control over regulation of its things that are happening
24:01 that you can experience. But you no control of. There's a lot
24:05 big ugly words there. All So, what we're gonna do is
24:08 gonna start with the thalamus. It's the largest part. It's the
24:12 that kind of plays. And the I like to use here is the
24:15 office of the brain. All So, what that means is that
24:20 comes in alright, it figures out that information needs to go and sends
24:25 to the proper place. Now you've heard at some point in your life
24:32 humans are like the pinnacle of We are the king and queen.
24:40 looking at me like no, of animals. You heard it?
24:44 Well, yeah, it is. not correct basically what it is.
24:48 that mammals in general are more well than, say reptiles, which are
24:56 developed than say, oh, I know, fish, I'm just going
25:00 use some real simple ones. now the mammals primates are more developed
25:07 terms of what their brains look like say cats and dogs. All
25:13 It doesn't mean that we're, you , higher orders. Just there's some
25:18 issues that allow us to function the that we do. Now. The
25:22 I bring that up is because if look at the cerebral um the cerebral
25:26 is the structure where we kind of of high order thinking, All
25:31 In other words, a big mushroom is basically this is where all the
25:35 stuff happens. And then if you looking at these parts of the
25:38 like the cerebellum and you look at dining Stefan, the brain stem,
25:43 like, oh, those are the structures. That's what lizards have,
25:47 have simple brains. They only have brain stem and there's some dying cephalon
25:53 maybe some cerebellum and maybe a little of cerebral, but they're like lizard
25:59 . Okay. Why do I bring this up? Well, because if
26:02 look at the thalamus, you can that. It actually has its own
26:07 awareness. All right. You hear philosophy. Yeah, couple of
26:13 You know who Renee day cart was hear it over here. Yeah,
26:19 was a drunken fart. I think I am. Yeah. So he
26:23 up with the thing. I think I am alright. You probably heard
26:28 at least once in your life. think therefore I am very, very
26:32 . I am aware of who I . Therefore I exist is what he's
26:36 saying. Well, that's what your does. It's like I am cognizant
26:41 aware of my surroundings and what's going . I therefore exist. The thalamus
26:49 Yeah, there's stuff around me that's crude awareness, right? There's there's
26:55 , it's hot, it's cold, dark, it's light. So that's
26:59 awareness when we talk about that. is icky or this is good.
27:04 sort of thing. Now there are . I remember that term nuclear.
27:09 it means in the brain means not inside of a cell. It means
27:13 bunch of cell bodies in a network usually located in the same place that
27:19 processing information and there's some nuclei that need to become aware of. All
27:24 . So the first one is the Hewlett nucleus. All right. You
27:28 see there's a lateral one and eventual as well. All right. The
27:33 plays a role in process or sending first receives an and since auditory sensory
27:42 . All right. So, you think medial auditory media is sound lateral
27:49 primarily with information coming from the All right. And finally the ventral
27:56 as all the other ones. All . So it kind of tells you
28:00 I've got one nucleus that is geared hearing and one nucleus, it's geared
28:05 seeing and sending that information on. are probably two things that we consider
28:13 , very important or valuable information. . And everything else is lumped
28:17 Is the other. All right. , there's other nuclei in here that
28:21 not going to really spend a lot time. I don't really want to
28:25 dwell too much, but basically motor . So, say it once
28:30 This is why we just kind of it over on the side. There's
28:33 . So the thalamus plays a role that um And basically balances where information
28:38 to go. There's also some other that play a role in emotions.
28:43 right. And so the two simple here fear rage are some very basic
28:49 that are going to be governed within thalamus. And we're going to come
28:53 to emotion a little bit later in class. The sub thalamus is just
28:59 region just interior to the thalamus. , so there's some nuclear in
29:05 So uh basically uh some substantial nigra some red nuclei are going to be
29:11 in those two different regions. Remember were talking about those in the
29:16 So they kind of just kind of up into the sub thalamus. What
29:20 they do they help in terms of function? The epa thalamus is sitting
29:27 here on the side. So this be the sub thalamus. They
29:30 There's two structures in here. The news alert nuclei which I want you
29:33 be aware of the pineal gland I you to be aware of have an
29:37 nuclei plays a role in emotion, . It's involved in your visceral emotional
29:42 to odors. All right. So you smell something like, oh I
29:46 know, barbecue makes you happy. right, okay, that's a happy
29:51 year old nuclear going, oh I remember this smell, it makes
29:54 happy and you're like, yeah, All right. The penny a gland
29:58 a role in internal timing. All . You can think of it as
30:02 region where your biological clock is ticking right. And there's at different
30:08 In other words, the timing of is found within structures of the having
30:13 sorry, the pineal gland, the we're most familiar with is your circadian
30:18 . All right. That's your sleep cycle, but it's also your
30:23 You know when things are supposed to in your body also are regulated through
30:28 pineal gland. The molecule that is commonly associated with that is melatonin,
30:34 plays the role in the circadian You can also buy melatonin in a
30:39 now. So yeah, the hypothalamus the sub sub thalamus. Alright,
30:49 it sits below right down here. , now, what the hypothalamus is
30:54 this picture doesn't do is basically a of nuclear that are responsible for regulating
30:59 sorts of things in your body. . To structures of interest that are
31:05 or anatomical is the mammal. Everybody's can kind of see them like here
31:09 on the surface they look like a of breasts. I mean there's no
31:12 way to describe it. Which is they're named the way they're named.
31:15 . They're small bulges and basically they a role in olfactory reflexes and emotional
31:21 to odors. So you can see that attachment there with the avenue and
31:26 . Um It also has the infant which is this little structure right
31:29 So there's that's the mammal everybody this here. That little little thing literally
31:35 stock, like a mushroom stock. if you look at this this little
31:39 that sits down, that's the pineal , sorry, not the pineal gland
31:42 glands in the back, it's the gland. And so if you look
31:46 the pituitary gland and it looks like upside down mushroom and that's what this
31:51 is. So um so the infant is part of the hypothalamus. The
31:57 gland is a separate structure now in of what it does. So here
32:01 can see again, do not memorize names of all these little jelly beans
32:05 here. Those are just kind of where different nuclear are located. And
32:09 not interested in you understanding all the nuclear a little bit later will probably
32:13 in and point out two of Um Actually it's going to be an
32:17 . & p. two. So don't even have to worry about
32:20 All right, you don't have to about it anytime in the near
32:23 All right, so this is an control center, meaning things. You
32:28 not have voluntary control over it just controls these things internally. So plays
32:35 role in emotion. You can all a sudden see there's a whole bunch
32:39 structures involved in emotion, just like regard to movement, body temperature,
32:48 , thirst, water, balance, , wake cycle. So it also
32:53 alongside with the Peniel gland plays a in controlling much of your endocrine response
32:59 the endocrine system. So basically it a role in regulating hormones. So
33:04 there's something that's autonomic, it's probably regulated through the hypothalamus and this is
33:11 a complete list by any means. . If you have an enlarged think
33:16 just greater than like bigger. typically speaking, the question is if
33:22 have a bigger hypothalamus doesn't mean you a bigger response. So typically
33:26 when bigger structures usually mean that something being as working extra harder. More
33:32 than others. Does that always mean true? Not necessarily. But generally
33:37 . Yes. Okay. So, don't know. I've not heard of
33:40 , did someone tell you at one you have a massive hypothalamus? If
33:44 did, they might be you flirting with you. I don't
33:49 Nice hypothalamus. She got there. don't know. It's still funny.
33:58 right. So, that gets us of the dying cephalon. So,
34:02 can see their structures that are sending around and that regulate things throughout the
34:07 . The last thing here is the that's this big giant structure. The
34:11 when we think about a brain, what we think about. All
34:14 So, it plays a role in of your consciousness. So, your
34:18 , sensory perception and memory. It has a role in your intellectual
34:23 So, that means reasoning, You know, your actual intelligence,
34:29 motor activities, your visual activities in auditory activities. All right. That's
34:35 even a complete list. It's it's just trying to give you that
34:38 picture. My brain. My cerebral a lot. We talked about the
34:44 matter in the white matter previously. just reiterating this. All right.
34:48 , we have gray matter that's found the surface. That gray matter on
34:51 surface is referred to as the cerebral . We have two hemispheres, you
34:56 see the left and the right It's divided by this figure. All
35:01 . It is functionally and anatomically meaning that different parts of the brain
35:07 generally focused on doing specific functions. doesn't mean however, that just one
35:15 is doing something. So, when point to something here in a little
35:17 that says this is motor. Don't sit there and go, okay,
35:20 , yeah, that's the only place does motor function. Okay, When
35:24 say this is the visual, that's the only places doing visual cortex,
35:28 you can look at these areas and can see that they're heavily geared towards
35:34 in this particular area. Now, pointing this out is because if you
35:38 at the serial cortex here, there's six layers. The cartoon doesn't show
35:42 . But uh if you're in the , you may actually may actually kind
35:46 show you and you do a cut a brain and actually you'll be able
35:49 see the six layers and then depending where you're located with six layers are
35:55 different and structurally different. In other , the thicker the layer, the
35:59 neurons you find in those areas and do specific specific type of process.
36:04 right. We don't have to worry that. I'm just pointing out that
36:08 for future knowledge. All right, here's the longitudinal fissure, basically there
36:14 have let me go back to You can see that we're also
36:18 There's a structure in here car called corpus callosum that connects the left and
36:22 right brain to itself or to each . All right. Now, the
36:27 hemispheres, if you look at they're not twins, they look different
36:31 one another. All right. They're different. Typically, what we say
36:35 that each hemisphere is primarily concerned with opposite side of your body. So
36:39 make my right hand lift up, process that over here on the left
36:45 side. Okay. Typically is how think about it. All right.
36:49 as I said, there is no area on any part of the brain
36:54 works by itself, everything is gonna working with something else. Now,
36:59 we can do though is we can the brain and say, okay,
37:01 area plays a role in my This area over here plays a role
37:05 sensory, this area is responsible for information. And so we have terms
37:10 that. We have motor area since is an association areas and what we're
37:14 to see is that we can highlight identify very specific areas for some very
37:20 functions. All right. Even though are kind of like nebulous areas.
37:24 right. So what I want to is focus on the motor areas
37:28 I want you to look at this on the left and I want you
37:30 tell me do you notice something about motor areas in the picture? Mm
37:38 . Okay, everywhere. Let's Here's the parietal lobe. Is there
37:42 in the problem? How about the ? That's all in the front
37:49 Oh, yeah. Well, the are pretty. Yeah, that's
37:53 They can be confusing to, you , I was like, oh,
37:57 pretty colored. Yeah, but all . What I want you to focus
38:01 here is that motor areas are in frontal lobe? Okay. So when
38:06 think about movement, movement processing begins the frontal lobe. All right.
38:13 have a couple of areas I want point out. All right. We
38:16 the primary motor cortex or the primary cortex is located here in the pre
38:23 gyrus. All right, Broca's For those of us who speak
38:29 What's the word for mouth boca. . We have Broca's area named after
38:36 person who discovered it, Broca's area responsible for speech production. All
38:44 So, for those you took your , if you're in texas and you
38:48 your first language choice, you go spanish. You don't go with french
38:51 my daughter did because she's never gonna a word of french ever. Everybody
38:58 want to take french. That's a german language. Yeah, I'm just
39:03 I'm going swinging for that one. . I mean, come on water
39:09 every language makes sense. Except for french. Oh yes. What?
39:16 , E A U O Not even with an O. Mhm. And
39:26 is how we learn stuff. Actually, if you didn't know the
39:31 and german is there, they're from same tribe. French is a Germanic
39:37 . That's why I say it's a form of german. English is a
39:40 form of german with some other things into it. Well, actually,
39:45 like jumble is just whatever than the . We're just going to throw it
39:48 there. All right. Broke his controlling speech the muscles that make speech
39:56 . All right. And then we the frontal eye field. This is
39:59 superior. So here's Broca's area in frontal eye field is just north of
40:04 . Or superior to that. It controls voluntary eye movement. Everyone without
40:08 your head. Look up, look , look up again. Look to
40:12 left. Don't trust that person. to the right, that one.
40:15 don't know. He's kind of sketchy . All right, that's the frontal
40:21 field is being able to move your around like that. So, do
40:24 notice that movement, isn't it? , My mouth making these noises that
40:29 can understand is movement. All okay. The understanding parts a little
40:35 later. We're gonna talk about where area as well. All right.
40:39 this is the primary motor cortex, can see here. It maps out
40:43 very specific parts of the body. is what is referred to as a
40:47 . So it's what we say is to typically or summat open. I'm
40:53 going to say when I started thinking some data, topically organized as the
40:57 I'm looking for. All right. so you can see does this look
41:00 a human? No, but does have all the parts of the
41:05 Yeah, just kind of all weird arranged weird. Which is why we
41:08 to it as a homunculus. And you can see, look, it
41:12 the body just fine. And then have these regions that are thick or
41:16 and that's kind of weird. It's why would I have a weird big
41:20 hand versus say not a big giant . All right. How many
41:28 Play piano gone? All right. two people raised three people.
41:33 4, 55 out of 400 I know that's a lot. The
41:37 of you just aren't playing my I'm looking at the three of you
41:40 . You guys like I do, not going to raise my hand.
41:44 . Yeah. Yeah. Okay. he's hiding behind his mask. All
41:49 . Does it take a lot of to do this and putting them in
41:54 right place on a keyboard. it does. Right. We have
42:00 motor movement in our hands. I all right, fine, no pm
42:04 many guys know how to write? we go. Alright, so the
42:09 of your pin on that paper is result of fine motor movement. That's
42:13 our hands have these math is massively on our brains. All right.
42:20 basically saying a lot of your brain dedicated to the movement of your
42:25 All right, look at your Why do you think your face is
42:28 big? I think that sounds just funny. Why is your face so
42:33 ? Uh huh. Yeah. Did know the majority of our communication is
42:38 through facial expression, yep. And all wearing your masks are now basically
42:45 learning how to communicate. You guys old enough that you know how to
42:48 like the young kids, they're not failing to learn how to communicate because
42:53 wearing masks. All right. But what it is. When you see
42:57 do this when I come into the . I mean, I'm tired.
43:03 usually the answer yet. It's usually , right? Someone's pissed me off
43:08 you don't want to mess with right? If I come in,
43:12 insane. Right? So that's that's be again, that's all represented by
43:19 muscles of the face again, Why is our tongue big? Keep
43:23 to yourselves? Yeah, Yes, actually communication again. Right? And
43:30 pharynx as well. All right, , when you see a map like
43:36 , Understand that it has it's not a map of like Google Maps.
43:41 know, it's not specific. It's like a map from the 1400s,
43:46 ? You've seen the map from the and he's like, he's like,
43:48 this is a kind of a We think it kind of looks like
43:51 . And over here there's a mermaid ? Over here is a dragon.
43:55 not we're not 100% certain we think dragons over here. All right.
44:00 kind of what this is. Is it just it gives a general idea
44:04 when we mapped this out, this kind of vague area. And so
44:09 like, well if I well let's for example, if I lose my
44:13 , right, I've lost my hand I played with the wood chipper.
44:18 ? Look, I need to go that. I've lost my hand.
44:21 my brain going to still want to a lot of time trying to process
44:25 to move my hand. No. so what's going to happen is that
44:29 is going to shrink as other parts my body are then um Magnified is
44:35 the word I'm looking for is adapting you. That's probably the best
44:39 right, is adapting to my new of stump penis. All right.
44:46 what we say is that it can plasticity. So it's not an accurate
44:50 . It's a representation of the regions the brains and where that information is
44:55 processed. All right. So that that was the motor homunculus. And
45:00 I told you bro, cause I the frontal eye field as well.
45:05 , notice. Now here's that map where the sensor area is located everywhere
45:12 , but the frontal lobe, thank . All the pretty colors. All
45:17 . Now, I'm pointing out, at the words I'm using here.
45:21 , primary, primary, primary If there's a primary, that must
45:25 there must be a secondary. And so what we're doing is in
45:29 map we're trying to show you where primarily located and where the primary cortex
45:35 the processing takes place for these different . All right. So the somatosensory
45:41 is located here in the parietal in the post central gyrus.
45:46 so that central sulcus divides the pre in the post central from each
45:52 So, we got motor on the we have sensory on the pope.
45:56 at that in just a moment. , so that's the Madison to me
45:59 touch. Primary visual cortex back here the occipital lobe. All right.
46:04 visual input from the eye. The auditory cortex is located here in the
46:10 lobe. That's for the hearing. have the olfactory cortex. This is
46:14 located on the temporal lobe. But you have to do is you have
46:17 kind of open it up and look the other side. So that's the
46:20 of smell and then finally down here the insula that's where the primary gustatory
46:26 is located. That's a sense of . In the next unit. We're
46:29 to talk about each of these special . So, here's the primary somatosensory
46:36 . Homunculus. Again, you'll notice there's a shape. Look at the
46:41 , look at the face, look particular the lips. Why do you
46:45 the lips are so big on the ? What's that? Maybe? How
46:52 ? Okay, But it's even in , it's big for kissing, isn't
47:00 ? No, No. You're not go that direction. Yeah.
47:03 she alright. She likes to Good. Good. All right.
47:08 not going to make the jokes there sorry, I'm not I'm not but
47:14 a reason we like to kiss. right. It's because it's sensitive.
47:18 right. But I want you to for a moment about food, mm
47:24 . All right. What is the way for horrible things to get in
47:30 body through the mouth? All Have you ever eaten something that's too
47:35 for you? Starbucks? Coffee. . Burn your lips. Burn your
47:41 right. Right. If something is like it's gonna stab you a
47:47 Yeah. All right. Something's Yeah. All right. Just
47:57 there's there's sea. That's right. levels of know that are just like
48:01 , but you know, you're sitting eating a bowl of Doritos and I
48:05 know, cockroach crawls into that. , you're not looking. I
48:10 I'm sorry. It's gross, but could happen. The world is a
48:15 place. Cockroaches crawl places, you . All right. Your lips are
48:24 to let you know what you're putting your mouth. Okay. It's a
48:30 because you don't have the protection on inside that you have on the
48:34 All right. Your tissues inside your are soft and damage a ble right
48:40 the outside. I can pour coffee my on my body out here and
48:44 sucks, but I'm not going to , Right? But 360° coffee on
48:49 inside of my body is going to all sorts of damage. And that
48:53 temperature. Starbucks shoots 360°. 1 Yeah, I'm just like,
48:59 it's like super, super hot. like lava. It's like they get
49:03 and they put in a couple and say, drink this and it's
49:06 okay, it doesn't have caffeine. like, yeah, So, that's
49:09 you're drinking the lava. All Now, notice again, has specific
49:15 . It follows the body plan, like the muscles do. All
49:19 And again, just as before it uh, has plasticity as well.
49:26 right. Now, notice I didn't a lot of time talking about the
49:33 ones. Did I? Because we to talk about in the next
49:36 All right. So, I just to deal with the S1 status sensory
49:41 association areas association area. Remember as said is responsible for processing information.
49:48 . It integrates information from different All right. And so we have
49:54 of them notice they're found all over brain. So, for example with
49:57 pre motor cortex. All right. is located in the pre uh just
50:03 to the pre central gyrus. if this is where I'm gonna send
50:07 down to the muscles, maybe when come up with a plan, I
50:11 be able to send that to the the nerves or the area that processes
50:15 it sends off. And that's really the pre central or three motor cortex
50:19 . It basically plays a role in movement. It plays a role in
50:24 how to do uh repetitive or pattern . See, I'm already dipping my
50:30 into these dangerous zones of Here's another that plays a role in motor movement
50:35 in terms of movement. All Once you start seeing it's like,
50:40 , there's a lot of places, playlist job and movement. All
50:43 We have the Samantha sensory association basically allows you to process information about things
50:49 you touch. All right, you your hand into a dark thing and
50:55 feel something warm and fuzzy rabbit better a rat. That's what I was
51:01 of. Alright. Or a cat something. But if you feel for
51:06 warmth, you know, then you that it's something that's living. I
51:10 your brain picks up on all the I said, oh, when I
51:13 this and this and this it means . All right. That's the
51:20 Did you, when you guys were like in like third grade or
51:23 did they ever do that where they you and your hand is something you
51:25 to kind of figure out what it . No, I mean it's
51:29 oh, it's a tennis ball. , it's a porcupine, that sort
51:32 stuff. All right. So that's the cement essentially association area does.
51:37 visual association area. All right. going to be located in the occipital
51:42 . So it's kind of in this and time out. Don't write this
51:46 . Visual basically goes all the way like this and then it goes all
51:50 way like that. It's it's All right. But like the like
51:53 immediate uh visual association is basically it information. All right now, I
52:01 know how much we're going to get this for the next thing, but
52:03 want you to think about this one you look at something, your eyes
52:07 not a camera and it's not projecting movie to the visual cortex. What
52:12 does is that information is broken down then each part of that information is
52:19 processed independently. And then each of things are then uh reorganized in your
52:25 to tell you what you're looking All right. And so I have
52:28 here, for example, I have , movement and form. So color
52:33 there are areas of brains, the name ever. They're called blobs.
52:39 . Yeah. Yeah. And the I called blobs because they're nebulous
52:44 And once you start diving into the organization around visual stuff, that's when
52:49 want to just throw it and just , no, I am going to
52:52 school. All right. It's just complicated. I mean, I find
52:57 think it's complicated. I'm telling you complicated. All right. I'm looking
53:00 it. And like, I don't it. All right. And then
53:03 you're neurologists are like, what we something you don't know. All
53:09 But in essence still color. It's from movement. And it's really
53:14 The experiments they did from movement. took cats. I shouldn't tell you
53:18 , but basically, they basically cut portions of the brain up. You
53:23 , like, damage it. And what they did is they process so
53:26 they could only detect movement in one or in a different direction. And
53:30 really, really interesting. This was in the 50s. So it wasn't
53:33 yesterday Fauci wasn't doing it. See, did you see the timing
53:38 that joke? That was that was time to joke. Okay.
53:43 And there's also form form is right? So, you know when
53:47 see a shape you're like that is blank right. You see a shape
53:50 a tree. That's a tree, , you know that's a bush and
53:53 can have that argument because form has stuff. So that's what we're talking
53:58 . So all that information is processed and then it's checked against memory and
54:03 how you are able to identify things . Lastly, is auditory cortex and
54:09 temporal lobe. There's an auditory auditory here in the temporal lobe basically it
54:15 you to integrate sound and allows you recognize sound, right? So when
54:19 hear whack, whack, whack, know that's doctor wine making a duck
54:26 . Okay. All right, So I said we have 2/2
54:35 Each have basically uh are not exactly same, but they're very similar to
54:40 other. So there is a division labor. There have very functional
54:46 Now, having said that, I you to understand that doesn't mean that
54:51 handedness and left handedness or right brain left brain exists. I mean you've
54:56 people say that while I'm right I can't learn this because I'm right
55:00 , that's a lie. Alright, it says is that the processing of
55:04 things occurs on different sides doesn't mean you're better at something or less capable
55:11 something just because of that sightedness. . So there's no preferential use of
55:17 left of the right brain. What usually is lateralization correlates highly with handedness
55:24 so typically what we say, most us are right handed basically. It's
55:28 oh well that means on the left side, that's where we're primarily processing
55:34 for movement and not really. But is a correlation for it. All
55:40 left hemisphere is typically speech dominant, most people Yeah, handedness as
55:47 you know, physical ability. And it already shows you most of us
55:51 right handed but speech is also on left side. All right. And
55:57 Broca's area is broken is primarily located the left hand side. All
56:02 And so that's going to be true both right handed and left handed
56:08 All right. So the point in that was in terms of lateralization,
56:12 brain divides up and again, you need to memorize the colors and what's
56:17 in each of them right? But it basically says that the brain Debbie's
56:21 work. He says left side, do this right side, you do
56:25 and it doesn't matter if you're left or right handed to do that.
56:30 more or less the same. getting down to the last little
56:38 I think we're gonna get out early . Uh huh. Maybe I should
56:44 down. Nice. I do. . Are you sure you want me
56:51 go fast? So I get done three slides, don't you?
56:55 you have six slides. I have 30 minutes, right? Or like
57:02 minutes. They're going to go by because basil nuclearize fast. All
57:07 basil nuclear ice, you'll hear. people refer to as the Babel basil
57:11 . This is gray matter centrally located the brain. In other words,
57:15 gray matter just isn't on the Remember? It's like an oreo.
57:19 have gray and white and gray. , we're focusing on that internal
57:24 All right. So, it's located a whole bunch of different areas and
57:28 job once again plays a role in . See, I told you not
57:34 this. All right now, primarily it does. It plays a role
57:40 inhibiting antagonistic movement. All right. doesn't have direct access to the motor
57:46 . Just like the cerebellum, cerebellum talk to the muscles. The thalamus
57:50 talk to the muscles. The pre cortex can't talk to the muscles.
57:55 the motor cortex can talk to the . All right. So, everything
58:01 basically processing information to create something Now when you think of the basil
58:08 , the easiest way to think about is Parkinson's disease. Have you ever
58:11 about Parkinson's disease? Alright. Parkinson's . The primary uh feature of
58:17 There's a lot of them and he's it is the tremor okay? It's
58:21 see them. You'll see people will doing this All right now. You
58:25 do a trimmer. But you have same thing going on in your brain
58:30 what's going on inside A person who Parkinson's okay. Whenever you make any
58:35 of movement, you're going to make in your movement. All right.
58:39 I'm reaching for the bottle, my is going towards the bottle and it's
58:43 nice smooth movement. Right? But going on is I've got muscles that
58:48 contracting and maybe I have a muscle contracts a little bit too much and
58:52 me a little bit to the And so my brain says,
58:54 no. Remember Sarah Palin says, the plan. You're failing in your
58:58 . You need to make corrections in time. So it makes a correction
59:01 it even happens. So the action slower than the processing and so all
59:07 corrections are being made along the That's why I have a smooth movement
59:11 Parkinson's what's happening is we damage regions the basil nuclear which are responsible for
59:18 those corrections. All right. So said, hey, inhibiting antagonistic or
59:24 movements. So when I am over , I need to make an antagonistic
59:29 to go the opposite direction. All . And so what's happening is I
59:34 out the movement before you ever see If the basil nuclear isn't doing
59:38 then you're seeing that antagonism going on so that's why you start seeing a
59:45 having the tremor, their muscles are to maintain a steadiness but they can't
59:52 they're not processing correctly, That kind makes sense. So that's true,
60:00 lot of people do have tremors but in particular its damage to the base
60:04 nuclear from Parkinson's. Another characteristic of is watching him trying to change
60:10 Alright, so my grandfather long before passed away, he had Parkinson's,
60:15 ? So there's a guy who played up into his eighties and then Parkinson's
60:18 and so it was kind of you know, it's always sad,
60:21 know, but you'd see him make and so he'd be moving in a
60:26 and he'd want to shift and so he'd do is he'd slow himself down
60:30 then he'd have to do this before starts moving again. Then you can
60:34 up speed again, right? And the idea here is again is he
60:39 the brain while it's making a it can't control the muscles in the
60:43 that it wants to and so it's the plan is getting mucked up
60:47 it's like you do whatever you want her crew done. Uh so Parkinson's
60:54 still trying to figure out why. , it's like alzheimer's, it's
60:58 well we got a bunch of theories every time we think we have
61:01 we don't right, we'll figure it . Trust me by the time you
61:06 are you going to live to black which will be really sad because we
61:10 know how to do youth yet, we can figure out youth first how
61:15 maintain youth forever than living forever is , I guess. I don't
61:22 All right, so let's walk through structures scary names, why are we
61:32 ? Oh sorry, it's hard, hard to give up a bad
61:38 All right. She asked me why you still doing that? Are you
61:42 us because it's fun up. All , first is corpus um excuse
61:51 Something for a couple of different So these structures under here are all
61:58 of the corpus striatum. All so you can see here here's the
62:02 , this part right? Here is link to form nuclei. There's two
62:06 to it. We have the global and we have the classroom.
62:10 I said the human and the global . Alright, still the caudate nucleus
62:16 up here, basically the rhythm of arms and the legs. Right?
62:23 was really weird looking. It should the opposite. Well, no,
62:27 looking. Yeah, so it should this. Alright, that's more
62:33 Alright. Central pattern generator. Peterman movement at the subconscious level. Have
62:41 moved around without thinking about it? you go. Right, globus played
62:47 , that's going to be doing the adjustment to the muscle tone. So
62:51 is one of the areas that gets affected by Parkinson's down here, we're
62:57 see the mongoloid body again, but the mongoloid body is part of the
63:01 nuclei. It plays a role in , behavioral activities and development of your
63:05 . And particularly mongoloid body is going play a role in fear when we
63:10 to it. And lastly we have little tiny structure right here in the
63:14 . All right. It's not you're at a slice so it looks like
63:17 really thin thing, but it's actually a band that goes around the whole
63:23 of your cerebral like this. So basically comes all the way around and
63:28 players are a job of processing visual and again, at the subconscious
63:34 it's not stuff that you think It's just processing visual input. All
63:38 . So there are structures that I you to be most familiar with and
63:42 a very generic way. What's cost processing? What does the global
63:47 This duo, basically it affects how thalamus adjusted uh muscle contraction. What
63:53 a peterman do? Basically processes Alright. We don't have to think
63:57 it. That's what I'm looking for . I'm probably not going to give
64:01 a picture. I'm almost certain. don't give you a picture like this
64:04 say label it. Yes, limbic . I have a better one that
64:13 like a space shrimp. Right, got rid of that one for this
64:18 olympic system. Easy, so It's emotion. All right. How
64:24 you feel right now? Happy or happy olympic system. How do you
64:28 right now? It's tired. Yeah, yeah. Motion All
64:37 It does play a role in It plays a role in reproduction.
64:42 plays a role primarily an emotion which why we bring it up mood and
64:46 nutrition. Alright. And really why has all these things is because it's
64:51 located in all these different structures are putting out putting from there. All
64:57 , So, basically you can imagine is your dying Stefan. It's been
65:01 or less removed so that you can the structures of the limbic system.
65:05 so thank you. This is why doing all these different things. All
65:10 . So, I'm just pointing this because you'll see it always named the
65:15 gyrus. Alright, The singular gyrus part of the cerebral when you hear
65:19 thinks cerebral. Alright, so it part of the cerebral and it plays
65:26 role to help process memory. All , it does. So with the
65:32 and the para hippocampal gyrus again, you hear the word gyros part of
65:37 cerebral. Alright, now, hippocampus a structure that goes around like so
65:44 named the hippocampus because it looks like hook print. Alright. Para hippocampal
65:49 , basically it goes alongside the So it's next to the hippocampus.
65:56 , what it does memory, which gonna learn about him? Just second
66:00 ? Actually we don't So special ladies, you're really, really good
66:04 this. Guys were terrible at I want you to get ready,
66:09 , because in your future there's gonna a guy that says I can't find
66:13 . You're gonna roll your eyes. remember I said this and you can
66:17 it's real simple. It's right here we put this? This is an
66:22 battle between me and my wife with in our house. In fact,
66:27 don't look for stuff now. I asked her to go find it for
66:29 because she knows where it is. right. I mean, Guys,
66:34 know what I'm talking about right It takes me 40 minutes to find
66:36 peanut butter. Yeah. Alright. can't find the peanut butter. I
66:40 it right here. It's no longer . Have you looked on the shelf
66:44 ? Yes, walks up peanut Where to go, spatial memory.
66:57 right, navigation. Ladies, men really good at navigation. There's actually
67:07 , actually it's there's been many, studies. Alright. Again, the
67:12 between the biological sexes are actually expressed some of these activities. All
67:20 I'm not saying men are are excellent will be stubborn as all get
67:25 If we think we know where we're . We will be, nope.
67:28 I guarantee yesterday, my wife, are we going this way? Because
67:33 avoiding the traffic here here and here get to where we need to
67:37 Which is I could have gone the that she chose? But I chose
67:39 get there today instead of like three from now? Uh huh. All
67:44 . She can't my wife can't process I can't visualize the path until I'm
67:50 it. Me. You could blindfold to spend around 30 times and I
67:56 tell you where I am which direction facing and how to get there from
67:59 to b. If I've ever been once I can get there any
68:04 It's crazy. Yeah, none of is everybody. This is all
68:10 Let me back it up just to you guys understand curve. There's always
68:15 be people on the edges, But there's a general population that correlates
68:20 the idea. All right. Um see verbal memory learning and computational information
68:28 storing memories and forming long term. is one of the last things we're
68:31 talk about today. All right. very briefly talk about it. All
68:35 . Now remember memory isn't all stored . This is where information is
68:41 So that a pattern is created and in the Sorry, I should be
68:45 at the frontal lobe. Okay. a lot of memory goes. All
68:49 . Made alloy body is the amygdala And this is where fear is all
68:55 . So again scoring emotional perception, that and also plays a role in
69:01 and emotional behavior. So you went basic did you have one of those
69:05 surrogates that yelled at you get in face and yell at you. Did
69:09 cry? So what did the sergeant when they cried out? They
69:14 Really? Okay. So I figured sergeant, would you yell louder and
69:20 them cry more? Okay. But then people figured out he's not
69:25 to beat me up, He's not to eat me. So they learned
69:27 to keep that straight face when you that. Yeah. So it was
69:29 trained behavior. Right? So my here is, so when someone gets
69:35 your face and start screaming, your response is to do what cry
69:41 fight right there? There's a natural that we all have, right?
69:48 what they're trying to do and basic trying to get you beyond the natural
69:53 and learn how to basically, I'm trying to be stoic, but in
69:58 case learned behavior so that you respond . It's a trained behavior. All
70:03 . But the amygdala plays a role that first that first step. Uh
70:08 is my natural response, right? it. No, not necessarily.
70:14 it's how we're fairies. So for , you go um you go in
70:18 woods, you see a bear, response is going to be. This
70:21 a dangerous animal, I'm afraid. ? So next time you go in
70:24 woods, you're gonna be, you're go bears. Bears are in the
70:30 and they do horrible things. All right? But if you watch
70:34 movie with bears, you're probably gonna , oh they're cute and cuddly.
70:37 want to hug them. Don't hug bear hugging bears. Bad. All
70:45 . Um Olfactory bulb is part of tracks. Remember we talked about smell
70:49 memory? Um Actually we did a bit a little bit later. I
70:53 earlier, but the idea if I something, it probably can trigger a
70:56 , trigger an idea, trigger an . So again, the for next
71:01 the region I should point out the bulbs, right? There is a
71:05 X basically connects all these structures And then there's a whole bunch of
71:08 nuclear that are not being shown here play a role in connecting these different
71:13 and processing information. The big picture the idea here behind the limbic system
71:18 the limbic system processes emotions. Last slides the right to slides memory.
71:28 right. In looking at these two I wanted to try to push here
71:33 this idea of plasticity in the We've already mentioned this, right,
71:38 the brain can change in response to stimuli and that we can hold onto
71:42 stuff for a long period of There's things that are called long term
71:46 in short term memory. But the is that I'm creating a pattern or
71:49 change in the brain. All And that's what this is trying to
71:51 . It's like, look here is this this interaction is between these two
71:56 looks like, you know, it's nice simple action potential, Right?
72:01 after repeated stimuli, what's going to is there's changes going to occur.
72:06 the amount of neurotransmitter or the amount receptors on the surface are going to
72:12 and you can see there's three versus madam neurotransmitter being released is supposed to
72:16 a lot more, even though they show it there. And so what
72:19 up happening, I get a much response between these two cells. All
72:24 . And so this is kind of of the things that memory, how
72:27 is formed is changing interactions between All right. So, it's first
72:36 , memory is not stored as a . We've talked about this. It's
72:40 a pattern of interactions between neurons in network. And we can do one
72:45 two things to change those interactions. is called long term potential Haitian or
72:50 term depression. Now, this is depression as in like boo hoo.
72:54 sad. Alright. Depression means I'm the interaction. So, what we're
72:59 at here is an example of long potential Haitian. All right.
73:04 in essence what I've done is I've the interaction so that I'm getting an
73:08 response between those cells. Long term on the other hand, would be
73:12 I change the interaction. So I'm a diminished or reduced response between those
73:18 . So I might not be getting action potential or I might not be
73:22 um I'll have say even less. if I have three here maybe I
73:26 one receptor instead of four of These release a neurotransmitter. I would get
73:33 two is the idea. So when thinking about memory, what we're doing
73:37 we're changing interaction. This is that were referring to now there's different types
73:43 memory. Alright. There's sensory This is very very brief memory in
73:48 words, stuff that we remember from seconds. You know like in
73:52 Like okay it's bright. Right? so its associations with your environment is
73:58 kind of the the idea. But you're paying attention to it you can
74:02 move that into short term memory. right. The idea here is I
74:07 hold on to for a little bit while and this is in the
74:10 hippocampus is playing a role in And then what happens if I go
74:15 repeated practice then I can turn short memory into long term memory. That
74:22 practice is taking these ideas and consolidating them. It's what the process
74:27 called consolidation. So the idea is we're bringing in the frontal lobe and
74:34 is what we're doing is we're repeating creating this pattern for consolidation. So
74:39 term memory very very very very brief other words we're talking minutes. I'll
74:46 you an example. Who can tell what you had for lunch, last
74:51 . Mhm. All right. if you have the same thing every
74:55 , it's a pattern of behavior. , that doesn't count. Right?
74:59 if you have to think about, have to kind of go back and
75:01 like, okay, I can't I don't know if something special happened
75:04 day you may remember. Right? what you've done is you've changed it
75:09 short term to long term because of there. All right. Long term
75:15 occurs as a result of practice. right. Or some something that really
75:20 of makes it stick. All And so that's this this idea of
75:26 rehearsal. And then so then you that pattern. You can basically hold
75:31 to anything and everything limitless lee. other words, there is no limit
75:36 how long you can hold it and not a limit to how much you
75:39 hold. The difference is. And me be really clear here. Is
75:43 once it goes in your brain isn't to stay there forever. Not unless
75:47 practice it. Okay. So, I told you, I did a
75:51 of work when I was a grad doing a whole bunch of stuff.
75:55 if you came and asked me now the things I did, I'd stare
75:58 you and go, I couldn't tell . But there's a lot of stuff
76:01 I learned. I just haven't practiced . All right now, this
76:06 cerebral cortex so notice we're doing this in the hippocampus that ultimately goes to
76:14 terms of long term memory into the that's where we start. So,
76:23 test. All right. Remember extra opens up tomorrow at six PM,
76:30 thursday morning at nine and then the the second one opens up at six
76:35 On thursday. I have an answer you know
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