| 00:01 | All right. Um So just a . We have an exam on |
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| 00:06 | So you don't show up here, show up at casa at the time |
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| 00:10 | you're supposed to take your exam. that's that's pretty straightforward. Um What |
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| 00:15 | gonna do today is we are going look at tissue and remember everything on |
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| 00:21 | exam. It's up through today's So we're doing whatever we talked about |
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| 00:24 | is gonna be on the exam. of sucks thursday tests, Tuesday |
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| 00:28 | but sometimes you'll get the thursday test then the Tuesday lecture. So, |
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| 00:32 | see. But what we're doing is gonna do the last little bit of |
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| 00:38 | the baseline or the background information, anatomy and physiology alright. To really |
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| 00:44 | into anatomy. Alright. So, talked about biomolecules. Biomolecules used to |
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| 00:49 | cells. We talked about structures of cells and all the little pieces |
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| 00:52 | And then now we're gonna be all right, what is the |
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| 00:56 | What are the different types of What are they made up of? |
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| 00:59 | right. And then once we do , we're now able to dive in |
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| 01:02 | start looking at other things. And starting point is going to be this |
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| 01:06 | here. It's the epithelium and there's tissues, there's epithelium, connective |
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| 01:10 | muscle and nerves. And the thing we're really gonna focus today on uh |
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| 01:15 | epithelium in the connective tissue and then just kind of say, oh |
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| 01:18 | and then there's nervous tissue and there's and we talk about them with their |
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| 01:23 | lectures. Okay. That's gonna be little bit later down the line. |
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| 01:28 | But what we're doing is we start epithelium. Now, epithelium has two |
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| 01:32 | to functions in the body. It a covering connect or tissue or it |
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| 01:37 | a glandular tissue. In other it plays a role in secretion. |
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| 01:41 | , typically the way that they're arranged , usually they're usually sheets of |
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| 01:47 | All right. And so you can of see All right, that makes |
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| 01:50 | . If they cover things, I'd them to be large sheets that kind |
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| 01:53 | cover over things. The glandular Well, they're not quite Sheedy. |
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| 01:58 | are some sheets to it, but they have some kind of unique features |
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| 02:02 | it. Um They have these specialized . Um What I say down here |
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| 02:08 | they have tight junctions as hemi Desmond . Desmond's those are characteristics. But |
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| 02:12 | you'll see adherence and often you'll see junctions as well. But what holds |
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| 02:17 | sheets together are these types of connections really binds cells together. Those tight |
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| 02:24 | ? Desmond zones and Desmond zones. recall what's the difference between him and |
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| 02:29 | Amanda Desmond Zone. Do you guys Desmond own self to sell yourself to |
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| 02:35 | , sell to sell good and what's sell to connective tissue. Right. |
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| 02:41 | , what we're saying here is got that is holding the cells together to |
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| 02:45 | those sheets and there's something that's holding sheets onto connective tissue. All |
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| 02:51 | So, when you think glandular Alright, So, covering that's real |
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| 02:55 | . Think of skin and the things cover the cavities of the bodies. |
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| 02:58 | , as we go and look at organs, think, oh, the |
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| 03:02 | that makes up the lining of this organ is going to be epithelium. |
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| 03:08 | . And then glandular tissues, these going to be the ones that make |
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| 03:10 | glands of your body. Sorry, got it. There we go. |
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| 03:16 | , now, I'm gonna throw pictures here that are related but are not |
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| 03:20 | the things. So, like what looking at is a picture of the |
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| 03:23 | or really the integer moment. So, this is actually something we're |
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| 03:27 | learn about when we come back. it's a good example of showing you |
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| 03:32 | versus connective tissue. All right. so, up here, the epidermis |
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| 03:40 | . Down here, the dermis is connective. Okay. And there's some |
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| 03:45 | tissues in there as well. But wanted to be clear here, so |
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| 03:48 | you can see because epithelium has a characteristic. It's a vascular a vascular |
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| 03:54 | you see a at the beginning word without or lacking. So, a |
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| 03:58 | would be without vasculature without blood Right now, the truth is there's |
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| 04:04 | a cell in your body. A cell in your body. That is |
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| 04:07 | than 10 microns away from a blood which kind of tells you you've got |
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| 04:10 | lot of blood vessels, right? means everything. Think about how easy |
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| 04:16 | is to cut yourself and get blood out of your body. So, |
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| 04:19 | because blood vessels are everywhere. But you're dealing with epithelium, epithelium lacks |
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| 04:27 | blood vessels, That means the nutrients the blood have to traverse from cell |
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| 04:32 | cell or between the cells to get where they're going. All right. |
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| 04:37 | , they have no blood supply. they're innovated. Innovative means they are |
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| 04:42 | that are associated with them. so they have nerve fibers. |
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| 04:46 | the example here, you can see little cartoon is up here. If |
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| 04:49 | is all epithelium, you can see is a nerve fiber that is breaking |
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| 04:53 | and is there in the near surface the skin within this epithelium. The |
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| 04:58 | fiber, is it epithelium? it is nervous tissue. All |
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| 05:03 | So, you can see here just in our examples, we start |
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| 05:06 | in a little tiny. Oh but there's a little more tissue |
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| 05:09 | There's a little bit of that. epithelium are those cells that are found |
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| 05:13 | that integrity in that, in the , sorry, in the epidermis up |
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| 05:18 | . But there's other stuff. And can see here is a gland and |
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| 05:21 | gonna be epithelium as well. All . Now one of the unique characteristics |
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| 05:27 | epithelium is that it's highly regenerative. , most tissues have some sort of |
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| 05:33 | capacity. Even nervous tissue has regenerative in a very limited way. All |
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| 05:40 | . But this stuff epithelium is incredibly . And we talked about this |
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| 05:45 | When you cut yourself you get you of get a split in the |
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| 05:49 | right? And then you get a and we're gonna talk about this at |
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| 05:53 | end of class. But then the grows over and covers where the cut |
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| 05:59 | place. Alright. And there's a . So it has this incredible ability |
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| 06:04 | do that. Most tissues don't have same degree of regenerative ability that epithelium |
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| 06:10 | and part of that has to do . That contact responsiveness. We discussed |
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| 06:15 | where the cells are taught when they to each other when they're when they're |
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| 06:19 | to each other, they don't They stop. I don't know why |
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| 06:24 | echoing like that. Um They stopped when they're in touch when they're touching |
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| 06:30 | other. But when they don't touch other, that's a signal to say |
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| 06:33 | growing. So that's where you get regenerative capacity. Epithelium has polarity to |
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| 06:41 | polarity meaning it has two different And we talked about this again when |
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| 06:44 | talk about tight junctions. Alright. what we have is we have a |
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| 06:48 | side. The typical side is the side. When we're talking about |
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| 06:53 | So if you're thinking of like for your skin, this would be the |
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| 06:57 | side. The basil or lateral sides be the part that you can't |
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| 07:01 | It's the part that's connected to the tissue. It's right when you're talking |
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| 07:06 | your digestive system, the part that up the tube. The inside that |
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| 07:10 | be the typical side. The part connected to the connective tissue. On |
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| 07:14 | outside. That would be the lateral side. All right. And |
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| 07:19 | when you hear lateral, just think . Alright. And so typically what |
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| 07:23 | see when we're talking about a pickle and we're talking about basil side. |
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| 07:26 | talking about different types of activities, things that are occurring. The A |
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| 07:31 | side typically has micro villi and that's these little bumps are supposed to |
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| 07:36 | We'll see a better picture in just moment. Alright. You'll see some |
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| 07:39 | will have cilia. Alright. And have unique purposes. The basil side |
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| 07:46 | the other hand, basically its job to connect with and hold on to |
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| 07:51 | underlying layers. And so what you'll is that it plays a role in |
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| 07:55 | these proteins that are part of the that sit there and hold onto proteins |
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| 08:01 | are found in the underlying tissue we this the basil lamb inna. It's |
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| 08:06 | series of glycoprotein glycoprotein are proteins with sugars. And what they do is |
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| 08:13 | serve kind of as a molecular um , let's see if I scoot this |
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| 08:21 | . That helps a little bit molecular to hold on to the proteins that |
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| 08:25 | been secreted by the connective tissue. this is why the the epithelial and |
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| 08:31 | tissue adhere to each other so So this basil lamin a serves as |
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| 08:37 | of a structure we call the basement . The other half of the structure |
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| 08:43 | going to be called the reticulated And the particular lamine is secreted by |
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| 08:48 | tissue. So the two things the basil lamin and the particular lamin |
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| 08:52 | connect to one another. Now, you're looking at this world going, |
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| 08:55 | don't know how I'm gonna remember that , basil is secreted from the basil |
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| 08:59 | . The reticulated lamb mina is part the reticulated structure of the connective |
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| 09:04 | Which is gonna be one of the we're gonna learn about when we talk |
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| 09:06 | the connective tissue. Alright, that's what the basement membrane is. |
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| 09:12 | right now, the primary protein that's in particular laminates collagen. So, |
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| 09:18 | one way to kind of remember All right. So, underlying all |
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| 09:25 | is this connective tissue and connective tissue very unique. It has all these |
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| 09:29 | features which we'll get to in just bit now. This picture up here |
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| 09:35 | you microbial life. All right epithelium for the most part plays a |
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| 09:41 | in absorption and secretion. It plays , many different roles. But whenever |
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| 09:45 | have micro villi, what you're doing you're trying to increase surface area. |
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| 09:50 | you have a cell has a limited of space. Right? Think of |
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| 09:54 | as a as an you know, a cell. You know, just |
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| 09:57 | a box around me. My surface be about this big. This is |
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| 10:00 | much space I'm allowed. Right? I'm jammed up to another cell. |
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| 10:05 | so I don't have a lot of area. But if I want to |
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| 10:08 | my rate of absorption on my rate secretion, I wanna increase my surface |
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| 10:12 | . I don't have a lot of to move in this direction. So |
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| 10:17 | do I do as I grow upward then increase my surface area by creating |
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| 10:22 | micro villi. Right? So it of looks like this weird hair |
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| 10:27 | But look if I have to travel distance let's say that's a cell. |
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| 10:30 | we know the whole thing is look much surface area I now have by |
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| 10:34 | up and down like this. I magnified my surface area when you go |
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| 10:40 | A. And P. Two. you talk about the digestive system, |
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| 10:43 | talk about the length of the small . It's about 33 ft long. |
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| 10:48 | right. That sounds like a pretty in terms of length. But because |
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| 10:52 | the modifications of the surface of these . In other words there's these unique |
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| 10:59 | to to increase surface area. The length of the surface area of the |
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| 11:06 | intestine is a little under a All right. Think how big you'd |
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| 11:11 | to be in order to have a long intestine. And because of |
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| 11:18 | you don't have to do that. right. So microbial life. Their |
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| 11:24 | typically on absorptive cells. Their job to increase surface area. Now, |
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| 11:29 | kind of jumping kind of back into some unique features of you know, |
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| 11:33 | mean I'm looking at things on cells this is unique to these epithelial |
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| 11:40 | Here's a silly up here. I flag ela because sometimes people confuse these |
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| 11:45 | things together is only found on one in the human body and that is |
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| 11:50 | spermatozoa. Alright. But structurally they're very similar functionally. They're very, |
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| 11:56 | different. So cilia are typically associated cells that play a role in secretive |
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| 12:03 | alright. You know, musicians as proteins that make up mucus. So |
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| 12:07 | familiar with mucus because right, little proteins that are sticky that are able |
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| 12:13 | grab on this stuff. And what do is it moves this material along |
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| 12:18 | the things that stick to it along surface of cells. So this is |
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| 12:22 | example. You can see down here's a bunch of micro ville. |
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| 12:25 | and here's the silly, you can of see size wise how very different |
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| 12:29 | are. So silly are actually fairly , relatively speaking to the micro |
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| 12:34 | All right now, structurally, what we're dealing with. We're dealing |
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| 12:39 | cilia or flag ela is that they internally filled with these micro tubules. |
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| 12:44 | have this unique array and this unique there And why I pointed out is |
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| 12:48 | it's these organizations that are associated with things that allow them to move. |
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| 12:54 | these motor proteins move back and forth it causes the cilia to move back |
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| 12:59 | forth, or the flag ella to back and forth. And the type |
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| 13:02 | movement that they make is unique to type of cell that you're looking |
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| 13:05 | So for example, when you're looking a cilia, cilia is more like |
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| 13:10 | rowboat, right? It kind of this type of movement. Now, |
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| 13:14 | if you're waving back and forth like , that's very stiff. So think |
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| 13:17 | it more like a whip, It kind of moves forward like this |
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| 13:21 | back and moves forward like this. . This is usually where I ask |
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| 13:25 | here ever rowed crew and I just a whole bunch of words. They |
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| 13:30 | don't make a lot of sense to . You've seen those guys in the |
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| 13:32 | , really, really long boats and these guys are going with the with |
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| 13:36 | rose and going in the front. little tiny guy going stroke stroke stroke |
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| 13:40 | . That's crew. All right. they have different sized boats and stuff |
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| 13:43 | that. The way they move their is similar to how the sillier |
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| 13:51 | Now, if the cell weren't it would cause the cell to move |
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| 13:55 | . Used cilia, for example to around. But our cells are |
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| 13:59 | And so they're not moving the they're moving the stuff around the cell |
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| 14:04 | that mucus sits down in your esophagus have cilia, so it basically pushes |
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| 14:09 | mucus up and then you're you make noise and you swallow it and it |
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| 14:13 | down a different pipe, kind of flag L. A. On the |
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| 14:18 | hand again has nothing to do with epithelium. Just show you the |
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| 14:22 | it moves its tail the same But the way that the motor proteins |
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| 14:28 | is it creates more of a snake movement. I'm going to try to |
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| 14:31 | this with you know, it's kind like this and it kind of creates |
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| 14:35 | rotary movement that propels the self Now bacteria also have yellow and they |
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| 14:41 | in a straight line and so you think about this. What am I |
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| 14:44 | ? I'm moving things perpendicular to the of the silliest. So if the |
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| 14:49 | are doing that whip like thing, moves material along the horizontal plane. |
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| 14:54 | if I had a flagellum, what would do is move fluid in the |
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| 14:59 | direction as that propeller, basically parallel it. All right, so along |
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| 15:05 | same axis. So different structures for types of movement, epithelial cells have |
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| 15:10 | , they do not have leg Alright, so I was kind of |
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| 15:13 | jump backwards to move forwards. so far we're with me 99 plus |
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| 15:21 | is just kind of a standard you should probably just kind of tattoo |
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| 15:24 | your body. You know, there's things in biology, you just kind |
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| 15:27 | like, okay, I'm gonna tattoo guys aren't into tattoos anymore. |
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| 15:32 | There was a generation I'd say. right, because I had people in |
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| 15:36 | and have like caffeine, this it's on my body. I'm |
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| 15:39 | It's like, dude, you that's it's an organic symbol. Who |
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| 15:43 | ? Organic chemistry, like you'll ever that again? Mhm. Right now |
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| 15:49 | are things you tattooed on your Nine plus two people. What's that |
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| 15:54 | ? Oh, well, let me you the story about silly and |
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| 15:57 | Six. Starting to sound cool All right. Yeah, Okay, |
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| 16:04 | let's get into functionality. Epithelium Basic functions. These are the four |
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| 16:09 | functions where you'll find where epithelial It's doing one of these four |
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| 16:13 | Alright, Protection, that's the easy , you can think of the |
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| 16:16 | Right? Oh, that's kind of . Yeah, it's serving as a |
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| 16:19 | between the external environment and my internal . All right, it's selectively |
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| 16:27 | Alright. And what that means is where it's found it's deciding what materials |
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| 16:32 | pass through that substance. So for , your skin is selectively permeable, |
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| 16:39 | ? It's still a barrier but it's barrier to very specific things. If |
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| 16:42 | put water on my skin, it's to sit there forever. But if |
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| 16:45 | put fats on my skin. Think , it gets absorbed through those |
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| 16:51 | All right. If you've seen some the medicines they now have are those |
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| 16:55 | patches, right? A dermal patch because it allows the materials that you |
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| 17:01 | in there are lipid soluble and they able to penetrate through the skin. |
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| 17:06 | . So there's a selective permeability. plays a role in secretion and what |
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| 17:10 | means. It's secreted some sort of and we'll talk about what a secretion |
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| 17:14 | in just a minute, which is . It's different than an excretion. |
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| 17:18 | . Excretion is what your body is rid of. So, you can |
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| 17:21 | of defecation, urination, even breathing as excretion. Right? So secretion |
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| 17:27 | putting some things you're making something and it onto the surface of the body |
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| 17:33 | alright. Or even into the And the other thing is it |
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| 17:38 | And this is in conjunction with the and plays a role in sensory |
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| 17:42 | Alright. And so think about the on on your on your skin, |
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| 17:47 | ? If someone comes along and barely your skin, your hair is you |
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| 17:51 | feel it right? Those hairs are of serving as receptors to stimulate nerve |
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| 17:56 | are associated with those hairs. when we talk about sensory reception, |
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| 18:01 | what we're talking about, they're not the job of the nerve, but |
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| 18:04 | there to communicate with the nerve. . One thing we're trying to do |
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| 18:14 | anatomy is we're trying to learn the . Alright. And so again the |
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| 18:20 | is there to help us communicate, more clearly and apparently not like what |
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| 18:24 | doing so cold in here. My is right. It's to communicate clearly |
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| 18:30 | we're looking at. All right. so when anonymous name things, they're |
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| 18:36 | them for something that is apparent to that should hopefully be apparent to |
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| 18:40 | And so with that the thallium, we have is we have two names |
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| 18:44 | every type of epithelium we have. , so just like you have a |
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| 18:48 | and last name and please don't come and I've got six names. You |
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| 18:51 | ? And I know different cultures will hyphen nations and stuff. Now. |
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| 18:54 | just going to make it simple. name. Last name. All |
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| 18:57 | And so that's kind of what we . We have a first name and |
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| 19:00 | name. The first name is always always based on the number of cells |
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| 19:04 | the good news. There's only two that we use. We have simple |
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| 19:07 | we have stratified. Simple says we one layer of cells. That's pretty |
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| 19:12 | . Right? And so when you at a tissue and you see a |
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| 19:15 | layer of epithelial cells you can say . This is a simple epithelium. |
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| 19:21 | . The stratified basically says Alright, simple is one then stratified is anything |
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| 19:27 | than that. So two or more stratified and that just means multiple |
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| 19:32 | Alright. Now, typically simple epithelium going to be found where we're gonna |
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| 19:36 | doing either absorption or filtration, Is things coming into the body filtration |
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| 19:41 | things going out Well, I should in the tissue or out of the |
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| 19:45 | . Alright, stratified is going to found where protection is needed. In |
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| 19:49 | words, multiple layers creates a larger . Larger barrier protects the things underlying |
|
| 19:53 | . All right. So, when are naming, while we're going to |
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| 19:58 | stratified, we're going to now have deal with that last name. Second |
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| 20:02 | . That second name is based on the most atypical layer is. |
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| 20:06 | it's not based on this one. based on the one that's on the |
|
| 20:11 | . The one that you can Okay. And so that takes us |
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| 20:15 | that second name. Alright. The name describes the cell. Alright, |
|
| 20:22 | , looking at the cartoon here, can see three basic shapes which are |
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| 20:25 | three names. We use a squamous squamous means scale, like So these |
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| 20:31 | cells that are flat. All And so you can kind of see |
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| 20:36 | it kind of looks like a flat . How do we know It's flat |
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| 20:39 | it's not elongate. You need to and see where do I see the |
|
| 20:44 | membrane. So you always need to understanding what you're looking at in terms |
|
| 20:49 | relationship to other cells. Alright. that's quite cute boy. It'll generally |
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| 20:55 | box like. Alright. So they're like a square. And then the |
|
| 20:59 | are are longer than they are So they kind of look like if |
|
| 21:03 | have the base memory and they look they're tall. So it's kind of |
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| 21:06 | easy nomenclature. The thing is that world doesn't look like the cartoons |
|
| 21:11 | All right. And so there's some where you can look at something and |
|
| 21:14 | have no idea what I'm looking The good news. This is not |
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| 21:16 | histology class, right? The bad is you do need to be able |
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| 21:20 | identify some tissues on the exam. good news is I'm not gonna make |
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| 21:25 | hard. I'm gonna make it easy see if you internalize nomenclature with what |
|
| 21:31 | look like. Alright, we're gonna at a couple of pictures here in |
|
| 21:33 | a second. All right, one of the things you can do |
|
| 21:37 | you can look at the cell itself say, okay, can I figure |
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| 21:40 | what this is? But sometimes it's of hard. So if it's |
|
| 21:43 | you can also look at the The nucleus typically takes on the shape |
|
| 21:47 | the cell. So a squamous cell have a nucleus. That's kind of |
|
| 21:51 | . A cute boy. It'll we'll have a nucleus that's more or |
|
| 21:55 | around. And Columbia Marcel will usually an elongated nucleus that goes along the |
|
| 21:59 | of cell uh in uh you in a vertical direction. Alright, |
|
| 22:06 | it's using these two names together will rise to the different types of |
|
| 22:11 | is that you need to know? there's some other specialized ones that are |
|
| 22:14 | there. All right. So, regard to the simple epithelium is |
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| 22:19 | Simple means single layer. They're involved absorption and filtration. So they have |
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| 22:25 | a role in dealing with permeability There are three types of interest. |
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| 22:30 | is our last name. So we simple squamous, simple cube oil, |
|
| 22:34 | Coloman are So there you go There are three different types of epithelium |
|
| 22:40 | on those two names right now, now and then you'll come across something |
|
| 22:45 | is an epithelium that has a weird . Alright, So, for |
|
| 22:49 | you'll see in the feeling you'll hear the film and the vasculature. That |
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| 22:53 | the type of epithelium that makes up insides of all the blood vessels. |
|
| 23:00 | right. Why? Well, it's uh it's origin is where it comes |
|
| 23:06 | . And so someone name. well, this isn't a thallium. |
|
| 23:09 | rather than following the temple, the number collection that we already have. |
|
| 23:13 | screwed it up and made you learn extra thing over the course of your |
|
| 23:17 | . Right? So, when you in the feeling just think epithelium of |
|
| 23:20 | vessels. Okay, Another one you not see very often, maybe in |
|
| 23:24 | textbook. You'll see it. Maybe you get to that really, really |
|
| 23:28 | crusty old man that's a little bit than me. Okay, I'm going |
|
| 23:33 | . Please just nod your heads. course you're going right. I'm talking |
|
| 23:38 | the really, really old ones. hear them use the word mesothelioma. |
|
| 23:42 | is found in serious membranes. when you're looking at a serious |
|
| 23:46 | Okay, that's still an epithelium. it has a special name. Sometimes |
|
| 23:50 | see it. And that's just that . Right? So, let's take |
|
| 23:54 | look at these simple epithelium. All . Sometimes the pictures suck in textbooks |
|
| 24:02 | because it costs money to buy pictures I make tests. I don't have |
|
| 24:07 | buy pictures. I just pull things the internet. Okay, so, |
|
| 24:12 | , on a test things should be identifiable if you understand the nomenclature. |
|
| 24:19 | . And so, what we're looking is we're looking at some pictures here |
|
| 24:21 | the cartoon. This is an actual . Cartoon, actual tissue. |
|
| 24:26 | so, this first one is a squamous. Alright, now, if |
|
| 24:30 | look at the actual tissue here, can't really see basement membrane. And |
|
| 24:33 | reason you can't see the basement membrane because this tissue is lung tissue. |
|
| 24:39 | , lung tissue are basically a bunch hollow balls so that you can move |
|
| 24:43 | and specifically oxygen into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide out of the bloodstream into |
|
| 24:50 | tissue. So that can or into that that hollow ball. So it |
|
| 24:53 | be expelled. So, the basement is very, very difficult to see |
|
| 24:58 | this. All right. But if look at these cells, do they |
|
| 25:01 | like they're tall or do they look they're flat and scaly? They look |
|
| 25:06 | and scaly. Alright, so, is an example of a simple |
|
| 25:12 | All right. Now, if this a better picture, I think there's |
|
| 25:16 | a like if they could pick a picture, I think it would just |
|
| 25:19 | like someone with a camera taking a of a lung. This is like |
|
| 25:23 | lowest level. They should have actually in there really close so that you |
|
| 25:27 | see it. So, see these pinker spots right there. Like there |
|
| 25:32 | there and there those are capillaries. where the gas blood exchanges taking |
|
| 25:38 | Right? So, really these cells between those cavities. Like right |
|
| 25:45 | You can see here area. There's big area, but right there. |
|
| 25:49 | where the capillaries are. So, where your air is exchanging with the |
|
| 25:55 | . Okay, that makes sense. kind of like, I don't |
|
| 25:57 | I can't see it. And that's . All right. You don't have |
|
| 26:01 | see it today. Right? Q . It'll sell. So, you |
|
| 26:06 | see here flat scale like these are and scale like And again, what |
|
| 26:09 | I say? I'm gonna make it for you? You should be able |
|
| 26:12 | see a basement membrane in the on test. You should be able to |
|
| 26:15 | the orientation of the cell. here is simple cube oil, nice |
|
| 26:23 | in our little cartoon over here, like what am I looking at? |
|
| 26:27 | , again, they picked the worst they possibly took. They should have |
|
| 26:31 | it so that you can see look the nuclear of these cells. They |
|
| 26:34 | of look around the dark purple is nucleus by the way? All |
|
| 26:39 | So that means the thing that's the has kind of that little box shape |
|
| 26:45 | on the test, you should be to see quite clearly what type of |
|
| 26:50 | you're looking at. All right. not going to give you some far |
|
| 26:53 | view. This is like trying to at mountains from 50 miles away and |
|
| 26:57 | to define what they are. Terrible . Okay, but you can kind |
|
| 27:01 | see square, like with around a again, this is even further |
|
| 27:10 | This is the mountain you're looking at 100 miles away. But if you |
|
| 27:14 | at these cells. So, the thing to do is I'm trying to |
|
| 27:17 | an area that's really easy to focus . Let's just focus on here. |
|
| 27:20 | can see right down here, this where the basement membrane is. You |
|
| 27:23 | see basement membrane basement membrane, And then you can see the dark |
|
| 27:29 | represent nuclei And then this thing going and down. That's the cell. |
|
| 27:34 | looks like this. Alright, so nuclei are not round again with this |
|
| 27:40 | picture. It's hard to see for picture. You'd actually be able to |
|
| 27:44 | the cell, right? And what have is these long cells that are |
|
| 27:50 | at their base over here. So makes them elongate. That means they |
|
| 27:55 | they're Colombian are and then the nuclei elongated as well and there near that |
|
| 28:02 | membrane. So, those three you be able to identify on an |
|
| 28:08 | Not these pictures. I'm not going use these pictures. Why they're so |
|
| 28:13 | . Alright. We don't give sucky . We get pictures that you can |
|
| 28:17 | . All right. I'm going to you a picture of one that will |
|
| 28:21 | be on the exam. Alright. need to know it's a definition but |
|
| 28:24 | not going to have to identify Okay, pseudo stratified. What does |
|
| 28:30 | mean false? So, this is is called the false stratified epithelium. |
|
| 28:38 | , so this is a simple calumnies . Alright, but we don't call |
|
| 28:43 | simple kilometer because that's confusing when you the other one. All right. |
|
| 28:47 | is it called pseudo? Well, you look at it, it looks |
|
| 28:50 | there's actually multiple layers. You can down here. It looks like there's |
|
| 28:53 | whole bunch of nuclear up there looks there's a whole bunch of nuclear. |
|
| 28:56 | must mean these cells are stacked on other and the answer is no. |
|
| 29:00 | that's not the case. What's happening is you have a whole bunch of |
|
| 29:03 | that are all attached to a single the basement member. And they just |
|
| 29:07 | different heights. The nuclei are located different areas. Is basically shoving and |
|
| 29:11 | things together. So they have this look like they are stratified layer. |
|
| 29:17 | it's not going to be on the to be identified is because it takes |
|
| 29:20 | little unidentified histological e pseudo stratified epithelium this is not a histology class. |
|
| 29:29 | , So pseudo stratified is a type simple epithelium, right? But it |
|
| 29:36 | the appearance of a stratified epithelium. right, So that gets us to |
|
| 29:47 | stratified. All right. Again, has multiple layers of cells. Two |
|
| 29:52 | more. You can see here you count them all the way up down |
|
| 29:56 | the basement membrane. This is where have the regenerative cells. So they're |
|
| 30:01 | ones that are multiplying and dividing. when they multiply and divide, they |
|
| 30:05 | upwards towards the typical surface. And they move towards the typical surface they |
|
| 30:11 | their shape. Which is why we this type of epithelium based on that |
|
| 30:17 | pickle surface. Alright. Now, speaking, when you have stratified epithelium |
|
| 30:22 | can think of multiple cells equals better . So these are cells that play |
|
| 30:27 | role in protection. Alright. Or that play a role in protection. |
|
| 30:35 | sorry. So down here. This where division is taking place up |
|
| 30:39 | This is where they kind of create unique shape. So our first one |
|
| 30:44 | gonna be the stratified squamous. So we're gonna have the same kind |
|
| 30:48 | names, right? We're just changing stratified from simple meaning we have multiple |
|
| 30:53 | . This is the most common This is the easy one. |
|
| 30:56 | This is what you need to know the exam. Alright. So stratified |
|
| 31:00 | to easily identify. You're not looking here, you're looking at this and |
|
| 31:04 | wow this whole stuff up here looks really scale like. Huh? There's |
|
| 31:09 | of layers that must be stratified Okay that's where the name comes |
|
| 31:15 | Now this you're not gonna have to . You don't need to identify a |
|
| 31:20 | versus non christianized but you need to what they are. Keratin is a |
|
| 31:25 | protein. Alright, it makes up determine intermediate filaments. Alright, carton |
|
| 31:31 | found in some tough tissues. For your fingernails are your fingernails tough. |
|
| 31:38 | . What about your hair? Is hair tougher than your skin? |
|
| 31:43 | Alright. Those are keratin fibers. types of keratin. So your nails |
|
| 31:47 | tougher than your skin or in your ? And your hair is tougher than |
|
| 31:50 | outer skin out here. Right? three of those contain different keratin and |
|
| 31:57 | pretty tough. Now think about the of your mouth, your inside of |
|
| 32:01 | mouth as tough as the outside skin here. No that's squishy. It |
|
| 32:06 | the keratin. Alright. So we chretien ized. Alright fraternized means a |
|
| 32:14 | tissue, right? What we're looking that has keratin in them. So |
|
| 32:18 | nails, your skin and your All our christianized stratified squamous. We'll |
|
| 32:25 | to that when we talk about the , but like when you transition and |
|
| 32:29 | into your mouth and on the inside your cheek, you no longer have |
|
| 32:32 | keratin. And so it's non carotene . So it's a little still protective |
|
| 32:40 | not quite so as protective as the . Alright. If you bite your |
|
| 32:44 | over here, you're not going to it. But when you bite the |
|
| 32:46 | of your mouth, which we've all right? It sucks or you end |
|
| 32:50 | with a big old chunky meat of , right? Because it's not as |
|
| 32:54 | as the outside. It lacks those fibers. All right. Yeah. |
|
| 33:04 | Or is it for all? We're see. So, so this right |
|
| 33:09 | is the most common type. So question was, is this the property |
|
| 33:12 | all stratified? And really this is focus here, what we're going to |
|
| 33:17 | is that the other stratified tissues are rare and very hard to find. |
|
| 33:23 | , they exist. And we're gonna them out. But when you think |
|
| 33:26 | , this is the primary one. . It's pretty easy to identify because |
|
| 33:35 | and flat lots and lots of All right. Notice I have one |
|
| 33:44 | for the other two. Alright. stratified cube oil is pretty rare. |
|
| 33:50 | , we're typically going to be found glandular tissues. Again, here's that |
|
| 33:54 | square cell. Look at that. polar bear square sell this right here |
|
| 33:58 | an example of one of these Now, you can notice the cartoon |
|
| 34:02 | always a lot easier to see what looking at. Whereas when you're looking |
|
| 34:05 | a live tissue, it's a little harder. But look at those |
|
| 34:08 | you can see here, here's one . Here's to layer. That would |
|
| 34:11 | the the optical layer because this is inside. And you can look at |
|
| 34:16 | cells. What do those cells They have Nice round nuclei. So |
|
| 34:19 | would be a stratified, cute boy . All right. So, typically |
|
| 34:24 | tissue, there's also stratified columnar but extremely where you can find it in |
|
| 34:30 | male urethra and some very specific locations the urethra as well as some glandular |
|
| 34:36 | . Alright. Throughout both males and . All right. So in the |
|
| 34:40 | that if this will ever come up again, you're not going to see |
|
| 34:44 | kilometer on the exam. I didn't you an example of it, but |
|
| 34:47 | know what to look for. What would you expect in the a |
|
| 34:49 | layer? Elongate, elongate elongate Columbia . Right? So that's what you |
|
| 34:56 | instead of this little Tony boxy It would be this longer thing relative |
|
| 35:00 | the underlying cell. All right. for the really weird one. |
|
| 35:05 | This is not one you're going to to identify on the exam, but |
|
| 35:09 | do need another definition. Alright. transitional epithelium. Alright. And understanding |
|
| 35:16 | you don't have to identify, it gonna be quite clear when you look |
|
| 35:19 | this. Alright, so here you see the picture looks like billowy |
|
| 35:23 | Alright, now, transitional epithelium is find in the urinary system. |
|
| 35:28 | And specifically you can think about the . It's not the only place that's |
|
| 35:31 | , but the bladder is the easiest . Alright. Think about the bladder |
|
| 35:35 | empty. Alright. The bladder being is like a deflated balloon, y'all |
|
| 35:40 | me on that. Can you visualize ? Now? Think about drinking two |
|
| 35:43 | of water right, a couple of later, what's your bladder like? |
|
| 35:48 | like an inflated balloon. An inflated balloon. Except it's not water. |
|
| 35:54 | ? And so the cells that allow bladder to expand and contract, you |
|
| 35:59 | , the sides the tissue itself, know, it's kind of folded over |
|
| 36:03 | . Kind of like pleats on the and sorry, that's probably not gonna |
|
| 36:06 | all all of you. But you can imagine kind of like a |
|
| 36:09 | , It kind of shrinks down, when it stretches the tissue itself stretches |
|
| 36:14 | it allows it to expand and the it's able to expand is because those |
|
| 36:19 | actually change shape, which means what can go from kind of a cube |
|
| 36:25 | shape to a squamous shape depending upon degree of stretch being applied on the |
|
| 36:30 | of these cells. This is why don't have to identify it under a |
|
| 36:35 | for this class because I could show a picture and you'd be like, |
|
| 36:39 | yeah, that's a stratified squamous Sorry, that's transitional. Oh, |
|
| 36:42 | a stratified, cute boy. That's . It depends on what state you're |
|
| 36:48 | at the tissue in. You know state the tissues in in order to |
|
| 36:51 | able to identify it. Right? , that's why we don't have to |
|
| 36:54 | . It changes shape based on the of distortion. Alright. Hence the |
|
| 37:02 | transitional. Mhm. The glands are a different type of epithelium. |
|
| 37:10 | job is to make and then secrete export would be another word to use |
|
| 37:15 | particular product. All right. it's being very vague there because we |
|
| 37:19 | different types of secretions. Alright, , a product is simply what's being |
|
| 37:23 | by the cell. All right. , typically a secretion is an acquis |
|
| 37:29 | , meaning it's water plus stuff. right. And so typically it's going |
|
| 37:33 | be protein, but depending on where are, it might be lipids, |
|
| 37:36 | might be steroids. Alright, the sweat produced in the axillary region |
|
| 37:41 | more stuff than the sweat that's produced the surface of the skin. |
|
| 37:45 | Different glands producing different types of sweat execution gland is secreted out onto the |
|
| 37:53 | of a structure. All right. , that could be like the sweat |
|
| 37:58 | on your skin. Alright. There'sa water plus stuff onto the surface of |
|
| 38:02 | skin. Hence execrable. An endocrine will secrete into the blood stream. |
|
| 38:10 | typically lack ducks. Whereas the execution usually have ducks. Ducks are not |
|
| 38:15 | , quack ducks are the things that tubes that connect the glandular structures to |
|
| 38:20 | surface. Alright, so, an gland has no ducks. It produces |
|
| 38:25 | products that gets secreted out into the and then they traveled around the body |
|
| 38:29 | does its thing. So, it's screaming. Alright, so, that |
|
| 38:35 | be outside. This would be All right now, these are going |
|
| 38:39 | be classified based on their structures. are not epithelial cell derivatives. There's |
|
| 38:48 | glands are typically neural derivatives. And we talk about specific glands will point |
|
| 38:54 | owns that are which. Alright, , this is one way that we |
|
| 39:01 | look at in terms of structure. right. They're either uni cellular or |
|
| 39:08 | . Some of this stuff is pretty . If a genius celery it means |
|
| 39:10 | many cells. What if it's multicellular more than one. Yeah, it's |
|
| 39:15 | pretty straightforward. All right. This is in the execution. |
|
| 39:20 | we're not talking about endocrine any All right, But you'll hear endocrine |
|
| 39:24 | . So, just understand there's two types of glands in the body with |
|
| 39:28 | to where they secrete. So uni are going to be scattered within epithelial |
|
| 39:33 | . Alright, there's usually one So this is it right here. |
|
| 39:37 | what they do is they secrete by ketosis under the surface and then it's |
|
| 39:42 | kind of out there on the So, this is an example of |
|
| 39:45 | . You can see here we're within whole bunch of Colombian ourselves. You |
|
| 39:48 | see the micro villi, this uni cells called a goblet cell because of |
|
| 39:51 | shape. And what it does is secretes a whole bunch of mucus and |
|
| 39:55 | you can see right there there's the . And what does the cilia |
|
| 39:59 | Pushes the mucus along the surface so picks up all the dust and all |
|
| 40:02 | horrible things that you suck in your your respiratory system. Multicellular are a |
|
| 40:11 | bit more complex obviously. Alright, , what you have, you're usually |
|
| 40:17 | have some sort of duct work. right now this right here is an |
|
| 40:21 | of an extra cream. I mean this would be like a salivary |
|
| 40:26 | This is how your pancreas is structured example, and you can see here |
|
| 40:30 | a series of ducts that kind of like branches and then at the end |
|
| 40:36 | each of these branches you have these bunches of little tiny round structures. |
|
| 40:41 | little round structures are called Messina and the escena that are responsible for producing |
|
| 40:47 | product that you're secretive. All so this is what it would look |
|
| 40:50 | . So, you can see here's duck. Here's a little tiny round |
|
| 40:53 | looks like a whole bunch of And you can imagine these cells are |
|
| 40:56 | stuff goes down the ducks, You all this stuff through the ducts and |
|
| 40:59 | your product is being secreted. All . So think about your saliva, |
|
| 41:04 | ? Your saliva is basically water plus created in producing a structure like this |
|
| 41:09 | it gets accumulated. That's why you're you're producing so much saliva all the |
|
| 41:14 | . Actually, you're constantly producing, about two liters of saliva per day |
|
| 41:17 | think is what you're producing. All right. Um let's see what |
|
| 41:24 | I want to say. Oh So these are typically divided by lobes |
|
| 41:27 | you kind of see here, they're to show you the lobes where you |
|
| 41:31 | kind of see these divisions. And that kind of makes it so |
|
| 41:36 | there's specific regions that are kind of that are producing things. So typically |
|
| 41:42 | we do is we're going to either these things based on their anatomical shape |
|
| 41:49 | we might name these type of millions studies by their motive secretion. And |
|
| 41:53 | this would be an atomic classification right . All right. And again, |
|
| 41:57 | are something you're going to have to able to identify. And again, |
|
| 42:00 | this will be clear on the It's not gonna be. Here's a |
|
| 42:04 | thought. Hopefully you can understand what artist did. Alright, so the |
|
| 42:11 | not quack quack the tubes, the portion. They're either going to be |
|
| 42:15 | or they're going to be compound. , so a simple duct, |
|
| 42:21 | Is basically a single long un So here you can see simple |
|
| 42:25 | You can be simple. There's simple there. See how the duck doesn't |
|
| 42:29 | . The dark purple in these pictures the Messina. The light purple represent |
|
| 42:34 | ductwork down here. You can see . So here the artist did a |
|
| 42:40 | job. But what they're supposed to showing you is the branching. So |
|
| 42:43 | can see this is probably the best where you can see straight into the |
|
| 42:47 | . Branch. Branch here. It be going branch branch so on and |
|
| 42:51 | forth. So, there's like this branching that's taking place. This would |
|
| 42:57 | a compound duct. All right. artist in this picture. Did a |
|
| 43:04 | job. All right. So simple compound. All right. And then |
|
| 43:09 | Messina is going to be named either onions. Gonna be named in one |
|
| 43:13 | two ways by its shape by It can be tubular. Right? |
|
| 43:18 | when it's tubular, it's going to like the same width as the |
|
| 43:22 | So, you can see here very short duct. This long tubular hasina's |
|
| 43:27 | here is a simple duck. And look at the the casino. They're |
|
| 43:32 | like the tube right there elongate when rounded. We refer to them as |
|
| 43:38 | viola. Alright. So they're kind more like a shaped like a |
|
| 43:43 | All right. And that's what we're at there. That's Al viola. |
|
| 43:46 | then some of them some glands will a mix of both types. So |
|
| 43:51 | here, you can see there's a type right over there. That's the |
|
| 43:54 | Viola types. So it's tubular al , meaning it has both. All |
|
| 43:59 | . So when you look at a sometimes you'll hear, oh this is |
|
| 44:02 | tubular tubular valvular compound gland. So just telling you, oh, the |
|
| 44:08 | branch out and it's structurally it has tube shapes and it has these round |
|
| 44:16 | . All right. So while it really complex, all the person who's |
|
| 44:20 | is doing is describing the shape. it. The easier way to classify |
|
| 44:29 | things. And what we typically do is ask how does it secrete its |
|
| 44:36 | ? It has one of three different of secretion. We're just gonna walk |
|
| 44:40 | this one over here on the left the american style. All right |
|
| 44:44 | what you're doing is you're producing a you're putting an investigation and then that |
|
| 44:47 | moves upwards and merges with the plasma and releases that material out onto the |
|
| 44:53 | . Alright, So it's water plus . And all you're doing is you're |
|
| 44:57 | opening up and whatever's in the vestibule to the surface. Alright. So |
|
| 45:01 | it's secretion by exocet Asus. All . And that's what you're seeing |
|
| 45:06 | typically, these would be your lack glands and your salivary glands. What's |
|
| 45:09 | lack of your glands? Tears. . I think it's pretty watery. |
|
| 45:14 | tears watery. Yeah. Okay. about celebrating glenn? Is that pretty |
|
| 45:20 | ? Yes. Okay. So, will be 22 examples. All |
|
| 45:25 | Some of your sweat glands, ones the surface of the skin. Very |
|
| 45:29 | . These are included as american type . A pack Quran glands are a |
|
| 45:35 | bit different. All right. And gonna see they get really different here |
|
| 45:39 | just seconds apart. Quran. you create those vesicles and those vesicles |
|
| 45:44 | to the surface, but they don't up to the surface instead, they |
|
| 45:47 | pinched off. So, now, you have is you basically have a |
|
| 45:51 | membrane structure. Right. So you the plasma membrane that got pinched off |
|
| 45:56 | the vesicles decided all right. this would be a perfect example of |
|
| 46:01 | african. Grand is a mammary So, the milk that's being produced |
|
| 46:06 | pretty pretty familiar with milk. I mean, does the body |
|
| 46:11 | You whole milk. I'm using cows example. I'm not talking human |
|
| 46:15 | You're probably not real familiar with human . Okay. But cow milk, |
|
| 46:21 | milk, rat milk. Human It's all basically the same thing. |
|
| 46:24 | a whole bunch of fat plus stuff it. Right. And what you're |
|
| 46:28 | is you're literally taking bubbles of Right. That's plasma membrane and surrounding |
|
| 46:33 | around proteins and that stuff is being . Okay, so you're pitching off |
|
| 46:40 | of the cell as you go 3rd type. Really weird. This |
|
| 46:46 | the holocaust. Alright, now you're with harlequin glance because you've all gone |
|
| 46:50 | puberty and you woke up that I remember that morning you woke up |
|
| 46:53 | there was that big holes in the of your forehead, that big old |
|
| 46:56 | head that looked like mount Vesuvius, to erupt you frown and you could |
|
| 47:00 | see it quiver, you know what talking? Right? That big old |
|
| 47:06 | head is a is a result of type of secretion holocron. So here |
|
| 47:13 | glands are and sebaceous glands are the , what they do is they produce |
|
| 47:19 | product but they don't secrete, it gets stored up inside the cell and |
|
| 47:24 | the cell gets completely full it begins expand and then it basically pops it |
|
| 47:31 | itself and all that material gets Alright, so this is primarily oils |
|
| 47:36 | stuff like that. Now, when think about is it basically what you |
|
| 47:39 | is you have a structure that has whole bunch of these cells at the |
|
| 47:42 | of it and when you have a of dirt that oil can't get to |
|
| 47:46 | surface. So it gets compacted in and then bacteria coming along. Oh |
|
| 47:50 | dinner and that's when you get that ugly white head. So the whitehead |
|
| 47:54 | is not this but it's the stuff makes your skin shiny and it's what |
|
| 47:59 | your hair greasy when you don't wash . Alright. And the materials that |
|
| 48:04 | security here are antibacterial and antiviral and sorts of fun cool things. And |
|
| 48:09 | wash it off at least once a . Kind of cool or bad. |
|
| 48:12 | don't know whatever you want. You nicer but you make yourself susceptible to |
|
| 48:17 | sorts of horrible things. But you kill the horrible things that you |
|
| 48:21 | All right. So can you identify three different types of secretion? Well |
|
| 48:27 | this very second. Right? But crane watery released by the sell through |
|
| 48:33 | psychosis. Cochran pinching off parts of cell. American cell explodes and has |
|
| 48:39 | be regenerated. New new cell takes place. Okay, that's the easy |
|
| 48:46 | . All right, so that's epithelial . Let's run through the connective |
|
| 48:52 | How are we doing on time Of course because I took my sweet |
|
| 48:55 | walking through all that stuff. All , speed it up a little bit |
|
| 49:00 | . I'll start talking like an Alright. Where I can do that |
|
| 49:05 | the way. Well not like an . Exactly. But I get talky |
|
| 49:09 | fast. Alright, so the connective that are the most abundant tissues in |
|
| 49:14 | body. They're all over the They have different types of compositions. |
|
| 49:18 | have different variety of sales depending upon type of organs you're looking at. |
|
| 49:22 | right. There primary functions across all tissues will fall in one of these |
|
| 49:27 | . Or maybe share some of these . They play their own protection and |
|
| 49:32 | . This is both a physical protection well as an immunological protection. They |
|
| 49:37 | a role in supporting structures. binding things together. Hence the name |
|
| 49:43 | . Right. They may play a in storage. Think fat. They |
|
| 49:47 | a role in moving things around the . Transportation. Think blood. All |
|
| 49:52 | . So, we have some unique of things that are a tissue. |
|
| 49:57 | do some really unique things. the reason all the connective tissues are |
|
| 50:02 | tissues because they all have the same . Alright. They originated from the |
|
| 50:07 | sort of embryonic tissue. And then became all these unique things. |
|
| 50:12 | all connective tissues produce something called ground . All right. Now, if |
|
| 50:19 | looking at this picture up here and trying Well, where's the ground |
|
| 50:21 | It's all the stuff that's not Alright, so, see all this |
|
| 50:26 | . It's not really space. But can't draw it. So, microscopic |
|
| 50:30 | other structures. It is a non material. The cells themselves, with |
|
| 50:35 | exception of blood produce their ground Alright, blood does not produce his |
|
| 50:42 | ground substance. Alright. And so we say is that the environment in |
|
| 50:48 | the cells are found in this We have different cells. You can |
|
| 50:52 | we have different types of cells The ground substance and the protein fibers |
|
| 50:56 | the cells themselves also produce make up matrix in which that sell or that |
|
| 51:03 | tissue exists. Alright, so this what is referred to as the |
|
| 51:08 | Is. The extra cellular matrix is term that you'll hear over and over |
|
| 51:11 | . This extra cellular matrix. Maybe . Alright, So, it could |
|
| 51:15 | watery. That's blood, but blood not produce its own matrix. It's |
|
| 51:20 | the weird exception. But it can viscous in nature. It can be |
|
| 51:23 | solid in nature. Think of cartilage it can be solid in nature like |
|
| 51:30 | . All right now, what is the ground substance? Proteome blackens. |
|
| 51:34 | to be confused with glycoprotein. Same rodeo proteins like cans, sugars. |
|
| 51:44 | , protein sugars are not sugar right? It's like carbohydrates versus |
|
| 51:50 | You eat carbohydrates, you do not higher hydrocarbons. That would be |
|
| 51:56 | You know, hydrocarbon is right? right. So, this down here |
|
| 52:03 | an example of what this ground of . So here you can see there |
|
| 52:08 | fibers. You can see this structure here. That would be the proteome |
|
| 52:12 | can. It's attached to it are whole bunch of little tiny proteins called |
|
| 52:16 | Minogue, like cans. So you can see sugar amino acids |
|
| 52:21 | you know? So, it's basically you have is an environment that has |
|
| 52:24 | whole bunch of sugars. A whole of sugars like to attract a whole |
|
| 52:26 | of water and that's what gives the substance that watery appearance. It basically |
|
| 52:32 | water in play. And so that's connective tissues are kind of squishy with |
|
| 52:37 | exception of bone, which is pretty . All right. And there's some |
|
| 52:42 | adhesion proteins that are associated in here basically buying these things and hold it |
|
| 52:46 | together. Alright, So by nature looks like it's an empty space but |
|
| 52:52 | a whole bunch of stuff in there you can't see. All right now |
|
| 52:59 | connective tissue has its own unique resident . Alright, so they have their |
|
| 53:05 | specific kind of cell. So depending which type of cell you're looking |
|
| 53:09 | So we have we're gonna we have tissue proper cartilage and bone. The |
|
| 53:13 | of primary cell that's going to be in connective tissue proper is the fiber |
|
| 53:17 | . And the fiber site where I blast and sight. Those are just |
|
| 53:21 | about the same cell at different stages development. A fiber blast is an |
|
| 53:26 | , sell it basically secretes matrix and it stops secreting matrix it matures and |
|
| 53:32 | a site of fiber site. Does make sense? So you start off |
|
| 53:36 | a fiber blast then you become a site. Alright if you're in the |
|
| 53:41 | , you're a condo blast. You matrix then you become mature, you |
|
| 53:45 | a condo site, you're no longer matrix. Alright. And then if |
|
| 53:49 | bone the bone sell the thing that's the matrix is called osteoblasts. And |
|
| 53:56 | once it matures and the matrix stops stop screaming matrix, you become an |
|
| 54:01 | site. Alright. So the three cells. So when you see |
|
| 54:06 | fibroblasts or osteoblasts or their site versions should automatically tell you what type of |
|
| 54:11 | you're in in terms of the big . But then there's other types of |
|
| 54:17 | . All right. So for you have a tapas. It's a |
|
| 54:19 | . Sites are fat cells. They appear in small clusters in any of |
|
| 54:23 | tissues. Well, really primarily in tissue proper. But if you get |
|
| 54:27 | whole bunch of fat cells that make that tissue, you're no longer called |
|
| 54:31 | tissue proper. Well you are a of connective tissue proper. But you |
|
| 54:35 | are an adipose tissue which is a of connective tissue. Right? So |
|
| 54:40 | the dominant cell becomes at a post out of post issue mesenchymal cells. |
|
| 54:46 | are the stem cells of connective So you'll find them all over the |
|
| 54:50 | . Alright, primarily early on in . There are fewer and fewer and |
|
| 54:53 | between. But when you're looking at of the connective tissue properties. You'll |
|
| 54:56 | . Mesenchymal cells there and then you immunity sites, immune insights is a |
|
| 55:00 | word for saying immune cells. And are different types of immune cells. |
|
| 55:05 | can actually reside within the tissue That means they're surveilling the area and |
|
| 55:11 | . It's like putting a police department the neighborhood and that's where they the |
|
| 55:16 | hang out and stay. Or you the migrating ones, the nonresident communist |
|
| 55:23 | . And these are more like patrol . They just kind of go through |
|
| 55:26 | neighborhood checking is everything. Okay? , cool. I'm gonna head over |
|
| 55:29 | the next neighborhood and see what's going . So the resident or wanders. |
|
| 55:33 | if they become stimulated, what they're do is we're gonna alert the immune |
|
| 55:36 | to then deal with whatever the problem that they were activated for now, |
|
| 55:44 | other thing about this is that where looked at the potential. I mean |
|
| 55:46 | saw the cells in direct contact connective . The cells are not in direct |
|
| 55:51 | with each other. In fact, usually fairly well separated because of the |
|
| 55:55 | that's around them. So I just of amplified this picture just to kind |
|
| 56:03 | give you that kind of that All right now, this is a |
|
| 56:07 | tissue proper. So boning and and um cartilage look rather different than |
|
| 56:14 | But you can kind of see here a whole bunch of fibers in |
|
| 56:17 | Right? And so the fibers that focusing on our college in particular and |
|
| 56:21 | fibers. Alright. So collagen fibers the things that kind of hold everything |
|
| 56:27 | . All right. They're typically on . They're fairly strong. Their resistance |
|
| 56:30 | stretching. Um they make up about of your body's proteins. Collagen is |
|
| 56:36 | . Alright then we have a particular . These are the ones that have |
|
| 56:39 | glycoprotein. And they're the ones that of create this network surrounding, creating |
|
| 56:45 | that ground substance. All right. tough and flexible, but they're not |
|
| 56:49 | big. So they're they're much much . And very often when you're talking |
|
| 56:54 | certain organs like the spleen and the and stuff there, the structure on |
|
| 57:00 | these organs are built. So in words, once you if you could |
|
| 57:03 | take the organ and dip it in solution that caused all the cells to |
|
| 57:06 | up, you'd end up with like network of particular fibers. That would |
|
| 57:10 | the connective tissue. All right. then you have elastic fibers. |
|
| 57:16 | that's like the brown ones here. basically these are really stretchy. Their |
|
| 57:20 | even tells you the kind of You're familiar with the elastic fibers. |
|
| 57:23 | mean, you can do this with ear, right? And it kind |
|
| 57:26 | bounces right back. Does it doesn't stay down. You can do this |
|
| 57:29 | day long. It's a lot of , right? If you are |
|
| 57:33 | like Samantha from Bewitched, you can your nose because there's elastic fibers and |
|
| 57:39 | that. All right. So, allow uh you know, connective tissues |
|
| 57:44 | bend out of place and bounce right in. But what I want to |
|
| 57:48 | you with this picture, if you see look we have cells. We've |
|
| 57:51 | different types of cells. Mesenchymal cells are the pink ones here. The |
|
| 57:55 | ones are the purple ones here. are fibroblasts, the yellow ones over |
|
| 58:00 | . They represent your added besides. here there's a big giant macrophage representing |
|
| 58:04 | immune inside. And so you can you can see the cells really aren't |
|
| 58:08 | each other, are they? They're kind of everywhere. And that most |
|
| 58:12 | the space if you're able to cram the solids together, you'd end up |
|
| 58:16 | a whole bunch of empty space which at ground substance which is really just |
|
| 58:20 | glucose amino black hands holding things So connective tissue proper. We're gonna |
|
| 58:31 | with the big class. The most class one. When you think of |
|
| 58:35 | tissue is probably what you think of as loose connective tissue. Why do |
|
| 58:39 | think they call it loose connective Look at the pictures and tell me |
|
| 58:46 | why is it loose? Yeah. , cells aren't tightly packed. Well |
|
| 58:53 | adipose tissue is tightly packed but under microscope, what would happen is you |
|
| 58:57 | adipose tissue? You put it on slide, you dehydrate it. In |
|
| 59:01 | words you take out all the water then it looks like you have a |
|
| 59:03 | bunch of space. Which is why falls into the category of loose. |
|
| 59:07 | . But otherwise it's loose. I look there's lots of space in |
|
| 59:11 | Alright. Lots of space. And you counted the the adipose cells, |
|
| 59:17 | of space. So hence the Alright, I'm gonna jump over a |
|
| 59:20 | and then we'll come back. These called dense connective tissues. Why are |
|
| 59:25 | dense connective tissue jam close together. you see how silly it is? |
|
| 59:33 | that there's not a lot of deep in terms when you look at the |
|
| 59:38 | , it's not like, what profound did they name this dense connective? |
|
| 59:43 | all the cells are clos luce close together. All right. So |
|
| 59:50 | loose connective tissue. Few cells. fibers are all over the place. |
|
| 59:55 | fibers are irregularly arranged. Kind of holding things together. Lots and lots |
|
| 60:00 | ground substance and they surround support and uh tissues and organs and tissues. |
|
| 60:08 | . Right? There are three This is the areola. All right |
|
| 60:13 | a post which we've talked about, is the fat. And in particular |
|
| 60:17 | are the things that make up the on which organs are built. |
|
| 60:23 | so this is the one we think when we think connective tissue, we |
|
| 60:26 | about this. It's on which things built, right? Like when you |
|
| 60:29 | of the epithelium. It's on top aerial or connective tissue right out of |
|
| 60:34 | . Pat in particular. This is of connective tissues on which the organs |
|
| 60:40 | built. That's your loose connective dense connective tissues. again, you |
|
| 60:48 | see the cells are very, very together. Um There's lots and lots |
|
| 60:53 | fibers that are densely packed in I should have pointed out the cells |
|
| 60:57 | close together. It's the fibers that close together. Look at the |
|
| 61:01 | You can see their nuclear. They're and far between their cell. There's |
|
| 61:04 | there's a cell. This is a bit harder to see. You can |
|
| 61:09 | this right here is the epithelium this here. That's the connective tissue. |
|
| 61:16 | , So actually, I'm sorry. muscle. That's connective tissue right |
|
| 61:22 | All right. So, what are dealing with here? All right. |
|
| 61:25 | a lot of ground stuff. Since has been kind of pushed out of |
|
| 61:27 | way we have dense regular. We dense, irregular. Then we have |
|
| 61:31 | elastic tissue. All right. You see why is this called regular? |
|
| 61:36 | all the fibers move in the same . Regular. Because the fibers don't |
|
| 61:41 | in the same direction. They're kind pointing in different directions. So, |
|
| 61:45 | create this irregular pattern. All In these cases, the dominant part |
|
| 61:52 | the collagen fibers down here. When dealing with elastic tissue. The elastic |
|
| 61:57 | is there to stretch and bring that back into its original shape. The |
|
| 62:03 | that they're showing you here happens to of an artery near the heart. |
|
| 62:07 | , when the blood pressure, the creates pressure to dry the blood |
|
| 62:11 | The blood pressure causes the blood vessels expand and then as the blood |
|
| 62:15 | it returns back to its original Alright, so that would be with |
|
| 62:19 | elastin fibers. But the elastin fibers all moving in the same direction around |
|
| 62:23 | blood vessel, so they stretch like rubber band in unison. Okay, |
|
| 62:32 | jumping away from the connective tissue proper here to cartilage. All right here |
|
| 62:37 | have a matrix that is semi That's what all this dark purple stuff |
|
| 62:42 | . All right. You can see here um It's these you can see |
|
| 62:46 | fibers that are really, really tight and then down here in the fiber |
|
| 62:49 | , you can see these larger fibers in the same direction. But you |
|
| 62:54 | kind of see here is a little cells harder to see the cells in |
|
| 62:57 | one, but the cells are pretty because this is a much better |
|
| 63:00 | Alright, so the cell type that's here is the Kandra site and the |
|
| 63:04 | blast. The condor blast. Makes matrix. Once the matrix is |
|
| 63:08 | it makes it all directions. And Congress sites have pushed far enough apart |
|
| 63:12 | they can't create any more matrix, differentiate become Kander sites and their job |
|
| 63:16 | to maintain the matrix. Alright, the countryside is a mature form. |
|
| 63:21 | blast is the immature form. There no blood vessels within cartilage fluid and |
|
| 63:28 | materials can move through the matrix just because it's not dense. It just |
|
| 63:32 | like it's dense. Alright? It's solid. If you grab cartilage, |
|
| 63:37 | can squeeze it. You guys have eaten chicken. You pulled out that |
|
| 63:40 | old ligament. You know, it's that, right? You can squeeze |
|
| 63:45 | and water comes out in this case usually fat, but you know, |
|
| 63:49 | done that. Yeah, you can and that's that's basically water because there |
|
| 63:54 | space in there. It's just hard see in these pictures. All |
|
| 63:58 | They're very flexible and they're more flexible bone but they are also strong. |
|
| 64:03 | right. You're all familiar with your , right? So up here, |
|
| 64:07 | a bone. But as I move , that's cartilage, it's bendy. |
|
| 64:14 | different types of cartilage will go into in more detail when we get to |
|
| 64:19 | bone structures, but we have highland . When you think of cartilage. |
|
| 64:23 | is typically what you think of. can see right there. There's that |
|
| 64:26 | . We also have elastic cartilage already you in your ear. That's gonna |
|
| 64:30 | elastic cartilage allows your ear to bend flip flops and stuff like that. |
|
| 64:35 | then we have fiber cartilage. This more of a fibers are going in |
|
| 64:39 | same direction. That's very, very . You find it between the vertebrae |
|
| 64:43 | it's basically the bones sit on top this cartilage and it absorbs the compression |
|
| 64:48 | you walk and move around. jumping the other direction, we go |
|
| 64:55 | to the connective tissue proper. Here's I separated from the other ones so |
|
| 64:59 | you can clearly see how different it . This is a fluid connective |
|
| 65:04 | Lymph also falls in this category. and lymph. It's really plasma. |
|
| 65:08 | for the same thing, the difference plasma and lymph is its location and |
|
| 65:12 | cells that are found in it. has four plasma has red blood cells |
|
| 65:16 | white blood cells. Lymph has no . All right. But it's the |
|
| 65:20 | fluid. All right. So, has what are called form elements. |
|
| 65:25 | don't really call themselves. And there's there's a lot of reasons why I'm |
|
| 65:29 | going to get into it. these are your red blood cells, |
|
| 65:31 | white blood cells known as lymphocytes and sites as well as the platelets which |
|
| 65:35 | parts of cells which these little tiny dots in this picture, you see |
|
| 65:40 | tiny purple dots. Those are the , their parts themselves. Alright. |
|
| 65:45 | ground substance that makes up the blood is called plasma. That plasma when |
|
| 65:50 | goes into the lymphatic system is now renamed lymph. All right. So |
|
| 65:56 | it arises from the blood. Doesn't have cells. It lacks |
|
| 66:00 | It's basically a collection depot to move that shouldn't be in your body back |
|
| 66:06 | the bloodstream. Um So that it be taken care of by the immune |
|
| 66:11 | . That's it in a nutshell. , back to the supporting connective |
|
| 66:18 | Alright, this is a connective tissue . It is bone. Bone is |
|
| 66:23 | living tissue. It is not dead . It's not just some structure that's |
|
| 66:28 | and happens to be in your Alright. It's made up of the |
|
| 66:31 | type of matrix that made up But then you add in some other |
|
| 66:36 | called calcium salt that gives it. rigidity. Alright, so all these |
|
| 66:42 | tiny black circles, not the big ones with the little tiny things. |
|
| 66:46 | are the cells in the bone So they start off as osteoblasts. |
|
| 66:52 | build their matrix and then when they build it any further, they mature |
|
| 66:56 | become osteo sites and they sit in matrix making sure the matrix is sustained |
|
| 67:02 | maintained. All right, So, bone itself. So, these structures |
|
| 67:09 | here, that's where we're gonna find their blood vessels and nerves. Have |
|
| 67:12 | ever been kicked in the shin? it hurt? It hurts because you |
|
| 67:16 | nerves to feel the damage. so, it tells you there's nerves |
|
| 67:20 | , there's blood vessels. You have have blood vessels because you want to |
|
| 67:23 | those cells alive. And so the from the blood, get to those |
|
| 67:27 | through these little tiny passageways, which learn about all later. Mhm. |
|
| 67:35 | tissue. This is one slide. . There are three types of muscle |
|
| 67:40 | . All right now. These are . I'll cells. They have unique |
|
| 67:44 | . They produce different types of movements skeletal muscles. Really about locomotion, |
|
| 67:49 | muscles, about pumping or creating a like action of the heart so that |
|
| 67:54 | can propel blood. And then you have smooth muscles, smooth muscles found |
|
| 67:58 | the digestive system, in the vascular . Anyplace where you have materials that |
|
| 68:03 | to be moved through the body. what they do is they help propel |
|
| 68:06 | move and mix that material um as being propelled through the body. So |
|
| 68:11 | . Don't just think of local It's different types of movement. |
|
| 68:15 | The reason that they're able to do is because they have these unique side |
|
| 68:18 | skeletal elements. So when we talked acting, action plays a role in |
|
| 68:23 | and it's how it interacts with other of skeletal elements to create a contraction |
|
| 68:28 | those cells. So, the three are skeletal muscle that's locomotion. Cardiac |
|
| 68:33 | , that's found only in the heart then smooth muscle. These are found |
|
| 68:36 | your round um organs or the tube . Alright. Anything that's a tube |
|
| 68:43 | smooth muscle in it. Also your allowing you to focus. Alright, |
|
| 68:48 | away your site, far side. smooth muscle. Actually, I take |
|
| 68:53 | back the amount of light into your . I need to be paying attention |
|
| 68:57 | what I'm saying. All right, tissue. There's only two types |
|
| 69:04 | Two types of cells. This is major component of the nervous system. |
|
| 69:07 | have neurons, neurons are like the . Their specialized nerve cells. Their |
|
| 69:11 | is to process information. So they information they process and they send |
|
| 69:17 | Their support cells are called glial Glial literally means glue. So when |
|
| 69:22 | first we're digging into the brain and to figure out how it works. |
|
| 69:25 | recognize, oh these cells are here hold everything together. So they call |
|
| 69:29 | glial cells. There's a whole bunch different types of glial cells. They |
|
| 69:32 | not play a role in nerve Their job is to make sure that |
|
| 69:36 | do their job. Is there a ? No, it isn't. It's |
|
| 69:41 | a nervous neural in origin. So tissues are mesenchymal or from the Mezzanine |
|
| 69:47 | . That's why they kind of stepped . That's why we look at blood |
|
| 69:51 | go why? Why is blood connective doesn't hold anything together. It's because |
|
| 69:56 | its origin. So very often these are named for their origins. That's |
|
| 70:01 | good question. It behaves like a tissue, but it's not How we |
|
| 70:07 | . We got 10 minutes. I I'm going to actually finish. All |
|
| 70:12 | . So, those are the different of tissues. You need to |
|
| 70:15 | You need to be able to identify four of them on the exam, |
|
| 70:19 | identify for remember what for which are three symbols And stratified squamous. That's |
|
| 70:29 | all you got to be able to . It Kind of makes it |
|
| 70:33 | All right. So, what I do is I want to talk about |
|
| 70:37 | repair and I'm gonna use the last of slides or vocabulary. So, |
|
| 70:40 | this won't take very very long. I mentioned, all the all the |
|
| 70:49 | in your body with very few exceptions capable of repair. All right. |
|
| 70:54 | other words, regenerating themselves. There some exceptions to that rural or some |
|
| 70:59 | extreme exceptions. And so, what can do is when we say when |
|
| 71:03 | looking at a tissue, how does go about repairing itself? Alright, |
|
| 71:07 | , it depends on what's there. off, we have method of |
|
| 71:11 | Regeneration simply is taking the destroyed Getting rid of it and replacing with |
|
| 71:16 | exact same type of tissue. All . This is going to restore organ |
|
| 71:22 | . The other type is fibrosis. hear what you do is you take |
|
| 71:26 | tissue that was damaged to remove it replace it with fibers, fibers, |
|
| 71:30 | primarily connective tissue, collagen and And so this is going to give |
|
| 71:35 | a scar tissue. Alright? You structural restoration. See, we closed |
|
| 71:40 | everything. But you do not get same function. All right. I |
|
| 71:46 | this lecture Once a student came up me when I was a kid. |
|
| 71:49 | hit me in the head with a . I was like what he's like |
|
| 71:54 | , I got hit in the What happened in my head? I |
|
| 71:58 | well what happened was primarily fibrosis and nerve fibers worked around where the damage |
|
| 72:04 | , right? So where you had that couldn't replace themselves, you basically |
|
| 72:08 | the cells. And then the fibrous comes in and creates a mesh work |
|
| 72:12 | a network to kind of fill the . And that's why you have like |
|
| 72:16 | his case why he had that fibrous in his brain. But for |
|
| 72:21 | the more familiar one is like what see in the picture up here where |
|
| 72:24 | see a scar, right? If cut myself and it's a small |
|
| 72:27 | it repairs itself and I can't Right? So what I did is |
|
| 72:31 | basically it was a superficial cut. I had superficial regeneration that took |
|
| 72:37 | right? But if I get a cut and again this is an actress |
|
| 72:41 | makeup. So you know um if a deep cut there's gonna be repair |
|
| 72:47 | both fibrous and then it's gonna be by a layer of regenerating cells which |
|
| 72:52 | be the epithelium in this particular Right. Alright. So depending on |
|
| 72:57 | you are, what type of tissue and the severity is what you're going |
|
| 73:00 | be using. So regeneration was on , right to create the surface and |
|
| 73:08 | the fibrous tissue underneath is basically I'm to hold these things together. So |
|
| 73:11 | connective tissue didn't regenerate it reorganized with fibers um Using fibrosis. Now how |
|
| 73:19 | all works. This is going to using damaged skin. So, we're |
|
| 73:22 | with two different types of tissues Alright, So we have four basic |
|
| 73:28 | that you're going to see when you're with wound healing first. It's gonna |
|
| 73:31 | an inflammatory response. What's happening is you damage that means something has penetrated |
|
| 73:36 | probably harm cells and probably allowed foreign to come in. So, that's |
|
| 73:41 | to attract the attention of the immune . And they're going to come to |
|
| 73:46 | location. They're gonna start dealing with damaged tissue and any sort of pathogen |
|
| 73:50 | may have penetrated. All right. there was a cut blood vessel, |
|
| 73:54 | is going to move into the wound well. All right. And so |
|
| 73:57 | trying to show up here. I know where the blood vessel is, |
|
| 73:59 | you can see, okay, blood moved to this area, filled up |
|
| 74:02 | spot and then there are proteins within blood naturally there that are gonna cause |
|
| 74:08 | blood that has flowed in the wound seal the area off and saying nothing |
|
| 74:13 | is allowed in here. So, have fluids moving in. That's gonna |
|
| 74:18 | the inflammation. That's gonna bring with . The immune insights and then the |
|
| 74:21 | is going to seal off at the to prevent things from coming in. |
|
| 74:25 | , that's what a scab does. basically creates a seal from where the |
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| 74:29 | to the external environment. That would the second step is the formation of |
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| 74:33 | clot. All right. So, that sealing it off. All |
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| 74:37 | Now, the immune sites begin Any sort of thing that's broken damaged |
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| 74:41 | it shouldn't be There starts getting destroyed the immune of sites. Right. |
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| 74:45 | their job. So, a little on, a couple of minutes, |
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| 74:53 | days later, you're gonna get signals are going to cause the blood vessels |
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| 74:57 | start growing and penetrating into that This is called um angiogenesis. All |
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| 75:05 | now, the reason you're doing this like making roads into the area so |
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| 75:09 | you can deliver the materials you need . Alright, so, you're going |
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| 75:14 | regrow those blood vessels, moving the vessels in fibroblasts are gonna migrate into |
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| 75:21 | area and then they're gonna start laying fibers. Now. Again, they're |
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| 75:28 | to match structure, but if there's lot of damage, there's not a |
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| 75:30 | of structure to match too. they're gonna be laying down fibers in |
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| 75:34 | way they can. There are still be immuno sites, primarily macrophages. |
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| 75:40 | come in and start removing any of damaged tissue along the way. |
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| 75:45 | while we initially brought in immuno these are sitting around going OK, |
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| 75:49 | let's help the process along by removing by the fourth stage. This is |
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| 75:56 | the epithelial cells. So, notice we have. We have epithelial cells |
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| 75:59 | and epithelial cells there in between There is space, it's just |
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| 76:03 | they're not talking to each other so going to cause the epithelial cells to |
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| 76:07 | back together. So there's that regeneration taking place and what it's doing is |
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| 76:13 | place it's repairing the outer layers where epithelium is underlying it, where this |
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| 76:20 | tissue is. In this case, that fibrous growth. Alright, so |
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| 76:24 | there's a lot of damage you're gonna up with very little scar tissue. |
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| 76:27 | not gonna really appear that much, ? But if there's big damage where |
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| 76:31 | have lots of separation, that granule that's taking place isn't going to match |
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| 76:36 | surrounding connective tissue. And then the which is just growing over it is |
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| 76:40 | growing over the new shape that happens be there. Now the people in |
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| 76:44 | front row can look and see I've got this big beauty, see |
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| 76:47 | beautiful scar right down there. I talked about this. I did |
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| 76:50 | 20 ft face plant off a It was beautiful it's like a swan |
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| 76:55 | . Not on purpose. Alright. one jumps off a cliff on purpose |
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| 76:59 | you're in Mexico and there's water underneath right? I was climbing a mountain |
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| 77:03 | I know you want the story We're in Utah. I was hiking |
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| 77:08 | we're in this canyon and the trail and was just scrub this stuff was |
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| 77:12 | us and it wasn't fun, I hey I'm a billy goat, I |
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| 77:15 | to climb things. I will climb hill over here, this cliff face |
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| 77:18 | I will try to see where the is. It was stupid. So |
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| 77:22 | climb up there and look, there's there like I got to come down |
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| 77:25 | so I'm coming down and the first I did um is I'm coming down |
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| 77:32 | all fours like this backwards, which okay and I'm trying to get down |
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| 77:37 | a ledge, it's about this far from the bottom of my foot. |
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| 77:40 | only sits at about this far and 20 ft below me. So it's |
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| 77:43 | a big deal, but I started and when you slip, what do |
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| 77:46 | do? You panic? Right, the first thing I did is I |
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| 77:50 | slipping. Instead of just going like , I would have slid down and |
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| 77:53 | just fine. I was like, no ! And I grabbed the first |
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| 77:55 | that was near me which was a . The first thing they tell you |
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| 77:59 | do when you're climbing is don't grab green because you grab something green, |
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| 78:03 | gonna come out And that's what it . It came out and my life |
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| 78:06 | a cartoon. Mhm. Right, holding this plant. I remember to |
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| 78:11 | day is mormon tea and holding this and I'm looking at it going, |
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| 78:15 | plant is in my hand And then slowed down those six inches, hit |
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| 78:20 | little ledge propelled me forward and free . I became a tom petty |
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| 78:26 | And then I landed on my my face apparently. And I put |
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| 78:32 | big old giant hole in my which I'd be happy to show |
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| 78:35 | But it's right there and it's hard pull up your pants. All |
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| 78:38 | But that's an example of that Now, I know you guys are |
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| 78:41 | to get out of here. It's . I got three slides here. |
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| 78:43 | just had to the term that you to know and there's just three |
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| 78:47 | Trust me, it just takes more a minute. I'm sorry. Apoptosis |
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| 78:52 | it with me. Apoptosis Apoptosis. . I had a professor. If |
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| 78:57 | said it wrong, he got If you gave a talk, he |
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| 79:00 | stand up in the middle of the and saying that is not how you |
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| 79:03 | that word. Don't be such an . You do not want a professor |
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| 79:06 | you're trying to get your graduate calling you an idiot in front of |
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| 79:08 | the other professors. So it's It's not apoptosis, you will |
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| 79:14 | It's not apoptosis Apoptosis. Apoptosis is . Cell death basically. Cell suicide |
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| 79:21 | , not supposed to be there. comes along and says, hey, |
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| 79:24 | not supposed to be here, you die in a fire sale says yes |
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| 79:27 | . And it goes dies in a . All right. When you were |
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| 79:31 | , you had webs between your just like a frog. You do |
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| 79:36 | have that now. The reason you not have that now, Apoptosis. |
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| 79:41 | right. There's a whole cascade that donated tautology, tautology is self |
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| 79:47 | self eating. Right? And so is a way to take things that |
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| 79:51 | broken damage in the cell and destroy in a in a programmed way so |
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| 79:58 | materials don't go floating off and cause to the cell. Alright, |
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| 80:02 | this is a different type of of of dealing with damage within the |
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| 80:06 | This is primarily how you deal with or needed cells. Cancer cells, |
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| 80:10 | example. Alright. Three other Three terms here, atrophy. When |
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| 80:15 | sit on the sofa and do nothing watch youtube, you don't ever move |
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| 80:19 | muscles. Atrophy. Alright. what you're doing is a decrease in |
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| 80:24 | of an organ or tissue from lack normal stimulation muscles. An easy one |
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| 80:28 | think of If you get a cast I had when I took that cast |
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| 80:32 | on this arm, I had this skinny scrawny thing because I didn't use |
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| 80:36 | muscle on this side. I was , Popeye, because I did everything |
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| 80:39 | this hand. All right. Atrophy is when you see an increase in |
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| 80:44 | size of an organ or tissue from stimulation. So, when you work |
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| 80:48 | the muscle tissue is going through All right. Usually when you hear |
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| 80:54 | word hypertrophy, you think you hear in a negative connotation. So like |
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| 80:59 | are undergoing hyperplasia as well as Things are growing getting bigger. All |
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| 81:06 | . So hyperplasia. Just localized acceleration growth during puberty. Your cells were |
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| 81:12 | plastic. Alright. They were multiplying dividing. So when the cells get |
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| 81:18 | , that's hype that's hypertrophy. When dividing quickly. That's hyperplasia. But |
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| 81:24 | when you hear both, those terms used in a negative way as opposed |
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| 81:28 | their strict definition. Okay, lastly is the last slide has to do |
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| 81:33 | stem cells. All right. Because gonna be dealing with tissues and how |
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| 81:37 | grow and stuff. Stem cells are that give rise to all the other |
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| 81:41 | in the body. They have unlimited my atomic ability. And typically what |
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| 81:45 | doing is they are differentiating or creating differentiated descendant. Alright. And so |
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| 81:51 | can happen. One of two ways cell divides. Right? So this |
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| 81:55 | asymmetric. One cell remains as a cell. The other one is the |
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| 81:59 | that differentiate and continues to migrate away change or differentiate into the future |
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| 82:07 | Alright. So that way you can and repurpose or keep a pool of |
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| 82:12 | to allow this to happen to to . We'll see this in skin. |
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| 82:18 | example, the cells that the basement doing this type of generation one stays |
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| 82:23 | kind of a stem cell. The commits and move forward. The other |
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| 82:27 | is the symmetrical basically stem cell divides you get to uncommitted. One will |
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| 82:33 | back to the stem, the other differentiates and becomes committed. So this |
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| 82:37 | just a way to ensure that you a continuous pool of cells that continue |
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| 82:43 | divide over and over and over Mhm. Test on thursday. Don't |
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| 82:51 | here, I won't be here. be a very cold and silent |
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| 82:56 | Okay. Have a great day and luck on the |
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