| 00:09 | okay, can everyone hear me and the screen? And I believe we |
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| 00:17 | recording. Yes. And so we're do this primer, you're going to |
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| 00:26 | johnny Bhattacharya coming right up in the future and he will go through a |
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| 00:33 | of the history of this and But as a sediment ologists, I |
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| 00:43 | it's hard for me to say that one thing because I've done quite a |
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| 00:46 | things in geology, but I I definitely have done bio strategic AFI |
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| 00:53 | have even have a specialty in bio AFI. But even as an |
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| 00:59 | I did sediment ology and worked on and but then I was a petroleum |
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| 01:11 | for for quite some time and worked operational groups and research and in technology |
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| 01:19 | the whole time doing that. Um I worked with paleontologists and bio strategic |
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| 01:27 | , like often was criticized as as focusing too much on the geology, |
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| 01:34 | the geology is what's really important, think um it's the answers that we |
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| 01:40 | in any of our tools about the history that are really important in uh |
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| 01:48 | soft rock geology. And of course rock geology gives you some really deep |
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| 01:55 | and even plate tectonic motions and that of thing. And basin development answers |
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| 02:02 | many questions. But but I think my career I spent a lot of |
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| 02:09 | looking at strata whether it was as petroleum geologist of at one point in |
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| 02:19 | , I did petroleum, petro I did a lot of developmental engineering |
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| 02:28 | even reservoir characterization, even taught a in it. But but all along |
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| 02:35 | is something that we saw before we told that it was actually a thing |
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| 02:39 | that was sequenced photography. I think of the biggest events uh and the |
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| 02:46 | of all this was when peter veil Exxon esso at the time actually was |
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| 02:55 | to get a lot of large regional scale, lot of regional scale two |
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| 03:03 | seismic lines that went along the the will dip of many of the world's |
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| 03:13 | margins and active margins. And they up with this thing called sequence photography |
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| 03:19 | because they could see things on a scale at a very small scale those |
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| 03:25 | us in academia and whatnot. And in the oil industry, we're focused |
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| 03:30 | closely on what a sequence was. esso was able through the data sets |
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| 03:38 | they had put together what a sequence was in terms of larger scale events |
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| 03:44 | the development of basins and also the to some extent of these events around |
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| 03:51 | world as they were affected by global level changes. And when it first |
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| 03:58 | out it was a little bit two that it was a a a replacement |
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| 04:08 | timing. And of course peter vale developed it said they could never do |
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| 04:12 | and he thought that ah RG a and bio geo chronology tools were very |
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| 04:20 | to make it work even better. as it turns out, he was |
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| 04:22 | on that just took a lot of photographers a long time to figure it |
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| 04:27 | . one of the goals was to all the nomenclature that we have in |
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| 04:33 | Afi but that seems to be a uh a bad thing to try to |
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| 04:40 | because the nomenclature is important. And on top of that sequence photography has |
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| 04:46 | an awful another layer or multiple layers nomenclature for us, trying to understand |
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| 04:53 | sediments are actually deposited in a basin time. In other words, the |
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| 04:58 | development of sedimentary fill in some of largest and even smallest basins around the |
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| 05:06 | . One of the funniest links that seen is later on, Some people |
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| 05:12 | Exxon mobil have tried to tie sequence rafi in the classical sense to lake |
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| 05:20 | . And it just doesn't work because are not controlled by sea level, |
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| 05:24 | way that the oceans are. But lot of the same processes are |
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| 05:32 | It's the it's the link to the um the total global response that we |
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| 05:38 | in the marine environment that's a little out of step in every single lake |
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| 05:43 | , It's definitely related because climate affects sea level and lake levels, but |
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| 05:50 | not direct, it's not a direct for one comparison. Likewise, the |
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| 05:56 | is um around basins in the world can be hi at one time, |
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| 06:04 | at another time or completely different styles Texan is um, which also have |
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| 06:08 | impact on this. Uh, some the additional books that you might want |
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| 06:14 | look at and I haven't recently looked our library, but our library has |
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| 06:18 | developing a lot of links to, online books and you might actually be |
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| 06:23 | to read some of these online and , this might be a page you |
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| 06:30 | to keep. I think johnny will give you some more information, but |
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| 06:34 | always helps to get different perspectives. , The top one, a lot |
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| 06:42 | people think is is juvenile in some , but it's not really, it's |
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| 06:50 | , it's really um, excuse not that one, the one down |
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| 06:55 | at the bottom, some people think juvenile, but I think it's because |
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| 07:00 | pictures are so easy to understand the book that came up here and I |
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| 07:06 | a lot of the people that worked that, we're thanks, it explains |
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| 07:13 | , but it's really hard to read and catch it. So if you |
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| 07:17 | want to try to get help with X class, my class and also |
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| 07:21 | own personal understanding of this because it's going to go away and it doesn't |
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| 07:27 | what kind of subsurface exploration you're doing sedimentary rocks, whether it's high hydrology |
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| 07:33 | hydrocarbons or medals or whatever that are sediments. This is, this is |
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| 07:38 | to be important stuff to know and one of my um favorite books of |
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| 07:46 | time, there was this one that's to be hard to get ahold of |
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| 07:49 | was a came out of a meeting Norway and then this one, the |
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| 07:55 | working in the North Sea, it's pitch, it's pretty thorough and pretty |
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| 08:02 | and gives you some workflows to think . But in some ways it expects |
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| 08:07 | photography to be too repetitive and too , too often, too many |
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| 08:12 | So you have to be careful with one of these things because after |
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| 08:18 | as geoscientists, we're trying to observe and the processes of nature. And |
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| 08:24 | look at the history of how those Phil basins in with sediments. So |
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| 08:31 | that I'm going to move on There's also a couple of web |
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| 08:35 | sc P. M. Strata started roots of it started with uh |
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| 08:45 | I think ST ST James, his british professor, he was also |
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| 08:52 | carbonated patrol adjust. But he he did a lot of work in |
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| 08:56 | photography. When he was at the of south Carolina, came there about |
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| 09:00 | time I was finishing my PhD, developed an online system not long |
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| 09:07 | So he's way ahead of the game he made some modeled movies and that |
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| 09:13 | of thing that helps you understand how systems tracks relate to one another and |
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| 09:19 | they relate to various areas upon which occurs or does not occur during those |
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| 09:26 | tracks, which we're going to be about really quickly. Some of you |
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| 09:30 | already know this and some you may . And even if even if you've |
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| 09:36 | with it before, there could be points that are confusing. I'm going |
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| 09:42 | just try to do a primary here kind of um, make sure you |
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| 09:46 | some of the nomenclature and Jonathan's gonna over a lot of the same slides |
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| 09:51 | with a lot more detail. And course the first question here is |
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| 10:02 | why do we have sequenced photography? not gonna write this, but but |
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| 10:05 | point is is that we can look an outcrop, we can see a |
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| 10:10 | of rocks and through time it starts the bottom it goes up and that |
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| 10:15 | itself is a sequence of rocks and is, it is capturing sequence strategic |
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| 10:21 | at a small finer scale. Why it was important was that on |
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| 10:27 | large scale, looking for areas that have both structural and um strata, |
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| 10:40 | traps. It became very important and think one of the most important things |
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| 10:45 | , and I figured this out. not sure everybody catches on. But |
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| 10:52 | , the idea that um a lot these systems remember I showed you earlier |
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| 10:58 | in the North sea, the maximum surfaces were ceiling, marine shale |
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| 11:08 | And uh if you have these types flooding surfaces, whether it's a maximum |
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| 11:14 | surface or a smaller scale flooding the sands above these and the sands |
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| 11:20 | these are almost always in different flow . And that right, there is |
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| 11:25 | to a petroleum engineer that's important to developmental geologist. That's important to an |
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| 11:31 | geologist. If he knows about I have talked to even As as |
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| 11:36 | ago or as recent as a year so ago, like maybe in 2019 |
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| 11:41 | saying that sequence fatigue rafi is not very good predictive tool. And anybody |
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| 11:46 | says that in my mind is not paying attention to what is helping us |
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| 11:53 | . And the other thing is, it made a tremendous leap in um |
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| 12:01 | helping us understand how to tie uh geology too. Seismic sections. And |
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| 12:10 | those of you, I think mac is the one geophysics we have in |
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| 12:17 | group. The fact that a lot the reflectors are related to ah the |
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| 12:25 | , the, the time of compaction aging. Amplification of the rock layer |
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| 12:33 | another rock layer often creates the contrast we see in seismic lines or the |
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| 12:39 | . And so when there's, when a nonconformity, for example, |
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| 12:44 | it's a it's a huge ringer because rocks below might be millions of years |
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| 12:52 | and more compacted than the ones above as we go through the strata, |
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| 12:56 | column, when we have more continuous . But one thing is for certain |
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| 13:02 | that we have continuous deposition almost nowhere the Earth's history. Uh huh. |
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| 13:10 | on what you can, you like if you if you look at |
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| 13:13 | at every half a million or whatever it might million years, it |
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| 13:18 | from that perspective it's continuous. But you look at it a finer |
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| 13:22 | there's always pulses of deposition and then station compulsive deposition and then a period |
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| 13:28 | cessation. So uh it's sort of punctuated thing, no matter where you |
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| 13:35 | around the world. Ah You it's obvious when we see a |
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| 13:40 | a landslide, that's an event. there's a pulse and there may not |
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| 13:44 | another pulse until there's another flood in in the catching drainage basin that feeds |
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| 13:52 | fan. Okay, so um it's a it's a very important thing |
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| 13:59 | it's primarily based on this thing called space and and what accommodation spaces |
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| 14:09 | you know, I hope they don't too simple. But but at the |
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| 14:14 | of the day, sediments are driven depositions driven by gravity and no matter |
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| 14:21 | it's transported and and sediments cannot fill hi, that can only fill in |
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| 14:31 | low so two to get sedimentation, have to have a low spot and |
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| 14:40 | in a very simple way of putting if there's a hole in the |
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| 14:44 | if it rains and particles are there be transported across it, they will |
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| 14:48 | it in. And that's about as as it can get. But these |
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| 14:53 | important aspects used to see which is global sea level plus subsidence. In |
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| 15:02 | words, if the change in sea , whether it's up or down ah |
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| 15:10 | which goes like this or uplift, goes like this, which is in |
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| 15:15 | equation there has parentheses ran it because a minus plus the change in |
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| 15:21 | And that's normally a positive thing as go through as we're buried deeper and |
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| 15:28 | rocks are very deeper and in the that it takes to get them buried |
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| 15:31 | also mm hmm Semente shin could arrest but but again, compaction is something |
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| 15:42 | , compaction is usually gonna is going add accommodation space. In other |
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| 15:48 | if I have sea level up I have a stack of sediments down |
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| 15:52 | on the sea floor. Through time going to compact and compact and that's |
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| 15:56 | to give us accommodation space. And to understand, used to see um |
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| 16:08 | don't know if I was slow or , but it took me a while |
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| 16:10 | figure out what this meant. And um because land goes up and down |
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| 16:20 | water goes up and down. The of those two things give us coastal |
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| 16:28 | lap or ah draw down and A loss of total loss of accommodation |
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| 16:37 | and base level dropping below the level the land. Uh So you can't |
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| 16:42 | the shorelines when people look at the line and try to tell you that |
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| 16:47 | levels rising really fast, you have make sure subsidence is not happening |
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| 16:52 | Um I I personally think, and haven't done a study on it, |
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| 16:58 | just from seeing things around the I think subsidence has a bigger impact |
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| 17:03 | most people like to admit. And partly because I've worked in areas where |
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| 17:11 | may get a meter of sediments deposited within the matter of a few |
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| 17:17 | that meter has been compacted To less 0.5 m. So you can get |
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| 17:21 | significant subsidence with plays once they start the water. Um But nevertheless, |
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| 17:30 | mm hmm, climate change and global level change is something that is |
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| 17:35 | But again, that's complicated too, terms of how it affects actually the |
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| 17:41 | and motions of the crust and how , the basins themselves, the whole |
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| 17:47 | responds to it because there's a lot strange balancing going on when ISIS sheets |
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| 17:53 | . Uh the kind of add in some cases, or take |
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| 17:58 | in other cases, accommodation space. . Um so, another thing that |
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| 18:09 | these sequences and accommodation space is going be sediment supply. Have you started |
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| 18:16 | it in? Start filling in that space, you lose it. And |
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| 18:22 | that accommodation is filled, ah In words, if I fill it |
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| 18:27 | you're going to have pretty much land several exposure and it's not going to |
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| 18:35 | covered again or have a new series deposits until you have sea level rise |
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| 18:42 | . So that would be a flooding , whether it's a maximum flooding surface |
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| 18:45 | a smalling flooding surface. And um have already talked about basically this accommodation |
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| 18:56 | , but your static sea level is . The tectonics can be varying, |
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| 19:06 | on a passive margin, a lot it is based on compaction and also |
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| 19:14 | cooling of the crust material. The crust that was formed. It's, |
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| 19:20 | going to be cooling in subside. uh I don't know if it's still |
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| 19:26 | seen a lot of papers recently, I saw some back when a lot |
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| 19:31 | geology was being done on the atlantic where as a passive margin, the |
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| 19:39 | coastal plain uh has not subsided like gulf of Mexico. But but every |
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| 19:47 | and then there's certain periods of time have been spurts of increased subsidence due |
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| 19:52 | thermal cooling of the crust that's Ah the atlantic coastal plain and the |
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| 20:00 | the continental shelf that at the break of the atlantic. It was |
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| 20:06 | it was very much a part of reporting system. And again, it |
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| 20:10 | a pleasure. Okay, and here a simple diagram to explain um what |
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| 20:18 | what I said and I think rather take a lot of time. I |
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| 20:21 | it would benefit you more. Uh sure you get some time to look |
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| 20:26 | this and make sure you understand this understand this diagram to what it's trying |
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| 20:31 | tell you here is, here's an of used to see here is a |
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| 20:38 | subsidence and here's what the net accommodation would be relative. That's fairly |
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| 20:44 | But make sure you understand ah that change through time and that's basically what |
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| 20:51 | photography is trying to figure out what is changing and how is it affecting |
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| 20:55 | architecture of the strata. And and , it all started from seismic photography |
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| 21:04 | what people were noticing in the seismic record is that some of these surfaces |
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| 21:14 | these were considered on conformity. And reason being is because there's truncation, |
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| 21:22 | perhaps a little channel in here, you've got truncation there and truncation |
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| 21:27 | Truncation there. This is, this on lap, this is down |
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| 21:31 | this is top lap up here, plain this to get something configured like |
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| 21:39 | , there most likely was this was flat surface at one time. But |
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| 21:46 | have to remember in terms of there's a little bit of missing time |
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| 21:52 | , but each one of these layers you can see cutting into here and |
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| 21:58 | on lap and here again, the lap are showing you different amounts of |
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| 22:04 | that are missing. In other whenever this un conformity happened, sea |
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| 22:09 | rose and hid in here first, it hit here, then it hit |
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| 22:14 | , then it hits up there. the time gap along this boundary, |
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| 22:19 | not a point in time, but a gap in time like this. |
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| 22:25 | at that diagram. And this general that we call lap out are these |
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| 22:34 | ways that we have these layered systems truncated by different systems. And these |
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| 22:42 | themselves would probably be this would be sure why it's numbered 123, but |
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| 22:48 | should have been the first one, second one, the third one or |
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| 22:51 | one's youngest and that one's oldest. what is showing you his deposition, |
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| 22:59 | , was filling in a basin in direction. Then it was filling a |
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| 23:03 | on a different level in this And then it got truncated again. |
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| 23:09 | , and it's it's being looks to like it's being off off on laptop |
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| 23:14 | the top side too. I And here is a close up of |
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| 23:22 | process of sequence photography. But we just looking at was a much bigger |
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| 23:27 | . But again, I don't know the scale and the distance between these |
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| 23:31 | is, but it's it's more than mile, I'm sure. And here's |
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| 23:37 | woodbine. And the thing is, that you can see, I hope |
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| 23:42 | can see that there's there's lap out here. And um, I'm pulling |
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| 23:49 | my master slides to try not I was going to see if there |
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| 23:55 | a zoom in on this, there a zoom in on this. but |
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| 23:58 | can see here that these beds are truncated in an up dip direction. |
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| 24:05 | this is an erosion of surface here this surface here is getting down |
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| 24:13 | So that was an erosion of surface . So what had to happen was |
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| 24:17 | level had to rise for this to to hear that I had to drop |
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| 24:22 | make this cut, then sea level again on top of it. So |
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| 24:26 | you can see that you used to is important. But in this instance |
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| 24:31 | looking at what we call coastal on , which if you have a lot |
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| 24:36 | subsidence and sea level stays the You'll get coast along that if you |
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| 24:42 | limited subsidence, then it's all related sea level rise. So with coastal |
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| 24:50 | lap, you have to be careful terms of what's going on with |
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| 24:56 | And so each one of these reflectors , these small reflectors suggests there's there's |
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| 25:06 | change in compaction and we know when have something going on like this, |
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| 25:12 | example, we have this wedge pro out and it was probably up at |
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| 25:16 | level all the way up here but eroded later on when sea level |
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| 25:21 | Um each one of these reflectors suggest there's bed boundaries like this, but |
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| 25:29 | often there's a flooding surface in between this gets deposited out and then there's |
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| 25:35 | deposition behind it until there's a flooding . And then the next one comes |
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| 25:40 | and then then you get a little and probably some subsidence and so sea |
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| 25:47 | rises back up and then gets pro out from the sediment supply. Make |
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| 25:52 | long story short sand stones between these are probably separated by some sort of |
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| 26:00 | grained flooded surface or what would be significant flow barrier. So, one |
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| 26:07 | things I was telling you about is terms of reservoir engineering, it's really |
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| 26:11 | to understand the way sediments are deposited sequences like this with a pulse of |
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| 26:19 | fills in the accommodation space, then flooding surface has to come back over |
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| 26:26 | of it to start it again because if there's missing section, there's no |
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| 26:31 | rocks can sit on a mid so they don't look like a wheeler |
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| 26:36 | . If you know what a wheeler is. Well, we'll be looking |
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| 26:39 | some of those in the future. again, a long story short, |
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| 26:44 | sandstone is probably separated from that sandstone this one vice versa. This is |
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| 26:51 | from that one which is separated from one. They're different genetic units and |
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| 26:57 | were deposited at different times and they have a flow barrier between them and |
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| 27:02 | course this is dips of going into a long strike into the, into |
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| 27:08 | computer screen and out of the computer you might have an extensive reservoir, |
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| 27:13 | in this direction the flow units should be connected. But one of the |
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| 27:18 | things a lot of engineers try to is correlate all the sandstone straight across |
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| 27:24 | though it's wind unit. Okay, a another thing um this is higher |
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| 27:36 | , but a long time ago, the expensive modern seismic that we have |
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| 27:45 | now usually doesn't look at this high stuff. And so quite often the |
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| 27:51 | things we can get for shallow penetration going to be older stuff. Because |
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| 27:57 | you're, if you're doing really good , uh, in the through and |
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| 28:05 | an oil company, you're looking for frequencies that can penetrate deeper and therefore |
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| 28:13 | don't even get a good record like near the surface. It's a lot |
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| 28:17 | times, it's pretty hazy and but, but this is showing you |
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| 28:23 | Valley when there was a sea level , uh you stopped getting deposition, |
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| 28:30 | not only that if sea level drops that raised surface along the coast, |
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| 28:37 | rain and erosion that ensues is going cut valleys into it, like the |
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| 28:43 | Bay, the Mississippi River Valley, these things when sea level was much |
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| 28:49 | , they cut down into the rock and now sea levels rose risen and |
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| 28:55 | been filling in with sediments. So what this is. And so early |
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| 28:59 | , after the drop down, you're to get sediments filling it in like |
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| 29:04 | real systems and this is a big valley that has multiple channel belts in |
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| 29:10 | , but eventually near the top, might start to get And here, |
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| 29:13 | course you did. You start getting deposits and tight, tight sand bodies |
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| 29:20 | moving in inland and being deposited. then eventually, like the Chesapeake |
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| 29:26 | you'll get shallow bay, You not much more than 15 2030 ft |
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| 29:32 | a lot of places, fine grained on the top that are flat, |
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| 29:36 | a lake. Okay. And this showing you against some high resolution stuff |
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| 29:43 | ground penetrating radar at this scale. can if you blew this slide |
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| 29:50 | you know, we go out of mode, you can see a lot |
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| 29:53 | the the layers, the bedding that's here, but the ground penetrating radar |
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| 29:59 | able to see it as well. so people can come across places like |
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| 30:05 | and figure out what's going on in of uh the deposition that's going on |
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| 30:11 | . And you can see there's been erosion along the top of that |
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| 30:16 | But by and large, a lot the strata intact. You can see |
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| 30:20 | , there's a break here that we're unit is on lapping onto that |
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| 30:24 | This one is probably on lapping to one and this one probably On lap |
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| 30:30 | . That and there's if if we older sediments sitting on top of |
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| 30:36 | you would see lap out or, truncation at the top of the things |
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| 30:44 | the way across this un conformity right because there's no deposition going on right |
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| 30:49 | . And how do we know? there's no lake right here and there's |
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| 30:52 | no ocean. Okay, so um back here of course is also called |
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| 31:02 | . And uh original truncation can look this. It can look many different |
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| 31:07 | because it depends on what the strata like over here. When you get |
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| 31:11 | down cut. Uh for example, here, if you start cutting into |
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| 31:18 | , you'll see a lot of lap into that truncation over here and these |
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| 31:23 | will be getting kind of sideswiped like right here, this is almost |
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| 31:28 | this little cut right in here that's in is almost parallel on this |
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| 31:34 | but it's truncating very clearly over on side. Okay, so again, |
|
| 31:42 | remember looking at this diagram and um remember when I looked at it, |
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| 31:52 | was looking at the whole picture and thought, you know, this program |
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| 31:57 | here, this looks like pro gradation this looks like pro gradation. Why |
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| 32:01 | this one top lap? Because down it looks like there's down lap and |
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| 32:06 | there, there is, there's um lap and up here, there's top |
|
| 32:12 | . So I had a hard time out what these were. But |
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| 32:15 | um this diagram is to show you top lap looks like and that's why |
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| 32:20 | highlighted, this is highlighted in a liner because this is down lap it's |
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| 32:25 | you down lap. But if there a heavy line up here or an |
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| 32:29 | of surface here and an erosion of down here, you would end up |
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| 32:34 | what we have over here, which called off lap where you have both |
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| 32:38 | lap and down left. And if we go back to this one |
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| 32:45 | , you can see top lap across , down lap there and so what |
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| 32:52 | getting and those sequences is awfully another that we see is on lap and |
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| 32:59 | lap is tilted like say a slope you might see in any basin and |
|
| 33:09 | level dropped to create this erosion will and you had lapping strata come up |
|
| 33:17 | this. And so whenever we see general thing, we call lap out |
|
| 33:23 | types of lap out that we get we see it climbing up like this |
|
| 33:28 | time. It means that sea level to create that surface and now sea |
|
| 33:33 | is rising to fill it in and should say, relative sea level because |
|
| 33:38 | relative to the surface and this would coastal on lap if there's been no |
|
| 33:44 | here and no tectonic subsidence or In other words, that this has |
|
| 33:48 | stable. This is would Would be the result of your static sea level |
|
| 34:00 | . Okay, And this is just a slide I got from uh Exxon |
|
| 34:07 | And and to me it's even more because there's a heavier line down here |
|
| 34:11 | a lighter line up there. But you can look at it and understand |
|
| 34:16 | it's trying to, trying to show another thing over here. It does |
|
| 34:21 | something that wasn't in the slide and was concordance and concordance is usually parallel |
|
| 34:30 | but it doesn't have to be You can see here for whatever reason |
|
| 34:34 | a bump there in the sediments. Most of the times when we see |
|
| 34:39 | like that, that's a bio Herman . And the bio thermal thing that |
|
| 34:44 | here may progress as sea level rises it keeps up with it or it |
|
| 34:50 | just stay the same. And this a matter of draping over structural high |
|
| 34:56 | things filling in downtown. And this course you can see it's all about |
|
| 35:03 | in the sides and draping over top whatever that basement high was here. |
|
| 35:09 | assuming the basement high was flat. you have something bio thermal that's allowing |
|
| 35:15 | to do this. And this is more complicated dr the thing about lap |
|
| 35:24 | . But but I like it because shows the timing of the events, |
|
| 35:28 | relative timing of the events in what was trying to uh I won't go |
|
| 35:32 | all of these but I think you look at them yourselves and kind of |
|
| 35:36 | an idea of of how this is because you're gonna need to know this |
|
| 35:43 | you start taking john X. Class here You can see we have tilted |
|
| 35:49 | . This would be an angular on for sure. But you have these |
|
| 35:52 | beds 12345 and then you started to down lap which from above which is |
|
| 35:59 | pro gradation. So sea level was on sea level dropped to get this |
|
| 36:06 | . In other words it was probably sea level then for the sediments to |
|
| 36:11 | filling in back here it had to below sea level. Or base level |
|
| 36:16 | be flu viel deposits coming in but the way it's highly angled |
|
| 36:22 | it looks more like pro gradation close ashore. And anyway you get pro |
|
| 36:29 | in in the the point I've made and I'll say it one more time |
|
| 36:32 | you can figure it out for yourself all of these. Is this un |
|
| 36:36 | right here, Skips at this it skips from unit 5 to |
|
| 36:44 | So that's a 25 unit brake in . You get down to here at |
|
| 36:49 | corner, it's 4-31, that's 27 break this corner right here. |
|
| 37:01 | that's gone up again. You we're going to be um 29 Uh |
|
| 37:08 | missing and here 1 - 33 it's to be 32 units missing in |
|
| 37:15 | So on a wheeler diagram this thing be expanding out like this in terms |
|
| 37:21 | how much time was missing. And diagram is when the vertical is in |
|
| 37:26 | and not in thickness or two way time either, which is related to |
|
| 37:38 | . And uh here are some other that you can look at and see |
|
| 37:44 | here we have concordance, but for reason this thing started to fill in |
|
| 37:49 | that. In other words, there a lot of accommodation space and it |
|
| 37:52 | filling in over this through this there wasn't enough sediment to fill it |
|
| 37:58 | the way up and then all of sudden there's less water and it's filling |
|
| 38:03 | a smaller part of that thing. just kind of look at these different |
|
| 38:08 | when you get a chance and here question. Sure. So, um |
|
| 38:13 | the diagram I'm seeing on top club the top club and the Angula |
|
| 38:20 | they look very similar, but the difference is the angle of deposition, |
|
| 38:26 | is dipping on towards the left like club, he said after this. |
|
| 38:32 | my question is, does the angle whether it's erosion, the angle of |
|
| 38:35 | position of the shorter being deposited? he determine whether it's on lap an |
|
| 38:44 | surface? Well, erosion, all is just a little bit different than |
|
| 38:50 | this because because theoretically there's probably erosion across the surface, but they're shown |
|
| 38:56 | his top lip, but normally when see something like this, it's something |
|
| 39:01 | down into strata, like, like channel. Okay. And and it's |
|
| 39:08 | you know, your your question is good one, because when you, |
|
| 39:11 | you see this as a simple trying to show you what it |
|
| 39:17 | ah It really doesn't mean anything. but when you see this right |
|
| 39:22 | for example, um this is filling something that's relatively stable, okay, |
|
| 39:31 | is over here, and the pattern this could be it could be on |
|
| 39:34 | . It could be almost anything. could be down lap, it could |
|
| 39:37 | top lap, but but there's really strange truncation in the bands that you |
|
| 39:42 | here, they just disappear. see this is sitting on top of |
|
| 39:47 | kind of following it. And you see it here because they don't show |
|
| 39:51 | it here. Here, there's a an angular surface that's that's being on |
|
| 39:57 | . But here, uh you could take an erosion of surface and cut |
|
| 40:02 | through here and get a different kind pattern in your own mind. Or |
|
| 40:07 | could cut an irrational surface through That's that's sort of odd looking like |
|
| 40:12 | . You could do it through any these things and you would end up |
|
| 40:14 | something that looked like irrational truncation. this is just trying to show you |
|
| 40:21 | how sediments fill in there's a hole the hole seems to be stable. |
|
| 40:26 | is this is de positional. This surface right here though, is is |
|
| 40:31 | erosion along and into um you're going get flat surfaces like this. It |
|
| 40:38 | to be irrational, but you're getting lap to show that erosion. |
|
| 40:45 | And if you go back here, have these all these flat lying beds |
|
| 40:50 | around them and you're just cutting down it. So this is what they're |
|
| 40:54 | to show you is the relationship of there's incision versus the relationship to when |
|
| 41:00 | don't actually see the incision. You , the incised valley type feature. |
|
| 41:08 | know, there's still there's still gonna erosion on top of this for something |
|
| 41:11 | be deposited on it. But it look like it's cutting down into it |
|
| 41:16 | way this is. Do you understand there? Um You still have tilted |
|
| 41:22 | here. You have tilted beds The direction doesn't matter. Uh But |
|
| 41:31 | surface here looks very different from that there. And they're both erosion and |
|
| 41:38 | surface down here, whatever it Seems to be, you know, |
|
| 41:43 | could be an erosion of surface, you're getting down lap onto it all |
|
| 41:46 | this series and there's probably Time one here Than to on top of it |
|
| 41:53 | 25 here and 35 there. You , that kind of thing. |
|
| 42:00 | You're getting confused exactly the way I when I first looked at it. |
|
| 42:07 | uh so so just keep looking at and it it's, it's one of |
|
| 42:11 | things that's real simple. But, , uh, sometimes the light has |
|
| 42:16 | come on and, and, and , you need to have sort of |
|
| 42:21 | Eureka and, and realize that that understand what it's doing. And these |
|
| 42:29 | just different things that can happen. this is like a deep fan. |
|
| 42:35 | uh, and then this might be complex or compound fan system where you |
|
| 42:39 | multiple fans. And like here's two perhaps, and, and one bigger |
|
| 42:44 | coming on top of it. and you you don't just, this |
|
| 42:50 | meaningless until you start seeing it on lines. And um, here is |
|
| 42:58 | , see here, you have this same kind of surface, but |
|
| 43:02 | not erosion. It's, it's, is not being eroded, its being |
|
| 43:07 | successively by sea level dropped. And it came in like this, it |
|
| 43:12 | cut down into it. And here's seismic line from the Australian continental |
|
| 43:23 | uh, showing this. And you see these major reflectors are going to |
|
| 43:27 | major breaks in deposition and consequently everything this package, It's gonna be more |
|
| 43:35 | than everything in that package. Less compacted than everything down in this |
|
| 43:40 | which is less compacted than this So, you get these bigger |
|
| 43:45 | And in this thing, you can see, uh, there's a shelf |
|
| 43:49 | setting and I'm trying to keep my lights my face up. So you |
|
| 43:57 | see me. But but here you see things that almost look like faults |
|
| 44:03 | sometimes they can be but you're also pro gradation out on top of these |
|
| 44:08 | ah through time And and there is here here you see it again, |
|
| 44:15 | picking up some normal faults or slump really on a tilted shelf. And |
|
| 44:20 | course when these were deposited, I the shelf was tilted at that |
|
| 44:24 | And this does have vertical exaggeration which us over aggressive in our interpretation |
|
| 44:32 | But you can see there was, a fall block here that actually gets |
|
| 44:36 | in over top. So that Texan um when that dropped got filled in |
|
| 44:40 | here, you can see that when drop it got filled in or there |
|
| 44:44 | on lap there and then another one in over top of it like that |
|
| 44:49 | then pro graded to here and then got on lap so you can see |
|
| 44:54 | lot of different things. Um Some these things are easier to see than |
|
| 44:59 | and it takes a long time and little bit of practice to kind of |
|
| 45:03 | up on it and john is going give you things to practice on. |
|
| 45:08 | don't worry about that. And here's an example of um I'm going to |
|
| 45:18 | to close your windows so I can this but here is uh this is |
|
| 45:29 | global sea level curve and the sea curbs are not um they should be |
|
| 45:43 | same everywhere except that. Oftentimes what see is what we call this coastal |
|
| 45:48 | lap And this is so tentative relative level, which relates to this. |
|
| 45:55 | , so in a in a in North sea basin for example, uh |
|
| 46:00 | interaction of Tekken is um with with global sea level ends up with this |
|
| 46:09 | sea level curve that again relates to on lab. And this, this |
|
| 46:18 | trying to show you that sea level been rising ah through this is this |
|
| 46:27 | base in word and this is but this is global sea level, |
|
| 46:32 | gets higher in this direction. So kind of the inverse of that. |
|
| 46:38 | so, so when we see this of pushing out in this direction, |
|
| 46:43 | means sea levels getting high and there's maximum flooding surface right there. And |
|
| 46:48 | this is a designation for what a flooding surface would be. You can |
|
| 46:53 | here that the global sea level is relative to some base level And what |
|
| 47:02 | also shows you is two curves. shows you um this is sort of |
|
| 47:15 | lower frequency average of sea level. other words, you can see a |
|
| 47:21 | drop in sea level coming up this . Okay, let me just check |
|
| 47:28 | and make sure that I can't see whole scale. I don't want to |
|
| 47:41 | you something wrong. Yeah, and that's correct. So you can |
|
| 47:50 | that, you know, sea level higher down here and it's been getting |
|
| 47:56 | and lower through the through the NEA , but in the process that's doing |
|
| 48:03 | kind of thing and this would be first order, The second order. |
|
| 48:07 | third order would be something that looks like this. And but then there's |
|
| 48:13 | order breaks. In other words, this rise in sea level, coastal |
|
| 48:20 | lap has a higher level frequency events like this, which are putting flooding |
|
| 48:29 | on a smaller scale between the sand that make up reservoirs that we actually |
|
| 48:34 | for. Mhm. And this is is from 1977. Um I don't |
|
| 48:50 | if this is still 100% true because lot of work has been done. |
|
| 48:55 | do a lot of lumping on coastal laps in and uh at this period |
|
| 49:04 | time I understood the strategic afi across oceans and people were were forcing some |
|
| 49:13 | these correlations because they wanted them to the same. Uh They actually change |
|
| 49:19 | ages of well known fossil ranges. Just just approved to try to prove |
|
| 49:26 | point. Which is sort of a one of the things about science is |
|
| 49:30 | have to remain objective and and when you want things to work this consistently |
|
| 49:37 | the globe, um we know from the processes in the theory that they |
|
| 49:44 | be have, there should be some of signal that we can see. |
|
| 49:47 | it doesn't always mean that it's easy see with coastal on land and the |
|
| 49:52 | that people have have embraced this concept focused on coastal on lap in this |
|
| 49:59 | , in this area, we're going end up with things tied properly. |
|
| 50:04 | in the beginning they were they were properly tied. And there's there's, |
|
| 50:07 | sure there's some errors in this since was done in 1977. But peter |
|
| 50:12 | himself pointed out that they need more radiographic data to do this. And |
|
| 50:19 | fact in the in the Late 80s early 90s, a lot of his |
|
| 50:25 | work with us at the technology center Houston, not more than a half |
|
| 50:32 | from my house actually. And him his students would come in and work |
|
| 50:40 | projects because because we had a really thai on time around the world in |
|
| 50:45 | in that group that that I worked that had um a lot of strategic |
|
| 50:51 | in ah many people with phds in strategic afi trying to promote the tie |
|
| 51:01 | geo chronology or Biology. A Either one didn't matter which because we |
|
| 51:07 | objective to the actual rock record in sequences. Okay, here is an |
|
| 51:16 | of a wheeler diagram of some sediments the chicano Quebec basin and there uh |
|
| 51:27 | came up with a model. These little colored sections in the well are |
|
| 51:34 | plotted at the actual time that they have been plotted through time. These |
|
| 51:42 | the age of the sections. And what happens is somebody will, we'll |
|
| 51:47 | a log up against this time scale you won't see any of these |
|
| 51:53 | But this is a break and just just take fan eh this is probably |
|
| 51:58 | erosion will surface because it's below a boundary and this is deposition going |
|
| 52:07 | And it might even make more sense I start at the bottom here. |
|
| 52:13 | had a non deposition going on above previous sequence boundary and then sea levels |
|
| 52:20 | to rise, rise and we had deposition over a period of time. |
|
| 52:26 | may have gone all the way up here, but it got, it |
|
| 52:31 | eroded all the way down to Sea level rose eventually, there might |
|
| 52:38 | have been a period of non It finally arose and it started filling |
|
| 52:42 | here and then it may have been all the way up here. But |
|
| 52:49 | sea level drop, it got eroded then another ah flooding surface came in |
|
| 52:56 | depositions started right here. In other , you would have, this would |
|
| 53:00 | a low stand occurring here and then came in and started eventually building in |
|
| 53:08 | this sequence. So you have um deposition erosion, non deposition erosion. |
|
| 53:19 | me, deposition erosion and then right it started in filling here, |
|
| 53:26 | then there was erosion through time and it stopped. And then there was |
|
| 53:31 | here and then there was erosion of unit. And you can see in |
|
| 53:35 | places, uh the timing of when sands come in is a little bit |
|
| 53:41 | . Does everybody kind of get an what's going on in this? |
|
| 53:44 | we've got this well, way over . We had a deposition a little |
|
| 53:49 | later. Time started later time than . And so you've got a propulsive |
|
| 53:59 | brake in time. A pulse and . A break in time. A |
|
| 54:03 | and sedimentation. A break in A pulse and sedimentation. A break |
|
| 54:07 | time. A pulse and sediment. me. I got ahead of |
|
| 54:12 | This is sedimentation. This is a in time and again where the sequence |
|
| 54:18 | is is sort of the geology and wells. If you have the |
|
| 54:24 | you can actually see where it actually because it's in the middle of these |
|
| 54:29 | events that you see here, This in the middle, it's confined. |
|
| 54:33 | constrained by that And over here by by deposition that we sol get eroded |
|
| 54:40 | here. A little bit of seismic with this where we don't have a |
|
| 54:45 | . And and so uh you can of kind of get a really good |
|
| 54:53 | , very few people in the world how to do this. So this |
|
| 54:56 | confusing to you. It's okay to . But but I want you to |
|
| 55:02 | is the pink and the gray are of time where either the sentiments got |
|
| 55:10 | or they were never deposited. The tends to be eroded and the gray |
|
| 55:16 | non deposition. For example, if rocks are up in the air at |
|
| 55:19 | point in time, there's not gonna any deposition uh nothing that could happen |
|
| 55:27 | that um there's it's below sea level everything's everything's going down a slope and |
|
| 55:35 | it's bypass. So you can have deposition bypass up here, erosion is |
|
| 55:42 | by the pink down here. Here is the the simplest diagram of |
|
| 55:53 | this is sort of the sea slug and this is the of a of |
|
| 55:59 | third what we call a third order in the classic sense. The order |
|
| 56:06 | sequence goes up as the as the it goes down. And when I |
|
| 56:14 | up, I mean, excuse as the resolution goes down the |
|
| 56:19 | Yeah, it goes up. And um I said it backwards again. |
|
| 56:24 | don't know why I'm doing this, going to take a break soon but |
|
| 56:30 | this is a third order sequence right here between these two dark lines and |
|
| 56:36 | can see here there's pair of sequences that third order sequence. So each |
|
| 56:41 | of the sequences in here would be order sequence and a sequence that encapsulates |
|
| 56:50 | 3rd order. And this third order . It might be if you could |
|
| 56:56 | a different change in the deposition of would be a second order sequence. |
|
| 57:02 | as people look at sequence for geography more and more detail, they move |
|
| 57:07 | around. But the base model that start out with is calling this a |
|
| 57:12 | order sequence With three systems tracks and systems tracks are bound and this is |
|
| 57:19 | veil, the veil type of It's bound on the base by an |
|
| 57:24 | surface and it's found on the top a major erosion surface. And and |
|
| 57:33 | went back here, this is this a major erosion surface. That's a |
|
| 57:40 | erosion will surface. And this would a third order sequence in the |
|
| 57:47 | Okay. And I don't want to too slow, but I don't want |
|
| 57:52 | go too fast because it's if you you don't if you aren't familiar with |
|
| 57:56 | , it's it could be a little . So anyway, this is a |
|
| 58:02 | . Okay. And so the sequence top of it starts immediately after that |
|
| 58:10 | stand and here, you can see maybe bypass here and because sea levels |
|
| 58:16 | way down to here and all you are you can either get sediments way |
|
| 58:23 | here, but eventually you get basin fans getting closer to sea level starts |
|
| 58:28 | come back up, fills this then this wedge fills up and sea |
|
| 58:33 | starts to transgress the nick point and continental shelf and starts coming in like |
|
| 58:39 | . So you you fill in. have a transgressive surface here, that's |
|
| 58:44 | this is. And these are the real sand stones that got filled in |
|
| 58:55 | up dip while this was being filled down dip and there was non deposition |
|
| 59:00 | for a while and then it starts fill in and the top of this |
|
| 59:04 | in and you get beds filling in here. This is probably some pro |
|
| 59:10 | going on over here. The tops these climate forms and you get sea |
|
| 59:15 | come up over top of this There may in the incised valley, |
|
| 59:19 | may be a little bit of Phil related to the transgressive event. I |
|
| 59:23 | imagine you have an estuary and in an incised valley and way up dip |
|
| 59:31 | . Uh it hasn't completely filled in sediments because it's been exposed, but |
|
| 59:35 | it starts to get filled in with sediments. And uh and then you |
|
| 59:40 | these coastal sand stones and eventually you a sea level way up here. |
|
| 59:46 | this is um the maximum flooding this blue line and these are this |
|
| 59:52 | the Tst the transgressive system track which laps as sea level is rising. |
|
| 59:57 | transgressing that angle. Remember the lap where we had on lap onto an |
|
| 60:04 | surface, but it was the other , It doesn't matter what direction it's |
|
| 60:08 | and this is this is de positional section and then eventually um you're going |
|
| 60:18 | have programmed ation of sediments coming out top of it which is the high |
|
| 60:22 | stand systems track and it builds out it may build our way out to |
|
| 60:27 | but maybe maybe even up to here then sea level drops and it erodes |
|
| 60:32 | like this. Then you're going to top lap all through here and it |
|
| 60:38 | the road and down like this and level drops down to here somewhere past |
|
| 60:44 | nick point and the whole system will again just like this and you'll start |
|
| 60:50 | get some incision like this along this and you'll get um sea levels start |
|
| 60:57 | come back eventually and you'll get a event up there just like this and |
|
| 61:03 | a high stand will grow back out top of it you know? And |
|
| 61:07 | one of these websites I know for the uh I hope they still have |
|
| 61:11 | . I haven't looked in a while they have never seen it not |
|
| 61:15 | When I've looked if you go to the S. C. P. |
|
| 61:21 | . Website they have uh little movies you can actually see sea level drops |
|
| 61:30 | then these low stands. These are on floor fans here that are forming |
|
| 61:37 | one point in time though there was and it all rolled out past there |
|
| 61:41 | on how far down sea level They could have rolled way out offshore |
|
| 61:47 | there and then eventually they as as going on, sediments being delivered down |
|
| 61:53 | . It's being bypassed up here and erosion up here bypass their and depositions |
|
| 62:00 | . Then deposition starts above that as level starts to arise and starts to |
|
| 62:05 | in this accommodation space. Then it in any extra accommodation space in the |
|
| 62:10 | valley and then it starts to on and that's what we call the transgressive |
|
| 62:18 | and uh this off lap which we're both here. But most importantly |
|
| 62:25 | you can see these beds are going be pro grading out like this. |
|
| 62:32 | these lines right here suggest a pair sequence or flooding surface that went like |
|
| 62:38 | . So, you know, you this major sea level drop, major |
|
| 62:41 | level rise and then things come back , they come back up like |
|
| 62:47 | it's not all all up and all all of these lines have here, |
|
| 62:53 | can see program station but there's it's in, there's a flooding surface, |
|
| 62:58 | it gets filled in again and there's flooding surface, it gets filled in |
|
| 63:01 | and then there's a flooding surface and you can see that top lap coming |
|
| 63:06 | on top of that, this little shallow marine sandstone and these these flooding |
|
| 63:14 | create um barriers to flow. They off flow units. Okay, here's |
|
| 63:26 | thing that we see in this system um and this is showing you um |
|
| 63:36 | of the nick point, which is hard to see. Sometimes a person |
|
| 63:40 | looking a seismic line here and he see this. Sometimes he's looking at |
|
| 63:44 | seismic line out here and he doesn't that. Sometimes you might be looking |
|
| 63:51 | a seismic line like this and you don't really see where the nick point |
|
| 63:55 | . So a lot of people often trouble seeing that. But once you |
|
| 63:59 | past this, this off lap breakpoint where you start seeing the down lap |
|
| 64:07 | you get bottom set beds. Word of that. And these things |
|
| 64:12 | called climate forms and the client forms are. He's bounding flooding surfaces that |
|
| 64:22 | each one of these building out. this diagram would be at a relatively |
|
| 64:28 | scale of seismic until Exxon started looking continental shelves. We didn't see features |
|
| 64:38 | size except in a few places. are outcrops in Svalbard, up in |
|
| 64:44 | part of offshore Norway. And and own Svalbard and I actually funded a |
|
| 64:52 | research project up together. Some, places there, you have examination of |
|
| 64:57 | of these sequences of much older sediments we drill in in the north viking |
|
| 65:06 | in the Norwegian sea and you can see them outcropping and also on the |
|
| 65:12 | coast of Greenland. You can see photography sized outcrops, but most of |
|
| 65:18 | time we don't see anything near this accepting those dips set of those dips |
|
| 65:25 | d. seismic lines, Regional lines go all the way across the continental |
|
| 65:31 | and into the deep parts of the of Mexico to see these kinds of |
|
| 65:37 | . So if we have sea level down to here during the low |
|
| 65:45 | We get a Type one shelf If sea level only drops to |
|
| 65:52 | we have The Type two Shelf In other words, when, when |
|
| 65:59 | level drops here and erodes this surface sizes this area and has bypass here |
|
| 66:07 | deposition way off here. When it's the beginning of that low stand systems |
|
| 66:13 | if sea level drops below this snake or actually at this point in time |
|
| 66:18 | would be back here. We're going get what's called a type one shelf |
|
| 66:28 | of sequence. If it is above break point, we're going to get |
|
| 66:33 | Type two sequence because the low stand is all going to be up in |
|
| 66:39 | that we can see but in the case the low stand stuff is going |
|
| 66:45 | be way down here, jay. don't know why I put that in |
|
| 66:58 | twice, but I'm sure there was good reason. Mm hmm. Um |
|
| 67:15 | , let me um, this is showing you some slides. I |
|
| 67:23 | I showed you before, but it's really, it's like I must have |
|
| 67:27 | something. I think it was probably it to put it at the |
|
| 67:30 | because I didn't need it anymore, it got stuck in the middle. |
|
| 67:34 | , so you have extra slides in . Uh I've shown you this kind |
|
| 67:39 | little strategic afi vs. Um sequence afi type interpretations before, but this |
|
| 67:47 | just another example. So we we about This is Type one Shell. |
|
| 67:56 | is type to show, oh my , sorry about that. And I |
|
| 68:07 | it's the president calling me. I answer it, but I'm not going |
|
| 68:10 | , I told him I was going be busy today. Somebody in Washington |
|
| 68:14 | . C. Okay. Uh it be somebody trying to get my vote |
|
| 68:20 | I've been rude to everybody that asked that. So, here is uh |
|
| 68:27 | we when we do um sequence sequence are how we classify all these |
|
| 68:36 | And of course the boundaries that we going back to this slide, this |
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| 68:46 | conformity is a boundary two, signify end of the one under it, |
|
| 68:55 | the beginning of the one above This significant in conformity here, and |
|
| 69:01 | can see these are of a scale much greater than the erosion that's going |
|
| 69:08 | in the incised Valley here. Incised is something we'll be able to |
|
| 69:13 | But these are bigger drawdowns in the level. Okay, And this is |
|
| 69:21 | to that drawdown, but it's it's erosion related to this more major |
|
| 69:32 | Okay. And of course when we we base our sequences on those |
|
| 69:39 | it's the veil model, in other , between these two erosion, major |
|
| 69:49 | all surfaces. That's each in each started. Low stand systems track are |
|
| 69:56 | from the one above and this one in the model. Uh that's used |
|
| 70:12 | Bill Galloway at ut he used the flooding services at the base of the |
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| 70:18 | stand. And called his genetic And think I think the way to call |
|
| 70:27 | , the reason he calls those genetic because they're between between flooding surfaces. |
|
| 70:33 | so you have sediments between this and . The The other flooding surface would |
|
| 70:45 | been right here underneath the high stand track of the previous one. So |
|
| 70:50 | is this is the bill Galloway third sequence, the blue line to the |
|
| 70:56 | that's not painted blue down here. the Exxon Mobil one is this un |
|
| 71:05 | to that under And confirming. And Galloway is focusing on the genetic nature |
|
| 71:13 | rocks between flooding surfaces. And so third order sequences between major flooding |
|
| 71:20 | which we call maximum flooding surfaces. , so so so Galloway, his |
|
| 71:32 | between the maximum flooding surfaces. So doesn't matter um whether there's a nick |
|
| 71:39 | or not. But the but the one because it's based on how far |
|
| 71:43 | level drops for those on conformity is are formed uh underneath the low |
|
| 71:54 | at the very base of the low , this is at the base of |
|
| 71:57 | low stand and above the high Type one sequence boundary Is below the |
|
| 72:05 | . A edge or the down lap . Type two sequence boundary on the |
|
| 72:10 | . Ah Which is both of which considered de positional sequences. It's gonna |
|
| 72:19 | when sea level doesn't drop below that point. So again this is they've |
|
| 72:33 | type model. And when we have model, sea level did drop below |
|
| 72:42 | nick point. And therefore this would what type of bail shelf anybody want |
|
| 72:53 | guess. Um Sea level job below nick point. So I'm saying type |
|
| 73:01 | , Yep, that's the type Okay, so that's a type |
|
| 73:06 | bail. Yeah. And missy And here's the type to bail. |
|
| 73:15 | we're going to go through this Just so you so you get because |
|
| 73:19 | whole point of doing this primaries to to try to help you help you |
|
| 73:24 | to this because there is a lot terminology and sequence photography and it all |
|
| 73:29 | at you at once. You're gonna missed some points that you wouldn't have |
|
| 73:33 | if you had a little bit of time, which is something we get |
|
| 73:37 | amount of in this program because we module by module. Okay, I |
|
| 73:43 | it's good that we focus on one at a time, but at the |
|
| 73:49 | time you have less time to digest . And then on the other hand |
|
| 73:53 | also have less time to waste. thinking about things between classes. But |
|
| 73:59 | there is it does help to have little bit of extra time to digest |
|
| 74:04 | knowledge if it happens to be new you. So here is the three |
|
| 74:08 | track of a Type one de positional . It's called the Low stand Systems |
|
| 74:13 | . It's a transgressive Systems Track and a high stand Systems track. And |
|
| 74:20 | you can see it, there's a boundary here. Transgressive surface, a |
|
| 74:24 | flooding surface and a sequence boundary. sequence photography is not only related two |
|
| 74:32 | minor flooding surfaces that I'm talking but it's also in a more general |
|
| 74:37 | related to these. What we what started out as third order sequences that |
|
| 74:43 | these three systems tracks. And if take this diagram and go back to |
|
| 74:53 | , you can see uh here's the the T. S. T. |
|
| 74:58 | the H. S. T. one of the things that I found |
|
| 75:01 | the North Sea was um and the it's it isn't said this way, |
|
| 75:07 | it kind of comes across this way wherever you drill a well you're going |
|
| 75:10 | hit a low stand Systems Track. high stand Systems Track. And excuse |
|
| 75:17 | , Low stand transgressive and Hiestand System . If I drill a well over |
|
| 75:24 | , what am I going to find this sequence. Am I going to |
|
| 75:32 | all systems tracks over here? there won't be the low stand exactly |
|
| 75:38 | v drill a well out here. ones am I going to find? |
|
| 75:46 | gonna find predominantly high stands and low . Right? And I'm gonna |
|
| 75:55 | I'm gonna miss the transgressive systems I'm not going to see these on |
|
| 76:00 | features of the of the transgressive systems . And of course when we're out |
|
| 76:05 | and we see this, some people they're working in fields that are in |
|
| 76:13 | area, they like to say there there aren't three systems tracks. The |
|
| 76:18 | sequence photography model doesn't work but actually does work. Um It's just you |
|
| 76:24 | see all of it in that one . But it worries people so |
|
| 76:29 | Uh that oftentimes we call them transgressive regressive cycles. This would be a |
|
| 76:39 | cycle even though it's the low And this is a regressive cycle here |
|
| 76:43 | it's building out as a high And so it's it's amazing if you |
|
| 76:51 | you're confused. And my way of at it is a lot of scientists |
|
| 76:56 | confused too. But that's why they up with these different models to help |
|
| 77:00 | explain it. But I think at end of the day What we see |
|
| 77:04 | these large regional two d. seismic is something that looks exactly like this |
|
| 77:11 | not only is it such a good . Yeah. Uh we're relevant way |
|
| 77:16 | looking at strata, graphic architecture but can actually build models that actually look |
|
| 77:23 | like this by just changing ah accommodation , amount of sediment supply rate of |
|
| 77:31 | rate of subsidence and and in a where you're moving the sea level up |
|
| 77:38 | reflect changes in sea level. So it's it's pretty well it's a real |
|
| 77:46 | . It's taking us as scientists a time to figure out the nuances of |
|
| 77:50 | in the real nitty gritty details of and something that slowed down our |
|
| 77:58 | There was trying to assume that we look at these layers of rocks in |
|
| 78:03 | sequences and correlate them all around the . Uh Without having any kind of |
|
| 78:09 | chronology or biology a chronology to help us in terms of how things really |
|
| 78:15 | lined up. It's it's like trying correlate logs like the ones you're gonna |
|
| 78:21 | working on without any bio Strat Okay. Or you know you could |
|
| 78:27 | had geo chronological data in the way ash bed markers, that kind of |
|
| 78:33 | that were reliable and or to your data. It could be either one |
|
| 78:37 | in a lot of cases now we paleo mag we have bio strategic |
|
| 78:42 | We have sir. Cons we have sorts of things to help us put |
|
| 78:46 | together. And people working on any of those specialties tend to ignore the |
|
| 78:52 | ones and they don't realize they're all in the rock record and whether we |
|
| 78:56 | it or not, they're all Okay, so here we have this |
|
| 79:02 | the type to solicit plastic shelf. type to solicit a plastic shelf is |
|
| 79:08 | because you don't have a low stand track because you don't get any, |
|
| 79:14 | don't get draw down all the way to here with sediments way out |
|
| 79:17 | And a lot of this bypass, very limited bypass. Okay, so |
|
| 79:25 | the type two, you have a called the shelf margin systems truck because |
|
| 79:29 | builds out on the shelf margin and in the in the abyssal plain or |
|
| 79:34 | bay. Theo layers. This is deposited in abyssal waters, This is |
|
| 79:41 | deposited in battlefield waters. But what see here for the most part, |
|
| 79:48 | up on the shelf and it's being on the shelf. It's not |
|
| 79:52 | it's not down here, There's of going to be sediments coming out of |
|
| 79:58 | . And um I'm going to let finish this before I give you the |
|
| 80:03 | bender. It's you can see sediments being deposited out here and this is |
|
| 80:10 | by the way, pretty much in . But in thickness, these shells |
|
| 80:16 | here, the shelf margin systems It's all gonna be in these sands |
|
| 80:22 | here. This whole thing is a margins, you're on the shelf near |
|
| 80:26 | margin, you're near the margin but Hiestand it goes, takes it all |
|
| 80:30 | way back up here. You have transgressive event deposition starts way back here |
|
| 80:35 | it starts pro grading back out like . So that's what looks different. |
|
| 80:40 | again here, you're going to see ah that almost looks like a different |
|
| 80:49 | of pro gradation here, followed by gradation. And this would be The |
|
| 81:00 | order type to vail sequence all this here. But this was our friend |
|
| 81:11 | Galloway at the University of texas, known as William Galloway. He'd have |
|
| 81:15 | maximum flooding surface here, connected to maximum flooding surface here. And you |
|
| 81:24 | still see a similar type of But you don't get that transgressive systems |
|
| 81:29 | that you normally would have seen. huh out here. But back |
|
| 81:37 | you would still get it. And don't see the basin floor fans. |
|
| 81:43 | And so if you see Something that's type two versus a type three from |
|
| 81:51 | predictive sense, if you're looking at type of deposition, where do you |
|
| 81:57 | the base and four fans would And this type of sequence C |
|
| 82:16 | they'd be seaward. But there would , I was, I would figure |
|
| 82:22 | you would guess it would be but it's going to be a lot |
|
| 82:25 | seaward offshore because, you know, sediments are going to we're going to |
|
| 82:30 | out here, but it's going to a limited amount. Now, here's |
|
| 82:33 | mind bender for you, all of great things are going to be very |
|
| 82:38 | in in thickness. This is sort these are like timelines would be very |
|
| 82:44 | and thickness. So as we come here, it just disappears. And |
|
| 82:48 | don't think I have it anymore because have this terrible need to explain too |
|
| 83:03 | . Yeah, I'm not going to it up, but but nevertheless, |
|
| 83:12 | there would be a lot farther offshore sea level never dropped that low. |
|
| 83:17 | of course it's farther offshore. There's basin floor fans are probably going to |
|
| 83:23 | less sediment because a lot of sediment falling up here on the shelf when |
|
| 83:31 | you have this kind of a system it broke at the nick point, |
|
| 83:35 | had a lot of non deposition And of course, because sea level |
|
| 83:39 | so much, you get this incredible valley which which enhances erosion, which |
|
| 83:46 | sediment sedimentation rate, which which would a bunch of stuff rolling down the |
|
| 83:52 | and fallen out pretty quickly. When go to, when you go to |
|
| 83:56 | flat level down here and get to the abyssal plains. But over here |
|
| 84:02 | this system, a lot of the that's coming off the upland is going |
|
| 84:07 | be deposited on the shelf and not it down to the deep water. |
|
| 84:11 | you might not even get fans in cases. Okay. And so that |
|
| 84:21 | the the three parts systems are genetic of Galloway and others that work with |
|
| 84:30 | . Mm hmm, it's going to based, I didn't want to change |
|
| 84:40 | diagram, but here you can see based on the sequence boundary maximum flooding |
|
| 84:46 | as opposed to here. We have whole sequence in here And then, |
|
| 84:52 | then there's the start of a new and this one, um, you |
|
| 84:59 | have had the start of a new down here with a high stand systems |
|
| 85:04 | . Coming up all the way up to this high stands at the base |
|
| 85:07 | this Hiestand Systems track. Okay. um, here is just an example |
|
| 85:18 | these maximum flooding surfaces which hopefully are to be these high gamma spikes. |
|
| 85:25 | , you can see here there's a gamma spike there, but we didn't |
|
| 85:28 | it there. So in spite of assertion that those high gamma spikes are |
|
| 85:33 | useful. They are useful. They recognizable, but sometimes there's too many |
|
| 85:38 | them and sometimes I don't have, see if I have the slide somewhere |
|
| 85:43 | and could pull it up for It was an ugly, it was |
|
| 86:04 | ugly slide, but maybe I'll show to you in in another another |
|
| 86:11 | I'll see if I can find Uh, but one of the things |
|
| 86:14 | I want want you to understand is this the coastal plain stuff is going |
|
| 86:22 | be limited. The really thicker deposits going to be the sand stones, |
|
| 86:27 | these are going to be alluvial, things. And down here you're gonna |
|
| 86:34 | shells and these shells are going to thin. So in Iraq, when |
|
| 86:40 | , when we look at a seismic , this is all going to be |
|
| 86:45 | down, pretty much all these stands here are going to be deposited down |
|
| 86:50 | because this shell is going to be thin on the bottom. All of |
|
| 86:54 | shell is going to be thin on bottom and these sands will be down |
|
| 86:57 | top of it. I'm sure at point in time you'll see it. |
|
| 87:03 | of course again, here's here's those flooding surfaces. Uh, I like |
|
| 87:11 | when british to work a lot of though, that um to keep from |
|
| 87:16 | in trouble and not having to argue with a publication reviewer oftentimes they'll call |
|
| 87:22 | um things, what's the word? I lost the word, but it |
|
| 87:34 | kind of means the sort of possible flooding surfaces. Uh, the word |
|
| 87:41 | like to use is candidate, candidate surfaces, candidate, maximum flooding |
|
| 87:51 | Now, as I mentioned, the ones that they picked are going to |
|
| 87:55 | the maximum flooding surfaces. But these spikes in here will be the boundaries |
|
| 88:01 | paris sequences between those flooding surfaces, will include um the same things that |
|
| 88:12 | would see in a in a third sequence from Galloway. Starting out with |
|
| 88:18 | flooding surface with a high stand deposit this might be a transgressive event followed |
|
| 88:24 | another Hiestand deposit, but there's pair sequences in it. In other |
|
| 88:30 | 4th, 4th order and fifth order and six order events. And in |
|
| 88:36 | . I think I saw something in , in the Caspian sea. I'm |
|
| 88:39 | sure I was seeing things that were seventh order events. The scale is |
|
| 88:44 | fine. Okay. And now, don't know if I should bring this |
|
| 88:50 | or not, but I'm gonna bring up anyway. There is a four |
|
| 88:55 | systems track model now because people who looking at the nuances of things going |
|
| 89:04 | in this area right here and and had a low stand systems track, |
|
| 89:19 | was basin floor fans. Um this looks like a regular sequence, |
|
| 89:27 | at the very end has a the thing called a falling stage Systems |
|
| 89:31 | . So it has to do with going on. Ah you know, |
|
| 89:41 | try to explain this to you you know, you're getting some infill |
|
| 89:44 | here and you're getting some erosion and . But the details across this boundary |
|
| 89:53 | a little bit fuzzy in some And so some people in need of |
|
| 90:02 | publication came up with a falling Stage track and it actually makes some |
|
| 90:08 | And uh, but this is the conformity in other words, if you |
|
| 90:13 | the falling Stage Systems track, there's erosion. There. Normally there's an |
|
| 90:18 | surface here. But somewhere in the , whether you can recognize it or |
|
| 90:26 | , there's going to be a place there's continuous deposition, uh, and |
|
| 90:34 | , there'd be an unconfirmed and this right here goes all the way back |
|
| 90:47 | and some people don't don't even understand diagram that have worked in sequence |
|
| 90:53 | This line right here is the correlative and it doesn't occur everywhere. And |
|
| 90:59 | can see, uh, for us this particular particular setting, there's a |
|
| 91:04 | places where we got close to but these depositions events, the onset |
|
| 91:12 | deposition and the ending of deposition for example, here's one right |
|
| 91:18 | We hit it on that. right there, that's a coral. |
|
| 91:22 | was while there's non deposition on either , there was deposition here, while |
|
| 91:30 | erosion on either side. There was here. That is that is a |
|
| 91:35 | cut correlative conformity. And I'm sure is confused. What's amazing is I |
|
| 91:48 | confused myself too much. Yeah, . And I won't I'm not going |
|
| 91:54 | go through this diagram, but I you to look at it and, |
|
| 92:01 | kind of think about, here's here's what's going on with relative sea |
|
| 92:06 | , not global sea level, but sea level. And this is showing |
|
| 92:12 | the falling stage and of course the a falling stage wedge and there's a |
|
| 92:22 | stage basin floor fan and that make this, but then you have the |
|
| 92:31 | stand systems track, which is which again more of a wedge and you |
|
| 92:37 | see again this this really helps what was trying to get across. You |
|
| 92:42 | see here that in this area, in here, um it's right in |
|
| 92:51 | , you get really thin and then get out here and all these offshore |
|
| 92:54 | are very thin and the thicker stuff out here and it all falls down |
|
| 92:58 | top of these shells. There's actually here, they get bypassed and then |
|
| 93:03 | pick up shells down here, but very very thin. This isn't quite |
|
| 93:08 | like a wheeler diagram ah this this quite thickness, but this this wheeler |
|
| 93:16 | , this looks very vertically, it like a lot. But in terms |
|
| 93:21 | thickness, this is all very thin to these other sediment because remember this |
|
| 93:28 | time over here, but take a at that, I can't explain this |
|
| 93:34 | less than 30 minutes and make sure you understand it. So, I |
|
| 93:37 | you need to, you know, at this diagram as well to try |
|
| 93:41 | get a grasp of what it's trying say, Okay, um can we |
|
| 93:50 | a break real quick? Yeah, was gonna say this seems like a |
|
| 93:53 | time to take a break. So , since we've been going, this |
|
| 93:58 | been almost we got done, Let's a 15 minute break because we went |
|
| 94:03 | long and I don't want you guys get too tired. Okay, Can |
|
| 94:53 | hear me and see my screen? , Okay. Um now I kept |
|
| 95:02 | about things that would be, you , we were looking at third order |
|
| 95:07 | and what what made them up. I guess before I get to |
|
| 95:11 | I just want to point out is the falling stage really represents? You |
|
| 95:21 | it to a it's A three system three System track system uh the falling |
|
| 95:33 | fan and wedge are the early parts you would see in a low stand |
|
| 95:40 | track. And again, part of has to do with what happens up |
|
| 95:49 | and what happens down here as sea is starting to fall. And uh |
|
| 95:55 | so it's kind of a different process that's why they came up with |
|
| 95:59 | But also um when we were looking this, I mentioned, you can |
|
| 96:09 | here in this diagram, here's a stand systems track and it has these |
|
| 96:13 | , which are flooding surfaces, So right there not maximum flooding |
|
| 96:20 | but there might even be more sets these higher frequency things like this would |
|
| 96:26 | 4th order sea level change. This be 3rd order And beds inside of |
|
| 96:33 | in here might be 5th word. so we get to a thing called |
|
| 96:44 | sequences. Yeah, so the paris . And paris sequence sets are building |
|
| 96:52 | of the systems track and there are more confirmable. It's the breaks that |
|
| 97:01 | in there are less are usually less . In other words, the flooding |
|
| 97:07 | within within a pair of sequence or pair of sequence set set are going |
|
| 97:12 | be less significant. Then there's breaks flooding surfaces that we see in the |
|
| 97:18 | order ones. In other words, significant. 3rd order sea level |
|
| 97:26 | it's going to be a maximum flooding . Small perturbations and higher frequency are |
|
| 97:32 | to be uh less amounts of And the same with the with the |
|
| 97:36 | is when a lot of times in pair of sequence, the un conformity |
|
| 97:42 | mostly non deposition because it's filled in little hole and nothing's gonna happen until |
|
| 97:48 | that subsides or sea level rises or combination there to create more accommodation space |
|
| 97:54 | that spot that's sub aerial uh once . And so you have to wait |
|
| 98:00 | something that fills in. It's just if there's a hole in the ground |
|
| 98:05 | you blowing sand across it with a bills in, turn the hose |
|
| 98:13 | it doesn't get filled in anymore. then have you, if you fill |
|
| 98:18 | gutter or whatever, wherever that little is with water and sand, you |
|
| 98:23 | put more sand on top of it you increase, increase more accommodation |
|
| 98:29 | Okay, so here is uh A of 2 um pair of sequences. |
|
| 98:38 | um for each of these pair of at the bare minimum, this would |
|
| 98:54 | and 1/4 order sequence in here. this also would be 1/4 order sequence |
|
| 99:01 | each one of these little things in would be 5th order. Okay. |
|
| 99:07 | if it's a set you might consider the 4th order. This is the |
|
| 99:13 | order. And this the 6th order here. Like one of these, |
|
| 99:19 | one of these. Okay, so here, as they're describing it, |
|
| 99:26 | two together are 1/4 order sequence. this flooding surface here, we're into |
|
| 99:33 | irrational surface down here. And original up here Must be 4th order relative |
|
| 99:39 | a third order somewhere. And, know, there's no there's no sign |
|
| 99:44 | it. And of course, when look at it in the rock |
|
| 99:46 | we look at it on seismic. can't see this, but sometimes we |
|
| 99:50 | figure it out when we have cores looking at what's going on with the |
|
| 99:57 | . Sometimes the timing of the lap helps us figure it out. And |
|
| 100:02 | any kind of geo chronology, whether rocks or biased rat, um can |
|
| 100:09 | helpful, but here is something that amazingly like what we see and seismic |
|
| 100:20 | . Mhm. But and here we these kind of forms again, and |
|
| 100:26 | didn't ask you the first time, given a client of form, this |
|
| 100:30 | a client of form. It's it's boundary that suggests a dip. So |
|
| 100:39 | a client of form. And then would be another client of form and |
|
| 100:44 | would be another client of form. they're calling these timelines and this top |
|
| 100:52 | and bottom lap were combined together off this off lap that we're seeing is |
|
| 100:59 | what we see in programming sequences in . And the reason why we think |
|
| 101:09 | that's going on is here, here the the rock faces here, this |
|
| 101:13 | all offshore play and this all got At one period of time. Then |
|
| 101:24 | here, this all got deposited at period of time and here this all |
|
| 101:32 | deposited During one period of time. these are these are genetic really genetically |
|
| 101:40 | deposits. This sandstone, this pro silt stone and shale and the offshore |
|
| 101:50 | down here were deposited at approximately the period of time. So they're genetically |
|
| 101:57 | . And there not only are they by these timelines that you see |
|
| 102:03 | but normally there's a flooding surface in here. These are like pair of |
|
| 102:09 | pro grading offshore. And another thing seismic doesn't always discriminate between mythologies, |
|
| 102:17 | it does. What causes these reflectors the compaction of this part of the |
|
| 102:22 | would be greater than the compaction of part of the lobe would be greater |
|
| 102:26 | the compaction and that part of the . The density of the, of |
|
| 102:30 | rocks goes from greatest to lowest in direction. And that's what we're seeing |
|
| 102:37 | that's why timelines. Excuse me why reflectors often reflect timelines. And of |
|
| 102:44 | if there's a big un conformity and have rocks say an angular and conform |
|
| 102:48 | the rocks under it. Let's just they might be paley as though it |
|
| 102:53 | age and there's tertiary rocks sitting on of it. The difference in compaction |
|
| 102:58 | those two things are going to be and you're going to get a massive |
|
| 103:04 | reflector on that, like the Jurassic boundary, which isn't always in, |
|
| 103:11 | always at the time boundary, but close to the Jurassic cretaceous boundary. |
|
| 103:17 | the same in a lot of cases non conformity is in a lot of |
|
| 103:20 | places where we work. There's even conformity is underneath us here in Houston |
|
| 103:25 | the Houston embodiment that are really obvious , if you can get a hold |
|
| 103:30 | the size. Okay, so one these pair sequences something that looks like |
|
| 103:38 | ah is actually could actually look like . And here we start out, |
|
| 103:46 | imagine this is offshore. It fills with transition zone shore face. For |
|
| 103:52 | . And when you get to this . Mhm. Why does this have |
|
| 103:59 | be an offshore event up here. is happening in this in this pair |
|
| 104:11 | sequence, We're going from here, in here fills in more fills any |
|
| 104:17 | more and all of a sudden we up to the, we get to |
|
| 104:23 | foreshore, what's above. What's above foreshore the flooding surface. Could you |
|
| 104:35 | that one more time? The foreshore , the flooding flooding maximum flooding |
|
| 104:48 | Okay, The maximum flooding surfaces But forget about what's on this |
|
| 104:56 | Why? Why do we have to for the maximum flooding surface to come |
|
| 105:00 | ? What is going on here? other words, right after this score |
|
| 105:04 | deposit fills that in, what's going be above it? What? What |
|
| 105:08 | higher? Ah before this flooding surface in, what's going on above |
|
| 105:17 | That for sure, erosion. well, the first thing is, |
|
| 105:24 | you're gonna end up with some burial . Right. In other words, |
|
| 105:28 | going to be above sea level. how do we get most of these |
|
| 105:37 | ? We get them like by water . Right, so, once, |
|
| 105:43 | we get above what we call base , there's no more accommodation space. |
|
| 105:51 | , you're either going to have non and or erosion, you may have |
|
| 105:57 | alien dunes form up there, but about it. And so, to |
|
| 106:03 | much, you know, you might might be able to squeeze in some |
|
| 106:08 | in here, but by and at this point, in in three |
|
| 106:15 | space. At this point, it deep here, it's filled in progressively |
|
| 106:20 | time. Too shallow and shallower and and all of a sudden what's missing |
|
| 106:26 | accommodation space. There's no more accommodation because there's no more accommodation space? |
|
| 106:32 | not going to get any significant That's this point on the globe until |
|
| 106:40 | a flooding surface. Mm hmm. we got a hurricane come in, |
|
| 106:45 | would probably wash some of this away we might get some backwash on the |
|
| 106:50 | deposit. We might not even be to recognize it, but that's about |
|
| 106:54 | . To get something else to start in here, we would have to |
|
| 106:58 | a flooding surface. And of if we had a flooding surface, |
|
| 107:02 | would start off again with this offshore . We could get a flooding surface |
|
| 107:08 | less significant. And start with the zone. Or we could get one |
|
| 107:13 | even less significant. And start with short face and the lower shore face |
|
| 107:18 | on top of this. But in particular sequence completely filled in most of |
|
| 107:24 | accommodation space, something might have eroded dunes and here we have the offshore |
|
| 107:31 | right on top of it. And of sequences are made of cycles. |
|
| 107:36 | we would see uh these little boundaries here are going to be flooding |
|
| 107:41 | These are even smalling flooding surfaces in . So, here's here's a flooding |
|
| 107:45 | with some sand flooding surface. Maybe is well offshore, but you're |
|
| 107:52 | you're getting more and more coarse grain as we go through time here, |
|
| 107:58 | getting a regression on this shore line the accommodation spaces filling in. And |
|
| 108:07 | else do you notice about this? in the in this sequence, this |
|
| 108:14 | of sequence right here. What do notice from bottom to top? What's |
|
| 108:22 | course? And hope boards? It's upwards. But what also is |
|
| 108:31 | which is a very important point. I can see um there are |
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| 108:38 | I would say um for these offices after every deposition after every um major |
|
| 108:48 | or channel ization deposition. So like have the yellow the structures that we |
|
| 108:57 | then we have, I would say this office then fine grained the |
|
| 109:03 | then maybe a Russian making a new . There another the position like a |
|
| 109:12 | , continuous cycle up to the offshore up to the foreshore on top. |
|
| 109:19 | , so so what's it's getting coarser here to here. But what else |
|
| 109:24 | also happening from here to here? in very simple terms, how about |
|
| 109:36 | , what's happening to water depth from to here? It's shallowing upwards. |
|
| 109:44 | . Okay. And why is it upwards? Because it's filling in the |
|
| 109:49 | space. In other words, for sequence to occur, sea level pretty |
|
| 109:57 | might have stayed the same, but in filling and in filling. |
|
| 110:01 | through time. Or it could have sea level. Could have dropped of |
|
| 110:05 | level drops. This might fill in , but if it's a matter of |
|
| 110:11 | , the sediments compacting and getting buried and deeper. It's eventually and regressive |
|
| 110:20 | . And and we're getting probably what imagined in his procreation. You |
|
| 110:25 | when you look at the beach and beach is adding beach to it, |
|
| 110:28 | a grading. It's either a grading pro grading. Uh huh. But |
|
| 110:35 | this fills up to shallow and the is in this direction, what would |
|
| 110:45 | in that direction being deposited at the time? This is being deposited |
|
| 110:54 | We would see the short face over somewhere. And then farther out. |
|
| 111:01 | would see the transition zone and further , we'd see the offshore, just |
|
| 111:06 | in this diagram here, we have delta front, sands, pro grading |
|
| 111:12 | on top of pro delta, which pro grading out on top of offshore |
|
| 111:17 | . So at one point in we see all these faces occurring |
|
| 111:23 | even though the sandstone is being deposited the upper parts of these climate |
|
| 111:29 | and the clays are at the bottom the the bed, the lower beds |
|
| 111:33 | the the bottom set beds we often them of of this sequence and then |
|
| 111:40 | ones in the middle decline of We're getting this the pro delta |
|
| 111:48 | So we have the delta upfront pro offshore. Here, we would see |
|
| 111:54 | same thing at the same time, foreshore is here, somewhere. Over |
|
| 111:58 | . We're getting the short face somewhere here, we're getting the transition zone |
|
| 112:03 | over here, we're getting the offshore the end of the day, it's |
|
| 112:05 | to look like a pro gravitational wedge sediments that we can see in |
|
| 112:11 | mm hmm. In the case of pair of sequence scale, we would |
|
| 112:15 | to have something in a rock record say ground penetrating radar to see that |
|
| 112:21 | scale or that high level of of sequence in other words, 4th, |
|
| 112:27 | 6th order sequence. But if it's front of the Mississippi delta and the |
|
| 112:33 | gulf of Mexico, we might see this in a third order sequence in |
|
| 112:37 | size. Okay, so it's you know, walter's law, vertical |
|
| 112:45 | shaped lateral sequences. Um and it's simple minded but sequence strategic. Afi |
|
| 112:57 | it came from the fact that we see these faces migrating offshore to |
|
| 113:05 | deeper areas through time. And and the sequence, here's another one. |
|
| 113:14 | looks. It's the same kind of . But what's going on here? |
|
| 113:22 | isn't this is like behind the What do we see here in this |
|
| 113:27 | of sequence? What's her depth is ? Are you sure? This is |
|
| 113:48 | upwards but it's also shallowing upwards. what's important to remember is that pair |
|
| 113:56 | sequences, each pair of sequences filling a high frequency amount of accommodation space |
|
| 114:04 | been created or exists. It's not long period of time. It's a |
|
| 114:09 | period of time. So it's a frequency event. And so we have |
|
| 114:16 | here. It happens to be finding . But this is super title, |
|
| 114:23 | is just like this, but at bottom we have subtitle. So between |
|
| 114:29 | two we have a flooding surface. , we probably have a flooding surface |
|
| 114:35 | and one here too and maybe wins between. But what we're seeing is |
|
| 114:39 | gradual shallowing up where its subtitle, is below the tides, This is |
|
| 114:47 | the title zone, this is above title zone. And above that on |
|
| 114:52 | marine side, we get a swamp the freshwater side. This would be |
|
| 114:59 | estuary in the marine side. This be back where it's mostly fresh water |
|
| 115:06 | we'd end up getting a swamp. could be a uh what do they |
|
| 115:14 | this? Um on the marine this would be a marsh and on |
|
| 115:20 | side it would be a swamp. they put this coal in here. |
|
| 115:23 | I thought it was important to put because here they have it capping with |
|
| 115:26 | fresh water, which is which is above super title. In other |
|
| 115:32 | where you get swamps is going to above that. This would be March |
|
| 115:37 | this point then this would be Okay, I said that a little |
|
| 115:44 | wrong when I was explaining it, but here we go to super title |
|
| 115:48 | the marsh and then we get even than super title. We're up up |
|
| 115:54 | it's still fresh water and you don't the marine encouragement and it's small. |
|
| 116:01 | , so here's what they kind of like and before we get there. |
|
| 116:17 | , let me ask you if this a client of form here and this |
|
| 116:24 | a client of form there. What we call that unit that's in between |
|
| 116:30 | climate forms and you'll be happy to most people don't know. Mhm. |
|
| 116:52 | do you think you would call the ? In other words, if we |
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| 116:56 | a rock that's bounded by a client here and bounded by a client form |
|
| 117:01 | , what is what is the thing was a hit by the way that's |
|
| 117:06 | between it. Okay. It's called of them and them sort of means |
|
| 117:28 | and I like to call it a . So a thingy Between two climate |
|
| 117:33 | is going to be a client with . Okay, so that's what the |
|
| 117:39 | are. The rocks are playing with . But the forms, the things |
|
| 117:44 | create an inclined form are these lines we see in the seismic foreign timelines |
|
| 117:51 | someone I was able to interpret. , another thing that's important to know |
|
| 118:03 | that pair of sequences are seldom complete the rate of change could be rapid |
|
| 118:10 | slower. But here is and when look at these things um if if |
|
| 118:19 | go all the way back to this , you can see this is kind |
|
| 118:27 | building up vertically, this is moving that direction and then this is moving |
|
| 118:32 | that direction. So we can see could be in here. If this |
|
| 118:36 | didn't get eroded, this could probably huh kind of move upwards. In |
|
| 118:44 | words, stack upwards. So this sort of stacking upwards and then it's |
|
| 118:50 | stacking in that direction here. Then starts stacking in this direction and then |
|
| 118:55 | starts attacking in that direction. As start to get to a standstill, |
|
| 119:00 | starts to stack upwards and that all to do with accommodation space on the |
|
| 119:14 | point. So here is one of patterns that we get with pair of |
|
| 119:20 | . And I showed you there was place where they go like this, |
|
| 119:24 | ? They moved towards the ocean. ocean is over this way. How |
|
| 119:28 | we know these are offshore mud These are short faced sand stones. |
|
| 119:32 | is a deposition will dip section. see the marine stuff moving deeper. |
|
| 119:40 | see the transition zone moving over top it and we see this moving over |
|
| 119:45 | of that. We call this program . Why is it programmed ation? |
|
| 119:58 | . Okay, it's pro gradation because faces are pro grading. We're moving |
|
| 120:07 | the ocean. And is this transgressive regressive? Where is sea level rising |
|
| 120:25 | falling? It's rising? Well, way it's strong and kind of you |
|
| 120:36 | of feel like it has to but level relative to the shore is not |
|
| 120:42 | . What's happening here is that there's certain amount of combination space right now |
|
| 120:51 | there's a certain amount of sediment coming ? And assuming that the amount of |
|
| 120:56 | coming in and the rate of sea rise are staying the same. Uh |
|
| 121:05 | and you have a certain amount of space through all of this. What |
|
| 121:11 | happening at this point is is the coming in faster than sea level is |
|
| 121:17 | ? Or is the sea level rising than the sediment coming in To get |
|
| 121:33 | gradation? The sediment supply has to fill the accommodation space relative to the |
|
| 121:40 | at which sea level rise can fill . So, for example, to |
|
| 121:48 | this pair of sequence here, I to have so much sand to build |
|
| 121:54 | to here and for it to fill . We have we have sea level |
|
| 121:59 | . But if the accommodation space doesn't as fast as the sedimentation rate, |
|
| 122:06 | rate fills in everything that was here then it has to fill in some |
|
| 122:11 | farther offshore. Likewise, when we up here, it fills in everything |
|
| 122:16 | and then, because there's more sediment less a combination space, it's going |
|
| 122:21 | push out this way. So, program station, as a result of |
|
| 122:26 | rate, outpacing accommodation space and that space doesn't have to be sea |
|
| 122:33 | It could be subsidence too. So we have LTD subsidence limited sea |
|
| 122:39 | sea level change. But the sediment is heavy, it's going to pro |
|
| 122:43 | out. So when you look at beach, why is a beach |
|
| 122:49 | Why why might a beach look like sinking over time? Like if you |
|
| 122:56 | at a, you look at an photograph from the day you were born |
|
| 123:00 | an aerial photograph today, why would , why would that be sinking? |
|
| 123:09 | it because of compaction? It could compassionate, Could be sea level |
|
| 123:16 | But the key is is the sediment is not keeping up with that accommodation |
|
| 123:20 | that's occurring whatever is causing that accommodation , whether it's sea level rise or |
|
| 123:27 | or a combination thereof. Uh The supply is gone. Uh you |
|
| 123:33 | a lot of erosion along beaches is to longshore current and the lack of |
|
| 123:42 | , for example, in the gulf Mexico, there's there's one huge river |
|
| 123:46 | its sand poor. It's it's clay and there's very few rivers that are |
|
| 123:53 | heavy loads of sediment on any coastline the United States right now. And |
|
| 124:00 | , so where we have coastal like the atlantic coastal plain or the |
|
| 124:04 | coastal plain, except for the Mississippi . We don't have big rivers coming |
|
| 124:11 | and uh because of that, the supply is weak. So anything that |
|
| 124:16 | off, you have land short land , excuse me? Longshore current moving |
|
| 124:22 | sand in a given direction. Uh the up dip side doesn't have sand |
|
| 124:27 | delivered to it, you're going to a depletion of sand and you're going |
|
| 124:31 | get an erosion of the barrier Okay, what is this sequence? |
|
| 124:38 | is this pair of sequence? Trying tell us in other words, what's |
|
| 124:46 | difference between that and that? There's lower sedimentation rate, right? The |
|
| 124:57 | rates lower than the accommodation space. , I'm gonna go go back what's |
|
| 125:03 | here to the so one of there's more sediment, the other |
|
| 125:11 | there's too little sediment. What's happening ? It's about equal, right, |
|
| 125:20 | balanced and again, and we look the way backwards. I hope this |
|
| 125:28 | drive you nuts. But I'm doing . We look here, we can |
|
| 125:35 | we've got this is a gradation all . This is pro gradation all |
|
| 125:41 | This is retro gradation. Well, for sure, this is pro gradation |
|
| 125:45 | . And that would have been a all for a while and that |
|
| 125:48 | You might have wiped out all of kind of stuff that would have gone |
|
| 125:51 | there. So, sea level is level, you know, reaches a |
|
| 125:56 | stand and it starts to drop. kind of sits even and then all |
|
| 126:00 | a sudden here, you can see sea level dropped in and eroded through |
|
| 126:05 | the sediments before. Okay, um I'm not going to read |
|
| 126:20 | but there are different clues for us identify systems track and a lot of |
|
| 126:28 | depend on us knowing what the sequence is in it. And and so |
|
| 126:40 | we get these these systems tracks uh seismic they're really easy. They're generally |
|
| 126:46 | to see in seismic ah because we we can see the lap out. |
|
| 126:54 | if we're just looking in a well it's very hard to see this. |
|
| 127:00 | uh a lot of times the high Systems track we're looking for uh for |
|
| 127:07 | most part pro gradation. As you in the diagram I just showed you |
|
| 127:14 | the transgressive system extract we're looking for lap and things that are um retro |
|
| 127:22 | . In other words it's being And here we have uh and the |
|
| 127:31 | stand systems track. We can see grading or great degrading. But we |
|
| 127:37 | see we should see things that look says it's bound by a sequence |
|
| 127:42 | What is the sequence boundary in this ? Remember? This is Exxon mobil |
|
| 127:52 | is peter vale the sequence boundaries on conformity. So the low stand systems |
|
| 128:02 | is that. But but what is , you know, one of the |
|
| 128:07 | that's really apparent here is the low system, the low stand fans and |
|
| 128:12 | stand wedges are unique features although it be difficult to tell this from |
|
| 128:19 | T. S. From a sm shelf margin systems track and S. |
|
| 128:24 | . S. T. But again there's I want you to read these |
|
| 128:29 | gonna look at these things because there's a few indicators in there that help |
|
| 128:33 | . But again, if you're if have a seismic line, it makes |
|
| 128:37 | relatively easy to spot, but not if you're looking in a, well |
|
| 128:43 | a little bit more difficult and yet actually try to find um something that |
|
| 128:51 | like uh it's starting to fill in a very very low stand transgressing to |
|
| 129:05 | . Here's here's um this isn't Spitsbergen which I believe is in the Svalbard |
|
| 129:15 | . Um and this is Ron he's at ut now, but it |
|
| 129:22 | to be at, when I first him, he worked in the University |
|
| 129:27 | Bergen, which is Bergen to but it's Bergen and this is showing |
|
| 129:33 | um this part of a self margin track and this is what it looks |
|
| 129:43 | , I turn it backwards, so would be the the same thing and |
|
| 129:47 | can see there's a Deltek wedge being here. And and is uh the |
|
| 129:56 | thing in this paper was you're getting to the shelf break and hit this |
|
| 130:00 | . So you're getting a shelf edge of one of these. One of |
|
| 130:05 | sands deposits, that's a grading on shelf, but you're very close to |
|
| 130:09 | shelf edge and some of them have because of that. And another one |
|
| 130:14 | pro graded out over top of So it's pretty, pretty nifty. |
|
| 130:19 | this this is um sort of third sequence, you know, you're actually |
|
| 130:28 | a, you know, shelf margin track here. Uh if you go |
|
| 130:35 | back here, you can see um low stand systems track and you can |
|
| 130:42 | it's getting clear down here and I see it in here. But This |
|
| 130:47 | 50 m, so that's probably an down there. But That would be |
|
| 130:56 | a 50 ft long um boat down , you know, about a third |
|
| 131:01 | what this is. And so that of gives you an idea of the |
|
| 131:05 | of this. So, would any you like to volunteer to go on |
|
| 131:12 | field trip where we could repel down here and collect samples, anybody up |
|
| 131:18 | that? It's and and here's this you a little bit. This is |
|
| 131:28 | in space and death here. It an age. So we've got these |
|
| 131:33 | dimensions and it's still not drawn very because this is, this is going |
|
| 131:39 | the deep end. This would be thin right out here. You |
|
| 131:43 | it gets very, very thin. it gets, it gets paper thin |
|
| 131:48 | you get farther out in the deep . And so whoever drew this, |
|
| 131:55 | don't know if they're veiled as but conceptually you can see that it's |
|
| 132:00 | , but but the shales that go are very, very thin deposits relative |
|
| 132:06 | what we see in the near shore and uh the pro delta deposits are |
|
| 132:12 | to be very, very paper And this is something to kind of |
|
| 132:21 | your mind. Ah and I don't if johnny will talk about this, |
|
| 132:29 | this is what the third order sequences definition, But it's now called the |
|
| 132:34 | order um by excellent mobile because they've some nuances and decided that they can |
|
| 132:41 | these things called mega sequences that relate plate reorganization, second order ones or |
|
| 132:48 | , which are super sequences which are scale tectonics. In other words, |
|
| 132:53 | affect the entire basin. And uh there's these things called composite sequences which |
|
| 133:01 | what we used to call third order , several of them together. And |
|
| 133:06 | and then there's a pair of sequence , which would be the 5th |
|
| 133:09 | And if you had subdivisions of the sequence sense, Which would be a |
|
| 133:14 | pair of sequence, that would be . Mhm. And it kind of |
|
| 133:18 | you what mechanism can create these different . And um this is kind of |
|
| 133:28 | you this is related to second order third order sequences. But here, |
|
| 133:36 | can see at the very beginning down , you're seeing the beginning of rift |
|
| 133:45 | and that's what this is. And there that would that would be a |
|
| 133:50 | sequence. And then there's some composite within that. It might be hard |
|
| 133:56 | you to see if they jump out me when you get farther up |
|
| 134:02 | Um And you can see uh for rift um my life keeps disappearing for |
|
| 134:12 | repeated sequences. Uh Here's here's the rift valley sequence, sort of the |
|
| 134:18 | rift deposit. But you can see composite sequences in here and composite sequences |
|
| 134:24 | their and composite sequences within their and are related to basin scale tectonics. |
|
| 134:32 | then in here as it becomes a margin in an isolated narrow ocean, |
|
| 134:41 | the organization of the based on changes little bit. And you can see |
|
| 134:48 | this this still has uh an imprint the of the Exume side here. |
|
| 134:55 | Exum's side is starting to get thermal and that's going down. And then |
|
| 134:59 | is starting to sag more and more the center for these two different |
|
| 135:03 | So here we go from rift ID here to narrow, isolated motion to |
|
| 135:12 | , which up in here is going be a passive margin. Uh which |
|
| 135:19 | more Mhm. Not just the this might be if the North Sea |
|
| 135:30 | , we'd get to here and then get to maybe there and that would |
|
| 135:33 | it if you go to the Norwegian . Um You're gonna go from this |
|
| 135:40 | this to this and that's that's actually you um a section all the way |
|
| 135:49 | from Africa to brazil, I And so that's very significant ocean |
|
| 135:57 | And on the other side, it more like a passive margin to me |
|
| 136:02 | you get to the younger sections and go from Jurassic up to here is |
|
| 136:08 | salt that's breakup and it's around the albion which is the end of the |
|
| 136:13 | cretaceous and uh and then you get these cretaceous sediments and then you start |
|
| 136:20 | a swath of tertiary sediments in And sequence photography of course, directly |
|
| 136:33 | to the different types of uh play . And you can, I'm not |
|
| 136:37 | to read this, but the distribution source rocks, reservoir rocks, ceiling |
|
| 136:43 | and strata, graphic traps relate to these different things and some of it's |
|
| 136:50 | to be obviously this is an But if you throw tectonics in |
|
| 136:57 | uh it could put an over print top of all these things by adding |
|
| 137:01 | that could help develop structural traps and beds and that kind of thing. |
|
| 137:07 | where we have the tectonic lee enhanced flooding surfaces in the North sea. |
|
| 137:12 | have a lot of major fault block where mountains pop up at one part |
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| 137:18 | the North Sea and deep water deposits it's tilted on the other end of |
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| 137:23 | same block, which creates some really sand influx because you have both a |
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| 137:31 | which is an erosion all source for and you have a low which is |
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| 137:37 | low part which is which is a that could collect shales like the Cambridge |
|
| 137:43 | and create a significant source rocks And the end of this lecture, let's |
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| 138:02 | out of this. Trying real hard to turn off the wrong thing. |
|
| 138:35 | . That ship might already be I don't see it. Okay. |
|
| 139:14 | anybody have any questions while we're waiting this? Has any anybody looked at |
|
| 139:27 | airport to see what's going on with winds. Is anybody there? |
|
| 139:44 | I'm on the record website right I'm just looking through it. How |
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| 139:54 | the wind production doing? So from graph? I see the wind is |
|
| 140:36 | going down the christian, um, , And this was last updated on |
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| 140:42 | four. So today and our, , How many 1000 MW does it |
|
| 140:56 | over there on the side Sign right on 9619 MW? 96 Nigel. |
|
| 141:13 | . Okay. So, um, , for some reason I can't find |
|
| 141:16 | gas on there. What what they're , It's almost like they're trying to |
|
| 141:19 | it from us. But anyway, , it's still a significant part of |
|
| 141:26 | being used. So let me, , one of the things is if |
|
| 141:31 | goes down, of course we're not air conditioners and I'm not sure, |
|
| 141:39 | there were trying to cut back on gas stoves and gas heaters. So |
|
| 141:44 | don't know if a lot of people gone to electric or not yet, |
|
| 141:47 | uh, but after the last I think a lot of people might |
|
| 141:52 | gone to gas heaters. Although they down when the electricity goes out too |
|
| 141:58 | they're controlled by electricity, the fan such. Okay, so we're going |
|
| 142:05 | look at, and now we're going get into the next few lectures, |
|
| 142:09 | going to be basically the value chain more directly than it was in the |
|
| 142:16 | . We mentioned the different steps of value chain and where we use some |
|
| 142:19 | these tools. But now we're going be looking at the various steps, |
|
| 142:23 | gonna look at frontier, then exploration . Then I spent a lot of |
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| 142:30 | on appraisal and then we'll do development and then we'll end that with, |
|
| 142:39 | unconventional, more specifically, but we're to start out right here with unconventional |
|
| 142:46 | conventional. And I think, when, when you look at |
|
| 142:56 | it's very obvious that that being a hunter is a little bit different then |
|
| 143:03 | an unconventional hunter. And this guy put out a little paper to try |
|
| 143:12 | explain that. So buyer his slides I think it's, everything is pretty |
|
| 143:18 | true. Mhm. And again, , when we, um, doing |
|
| 143:28 | , we kind of start from trying get a big picture idea, especially |
|
| 143:31 | frontier, you know, what's going be on the inside. And this |
|
| 143:35 | of relates to going through the entire chain actually, and uh, but |
|
| 143:41 | starts in conventional, we're, we're to figure out what's going on in |
|
| 143:45 | base and, and we'll do large regional surveys to get an idea, |
|
| 143:54 | big idea that picture that we're trying find in terms of potential petroleum systems |
|
| 144:01 | the elements of petroleum systems as it . And so a lot of effort |
|
| 144:07 | sort of broad brush, broad scale sort of looking from the outside of |
|
| 144:15 | basin to the inside of that And it's really one of the things |
|
| 144:18 | I think is important to imagine and we look at the convention, |
|
| 144:24 | one of the things ah, about conventional and unconventional rather wherever we were |
|
| 144:32 | these shale oil or shale gas Normally we had some production in the |
|
| 144:41 | or at least a lot of shows those shells before we actually figured out |
|
| 144:46 | way to produce them. So we're in the base, we've already, |
|
| 144:51 | already got production and the places where started doing the horizontal drilling and hydrofracking |
|
| 145:00 | places where they weren't trying to guess figure out if there would be source |
|
| 145:06 | there, they already knew they were because they had production previously. So |
|
| 145:10 | it turns out in the United we had a lot of production and |
|
| 145:17 | , very efficiently and effectively drilled and production in the conventional resources, but |
|
| 145:24 | didn't have a way to get out source rock that was more or less |
|
| 145:29 | the middle and of course you think kitchens, hydrocarbon kitchens, usually the |
|
| 145:35 | kitchens are down in the middle of basin or a sub basin. And |
|
| 145:40 | , and those might have been the where we saw a lot of shows |
|
| 145:45 | out of the shales, or we have seen a lot of, or |
|
| 145:51 | a lot, but a little limited of productions from, from say straight |
|
| 145:56 | where we might have hit a really spot. And just by chance we |
|
| 146:02 | able to produce it. So you of have a head start in in |
|
| 146:06 | things that you're already inside the problem where you're trying to find a |
|
| 146:11 | But once you, once you start these sweet spots, you know, |
|
| 146:16 | start going farther away from that, you know, it was a good |
|
| 146:21 | to how far does this particular play And with with a conventional, you're |
|
| 146:29 | to find the combinations of structures and afi that suggests that you're going to |
|
| 146:35 | a prospect. And of course you're of looking at it from the outside |
|
| 146:39 | you pick one here and then you pick one here and you know, |
|
| 146:43 | takes you a while to get through whole process to where you get down |
|
| 146:47 | where you develop these things, we plays and and you kind of get |
|
| 146:53 | good handle, our understanding of the where you need to look around the |
|
| 147:00 | and once you get into the So you start out from the outside |
|
| 147:03 | the big picture trying to find these that could be sweet spots. Then |
|
| 147:08 | find one here and you don't find here, but you find another one |
|
| 147:12 | . Then you start to focus in and more into into where that prospect |
|
| 147:20 | . Whereas again the unconventional, you of started with something that you could |
|
| 147:25 | or almost produced in the middle of basin where that the main kitchen was |
|
| 147:33 | you start working from outside that direction figure out where you may also have |
|
| 147:39 | hi toc high quality source rocks that also going to be in this case |
|
| 147:45 | reservoir rocks as well. And here just prospect identification ah in the conventional |
|
| 148:00 | one of them was this shen Zi and they noticed that they had traps |
|
| 148:10 | away from that that we're working and were able to use those as analog |
|
| 148:16 | trapped and logs for where you might it somewhere else. In other |
|
| 148:20 | around the perimeter of the base. then you start moving on the inside |
|
| 148:24 | you found things in uh, in that have the right combination of structures |
|
| 148:31 | make traps, the right type of fee to have seals and sources. |
|
| 148:37 | and then as you get into that area, then you start worrying about |
|
| 148:42 | quality of the reservoir. Again, the unconventional, we knew that probably |
|
| 148:49 | best is where we had a well us where the best was and we're |
|
| 148:52 | our way outside from that from the out in that in that situation and |
|
| 148:59 | kind of what happened here. Uh . There was an area where um |
|
| 149:10 | think to a large part Petro hawk Floyd C. Wilson. Mhm. |
|
| 149:17 | able to capitalize on a good acreage and the new technology of the the |
|
| 149:26 | that were tried in some other But they found an area in |
|
| 149:33 | in this part of the real there was a very good sweet spot |
|
| 149:37 | they were able to produce a lot oil and gas and they paid I |
|
| 149:41 | somewhere in the order of $60 million for the acres and they sold them |
|
| 149:45 | over $12 billion. And so that a good thing. So once they |
|
| 149:49 | sort of developed that people started to out and figure out how far you |
|
| 149:54 | go. So they start looking for boundary of oil generation because as you |
|
| 150:01 | up shallower and shallower, up dip the north, you you run out |
|
| 150:06 | the oil window and get into the window and if you go down in |
|
| 150:11 | direction you run into strata, graphic that the dramatically changed. But even |
|
| 150:17 | importantly if you go over the san arch which isn't, I can't see |
|
| 150:23 | it's labeled here, let me see doesn't show. But when you get |
|
| 150:29 | this boundary here there's a lot of a lot of sand up here, |
|
| 150:36 | which does two things that dilutes they the the source rock. And it |
|
| 150:44 | um is in a in a more less uh different type of setting. |
|
| 150:50 | , you you don't have an oxy in here as you did between the |
|
| 150:55 | were reef and the Sligo reef here created a the smaller basin of this |
|
| 151:03 | wedge of sediment here, uh that isolated and it was able to develop |
|
| 151:11 | rich source rocks had a pretty significant and quality. Okay, so when |
|
| 151:23 | looking at frontier exploration questions or risk , you know, again, I |
|
| 151:31 | this up real quickly, but the of basin can be important, whether |
|
| 151:38 | conventional or unconventional and it's still, know, you're going to be looking |
|
| 151:43 | something that's big enough, you're gonna to have controls on structural styles. |
|
| 151:53 | And here's a whole list of attributes that. And then also um the |
|
| 152:00 | of the strata, the the different of sedimentary systems, is it carbonate |
|
| 152:07 | , is it? Um um Trajan classic rich. And so, you |
|
| 152:16 | , what kinds of thicknesses? Uh there's no the idea that there could |
|
| 152:21 | carbonate production, for example, you to make sure that you can find |
|
| 152:26 | the outside some source that's delivering this is the outside in for for |
|
| 152:33 | . Is there a delivery system of , there are basins that I worked |
|
| 152:37 | in central America. Uh There were basins, but one of the big |
|
| 152:43 | was where would the sand come Given the terrain around these lake |
|
| 152:49 | In many cases there were significant uplifts them to provide that sand, but |
|
| 152:56 | other places it was more coastal plain in terms of topography over a long |
|
| 153:03 | of time and the developmental history of different things. So the potential for |
|
| 153:09 | sand source was limited in in some them and here um the unconventional have |
|
| 153:18 | special thing because you're looking at a type of reservoir. So it definitely |
|
| 153:24 | to be. Um uh We talk quantities the T. O. |
|
| 153:31 | S. If you have low O. C. S. Uh |
|
| 153:36 | into a source rock, especially if found it because there's been conventional production |
|
| 153:41 | it. You have to make sure there's plenty in there, so it |
|
| 153:45 | been depleted. Uh If you've been that oil and gas, you should |
|
| 153:52 | know probably what type of Karajan's are in there and what the potential quality |
|
| 153:59 | ap graph and all sorts of stuff be for that particular source rock, |
|
| 154:05 | in terms of, you know, getting something that's been expelled and |
|
| 154:11 | what would have created that and under temperature and pressure conditions with that level |
|
| 154:17 | that particular rock that you have a composition on have been able to generate |
|
| 154:24 | and perhaps not bled off all of oil. And if you have a |
|
| 154:29 | of production data from the unconventional, can kind of get a feel for |
|
| 154:34 | much has actually migrated out. of course you have to factor that |
|
| 154:40 | for oil that wasn't trapped. And , and then given the overall area |
|
| 154:46 | thickness of what you think the source is, what the total hydrocarbon content |
|
| 154:52 | be if you have a good And again, you know, something |
|
| 154:56 | the types of Karajan's and the composition that oil and the, the composition |
|
| 155:01 | you could predict it would have made that oil in terms of a source |
|
| 155:08 | . And so all this timing and extent of expulsion as important. And |
|
| 155:13 | of course brittleness potential often can be good thing in the austin shark. |
|
| 155:23 | , some of those rocks tend to brittle enough that, that you're not |
|
| 155:33 | having to do hydrofracking because they've fractured naturally. And you can save on |
|
| 155:40 | part of the expense of drilling And then in some cases it may |
|
| 155:45 | been a fractured chalk, which is kind of unconventional, but it may |
|
| 155:51 | be unconventional in the sense that you're into the actual source rock, you |
|
| 155:58 | be, in some cases there may toc is high enough to have created |
|
| 156:02 | source rock. In other cases, may be of stuff that's come from |
|
| 156:07 | Eagle ford and filled in the fracture that was natural. Okay, so |
|
| 156:18 | , your book has, if if you've read the book or look |
|
| 156:22 | the book, it has a whole of examples. I like to put |
|
| 156:25 | things that that just came across my because I've worked in areas and |
|
| 156:30 | but there's a lot of obvious areas would be frontier exploration areas and around |
|
| 156:37 | , the Barents Sea, um which north of Norway and Russia, |
|
| 156:46 | the far western end of Russia and and the Barents Sea is a huge |
|
| 156:54 | . But again, a lot of try to avoid this area for, |
|
| 156:58 | good environmental reasons because we really don't to miss that part of the world |
|
| 157:04 | . But but still there there that is a possibility. Um down |
|
| 157:13 | , the antarctic shelves is another one that same reason is pretty difficult. |
|
| 157:18 | you know, anywhere, it's it's ah, you know, Your |
|
| 157:25 | are over 65°. There's probably a lot open areas for frontier exploration and we |
|
| 157:33 | that for sure even, you a lot of some work has been |
|
| 157:37 | . The Alaskan Wildlife Anwar, the wildlife Refuge is um is an area |
|
| 157:46 | would be definitely frontier in many but again for obvious environmental reasons, |
|
| 157:55 | might want to just leave that alone worry about all these other places that |
|
| 157:59 | can go to that we've already messed ah trying to cut to the chase |
|
| 158:07 | . But the deepwater gulf of Mexico still got areas that are totally wide |
|
| 158:13 | . I remember when I started working that mobile, one of my young |
|
| 158:21 | uh almost right out of school like was, we had a vice president |
|
| 158:26 | down and I'm not sure if it the trip. He came to ask |
|
| 158:30 | where I where I put 25 or million barrels of oil. But When |
|
| 158:39 | re evaluated the South Marshall Owen 28 because it was a trip similar to |
|
| 158:45 | where he came down and talked to group and one of the students |
|
| 158:51 | but one of the young nu uh geologists asked the question, how long |
|
| 158:59 | you think we have to extract oil gas from the shelf since we're extracting |
|
| 159:05 | awful lot right now. And uh vice president said, actually I came |
|
| 159:14 | here to find out from you when thought that was gonna happen rather than |
|
| 159:19 | asking me. And that's the kind the thing that I get at, |
|
| 159:23 | to where you know, when you into a business, uh, if |
|
| 159:28 | really want to do a good you need to be thinking about where |
|
| 159:33 | is all gonna go down the And the minute you step in that |
|
| 159:38 | and you're supposed to be producing oil gas for that company, you need |
|
| 159:41 | be thinking about where you can produce and gas and you may have a |
|
| 159:46 | job and it's in the city of , but you need to be still |
|
| 159:50 | , you know, where else could work in the world or in the |
|
| 159:54 | I live in? Uh, and a way that people aren't even thinking |
|
| 159:58 | . And that's really what frontier exploration all about is finding, finding sometimes |
|
| 160:05 | our back door, what we don't know. And so all of these |
|
| 160:14 | are pretty, I think, pretty to guess. And of course in |
|
| 160:18 | United States, we've focused, you , we, we have so much |
|
| 160:23 | in the United States that we identified lot of our source rocks are buried |
|
| 160:28 | rocks in the first place. There places that have less developed their hydrocarbon |
|
| 160:38 | that could be sitting on top of a bill shales. But they haven't |
|
| 160:45 | looked enough to see if they had resources there yet. And, and |
|
| 160:50 | , some of it has to do with how clever you are finding oil |
|
| 160:57 | gas. Maybe they didn't need that oil and gas. Maybe they found |
|
| 161:01 | that was very easy to get out the ground. And some countries have |
|
| 161:05 | incredible reserves. Uh, and they had to go look at alternates. |
|
| 161:10 | in the, the United States, like a bunch of trapped rats |
|
| 161:15 | And we're all looking everywhere to try find things, even if nobody else |
|
| 161:20 | they're there and most of us follow pack like a herd and, you |
|
| 161:26 | , somebody found unconventional and then everybody on it and now it looks like |
|
| 161:31 | getting to a point where growth and is going to stop, which I |
|
| 161:35 | is probably a good thing for It will get people to focus on |
|
| 161:41 | areas. Like the conventional sources that know they're still out there. |
|
| 161:48 | the shallow water gulf of Mexico, example, still has a lot of |
|
| 161:53 | that has not been drilled and in far as I can tell from what |
|
| 162:01 | seen, there are places not far from some of the big fields I |
|
| 162:05 | on, they look awfully perspective. you look at this, the specs |
|
| 162:11 | and know a little bit about the . Some of the less obvious examples |
|
| 162:17 | the south china sea. And, I think that's still true and part |
|
| 162:27 | it is because success there has been in terms of, of finding significant |
|
| 162:35 | like the one that were found and luau structure. And we'll go over |
|
| 162:41 | in the future here when we get the next lecture. And there's also |
|
| 162:47 | parts of the Caspian sea around the average, even though it's been highly |
|
| 162:54 | , there's places a little north and a little south and in the deeper |
|
| 163:01 | . one thing I didn't put but I think it's true is, |
|
| 163:08 | the shallow shelf of the gulf of um with the new tools that we |
|
| 163:14 | in terms of imaging through uh good research and the development of some of |
|
| 163:22 | cataloging and Avio research that fred Hiltermann been doing. I think there's a |
|
| 163:28 | of places without a lot of We could, we could find uh |
|
| 163:33 | play concepts that aren't drastically different from ones that we've used in the gulf |
|
| 163:38 | Mexico. But there could be places for some risk factor, we ruled |
|
| 163:45 | out. But with better seismic we might be able to rule it |
|
| 163:51 | in and the shelf offshore texas in . And even florida are pretty significant |
|
| 164:00 | size. And I would be very if there aren't some significant resources |
|
| 164:07 | Another thing, um, that isn't this list is um, right underneath |
|
| 164:14 | in the Houston in payment is one the largest kitchens ever formed resource rocks |
|
| 164:22 | there's no drilling because Houston is here , and we know we do know |
|
| 164:30 | all around Houston around the perimeter of and even in parts parts of |
|
| 164:35 | even like a memorial park, there been places where we know that there's |
|
| 164:43 | accumulations underneath us and and that's just in a conventional sense, even |
|
| 164:51 | my gut feeling is that because we've five or 6 depending on what you |
|
| 164:58 | as a dermal structures around the city have produced over 100 million barrels of |
|
| 165:04 | . There's obviously obviously a large kitchen the city of Houston and I'm talking |
|
| 165:10 | a source rock kitchen and with all Dieterich structures, there's probably some salt |
|
| 165:18 | structures that have created. Things like we call a turtle structure, which |
|
| 165:23 | sort of um a big broad, broad structure whose edges of have dropped |
|
| 165:32 | because salts pulled down and gone into diapers in the kitchen of course, |
|
| 165:36 | is in the middle is trapped underneath along with some reservoir rocks that we |
|
| 165:41 | even imaged because we've never done a lot of seismic. Now the seismic |
|
| 165:47 | we ran for the University of Houston we have for vibrant sizes but we |
|
| 165:54 | had the energy from three of them one was malfunctioning And we only were |
|
| 165:59 | to image down about 6000 ft. my gut feeling is that we get |
|
| 166:03 | to about 12,000 ft. We might able to see some of this and |
|
| 166:08 | could be of the five or 6 around the Houston area that have been |
|
| 166:15 | by this, there could actually be half turtle structure with a fault ah |
|
| 166:22 | a trap on some reservoirs just above where all the oil was not a |
|
| 166:29 | , large amount of that oil was able to escape and get to these |
|
| 166:33 | to these stones because the area and thickness of of some of those source |
|
| 166:38 | , which suggests even though we don't a drill bit in it, I |
|
| 166:43 | suggest that we have a tremendous amount unproduced oil that could be produced, |
|
| 166:49 | by conventional methods and unconventional methods. there's a lot of the tectonics of |
|
| 167:00 | Indonesia. People that are tectonics around , which covers a big part of |
|
| 167:06 | ocean's over there because they have many islands. There's there's a lot |
|
| 167:12 | a lot of those compression als structural that can create traps that we don't |
|
| 167:18 | know have have a potential being created we drill them. And because some |
|
| 167:25 | them are fairly deep water, there's probably a lot of potential production there |
|
| 167:30 | we don't even have an idea could be there. And I think the |
|
| 167:36 | coast of the US is still potentially . And I will be talking about |
|
| 167:45 | about case studies will be looking at gulf of Mexico. We'll be looking |
|
| 167:54 | the south china sea and we'll also looking at the atlantic coast of the |
|
| 167:59 | States. Okay, one thing about exploration is the timing can be |
|
| 168:09 | Sometimes it's not too long. The exploration usually takes about five years but |
|
| 168:14 | last tens and tens of years. your book has a good example. |
|
| 168:20 | worked on some things west of Shetland , but not a lot. Most |
|
| 168:28 | my work over in europe has been the central grab in the north, |
|
| 168:31 | south biking robin and the armory which we'll look at when we start |
|
| 168:38 | about things in the exploration exploitation lecture . But um, a lot of |
|
| 168:49 | the pace is controlled by political and technical factors. And one thing when |
|
| 168:57 | started at mobile early on before I there, they had waited um nine |
|
| 169:05 | to get E. P. Approval. And a very short word |
|
| 169:09 | that. I think taking a long to think about drilling in mobile |
|
| 169:16 | It was a good thing to do if you get an oil spill in |
|
| 169:20 | estrogen setting like that, it doesn't very far to go in those estuaries |
|
| 169:26 | the gulf of Mexico are the key , mm hmm. A lot of |
|
| 169:33 | um reproduction. And and you production of things that we like to |
|
| 169:41 | out of the ocean. So you don't want to mess up the estuarine |
|
| 169:45 | around the coast of something like the of Mexico that has a lot of |
|
| 169:49 | in it. And really good So, you know, in crabs |
|
| 169:55 | shrimp in the whole bit. So think it was really important that they |
|
| 169:59 | that one of the to I guess of the best things about the be |
|
| 170:07 | blow out that had a massive oil . two things that made me happy |
|
| 170:14 | that very little of that oil. got up into the estrogen settings. |
|
| 170:21 | . A lot did get on some the delta marshes and some of the |
|
| 170:28 | . But my biggest fear was that a hurricane came along it would shove |
|
| 170:34 | slugs of oil that were out there into days like mobile bay or Galveston's |
|
| 170:42 | . And the there was very little of it coming this far west, |
|
| 170:48 | any of the bays to the east the Mississippi river delta, if they |
|
| 170:55 | gotten oil spills and then that would been catastrophic for the for the |
|
| 171:01 | Even more so than it was And we're talking about orders of |
|
| 171:08 | To me, a drop of oil a bad thing. A barrel is |
|
| 171:12 | . Thousands of barrels is really Uh, but when you have to |
|
| 171:17 | and think about catastrophes, you have think about the worst case scenarios and |
|
| 171:22 | worst case scenario would have been oil into those into those estuaries. And |
|
| 171:28 | God that didn't happen nevertheless. So think that's why it was important that |
|
| 171:34 | . P. A spent a lot time and they hit a tight gas |
|
| 171:38 | in the upper dress of north Norfolk and today or I should say before |
|
| 171:48 | you could go to an A PG and somebody was talking about the north |
|
| 171:54 | formation reservoirs as though, nobody would them. But the first, well |
|
| 171:59 | got drilled in that almost did miss and they did happen to have uh |
|
| 172:06 | on hand that in spite of the physic algorithms which are not much different |
|
| 172:13 | they are now. They're just more . Petro physical uh algorithms suggested there |
|
| 172:19 | nothing there but a guy that an hand that kind of could see through |
|
| 172:29 | blinders that we have in certain types settings and tight sands is one of |
|
| 172:36 | because, you know, you see resistive itty peak in a tight |
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| 172:39 | you think it's tight, but if not too tight and there's a reservoir |
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| 172:43 | there, uh you might might be to find natural gas deposits on the |
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| 172:48 | of something in the Norfolk formation. they did. And that brought a |
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| 172:53 | of today, as I said, was back in the uh Probably early |
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| 173:01 | , if not the late 70s, today you would think nobody ever had |
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| 173:06 | hard time finding it, but the is they did and uh and it's |
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| 173:13 | a tremendous producer in offshore Louisiana and and Mississippi, excuse me, um |
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| 173:22 | the way over to Alabama. okay, timing for, for unconventional |
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| 173:31 | is a little bit different. And won't read through this because I've kind |
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| 173:38 | said a lot of this, but big difference I think about this also |
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| 173:53 | I think I may have written it here. Maybe I didn't, it's |
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| 173:58 | going to come up somewhere else. just checked my list here. Mhm |
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| 174:20 | may come across a slide in a a minute or two, but one |
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| 174:24 | the things um maybe it was back this slide, I remember typing something |
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| 174:36 | been losing stuff I saved because I do too much too fast. But |
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| 174:46 | uh but one of the things in of a difference, a big difference |
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| 174:53 | conventional and unconventional, maybe it comes in the exploration slide set, but |
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| 174:59 | go ahead and say it again, really big difference between these these two |
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| 175:04 | is the the risk factors uh in conventional require that you spend a lot |
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| 175:14 | money up front to do these surveys try to find things in and you |
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| 175:22 | find things you may not if you find anything you've wasted a lot of |
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| 175:26 | . Yes, the slides going to up in the exploration uh chapter, |
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| 175:31 | the because it has to do a bit with with drilling in um in |
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| 175:40 | and the expiration of conventional, you're of hunting and pecking. So there's |
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| 175:47 | can be a lot of risk involved terms of dry holes, what we |
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| 175:51 | dry holes, which are one is of water. And uh and so |
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| 175:59 | that's the problem with conventional and the . one of the things that you |
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| 176:05 | to do, uh and it's going become apparent when we get to |
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| 176:11 | One of things you have to do you have to keep drilling uh in |
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| 176:16 | X in the conventional, a big , there's a big risk in finding |
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| 176:21 | big enough or not. And the as you already know, you have |
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| 176:28 | big in your hands and you have drill it like crazy with expensive wells |
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| 176:35 | how long that well produces as part the problem, you have to keep |
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| 176:40 | and drilling and drilling to to squeak as much as you can from the |
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| 176:46 | are huge areas of rock in terms overall volume. But the permeability is |
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| 176:53 | as that you're still leaving a lot hydrocarbon behind, whereas the drainage capacity |
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| 177:01 | a conventional resource is definitely higher per . And so you, um, |
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| 177:12 | if you find something big in you can make a lot of |
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| 177:17 | but the risk is high in terms finding it in a, in an |
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| 177:23 | , there's not much risk finding the because, you know where it is |
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| 177:27 | , you knew where it was before started to drill. And you just |
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| 177:31 | to drill a lot of good wells can produce as long as possible and |
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| 177:36 | get depleted significantly within a year of it. So the, the |
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| 177:43 | the capital expenditures are in different sort different boxes more on the development side |
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| 177:53 | in unconventional and more on the expiration in unconventional. Excuse me and |
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| 178:03 | Okay, uh, and again, kind of relates to the timing of |
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| 178:07 | because you don't spend a lot of looking for it because often, you |
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| 178:12 | where it is. But there are , for example, in brazil, |
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| 178:17 | some significant potential source rocks that could be drilled and almost have nothing to |
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| 178:25 | with with crude production because they're in where they're shales, they know they're |
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| 178:32 | with high T. O. S with with very high heat flow |
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| 178:38 | so they're relatively young, potentially young rocks. It could actually be bled |
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| 178:44 | with with hydro fracking and extended well for horizontal wells. And I had |
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| 178:52 | student from brazil work on that project was a very interesting project. Those |
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| 178:58 | are just sitting in the middle of . But again, once you |
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| 179:02 | once you find that one, you're going to have a pretty good |
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| 179:05 | uh, from that goodwill everywhere around . It's going to be good because |
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| 179:11 | thing with the unconventional that are based , on shales, shale plays unconventional |
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| 179:17 | shales are very uh extensive laterally and You tap into a good one. |
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| 179:26 | probably have a lot of drilling ahead again, those wells cost a lot |
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| 179:32 | those wells will still be depleted quicker a typical conventional well, so you're |
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| 179:38 | a lot of money on drilling development and in some cases injection wells. |
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| 179:53 | , so here is the example that had and um, Because we've we've |
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| 180:00 | a little bit early. Sometimes I'm to go just a few more minutes |
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| 180:04 | if you guys can bear with about 15 minutes, I want to |
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| 180:07 | through the, the Clare field, west of Shetland Islands, that's what |
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| 180:13 | stands for. And uh, I've kept up with this field, |
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| 180:19 | get online and check what's going on . This was in your book. |
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| 180:29 | and the thing is, is that gets to a couple of points. |
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| 180:35 | is frontier exploration could be tens of . This one is one of the |
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| 180:39 | ones, this is even worse than nine years it took for somebody to |
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| 180:44 | uh santa anna tight gas sands and orphan. But here the the Clearfield |
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| 180:54 | discovered in 1977, but it's west the Shetland Islands is in the Atlantic |
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| 180:59 | is kind of out in the middle nowhere, and there's definitely no |
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| 181:07 | So once they found it, they , they didn't produce it right |
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| 181:12 | But eventually, first production came from production ships, they were more |
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| 181:20 | if so's, I guess they call . And and they, and they |
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| 181:26 | able to start producing it, but continued to drill around in the 80's |
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| 181:33 | the 90s, there was something And um First production, for example |
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| 181:40 | this, this field found in 1977 in 2005. So that's a |
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| 181:46 | that's a long dry spell from here actually getting some, and now of |
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| 181:51 | they have some pipelines and they're still , I'm pretty sure does, I |
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| 181:55 | checked this week, but the last I checked, they still still had |
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| 181:59 | out there and it's it's not the ocean in the world to have a |
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| 182:05 | parking in the middle of winter. they probably have weather windows they have |
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| 182:09 | watch out for and as it turns In 2004, Mind You, which |
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| 182:17 | before this production started, but it like it was going to happen because |
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| 182:23 | is your book, The book, first edition came out in 2004, |
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| 182:29 | means most of the Research and writing everything was done before 2004 because if |
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| 182:35 | remember correctly, it came out In early 2004. So a lot of |
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| 182:43 | stuff was done before, Not only 2005, but before 2004. |
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| 182:51 | and this is the original map and added a couple of things here because |
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| 182:56 | didn't have a new map yet to it. There was a lot of |
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| 182:59 | condensate found in these areas over This is supposed to be a different |
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| 183:05 | of the map to kind of show that west, here's the Shetland islands |
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| 183:10 | and there's where lucy is. So north of even Scotland and as you |
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| 183:16 | have guessed and I ran out of for the, for the blow up |
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| 183:22 | of the map, but relative to scale of this map, somewhere about |
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| 183:27 | and here's Shetland Islands. So it be over and here in this big |
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| 183:32 | this Back 100,000 miles or whatever, 30,000 ft, 100,000 ft, I |
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| 183:39 | know. But anyway, this this is kind of showing you where |
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| 183:43 | blow up is. So, somewhere this area there's, there's a number |
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| 183:47 | fields that came up with gas condensate uh, So there were largest discoveries |
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| 183:55 | 2017 and it gave them new incentives , for the investment that they |
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| 184:02 | You know, the more, well find you've got, you know, |
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| 184:06 | was Claire field is up here. is the one that got him excited |
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| 184:09 | it. Then they're finding all these fields down here and, and they're |
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| 184:15 | even and this, this is a . It's sometimes it's hard to get |
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| 184:21 | if you're not working in industry and can get them for free, |
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| 184:27 | but is able to get this company this thing and there's the Shetland Basin |
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| 184:32 | here, which also has some, major fields that were found in this |
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| 184:37 | of time. And the fine haven one of course, declare was one |
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| 184:42 | the first ones. But then all this corona Ridge, Which is where |
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| 184:47 | Claire was. So this is probably type of play here and then this |
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| 184:52 | be a different type of play. here you can see in this vast |
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| 184:57 | offshore there's lots of oil and gas just sitting out there for someone to |
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| 185:04 | . And and mind you that this isn't this probably isn't the only thing |
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| 185:10 | possible out here in this area. probably lots of hydrocarbon resources and that's |
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| 185:18 | of the reasons why I think we the oil industry itself should be trying |
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| 185:23 | figure out ways to not only try to litter and loiter and drop stuff |
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| 185:33 | the boat and burn hydrocarbons. We need to burn. You know, |
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| 185:37 | found a way to um sequester a of the C. 02. It |
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| 185:43 | remain viable for many, many years us to to use liquid fuels because |
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| 185:51 | it turns out a liquid fuel is what runs through our veins. And |
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| 186:00 | a reason why it's it works well uh you know, something like a |
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| 186:07 | or a boat or a car or . And because that's the way a |
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| 186:15 | basis, living things, All our , their energy supply of all |
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| 186:21 | for example, in most invertebrates is to be through some sort of fluid |
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| 186:27 | source. And I don't think that happen if it wasn't efficient. |
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| 186:36 | we'll hear from your book in the that just came out um I think |
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| 186:50 | in uh probably around around the middle the end of the summer, this |
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| 186:55 | came out, it was supposed to out earlier which which bothered me. |
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| 186:59 | here were the fields, the oil that you can see here are these |
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| 187:05 | fields here and you can see all . And then the little dots that |
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| 187:10 | was putting on the map, they this over and made room for |
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| 187:14 | All those little dots related to two gas fields and and and condensate. |
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| 187:27 | so the amount of reserves out here incredible. What's neat about this map |
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| 187:34 | this shows you the date it was found And when it was produced. |
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| 187:39 | here is Claire 1977, First produced . Here is these fields 1992 First |
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| 187:49 | 2016. Here's the Lincoln 2016 not yet. Here's the world wind 2011 |
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| 187:58 | developed yet, so on and so . And the N. D. |
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| 188:02 | they haven't been developed yet. But at all these resources they're finding. |
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| 188:06 | you can see there's stuff on this this north of this. And of |
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| 188:14 | part of that is because um the condensate isn't on this particular map. |
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| 188:23 | isn't showing you the gas resources. this is down this is along the |
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| 188:31 | , this is down in that basin you can see there's gas up |
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| 188:34 | there's gas up here, there's gas . And you know if the map |
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| 188:39 | bigger, there might be something a bit to the north of here. |
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| 188:41 | of course they might not have looked . Once they start finding stuff like |
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| 188:47 | , they may start focusing more closely this area because they've got more and |
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| 188:52 | seismic and more and more data to them come up with good ideas. |
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| 188:56 | it doesn't mean that they haven't thought may be something to the north of |
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| 189:01 | into the Northeast in particular. And I think it's really neat that your |
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| 189:10 | Produced a map in 2004 and the second edition that shows a dramatic |
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| 189:18 | from just frontier expiration finding oil and . It's almost worthless because the infrastructure |
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| 189:28 | not there to produce it. Two development and more. This is exploitation |
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| 189:35 | exploration by the way and this this is showing you that development and |
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| 189:41 | and development or development and production are to happen here uh now. And |
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| 189:47 | of the main reasons is is because getting pipelines in and some of the |
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| 189:54 | I believe, I'm pretty sure I don't think they're just producing natural |
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| 190:01 | . I think there's actually a blue underneath this, which is why it |
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| 190:04 | more purple than red and uh can here there's some crossovers and stuff. |
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| 190:12 | but this is this is over in in the North sea. Okay. |
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| 190:20 | they're producing some well over there. they have these pipelines here and it |
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| 190:25 | to this location on the Shetland Islands they're storing it and then loading it |
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| 190:31 | in ships and can get it moving . But they also have a gas |
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| 190:35 | that has taken the glad europe is trying to get gas from wherever it |
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| 190:40 | right now. And so that's probably does not have any extra carrying capacity |
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| 190:46 | week. But and you can see some of the gas fields are getting |
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| 190:52 | starting to get production two pipelines and can only get better with time in |
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| 190:58 | of turning it into a big producer the UK. Ah whereas the North |
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| 191:07 | over here and the south and north Robbins are getting smaller and smaller. |
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| 191:19 | with that, I think we'll go and take a a break and see |
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| 191:25 | in the morning? Would anybody object keeping our original times when we were |
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| 191:35 | starting at 8:30? Would that be ? That's fine. Okay. Any |
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| 191:43 | prefer 9:00? It's fun. I quite hear that, did you say |
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| 191:52 | was fine. Yes, Yes. we'll start at 8:30 and thank you |
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| 191:59 | paying attention and uh I'll probably grade papers on sunday and try to get |
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| 192:09 | first couple of exercises to you, . The the the first one. |
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| 192:16 | day did I tell you to turn your exercise number two? Do you |
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| 192:24 | ? You didn't give a denture? , well, um because I was |
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| 192:32 | about you getting this done, how have we ah make something like monday |
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| 192:39 | day for monday at midnight for getting number two done and I don't know |
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| 193:07 | I posted, I gave I handed out to you, I'm a post |
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| 193:10 | online too in case you need to extra sheets, I do know one |
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| 193:16 | is finished already, so that won't but I'll go ahead and post |
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| 193:20 | And I and I did post logs for the correlation logs exercise to just |
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| 193:33 | two logs. Okay? And then correlation one is is a different |
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| 193:42 | Yeah that's that's a the correlation one a different one and I haven't given |
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| 193:46 | a deadline for that, but uh you'll get the final, you get |
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| 193:52 | in the final uh exercise and I'll to figure out when I'll try to |
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| 193:57 | them do pretty much almost the same just so you can manage your time |
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| 194:03 | you need to, but I'll probably to get them all done. Uh |
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| 194:10 | correlation exercise would be before your your and um the mapping exercise maybe after |
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| 194:18 | final just to give you a few days to to manage and have it |
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| 194:24 | before the next course starts on on friday. So probably one will be |
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| 194:34 | monday of next week and then the one will probably be do thursday after |
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| 194:40 | exam, how does that sound? uh and I think in uh and |
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| 194:48 | you want to do them early, somebody did for the exercise number |
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| 194:53 | if you want to do them there's nothing, no reason why I |
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| 194:58 | hold you back on that. And it's just just so you can try |
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| 195:06 | let these things stretch out for the that we have for this class so |
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| 195:11 | you can manage your time the best that works for you since you're |
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| 195:15 | And uh and I think in in lot of ways very good at managing |
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| 195:19 | or otherwise, you wouldn't be in program. So, So with that |
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| 195:24 | let you go and I'll see you at 8:30 PM. Bye. |
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| 195:31 | sir. Mhm. I'm gonna I never blew that thing up, |
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| 195:39 | I? Okay. Mm hmm. , I just wanted to ask you |
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| 195:47 | the petroleum seismologist classes is the new finalized or not? Yes, it |
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| 195:54 | been. Um I thought I sent out. Um mm hmm. Just |
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| 196:23 | take me a second because it's, have a really huge data file |
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| 197:07 | Yeah, it's it's gonna be um going to start March 18. You're |
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| 197:12 | to have Steve Norick 1st. You're going to have the structural guy |
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| 197:18 | 12 18. Holloway is going to on 3:18. And then sequenced photography |
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| 197:26 | be 422. Okay, So the break will be in the first week |
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| 197:33 | april, right. Yeah, but gonna we're gonna be teaching a |
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| 197:38 | You're going to have a break the before spring break. Can you just |
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| 197:46 | the new schedule so that I could look into their Yes I thought I |
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| 197:52 | . I think I did but but send it to you. It's like |
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| 197:55 | told me that the professor got canceled some conference and all and there will |
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| 198:00 | some changes in the schedule. And I thought I sent that to |
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| 198:04 | but I'll go ahead and send it you. I'll send it to |
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| 198:07 | Okay just to make sure everybody has . Mhm. And I'm going to |
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| 198:12 | you the last version. There's only eight or 9 versions of this |
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| 198:20 | I'll send you the last one and should be the right one. |
|
| 198:24 | And it just it just happens that because these you know because people's schedules |
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| 198:29 | and I think I think the way worked out it was I don't know |
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| 198:33 | when you have something that you need do but I think it it worked |
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| 198:39 | to you or you're trying to get a short course. I think we |
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| 198:42 | it. So it missed a short . Mhm. So I look at |
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| 198:47 | look at your email, are you going to take that short course? |
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| 198:53 | I'm just thinking about that but still interested too but I just have to |
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| 198:58 | out some things like the travel and . Okay. Okay. Yeah. |
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| 199:05 | it was it was it Was a course on the on April I and |
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| 199:10 | 2nd. Yes it's it's from april first and the third. It's like |
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| 199:16 | near Austin a place known as Bernie somewhere. Okay let me just see |
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| 199:23 | . I'm sorry for interruption that recording still on. Okay? You can |
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| 199:29 | turn it |
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