| 00:05 | shame. Alright. Clock is All right, okay, couple of |
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| 00:42 | . All right. Okay. Still there. Alright, so uh |
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| 00:55 | So that really is knowing remembering carbohydrates, right polymer of glucose. |
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| 01:03 | um a is false for that It's not lipid PhD is that is |
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| 01:10 | lipid So remember lipid storage and bacteria PhD granule, poly hydroxybutyrate. |
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| 01:17 | um phosphate storage. Are the medical storage? Okay. Being called car |
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| 01:27 | zones. Remember those are where 02 production occurs. Right? That's |
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| 01:33 | boxes owns lots of that activity occurs a cell. Then it may produce |
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| 01:39 | zone, which is the end for enzyme that fixes the CO2. |
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| 01:43 | so it wouldn't be in the header . Right. Would be the realm |
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| 01:47 | the auto sales. So so that's . A wrong wrong, wrong |
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| 01:56 | C. D. Magnet zone. , the name you give it away |
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| 02:01 | magnet, right? It's that kind motion attributable to movement in a magnetic |
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| 02:09 | . Okay, so it's movement or depending on what side of the temperature |
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| 02:16 | on. Okay. Nothing to do food storage or that kind of |
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| 02:20 | Okay. And then cram into 4s found and photo traps but it's about |
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| 02:29 | . It's full of those foot pathetic pigment synthesize. Okay. And those |
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| 02:36 | be contained in chroma to force. , so none of these as written |
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| 02:42 | true. Mhm. Yeah. So I have a list here of |
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| 02:54 | we've gone through in this chapter. so um basically listing everything. So |
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| 03:02 | the the assessment that's easy enough to is take out a sheet of paper |
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| 03:09 | a surf on it. Here's a a caucus streptococcus staphylococcus whatever. |
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| 03:18 | I'm doing that everything in. And uh of course you're testing |
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| 03:28 | you're not having the sheet beside you you're doing trying to do it |
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| 03:31 | did you? Did you? Okay these are basically all the things. |
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| 03:36 | the last thing is we got our here. Okay and those forced endosymbiont |
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| 03:44 | is the last few things to talk . Okay. Um Alright. Any |
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| 03:52 | ? Okay. Alright so this is example of what we'll talk about |
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| 03:59 | Okay so this is uh particular Kirby like micro fossil evidence. Okay so |
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| 04:09 | this is from a um two I think this one is from the |
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| 04:19 | Salt 250 million year old bacteria found ancient sea salt and carlsbad. So |
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| 04:26 | we're looking at are these types that like this. These guys here here |
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| 04:37 | , it really is full of it full of them. These are sports |
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| 04:40 | those sports. So these objects for here within the shell. That's an |
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| 04:48 | those four that was forming in that . Okay, this one would be |
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| 04:56 | that one for example, it's actually freeze process uh when a cell will |
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| 05:04 | be in that stage while it's forming spore and then once it's complete it |
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| 05:09 | release it and that's what that represents there. Okay, freeze spore. |
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| 05:16 | so these are only found in bacteria only in two species of bacteria or |
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| 05:26 | general you should say a bacteria. they their their spores of many kinds |
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| 05:33 | you Trio of Trios. There's fungal , there's spores that uh certain plants |
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| 05:40 | produce their spores that other bacteria can . That are different from this. |
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| 05:46 | there's types that proto zones can actually . But this one okay if we |
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| 05:55 | the Um and those four. Okay term is unique because these kinds of |
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| 06:05 | are very resistant to desiccation to radiation boiling temperatures to all kinds of chemical |
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| 06:16 | physical conditions they survive. Okay. much like a kind of like a |
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| 06:22 | seed. Okay what you do put seed in the ground and water and |
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| 06:29 | to. Are these like that under conditions. They they form under unfavorable |
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| 06:37 | . But then we'll grow into an Under favourable Committee and these have survived |
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| 06:44 | for 250 million years. Okay. that dormant state and were revived in |
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| 06:49 | laboratory. Okay. Um He's been these are the oldest that have been |
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| 06:56 | before. This had been found on sarcophagus. You know we have the |
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| 07:00 | pharaohs buried and they recovered uh sports these structures. So it's a very |
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| 07:07 | thing. Okay and so bacillus and are the two general are the only |
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| 07:14 | that form these. Okay and frankly the reason why we have to use |
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| 07:18 | autoclave you know for lab use autoclave make media sterilized media. But that |
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| 07:26 | is to get rid of these steam high tech can kill these things. |
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| 07:33 | . Typically normal boiling conditions won't. so um among these two groups we'll |
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| 07:41 | about this more later we talk about types of disease causing microbes and what |
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| 07:48 | still has a lot of different pathogens there that you're that you're familiar with |
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| 07:54 | uh and produce lots of different toxins uh boat toxins produced by a species |
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| 08:00 | clostridium. Um uh tetanus is caused clostridium. Okay but so is the |
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| 08:09 | uh is in that group. Okay anyway the process of sport relation it's |
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| 08:16 | complex involves turning on a lot of genes uh to get the process |
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| 08:23 | Okay so it's not a a simple thing to do for the cell to |
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| 08:31 | . It takes a lot of Okay but under adverse conditions it's a |
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| 08:37 | for it to survive. So those . Okay so there's a couple of |
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| 08:42 | chemicals that limerick processes that you see , dive pickle. No it's not |
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| 08:48 | not necessarily something new but you may have heard of the D. P |
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| 08:52 | . Abbreviation for that chemical but they of the things about um getting a |
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| 08:59 | spore that's viable is to remove a of the water. Okay. Not |
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| 09:04 | of it of course but a good . So you go down about 15-20 |
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| 09:10 | can be the killing component when it really hot water that will boil or |
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| 09:15 | warm and then damaged molecules. So you can remove some of that that |
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| 09:19 | do a great deal in it. it become more viable spore. Okay |
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| 09:25 | so calcium and this diabetic clinic acid to do that. Okay and so |
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| 09:31 | as mentioned it's kinda withstand number of conditions in the food industry. So |
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| 09:38 | like botulism is a concern and so tetanus as well. And so in |
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| 09:45 | food industry they have to have methods sterilize canned goods and things like |
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| 09:50 | Okay so if you have a can the shelf and it's bulging. Okay |
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| 09:55 | because the gas production likely by one these period that's that's growing the spore |
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| 10:02 | and they're growing and producing gas and that cannonball. It's contaminated. Um |
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| 10:10 | a bunch of them toxin. Very . Doesn't take a lot to kill |
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| 10:15 | . Okay. Um and so when look at endospore forming bacteria. Okay |
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| 10:22 | process of germination. Right so you different forms. Okay whenever you're looking |
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| 10:27 | it or bacterium under a microscope we're see these kinds of forms. Okay |
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| 10:35 | the vegetative right vegetative growth you can more aiko upset, okay it |
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| 10:47 | it divides etcetera. Those are vegetative doing that. Okay. And in |
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| 10:55 | picture here in the middle the What I've circled is a completely vegetative |
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| 11:01 | just looks like a normal normal cell cell. But then you also see |
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| 11:06 | other types, right, vegetative cell a sports drink in the middle of |
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| 11:14 | . Then you have types of the sports, right? So you'll have |
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| 11:17 | three. And the proportions of these vary depending on both states. |
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| 11:26 | if you see a nothing, almost but end of four. I'm not |
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| 11:32 | clarify. You see almost nothing but . And those spores and that culture |
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| 11:41 | really just doesn't have any more viable . It's completely almost completed speculation where |
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| 11:48 | the cells have now formed in those . If you only see a few |
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| 11:54 | these three of those sports and lots completely vegetative cells. And that's likely |
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| 12:00 | healthy non stress culture. Because none the cells are forming in those sports |
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| 12:06 | they only do under stress. so it's mostly just vegetative cells and |
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| 12:11 | like happily growing culture. You know stress on it. Okay, so |
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| 12:16 | kind of make some of these What are you looking at the uh |
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| 12:20 | at these under microscope? Okay, and Don't worry so much about |
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| 12:27 | But uh the morphology have 20 But you can actually it was a |
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| 12:35 | within a group based on how they those four forms the shape of |
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| 12:40 | Does it swell up inside the cell the position right in the middle for |
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| 12:46 | end, What have you write? those are species specific characteristics. The |
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| 12:54 | organism. But looks like Um I one. Okay, terminal terminates at |
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| 13:02 | end terminal store that swells the So it is a useful identification characteristic |
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| 13:09 | with these groups. Okay. So in terms of the cycle um |
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| 13:18 | just the basics to know our Number . The process involves what we call |
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| 13:28 | . Keep it up information. A of compartments in the cell while it's |
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| 13:34 | sport relation. Okay. And so compartments are the fourth floor and the |
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| 13:42 | . So okay, so what happens this is preceded by replication in a |
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| 13:50 | and a copy of that is going go each a copy which goes into |
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| 13:54 | compartments. Okay. And so in mother cell. Okay, it's going |
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| 14:02 | direct right products genes are expressed. , I was calling like little |
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| 14:11 | Right. So those proteins that are by the mother mother of cell |
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| 14:16 | Right. Are going to work on force for and direct the whole sports |
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| 14:23 | . Kind of what's going on Alright. And in that forward |
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| 14:28 | Okay, that mother cell will engulf . Right, so you see how |
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| 14:35 | mother is going to wrap around that poor form a double membrane around around |
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| 14:43 | . Okay, so we're getting at beginning of that really thick membrane that's |
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| 14:48 | the spore. Okay, so a membrane. Right. And then pepper |
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| 14:55 | in the middle of it. And then eventually this mother's cell |
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| 15:03 | N. A. Is gonna disintegrate go away. It's gonna disappear. |
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| 15:07 | . So what you see here this a cell picture vegetables show where the |
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| 15:15 | those four inside of it, that's going on. And then we get |
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| 15:25 | that position of these chemicals are gonna some water out. It's gonna bind |
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| 15:30 | to the chromosome to help them stabilize . And then we're gonna get a |
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| 15:35 | endospore as a result. Okay And set free so there's your free |
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| 15:41 | Right? So you're three types completely cell where there's no a a vegetative |
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| 15:49 | with in those four in it. undergoing speculation then. Four. Okay |
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| 15:57 | that's undergone the whole process. Okay you have those types present. Okay |
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| 16:04 | again that free. And those sports be very resistant and will germinate you |
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| 16:09 | , back into a a vegetative right conditions. Okay And the nutrients |
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| 16:17 | water et cetera. Okay um is any any questions about it? |
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| 16:34 | Thank you grow it. And then like um I have to say 30 |
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| 16:49 | C. To like maybe 40 to . C. And that temperatures coming |
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| 16:55 | . That's why I didn't laugh or things that the lack of it could |
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| 17:01 | they too high or too low people other. Okay so the last bit |
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| 17:13 | Chapter three then is so we don't we don't my focus in this chapter |
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| 17:21 | precarious. Right? We we didn't through a eukaryotic cell and structures other |
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| 17:25 | showing you a picture for comparative Okay. But of course uh for |
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| 17:33 | on this then of course some of evolved into eukaryotic cells. And so |
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| 17:39 | would that have happened? Right. would have been due to it's not |
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| 17:45 | relationships between the bacteria that would have present and and um what they call |
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| 17:56 | eukaryotic cells. Okay. And the is that the the bacteria that are |
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| 18:05 | like right, right eat complex organic . These are the forerunners of mitochondria |
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| 18:17 | ourselves of mitochondria, that's where the metabolism occurs. Right. The in |
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| 18:22 | mitochondria of ourselves. And so um , wrong way bacteria would of course |
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| 18:30 | the forerunner of the corp last in cells. Okay. Um and so |
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| 18:36 | we have a pre eukaryotic cell let's with lots of membrane holdings being produced |
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| 18:47 | . Right. Remember one of the about your cells, Right, membrane |
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| 18:52 | , Right. Organelles in the past particular um etcetera. And so early |
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| 18:59 | would have been the formation of a as we see occurring here. |
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| 19:04 | complete up here. So again a of a pre eukaryotic cell forming and |
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| 19:13 | a symbiotic relationship where one of these one of these hetero trophic bacteria to |
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| 19:19 | them to evolve into a mitochondria plant engulfing a uh photosynthetic bacteria eventually to |
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| 19:29 | a chloroplast. Okay. The the of photosynthesis. Okay and so there |
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| 19:38 | of course real evidence in that plastic have their own um genetic material |
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| 19:47 | Okay. And that genetic material does for some of the proteins involved in |
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| 19:55 | um say the respiration. Which was what happens no matter of contract or |
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| 20:01 | and photosynthesis which occurs in the Okay and they've taken these the |
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| 20:10 | N. A. From both And you can see comparison similarity to |
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| 20:17 | bacterial types for the synthetic type. additionally the the organelles each had their |
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| 20:28 | rivalries. That sort of really is that these were once selves right? |
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| 20:33 | viable cells anymore but they have the of them right nuclear a chromosome chromosome |
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| 20:40 | behind rival during their. And initially when these cells undergo um uh |
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| 20:51 | Right eukaryotic cells undergoing mitosis that the actually do duplicate. Okay. Like |
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| 20:58 | would like the cells would do okay take that to mean that you can |
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| 21:06 | can isolate a chloroplast or mitochondria from cell which you can do fairly easily |
|
| 21:15 | can you can isolate those parts from rest of the effects but in doing |
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| 21:20 | don't expect that you'll be able to an isolated mitochondria and then and I'll |
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| 21:23 | it like you can a bacterium that won't happen. Okay but they can't |
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| 21:28 | very mitosis. They can duplicate Okay um And lastly the antibiotics so |
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| 21:37 | can add certain antibiotics and those mitochondria or chloroplasts will actually be inhibiting |
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| 21:46 | much like acting on a bacterial So again, all evidence this does |
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| 21:54 | uh make sense that the eukaryotic cells have could have evolved. But it |
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| 21:59 | all about getting these conical court class on the cell type. Okay. |
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| 22:07 | All right. So lastly this is this is right in your book, |
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| 22:11 | have a comparison with two types um of the basic differences between eukaryotic programmatic |
|
| 22:19 | . Um Again, just a reference all um Okay. Any questions about |
|
| 22:28 | ? Sure. Alright, so next and yeah, metabolism, right? |
|
| 22:40 | will be honest. This is probably because just because the nature of the |
|
| 22:47 | probably the most challenging for you. . Again, because everybody has different |
|
| 22:55 | bases here in here, right? obviously gonna be heavy biochemistry. |
|
| 23:02 | Although I don't teach it that Okay. Um and I don't test |
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| 23:08 | that level either, but it's you know, just from my |
|
| 23:13 | people can have difficulty understandably. Oh, as I take you through |
|
| 23:19 | . Okay. Um there's certain things you have to know right? Uh |
|
| 23:27 | I try not to make it you know, overwhelming I guess is |
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| 23:33 | word. I'm not sure. I'm really saying it right? But |
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| 23:36 | I'm gonna take you through it. the thing to do is to if |
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| 23:39 | flip through this book through this you'll see what seemed like a |
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