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00:03 Oh, that's that's turned on. , it would help if my microphone

00:06 actually turned out. I got everything going. Just not the microphone.

00:10 right. And then the last thing , put that down. Gotta move

00:15 out of the way. It's, looking me. Waste time, Hear

00:18 down. Wasted up to 20 seconds this point. All right? And

00:22 the last thing is, Get on . All right, so it looks

00:25 we're ready to go. Man, got a lot to talk about

00:29 and I hope everybody ate something. if you're online, I hope you

00:32 Hunt When you get hungry here in a second that you go find something

00:36 eat because you're gonna have to fill belly when you start hearing this

00:40 All right, So I'm gonna go usually. What? I asked the

00:44 when I have an actual class instead four students and a t a.

00:47 asked the class said, Hey, think about what food we want to

00:52 about today. So I'm gonna pick because reasons All right, I want

00:57 to picture the biggest juiciest cheeseburger you imagine. All right, so we're

01:03 like a, you know, a pound of meat. You know,

01:07 just perfectly. Cheese on top of , all the veg is that you

01:11 , if you don't like veg. , tough. You're gonna have to

01:13 some veg on there. Put your , Put your mustard if you like

01:17 bacon. I want those nice, pieces of bacon and dripping off the

01:21 is all that stuff dripping down the . That sesame seed bun.

01:25 big ole order of fries on the , salted to perfection with that perfect

01:30 on them. Hey, maybe you to douse them and cheese so you

01:34 have your cheese fries. Maybe you him with chili on top. So

01:37 that big doubts of chili on top the onions and then Oh,

01:40 by the way, let's add in extra 1200 calories and get ourselves an

01:45 large, thick chocolate milkshake. You like chocolate, though, so but

01:50 . Oh, you do? All . So we got all that.

01:52 right. Can you picture this Excellent. This is what we're gonna

01:57 about today. We're gonna talk about we turn that into materials that are

02:02 wants to digest. Okay. Breaking down and pulling out the amino

02:06 pulling out the glucose, pulling out the facts that we're gonna need.

02:10 , empower our bodies. All so that's what the digestive system really

02:14 with. And what we're looking at , in this picture are the structures

02:18 in that process. Alright, the thing we have is the G I

02:23 , the gastro intestinal track, and simply is the tube that goes from

02:27 to anus that the food is gonna to travel through. Okay, so

02:31 I said, this is the tube , so we're just gonna kind of

02:33 through. So it starts with the cavity, which is your mouth and

02:36 pharynx. Remember, pharynx is the word. That means throat. Then

02:39 goes to the esophagus, that stomach tests and large intestine, small test

02:43 large intestine having their own unique compartments them. And when there's a

02:48 something that stands off is unique. means something interesting or new is happening

02:52 it. That's why we name it and then off to the sides or

02:56 part of these compartments. We have organs. These air the accessory digestive

03:01 . This includes your salary, salivary , where your salivary glands found in

03:06 mouth. There, that's that's what shooting for this general area.

03:10 Then we also have the pancreas, we're looking at the extra cream portion

03:13 the pancreas as well as the very , which is a fancy word for

03:16 you're living your gall bladder. So to get collectively, this is

03:20 digestive system. All right, now ? I wanna point out here and

03:27 I want you to One of the things I want you to take away

03:29 this is that the digestive system is to the body. All right.

03:34 is a tube that travels through that open to the external environment. And

03:38 easy way to think about this is think about what you are. You

03:43 what you eat, right? You've that phrase. Are you what you

03:48 ? Yes. You are a See? You're a donut. You

03:58 , done? That's right. Please yes. Otherwise it ruins my entire

04:03 and just not going to say I love donuts. Donuts?

04:05 your tube. So you can see you look at a donut, you

04:09 go through one side of the hole come out the other side of the

04:10 . And that's what's going on here that it's basically a structure that goes

04:14 the way through your body. So you were to stand like this,

04:17 can't see me online. But I'm with my head. Uh, it's

04:20 tube that goes all the way through . I can show you one

04:22 I'm not showing you the other Thank you for laughing. This is

04:27 this class is fun right now. saying that isn't gonna be strong enough

04:33 compelling enough evidence to suggest that it's of your body. But let's look

04:37 all the different things that helped point . It's outside your body. First

04:41 his pH. The ph in your is around two. All right.

04:46 , very low. Very, very acidic. Right. The ph

04:51 to your body is around eight. , slightly basic. All right,

04:57 these two environments are completely unique. external portion of your body out here

05:02 the skin. PH is very Why do we have low pH on

05:05 surface of our skin? What is pH due to microorganisms. It kills

05:12 right Low. PH is not conducive maintaining life. Now, do we

05:17 things living on our skin? we do. All right. So

05:21 is some organism. But for the , you know, granted the number

05:24 micro organisms out there in the world the ones that live on your

05:28 We're doing pretty good. All So what? Ph Very, very

05:31 to the external surface of the Alright. So that internal surface very

05:38 . Secondly, digestive enzymes. When have them in the Lumen of the

05:44 system, they become active and they destroying things. They're designed to break

05:48 down. If we put those same enzymes into our body, what does

05:53 do to our body? It breaks down. So notice what we're doing

05:58 we're keeping the enzymes and they're inactive while they're in the body. And

06:03 when we secrete them right into the tract, which is external, then

06:09 can function similarly on the surface of skin. We have DNAs and RNAs

06:13 and other enzymes that air there to down things that shouldn't be on

06:17 All right, so it's just a . If we put those same enzymes

06:21 our body, it would go after DNA and RNA. Because the enzymes

06:25 not organism specific. They are specific the chemical that they're supposed to be

06:30 apart. So if it's a it doesn't matter if the protein is

06:33 a cheeseburger or from me, it's gonna break it down. All

06:38 So enzymes are activated outside in the track, but are inactivated in the

06:44 . Third microorganisms we've all learned about , you know, about how we

06:48 our microbiome is and how wonderful and they are and how they control our

06:52 life. And that you have more organisms and you have cells in your

06:56 . You all heard that stuff. , Yeah. Yada, yada,

06:59 . All right. Take that one that's inside the digestive tract. Put

07:03 inside your body. What is your want to do with it? Kill

07:06 . Why? Because it doesn't Alright. Microorganisms can stay outside the

07:12 . All it wants to put him the body. That's a threat.

07:17 basically, microorganisms live inside the digestive , which is external to the

07:23 And as I point out here, that isn't supposed to be in the

07:27 is gonna be attacked by our immune . Take that cheeseburger put in our

07:31 tract. What do we do? . Take that. Same cheeseburgers.

07:36 open your abdomen. Inserted in. it up. What does the body

07:41 ? Attack, Attack, Attack. . It's not supposed to be

07:45 right? Foreign particles are a threat the body outside of the body.

07:50 I put a cheeseburger on my is my body going to be upset

07:54 that? No, not technically, . Maybe if it's hot and

08:01 you might be upset. Okay, it's regulated through a whole bunch of

08:08 processes that are both integrated nature of in nature and neural in nature.

08:13 , so we're going to see a of signaling mechanisms that are going on

08:17 . It's protected by the lymphoid tissue that's called the GALT, the gut

08:22 lymphoid tissues. There are LTs lymphoid all over the body, of which

08:27 not gonna look at. There's the e all the gulf. There's just

08:31 there's a way to get in the , there's lymphoid tissue protecting it.

08:35 E ELT is for the I, the way. All right. And

08:38 this does that basically serves as a between the external environment and the internal

08:43 . And so what this means is the light? All right, We're

08:47 friends here, right? We can honest. Yes, we can.

08:50 here ever picked up food off the after you dropped it? Live by

08:53 five second rule? Yes. good. Right. We've all done

08:58 right. I'm not judging you, ? You have that handful of

09:02 You're walking back to the TV. drop on the floor. You have

09:05 vacuum in what, like 23 You still pick them up. You

09:08 of just blow on them, Because they're safe now, right?

09:13 then we eat them. We don't ourselves with them. Why? Because

09:17 have an immune system that says, , if a bacteria hitches a ride

09:20 that Orio into my body and tries sneak through the cells, there are

09:25 tissues sitting there going. I'm not let you in, Okay. This

09:32 helps to promote our tolerance towards much the dietary substance on also for the

09:38 in our body. Here's something really . You guys have been hearing about

09:42 allergies, Probably your entire life. know, it's really interesting is that

09:47 to the, you know, mid there weren't really any sort of peanut

09:51 . They're killing everybody very, very . Or what's happened is, is

09:55 as we become more precautious in terms what we're allowing Children to eat,

09:59 actually doesn't allow them to build up for foods that can sit there on

10:03 edge of allergens. And so what's is is more people are becoming allergic

10:08 intolerant of foods because they're not being to it early enough. Pretty

10:15 right? Say good. Uh, you developing intolerance for a substance?

10:26 , you can. In fact, typically what it There's something about that

10:31 antigen that alerts the mast cells. so your mast cells, uh,

10:36 act inappropriately to whatever that we call an allergy because of what it

10:44 But, yes, you can develop over time, but that's usually pretty

10:49 , but it's kind of the same of rarity is developing a self,

10:53 , you know, reacting to self . It's rare, but it

10:56 right? And it's not so rare we haven't heard of it, you

11:01 . All right now the digestive system has about six compartments. The compartments

11:06 basically defined by the sphincters. And this is a list of the

11:10 more or less. It's not really for you to memorize all these

11:14 but I just want to kind of you where these fingers are. So

11:17 have the upper esophageal sphincter, Sits right up here, basically

11:22 Look, here's the oral cavity to rest of the book to the

11:25 Then down here at the bottom of esophagus, between the esophagus and the

11:29 . That's the lower esophageal sphincter at break of the stomach at the post

11:35 of the stomach. That's where you're see the pile oryx sphincter. You'll

11:38 that all of these well, not the theist, alpha gel,

11:41 skeletal. But here we got a muscle. One smooth muscle.

11:45 uh, moving on down. We the illegal cycle sphincter That's between the

11:49 intestine so that the pilot sphincter defines boundary of where the small intestine

11:53 The the cycles sphincter Excuse me, the boundary between the small and large

12:00 . And then finally, the internal external anal sphincter, which is similar

12:03 the, uh, the sphincters that the urethra. Right, The internal

12:07 external, your re throw sphincters. basically same sort of thing. It

12:12 keeps poop in the body until you want it there. Right, So

12:16 a smooth muscle one. So when you start filling up the bowels,

12:22 the most posterior regions of the of colon basically starts filling up with

12:29 uh, fecal matter. Basically, one gets stretched, and but notice

12:33 not just gonna defecate, right? you just get that urge where it's

12:39 all right, She has a lot fun to come to class.

12:44 Then the and then the external one where you control it. That's where

12:47 actually sit on the toilet or wherever going to go. I mean,

12:52 was that person who I don't know you ever hear the story about the

12:55 pooper? E can't remember which city in, but there was like this

12:59 who's a serial pooper and they would poop in public, not not like

13:04 people are watching, but they would these piles of fecal matter is like

13:07 in this posh neighborhood. They finally the person who was doing it.

13:11 were like they're ready for, a homeless person. Or it was

13:13 woman who just had a fetish about pooping. And it was It was

13:21 she was like a well to do . And she was just like,

13:24 did you do this? I just . I think this is E.

13:28 don't know if it's not like this what I do. Do you know

13:33 just anyway, So that's the external is basically allows us the voluntary control

13:37 when we dedicate four layers in the tract. We already seen these four

13:43 mentioned in the previous unit, and said, Don't worry about it too

13:47 in the renal system. You remember had the mucosa sub mucosa of muscular

13:52 Advantis you Whenever you're dealing with these systems, all four layers are gonna

13:56 there. Eso internally. That's where gonna see the mucosa. The advent

14:00 of the cirrhosis always gonna be found the outside. It's the protective

14:04 And I just want to kind of through a little bit, because here

14:08 a little bit more important. All , so the mucosa is important because

14:13 the cells that are McGovern the role absorption and secretion. All right,

14:19 we have what is called the mucus . That's the innermost layer.

14:23 So this is where you're going to your extra Quran and your endocrine glands

14:27 . All right, So extra Quran I'm secreted into the into the Lumen

14:31 the digestive tract. Endocrine means I'm ing into the blood and sending signals

14:38 the body really more technically around the system. All right, And then

14:42 have epithelial cells. These are the . That was sore materials. And

14:46 these are all going to be found varying concentrations within the mucosa itself.

14:52 . And underneath that, that we're have the connective tissue called lam

14:56 This is where the gulf is gonna hanging out, then you have a

14:58 layer of muscle that is different than mucosa that were the muscular. So

15:02 going to see a little bit And then what's interesting about the mucosa

15:06 the digestive tract is it has a degree of folding, and it's gonna

15:10 different kinds of folding in different All right. And that folding allows

15:15 to increase surface area or to uh, you know, to change

15:20 folding to actually increase the movement of through the digestive tract in these specific

15:27 . All right. And so depending where you are, it's gonna be

15:29 . And again, the pattern, can be modified because of the muscle

15:34 found external to that. And so I have one slide here on the

15:39 . So there's some unique characteristics about mucosa I want you to walk away

15:43 , and the rest of them is more or less, you know,

15:46 of like, Yeah, it's So sudden, mucosa, This is

15:49 you're gonna find the blood vessels. is where you're gonna find nerve

15:52 the muscularity. There's actually two This is true for pretty much every

15:57 where you're gonna look, with exception some very few tissues. Some of

16:02 actually have three. All right, here's the general rule. If I

16:06 a muscularity, if I have a , I have two muscles one

16:09 uh, circumferential and one that's If I squeeze a circumferential, what

16:15 I doing? I'm squeezing the If I'm relaxing, I'm relaxing the

16:19 . Longitudinal. They're making the tube or longer. All right, so

16:23 the muscular Aris. Alright, so the outer layers concentric, the inner

16:29 longitudinal. I don't think it's important you guys so much. It's really

16:33 like hammer in on the anatomy All right. There's also a network

16:37 muscle of of nerves that help innovate must muscularity as well. And

16:41 finally, this roasted That's just connective on the outside. Thio prevent the

16:47 of the tissue. Alright also helps prevent the friction again. Why prevent

16:53 ? You're made of meat, and happens with friction is you produce heat

16:57 what do you do when you heat , you cook it, so the

17:04 of everything you need to know about digestive system we send up in these

17:08 basic processes one year. The laptop I was using died while I was

17:14 this lecture and I had no way access my slides. Now I have

17:19 ways to access, but this is early on. So I could give

17:22 is called a chalk talk chalk topic is simply getting up and talking about

17:26 structures and what they do without you know? So it has to

17:31 come from my brand. So this what I did. I said,

17:33 , this is really, really So I'm gonna tell you the exact

17:35 thing. You can make a diagram you take these four processes, you

17:39 , right across the top. And put all the structures down the other

17:43 and you basically just kind of how do they go about doing each

17:47 these different things? Right. So have motility, secretion, digestion of

17:51 of motility simply is how a mix moved materials secretion is what are you

17:55 into the digestive tract to help in process of digestion, digestion is simply

18:00 breakdown of the of the chemicals, you can do it in one of

18:03 ways. You can break down physically you could breakdown chemically. All

18:07 so there's two mechanisms that we're gonna at and lastly, is absorption,

18:10 is simply after you break things down the process of digestion. What are

18:15 taking out? How you absorbing it the body and which sections air doing

18:19 . So not all, Not all of the digestive tract. We're gonna

18:22 these four things, but they have in each of them. And

18:27 while we're talking about, what I'm do is I'm gonna keep asking.

18:30 , so what does this one And you're just gonna be like,

18:32 , it plays a role in this and this or plays a role in

18:35 in this, and it helps you kind of keep things moving. So

18:39 we're gonna do is we're gonna start the mouth and we're gonna work down

18:41 esophagus to the stomach. That's we're finish today, and then we'll continue

18:45 small intestine large intestine on Tuesday. what day it is, right?

18:51 then that's how we deal with This system. So let's kind of

18:56 at this in a little bit more . So those are the definitions.

19:00 see what it means to be what actually means. All right. First

19:06 , we have muscular Aris. Muscularity movement, right? Because the

19:10 So it's either me controlled voluntarily or , because it's the digestive system.

19:15 all smooth muscles, so it's going be involuntarily for the most part.

19:19 right now, there is a certain of tone that this muscle has,

19:24 ? So, in other words, already in a state of of

19:28 but not complete contraction. Partial And this helps to maintain the shape

19:33 also to create pressure on the materials are actually in the digestive tract.

19:38 right, now, I said you're donut. All right, We are

19:43 we eat. But we're also something . We are cement mixer and we're

19:47 belt. All right, that's our track. All right, So the

19:51 belt part part part is the propulsive . What we're trying to do is

19:55 trying to move contents through the digestive from the mouth to the anus.

20:00 there's this constant propulsion of materials in direction. All right, so this

20:06 that process. This is that first . This first kind of movement or

20:11 is a propulsive All right now, on where you are, it's gonna

20:15 faster. It's gonna be slow when swallow. Something is moving faster,

20:19 , Fast. When I'm moving through through my small test, I'm trying

20:23 restore materials is gonna be fast or . It's gonna be relatively slow,

20:27 ? I mean, we're not talking , Oh, it's 3 m per

20:30 versus 14 years we don't care about were just relatively speaking. If I'm

20:34 to get from here to here, pretty quick. But it's getting from

20:38 to go to the bathroom. It a little bit more time. All

20:42 , so that that rate is region . The second is is the mixing

20:48 . Alright? And here what we're to do, we're trying to mix

20:51 materials in that cheeseburger and fries and that we have. We want to

20:56 it to the secretions that we but we also if they're absorbable

21:01 you want to get those things to surface. Have you guys ever had

21:06 jawbreaker, right? I mean, not talking like a little tiny

21:09 I'm talking like the true gobstoppers. know, the three you're the only

21:13 in the classroom is not in there inches across. You put it.

21:17 basically if you've never had a jawbreaker it is, it's sugar that's been

21:22 to the density of the sun. ? If you notice that you try

21:28 bite, it can't do it The only way you can consume a

21:33 is looking off a molecule layer thick sugar with each go round.

21:38 So it takes forever to digest Alright. But if you've eaten

21:43 not like a jawbreaker. But let's I don't know, sweetheart, you

21:46 had sweethearts, bottle caps, any the other, you know, chalky

21:50 that you get down at the bottom the of the Halloween bag. It's

21:53 , I guess I'll go ahead and those right Smarties, right? It's

21:58 you put in your mouth. It's , Okay, the one molecule layer

22:00 a time isn't working for me. what do you do? You

22:03 Chu Chu chu. And what you now is you basically dispersed all the

22:07 into a powdery layer that you could mixed with saliva, and you can

22:11 all the yummy goodness out of it fast as you can. All

22:15 that's just the example. That's at in the mouth, right? And

22:18 can imagine this is also occurring in digestive track. If it just

22:22 you know, without mixing, then only thing you're doing is you're working

22:26 the external surface. You're not getting the internal stuff. And so the

22:30 allows you to push digestive juices into a mix it around with the material

22:37 it gets internal and allows from absorbable . We moved to the surface so

22:41 you can absorb that. All so that's what mixing does. So

22:46 is motility in a nutshell. Two things. Propulsion and mixing. Now

22:51 get to my favorite character in all world. Homer Simpson. Homer is

22:55 help us understand digestion because he loves doughnuts. Mm. Doughnuts. What

23:03 secretion? Simply secretion is the water electoral likes and the other materials that

23:08 body produces from the blood it takes from the blood and puts it into

23:13 digestive tract. Alright, this requires of energy. I'm not talking energy

23:20 to push him there, but to them, right? So there's gonna

23:23 a lot of active transport. You're have to make a lots of new

23:27 . And so this is kind of investing. If you want to become

23:32 , right, You need to first money in in order to get money

23:36 come out, right? Money just appear magically, at least as far

23:42 I know. If you do know a way that money appears magically,

23:45 let me know. I would love find out and make it happen.

23:50 right, so we're going to be in the process of digestion or to

23:57 more out of it. So a bit of energy in to get a

23:59 of energy out. All right, we're going to see a re absorption

24:04 many of these secretions by the time by the time this material arrives in

24:09 latter or the post here regions of digestive track. So it's you're not

24:15 getting the secretions back. You're going get the secretions, plus all the

24:19 in there. But we are not taking from the blood and leaving ourselves

24:23 . It is gonna be returned back the blood. All right, so

24:26 is primarily water in the electrolytes, other things will be returned as

24:31 Digestion is simply the hydraulics icis of molecules by specific enzymes. All

24:42 now, if I use fancy words I don't think I did, I

24:44 you're all good biologist. So you what hydraulics is is, But

24:47 it's a breaking of a bond, ? And in order to make that

24:51 stable, that one that you just . You also have to break

24:54 And you add the hydroxyl in the group to the ends of that.

24:58 broken bond. Right? So that's we're doing. And so, in

25:02 nutshell, we look at the So think about that cheeseburger I

25:05 right? We have that. What's carbohydrates in the cheeseburger? The

25:11 Anything else? The lettuce, you know, in the veg.

25:16 if you had onions and lettuce and , there's gonna be carbs in

25:20 right? Right. Oh, The fries man. I'm telling

25:23 got the big old fries. We those that going on to Great.

25:27 that miss something? Oh, the . Do we have some carbs in

25:30 milkshake? Yes, all that right? We got about this much

25:34 and then sugar, so all those are gonna be broken down. We're

25:39 taking those in in the form of are called Polly Sacha rides. And

25:44 anyone tell you meet has carbs in , right? It has glycogen,

25:49 we're gonna do is we're gonna break down on. We're gonna turn them

25:53 di sacha rides and ultimately, in mono sacha rides, right? And

25:58 those mono sacha rides. That's like , fructose and lactose that we can

26:04 . All right, that's the So that's the hydraulics is we're taking

26:09 carbohydrates, turning them into simple And then we absorb the simple

26:13 Proteins. Same thing, complex Chop it up in a little tiny

26:18 acids or into peptides. Absorb the acids in the peptides. Fats,

26:25 . Think about all the fat and food that we just described. We

26:29 the fat and cheese we got fat the burger. We got fat,

26:33 , fat in the mayo fat. we put cheese on top of our

26:37 , we got fat there. I , it just makes the mill worth

26:43 . Mm. And all we're gonna is we're gonna take those fats primarily

26:49 the form of triglycerides. They're not triglycerides, but for the most

26:52 they are. And what we're gonna is we're gonna chop those triglycerides and

26:56 monocle Lyssarides into glycerol and free fatty . And then that's what we have

27:01 across. And then we're gonna rebuild if we need to. So that's

27:05 process of digestion. Simply hydraulics. . And so we're gonna look at

27:10 hydraulics. Is that's really what tomorrow's is, or Tuesdays talk is about

27:14 let's see how hard this really And then finally, absorption occurs in

27:22 small intestine. Alright, so of the structures aural cavity, esophagus,

27:29 , small intestine, large intestine absorption takes place in the small intestine.

27:34 like answer on the test, recognize the large intestine plays a role in

27:39 . But it's not the absorption of food materials. It plays a role

27:43 a different kind of absorption. So you are consuming food, it's not

27:47 stomach that is playing a role in . Your stomach will see, plays

27:52 different role. It's the small So that cheeseburger that you just wolf

27:57 with that massive amount of fries in large chocolate shake is now finding its

28:02 down to the small intestine, and the nutrients that you're gonna pull out

28:05 it is gonna be pulled out in small intestine. All right, We're

28:12 going to see not just those absorbable units. We're gonna see water environment

28:17 the electrolytes. All that stuff is be moved as well. All

28:21 so it's not just those materials. all these other things as well.

28:27 primarily the water, the vitamins, electrolytes. That's gonna be primarily large

28:32 . But when we get there, get there. So far, so

28:36 . We got a big picture. know where we're gonna be going

28:40 Are you hungry yet? No. all eat your lunch. You said

28:45 . Yes. Good. All Here. We mentioned it again.

28:52 interior nervous system one more time. , it's two different plexus It's a

28:57 mucosal nerve plexus which will be found the look at the name in the

29:04 mucosa. That's see, That's And then we have the my interrogator

29:08 . Where do you think the Mayan would be located? We hear the

29:12 . My Oh, you think of , right? So the mind Terek

29:18 plexus is in the muscles. So the nurse system. So basically,

29:22 sensory motor neuron notice there of the nervous system. All right, so

29:26 is some regulation that takes place back forth between the nervous system and the

29:32 nervous system and out here, But speaking, they are They can function

29:39 and we're going to see this in a moment. All right, So

29:42 , sensory neurons, they're detecting changes the G I tracts were looking at

29:46 or chemical makeup or even mechanical Right? So the mechanical stimulation that

29:51 be kind of example of stretch. , motor neurons, What are they

29:55 ? They're stimulating the smooth muscle stimulating the epithelium so they're causing secretion

30:00 occur as well as absorption. They're endocrine cells which will send out more

30:05 to the epithelials on and they stimulate blood vessels. What do you think

30:09 gonna do with the blood vessels? as an aside, uh, during

30:13 , we're gonna make them smaller. gonna make them bigger. Bigger?

30:17 right. We've got to get those into the blood, ship them around

30:20 body. All right, so that's role of the interior. Nervous system

30:25 basically to promote digestion. Now, thing we like to think about

30:30 we like to think, Hey, I'm digesting food that's taking place in

30:33 stomach. But the truth of the is, digesting begins in the

30:37 All right, in the mouth, air just structures that you can

30:40 Um, I like to show This is what I usually show my

30:44 students. But I want you understand got the palette that separates the nasal

30:47 from the URL cavity. The Basically, that's a little dangly thing

30:50 the back of your throat. So you swallow, it pushes up,

30:53 I'm forces food to go down the instead of up into the nasal cavity

30:57 . Ever swallowed milk wrong. Like told you a joke. right.

31:01 because you're laughing and you're usually goes and the milk is already in the

31:05 . And so then it goes up your nose and it drips out,

31:07 you laugh even harder or really makes around. You laugh harder, and

31:11 you're just kind of like stuck there nasty bugger milk. All right,

31:16 is like I said, the fancy for the throat. It's basically a

31:19 passageway for Aaron food. And then passageway is going to split into the

31:24 and esophagus, right? And so you go down through that lyrics,

31:29 should say the trachea in the Excuse me. Um, when you

31:32 down to the trachea, you're basically down the lungs. That's where the

31:36 goes. Esophagus is for the food . Is it really, really

31:41 Skeletal muscle? We know it's skeletal because we can all control it,

31:45 ? Right. I can control my sometimes. All right. Its job

31:52 to guide food during chewing and Notice that you don't do a really

31:55 job. I've ever bitten your tongue chewing gets outside. So it's kind

31:59 has a mind of its own All right, and then your teeth

32:03 responsible for this is my favorite word physiology is for responsible for mastication.

32:09 know, Make sure you only master at the table. We're having

32:17 See, it's fun. It is to play in the classroom.

32:22 So mastication at what is mastication is slicing, dicing, tearing,

32:27 doing all sorts of fun thing the . All right, and notice.

32:30 have different types of teeth. They different types of roles. For the

32:33 planning on dentistry, you get to four years learning that's crap for the

32:36 of us. We're not gonna worry it, okay? They're sharp and

32:39 hurt when people do by. That's good enough for us. Alright.

32:44 ultimately what we're doing is we're trying mix food with the saliva. And

32:48 the thing. The importance of mastication . Make sure you read this slide

32:55 . It's responsible for mechanical digestion. . Here is the first role of

32:59 . It's mechanical digestion. I love pictures, right. How maney Nilla

33:05 . Could you shove in your right? What are we trying to

33:10 when we master Kate. We take , and we're trying to rip it

33:13 . We're trying increased surface area. purpose of increasing surface area is so

33:17 we can get the digestive juices into nooks and crannies. So when you

33:21 down the materials faster, all it's a coordinated effort. This is

33:26 key thing. Coordinated, right? I said, we've already been in

33:28 mouths. We've bitten our tongues, we've got to coordinate. So don't

33:31 too much food in your mouth, you're gonna find your tongue with

33:33 giant, hole, gaping hole in that you didn't plan on. All

33:37 , I got this spot on the of my cheek that just sometimes likes

33:41 get bit like, four times in row, right? It becomes this

33:45 . Yeah. Yeah. All So what are we doing? It

33:48 a coordinated effort, all right? actually, it's a voluntary effort,

33:52 there's actually a reflects in it, right? And usually, when I

33:55 a least 100 people, there's at one person chewing gum in the

33:59 I get to make an example of . Not because I'm gonna be

34:01 spit it out. Spit it But it's more like watch them to

34:04 . And then they all say it this. No, no, Chew

34:07 gum. What will happen is is bite down your jaw moves to the

34:12 , and then what happens is you kind of repeat this. This

34:17 it's a natural with the pressure that producing creates his natural rhythm. And

34:22 you get bored. You ship it the other side, and then you're

34:25 does it the other way. It's kind of cool. It's just the

34:28 of the food in the mouth. when you feel it, it causes

34:30 . That's why gum works. All . Now, what are we doing

34:36 ? Christian surface area mixing in softening and moistening food for swallowing.

34:41 many guys have ever eaten Doritos or ? Too fast? Right. And

34:44 get that Cheeto or that burrito that forgot to chew and it gets into

34:48 Ferenc, then you swallow your things going down sideways. Yeah,

34:54 I know. I'm not the only that you're all right. So when

34:58 soften and moisten the food, it do that. So this is why

35:03 got to slow things down. And it stimulates the taste buds. It's

35:09 . Good. Do you like You know, Especially when you find

35:13 food. You've all been to the bar, right? Okay, go

35:19 the ATM, take out $200 because don't wanna walk in there with the

35:24 card. All right? And then you do is you'll say I'll take

35:28 of everything, please. It is you. Have you been in the

35:33 bar? No. You made a bar? Um, I am I

35:36 in this. Everything they make is make their They got cake. That's

35:40 tall. They got chocolate ice cream , like, 30 different varieties.

35:44 got chocolate Candies. They got chocolate . They got chocolate That. I

35:48 you if you ask them, they have chocolate underwear in chocolate slippers.

35:54 that you'd wear them. You eat before you get them out of the

35:56 because they're chocolate. Is that Stimulate the taste buds. That's why

36:01 choose stuff. All right, so the first type of digestion. Is

36:06 mastication tearing things apart. Now, comes from the salivary glands,

36:11 We have two different types of The asking ourselves. You ask yourselves

36:15 cells that actually produces secretions, and have duck cells, which are basically

36:19 tracks for the ducks of the They have duck cells around them

36:22 notice they actually produce things as The ask ourselves are producing both the

36:27 and the mucus fluids that are found saliva. So saliva we're going to

36:32 here in the next slide is mostly , but then it has other stuff

36:36 it. And so what? We're this serious fluids, what we're looking

36:39 . We're looking at the watery fluids contain an enzyme called amylase. MLS's

36:45 , probably in the next slide, to break down sugars. All

36:50 that's number one is. We're breaking . Complex sugars, poly peptides,

36:54 little tiny peptides or poly peptides. Sacharow. It's not a little tiny

36:58 Ackroyd's. The Mucus is a protein is very, very sticky,

37:05 Have you had really watery saliva like eat chocolate? You get really

37:10 Slava. And then have you ever to give a talk like in front

37:12 it? Like 1000 people in your turned into black cotton, and it's

37:17 here it is. You know, guys, you guys are like talking

37:21 public, you know, you get and your mouth dries up. You

37:25 , you just don't do it. , that happened. Yeah.

37:31 That mucus e. So you're always saliva. It's just what's the ratio

37:35 the mucus to the to the watery ? That's what is so the duck

37:39 they produce, uh, potassium Right? They produce license. I'm

37:45 . I'm is a chemical that is bacterial. All right, awesome name

37:52 . I'm licensing. Bacteria is really it is. So this is kind

37:56 why the five second rule works is very first thing your that you have

37:59 you have, ah, bunch of . I'm actually the only other place

38:03 more license. I'm than in the is in your eyes. Your tears

38:07 more license. I'm than your saliva . And then we have i

38:10 which is an immune globulin. Now autonomic nervous system regulates this. Parasympathetic

38:16 the primary regulator. It leads to secretion, which makes sense. Rest

38:19 digest. Parasympathetic is what's gonna go , but notice that also sympathetic promotes

38:25 flow, right? It just changes ratio of what you're actually producing.

38:30 it's this constant or continual activity. , there are different glands, so

38:36 have the serious glands of serum mutual , mucus glands. It just tells

38:39 the ratio in what you're producing those . Um, e don't think I've

38:45 asked a question like which ones are parade, which are the sub

38:48 which was sub mandibular. But you kind of see here in the

38:51 right? Sublingual would be the one your tongue. Right? So when

38:55 have that person talking to you and spit at you like it's been

38:58 bro, have you ever had that ? Yeah, that's sublingual. Sub

39:03 is one that sits right under So like when you get those swollen

39:07 over here, that's really not this glands or salivary glands. Those are

39:12 nose, but they do sit up there and they can swell up if

39:16 get like, blocked whatnot. And the products are the big, nasty

39:20 . They sit right back over Um, sometimes kids get those blocked

39:25 , you know, because they're producing much stuff, and they kind of

39:28 up, and they look kind of , like they have the mumps

39:30 What you can do is give like, a lemon drop, and

39:33 really, really, you know, . And so it causes produce more

39:36 , which will actually help flush those out. But they're the big ones

39:40 sit right out over here. All , so what is saliva? Whatever

39:46 , uh, basically, as I , it's primarily water. Have you

39:50 that spit is gross? Why? gross. It's water. Shouldn't be

39:59 . That's kind of sticky. Notice your spit? Isn't it really that

40:03 ? Who spits gross? Other people . You know why? It's

40:07 It's because it's their water. That's . All right, anyway, primarily

40:14 , some electrolytes in there, some . I mentioned amylase already. Notice

40:18 lips. What is left is gonna break down Fats. Right? We

40:24 mucus license. I'm five second rule g a five second rule some robin

40:29 , some lacto ferrin, some lack peroxide aces. Gotta, gotta,

40:33 don't worry about all that stuff. . The key thing once you walk

40:36 with here is that we begin the of digestion, the mouth. We're

40:40 doing mechanical breakdown. We're starting chemical of sugars and fats. So when

40:45 put that cheeseburger in your mouth, starting to break down the carbs and

40:49 starting to break down the fat. not doing a really good job of

40:52 , but that's where it starts, right. Terms of functionality.

40:58 it's a solvent. Allows the molecules get to the taste buds, makes

41:01 enjoy. Our cheeseburger, helps you talk. This is what I was

41:04 about. If you have a more , uh, saliva in your

41:08 that makes it easy for your mouth move and for you to be eloquent

41:12 then when it becomes less watery and mucus E than your words not so

41:18 , I'm teasing. It's That's It's harder to talk. You get

41:23 . It's tongue, sticks and Crime. Keep your mouth and teeth

41:29 . This is an experiment I want to try at home. I want

41:32 to go and buy a big old of Oreo cookies. I want you

41:35 go eat like half the box that want to go look in the

41:38 smile, alright and see all that goodness sticking in your teeth. And

41:42 I don't want you to ignore the of the box. And I want

41:44 to wait five minutes. I know gonna be a challenge. And then

41:47 about five minutes or so, I you to go look in the mirror

41:49 see if you have all that chocolate in your teeth. The answer should

41:53 No, because the saliva help wash your mouth, right. Help wash

41:58 all those chocolate bits and goodness And after you've proven that that's

42:01 Then you go read the rest of box helps to neutralize the acid in

42:06 is fairly basic, because remember, we had is we have the potassium

42:10 . So that's a basic molecule that's fight the acids that are found in

42:14 and also produced by the bacteria that to hang out in your mouth,

42:17 the rest of that chocolatey goodness that left there and helps keep your mouth

42:22 . So those are the functions of . Now saliva is continuously produced This

42:29 easily evidenced by looking at Children. in the age of two and three

42:33 drill because they haven't learned yet how swallow. Right? You are just

42:38 Children. The difference is you know to swallow. So when you have

42:41 saliva in your mouth, what do do? You swallow it. You

42:45 let it go way. You have put bibs on you. Keep your

42:49 dry. Do we have to do with Children? All right,

42:54 we also have a simple salary. reflects. You put food in your

42:59 , and that's going to cause you produce more saliva is really easy.

43:02 for this is gonna get a piece chocolate. If you have a dry

43:06 , put something with sugar. Chocolate a good example, but you could

43:09 anything with sugar skittle, for Put that in your mouth. All

43:12 a sudden, the that little glucose your mouth will make your mouth water

43:16 you'll get that nice wet mouth All right, that would be the

43:21 salivary reflex. And you're familiar with condition salivary reflects. That is simply

43:26 you don't need oral stimulation, but can get the mouth water. That's

43:31 Pavlov did, right? That's Pavlov's . Experiment with the ringing of the

43:36 on the feeding of the dog and not feeding of the dog and making

43:38 dog mad at him and yada, , yada doughnut. That's the easiest

43:47 . Remember conditions salivary reflects. What Homer do when he thinks about

43:53 Uh, swallowing? See, I you, Homer, Homer has all

44:01 answers. Swallowing is a sequentially programmed or none response. Either you swallow

44:08 you don't. All right, there's in between swallow. And I like

44:11 tell a story that helps to illustrate . Okay? Simply put. When

44:16 was in New Orleans, everyone says have to have raw oysters now.

44:20 grew up in the desert. You eat seafood when you grow up in

44:23 desert because you had to cross the to get to you, so it

44:26 tasted good. And what is What is an oyster on oysters?

44:30 living bugger? And those two things just do not translate well in my

44:36 . Do you like oysters? You ? Do you like oysters? A

44:39 bit like oysters. No. No. All right, but you

44:43 to New Orleans, you gotta have , right? Or you have to

44:46 it correctly Sometimes. Oysters, oysters and her sisters, sisters and

44:51 . I can't. Whatever. All . So how do you need an

44:54 ? Right. Well, what you is you get this poor animal that's

44:58 living in its shell. You take the top of its shell and it's

45:01 there going Oh, don't eat Don't eat me and you sit there

45:03 go. Dude, I gotta eat because these people are daring Me

45:06 And I've been drinking enough beer that now willing to do so. And

45:11 then what you do is you, know, put it in your

45:13 You know? Well, usually what do. Like in my case,

45:16 just take enough Tabasco and you just there until you basically have just annoy

45:20 swimming in Tabasco. So now it's . I'm burning from the acid,

45:24 you're just like, dude, I gotta eat you. And then what

45:27 do is you put in your mouth you push it back with your

45:29 and it gets to the back of throat. The Ferencz. Okay.

45:33 at this point, you're making a . All right? Am I gonna

45:37 it, or am I gonna spit out? All right? Because once

45:41 gets back there, what you're gonna is you're gonna reach what is called

45:45 aural fringe. Ill stage. So Orel, Fragile says from mouth

45:49 throat. And when you get it the back of your throat, the

45:53 response is to push up. And it becomes the Assad Jill stage,

45:57 the thing begins traveling down, it go halfway down and say,

46:01 you know, I changed my I'm coming right back up.

46:03 it has to go all the way . This is the all response.

46:06 once your girlfriend you'll begins, then rest of it has to happen.

46:12 a then B, if you don't to A In other words, that

46:15 sits in your mouth and sits and I ain't going. I'm not

46:18 it back there. It's just gonna on my tongue. I'm gonna sit

46:20 and pretend Oh, uh, You know what I'm talking about?

46:27 , Either push it to the back my throat, and then I

46:30 And then it goes down all the down to the stomach, or I

46:34 push it to the or offering So you see, this is the

46:39 . All right to swallow means you it to the back of the

46:42 Once the process begins, it happens you can't, you know, think

46:48 if you it's not. If it's always, just think about the thing

46:51 you've put into their mouth and you're , I can't get it to the

46:53 of my throat. It's not gonna like the first time you had a

46:57 . Very good. You're just like you're doing is refusing to get to

47:01 referential stage, your just keeping Orel. Now, maybe it disgusted

47:10 got down to your stomach here was , Then it can come right back

47:14 . All right, that's a different . But once you start, it

47:18 all the way. All right, there are a lot of steps to

47:21 . I never, ever talk about , but if you want to read

47:23 it, that's what this whole slides right? It's kind of, Let's

47:28 . I don't know why I have big old block in the way.

47:30 about that, basically says as a . And that's a soft deal,

47:34 right. The swallowing center is what that parasol tick wave. So this

47:38 why it's a it's a all or response. So once that into the

47:44 , the parasol tick way begin to pushing down. And it will keep

47:48 that bullets of food for to the until it arrives there. Now,

47:53 we put things into our throat. really, really difficult to move,

47:57 example, that sideways to Rita that just described right or alright again,

48:02 remember friends here. Have you ever that peanut butter sandwich? You

48:06 I'm talking about you get the white you don't get any has no substance

48:09 it is just basically white bread, then you get like the glob of

48:13 smooth peanut butter. But you don't like a little thin thing if you

48:15 , like put like three spoonfuls and you basically full of bread over.

48:19 like this big. So really, you're doing is you have something that

48:22 hold onto peanut butter you put in mouth and you swallow. Wanted to

48:28 it stopped like right here, doesn't ? Yeah, I got Yeah.

48:33 , this is why it doesn't When you're on online, you can't

48:35 me choking. E got peanut butter behind my heart in my esophagus.

48:41 . And you're sitting there going, gonna die. No, no,

48:44 , no. That parasol tick What will happen if something gets stuck

48:48 the esophagus? It says, I'm gonna go around the substance.

48:51 what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna a stronger wave and a stronger waving

48:54 stronger wave until it ultimately pushes the down. That's why you're like sitting

48:59 with the peanut butter like, and could feel it moving all the way

49:04 . Thank goodness you go for the month. No, you always question

49:13 . These people have I don't know that would be. I mean,

49:23 it's the esophagus, it's because of What we're just kind of experiencing

49:26 Something is literally not moving down. if it's like in the back of

49:29 throat, like in the Ferencz Then you know that could be

49:36 It could be a booger e honestly, Could be just about

49:40 If it's just any sort of It may not be something that you

49:44 physically see. It could simply be that receptors receptors don't get tricked.

49:49 either stimulated or they're not. I guess it could be perception as

49:53 , but that doesn't seem really From I hope I answered the

50:00 I mean, sometimes I don't know answers to these things. All

50:04 we got about 30 minutes here. see if we can finish with

50:07 because this is where we want to today. So, mouth, what

50:11 we do? What type of digestion we do in the mouth?

50:16 And we do chemical. What Carbon carbs and fats. Esophagus?

50:24 we do any digestion? Know Esophagus primarily? Motility. All

50:30 Now, if we want to think terms of secretion what we secreted in

50:33 mouth with screening amylase license im I a lie. Pace these air the

50:38 . Right? So, digestion. there any sort of motility answers?

50:42 . My tongue and my teeth are things around. Right? So are

50:46 doing any sort of absorption in the ? No. All right. So

50:51 there is no absorption now, that's true. All right. You

50:55 me that. Kind of looked like absorption. If you have something that

50:59 Lippo Filic, it can be Right? So there is some vitamin

51:05 . Alright. But there's nothing that literally attempting to absorb, right?

51:10 no cells that are serving as absorptive . Alright, Sophocles, to have

51:15 absorption? No. Do we see ? No, we saw motility and

51:19 also have secretion that we don't really about. But it's you could to

51:23 smooth the slide. Alright, if sarcophagus is a slide, you need

51:28 toe grease, the wheels sort of to speak. Stomach anatomically. We

51:34 four different regions. We have the . The cardio is the region that

51:38 above the esophageal opening. All so it's kind of this region.

51:43 sits a little bit high and then majority of it is that or

51:46 the cardio is the opening or near opening. The fun. This is

51:49 sits up above the fungus among us above us is kind of, I

51:54 know, But then we have the , and the body is the majority

51:58 the stomach. And then at the end, we have the pile Orrick

52:02 or the Antrim, and this is of where a majority of the work

52:06 taking place. So you can think the cardio is this is where food

52:10 . The body kind of serves as storage area along with the funders.

52:16 then the work of breaking down materials it can occur in the body is

52:20 gonna be occurring nearest the pi Lloris the Antrim. Okay. Now,

52:27 speaking, the stomach serves as a to store food while we're breaking things

52:35 . In other words, we're going determine when we're gonna move things forward

52:38 the small intestine because we said the replace where absorption takes place in the

52:43 intestine. So we're going toe, food back before we allow it to

52:47 to the small intestine. And what gonna do is we're gonna continue to

52:50 it down even further so that the testing will have the easiest job of

52:55 now, the other thing that we is that we're gonna break down the

52:59 . We're gonna do some digestion, we're gonna do some very specific

53:03 Alright, We're gonna first pulverized, there's more mechanical digestion, so the

53:08 is kind of serving as a grinder break things down. But we're also

53:11 be doing chemical digestion specifically towards proteins some fats. All right. And

53:18 environment here is very, very different the environment in the mouth and in

53:22 esophagus. And so part of the we have sphincters is not only to

53:26 the different areas, but to create that are unique. All right,

53:30 the mouth is unique and doing its , then the esophagus is unique in

53:34 its thing. The stomach is unique doing its thing. And so the

53:38 there is gonna be unique. what we're gonna secrete is we're gonna

53:41 hydrochloric acid and some some specific enzymes play a role in this protein digestion

53:47 lipid digestion. Now, first we got about what, a week

53:52 a half until Thanksgiving? Yeah, or less. You guys looking forward

53:56 Thanksgiving? I love Thanksgiving. Thanksgiving the only day of the year that

54:00 promote gluttony, you know? And know, I'm all for gluttony.

54:05 mean, I'd like to find my pants, right. Ladies, you're

54:10 you can wear skirts. Sometimes they have. That stretching is built into

54:14 . You know, you don't have put on sweatpants like we dio you

54:20 your else ever gotten the meat sweats ? That's what I eat. So

54:25 meat. You're just sitting there Uh huh. It's just gravy dripping

54:29 of your pores, right? Barely to keep yourself awake from all the

54:34 to fan, which isn't really a . But it sure is fun to

54:38 , right. What happened? Why mentioned this is because when you eat

54:42 with stomach does it doesn't fight the , it actually relaxes. It's

54:47 Oh, you're bringing me food. right, let me let me expand

54:50 little bit. You can bring me more food. Let me let me

54:52 a little bit, and it keeps this, and it keeps doing this

54:55 to about a leader of food, know? Can you imagine the leader

55:00 food you know how they measure They're not sitting there going well,

55:02 me just see how much leader you , it's not loose food. They

55:05 liquid and they fill the stomach and how much it will distant before,

55:09 No mosque. All right, so about a leader You ever heard of

55:13 milk challenge? You know the gallon challenge. Try to seek.

55:17 Drink a gallon of milk in an . You can't do it. It's

55:19 . Part of it is because of and because what happens when milk?

55:22 a stomach. There's enzymes in the that causes it to curl and

55:26 so it doesn't just shoot right through body like water or broth.

55:30 You could drink a gallon of broth that, right? But milk turns

55:34 this curd. It basically turns into and that doesn't move. Just sits

55:40 . That's why you can't do And then you vomited all up,

55:43 that's not cool looking at all. don't do the milk challenge. Make

55:47 friends do the most challenge. All , so what is doing is it's

55:53 through this process of relax ation, allow food to come in. All

55:57 . It's dilation of the fund is just keep bringing in here, bring

56:01 in here. And then it's gonna stored into that that not not necessarily

56:07 the funding, but in the And then as food is processing broken

56:11 , it's slowly pushed into the which is really kind of interesting,

56:15 if you think about it, it four unique compartments in this one open

56:19 . It's like looking at this room saying, Okay, this is the

56:22 . Those were the desks back That's the seating. And you can

56:25 see the four different areas, If you look in the room right

56:28 is a steep slope. There is back slope, and the body or

56:32 stomach knows how to separate these compartments that they do what they do.

56:37 food is actually kept up and away it. All right, now,

56:40 we're gonna see is how do we food? How we gradually feed the

56:43 up there? Well, it has do with the musculature that's there.

56:47 right, Some. So if you at the mucosa what you're going to

56:55 where you're gonna see gastric pits. so what? This is trying to

56:58 you is one of these little tiny . There's thousands upon thousands of

57:01 So this is that folding that we're to. All right. In the

57:06 , we saw folding. We don't a lot of folding in our

57:09 I mean, there's some there, there's not a lot in the

57:12 The folding creates these tracks that are in the direction of the tube,

57:17 it kind of serves as a It pushes things this way. The

57:21 here in the stomach creates these gastric , and we got unique cells that

57:26 found within the gastric pits that produce things. All right, so we

57:30 mucus. Next cells, they're found the necks of the gastric.

57:33 Hence the name. What do you they produce mucus? Yeah, because

57:37 says so. Right up. All right. Chief cells are named

57:41 cells because they're the ones that are everywhere. Their job is to produce

57:45 enzyme called Pepsi. Imagine that's it's form, alright and also produces

57:51 We have the parietal cells, their is to produce hydrochloric acid. Stem

57:56 make all the other cells we have epithelial cells that kind of service out

58:00 the outside Also produce mucus, helped protect the lining of the stomach.

58:03 then we have different types of endocrine that were scattered throughout that serve a

58:07 of signaling to the other cells and cells outside through the blood stream.

58:13 now, the pilot area has all same things, except that they don't

58:18 any hydrochloric acid because at this you don't want anymore. And,

58:24 , they do produce a little bit Pepsi. Imagine, but not so

58:27 . Now what we're gonna do, gonna look at what each of these

58:30 do. All right? So when think about the stomach, we think

58:33 this low pH this hydrochloric acid and that produced by the parietal cells basically

58:39 this pump of potassium proton pump. we're basically exchanging a proton for potassium

58:45 hydrochloric acid actually doesn't digest anything at . Alright, What it does is

58:51 causes d maturation so it takes a protein and basically causes to unfold.

58:58 so now you make it available. make all those amino acids and all

59:02 bonds available for the, uh, that do actually do the digestion.

59:06 what it does, it creates an that allows for the maturation so that

59:12 can occur. All right. It an environment that specifically conducive for the

59:17 of Pepsi, which is the active of Pep Synergen. And as we

59:22 , low pH is not good for . So typically you kill everything off

59:26 gets in your stomach. Hence five rule rocks. Pep Sin is not

59:33 molecule, but several molecules, all ? And they're a bunch of Indo

59:37 . ASIS. What does Indo pep too. Here you got a

59:42 Where is the end of pep Is going to cut carb,

59:48 amino and some place in between Look the knee. It tells you in

59:57 it's not gonna pick the car It's not gonna pick. You mean

60:00 there's gonna be something inside. That's it's an Indo pep. Today's It's

60:04 for specific arrangement or these air each for specific arrangements, and they're just

60:09 up these amino acids or I'm these proteins in the smaller peptides.

60:16 they're released in their, uh, form, and they're released.

60:20 um, when it's stimulated now, that means is that means it's up

60:26 . There's a constituent or a constant of secretion of Pepsi. Imagine.

60:30 when protein start arriving in the that's when we're gonna up regulate the

60:35 of Pepsi Energy or the release of in again. All right. And

60:39 it's gonna be these specific molecules will at a secret in gas string and

60:44 seal. Colin, we're going to how this works in a little bit

60:46 . All right. Now, the pH is what allows for the activation

60:51 Pep Synergen. It actually has self activity. So if you release Pepsi

60:56 into an environment that already has low , it actually cleans itself to become

61:01 become active, and then it allows to activate other peps and molecules.

61:07 right, And then what? We up with these little tiny peps,

61:11 , these little tiny peptides. They're big to be peptides. Like when

61:16 think of little tiny peptides, they're little bit larger on. We call

61:19 pep tones. Sounds like a band the fifties. The doo wop band

61:33 Seasons The Four Tops the pep I mean, doesn't it?

61:39 I'm the only one old enough to what fifties music sounds like.

61:43 your assignment. Watch back to the . Watch back to the future as

61:50 pep tones. Does it not sound a fifties doo wop band? All

62:00 , pep tones are gonna cause gastric be released by specialized cells called the

62:04 cell. Why is it called the cell releases Gas string. So gastro

62:10 leased by the G cell. You how easy this is? The Namen

62:13 is just awesome. CCK is an for Kohli Cystic in and it's produced

62:19 the isosceles Don't know what I sell for. I used to I just

62:26 now I don't hydrochloric acid stimulates is by pep tones. So what is

62:31 basically saying? When I put proteins the stomach and they start getting

62:35 I'm going to stimulate hormones and hydrochloric secretion that promotes protein digestion, which

62:42 going to promote the production of these . You see the positive feedback loop

62:47 going on here all right. When has put into an environment that has

62:52 pH greater than 75 it's inactivated. do you think we're gonna have an

62:57 that is gonna be greater than 7.5 the digestive tract. I'll give you

63:04 hint. What's the next space? after the stomach? The small

63:12 That's right. So what's gonna happen is we're gonna turn off everything we

63:16 on when we arrive in the small . Hey, what we're doing is

63:21 basically saying in this zone, this what you're gonna dio and then

63:24 So this is what you're gonna dio this this is what you're gonna dio

63:28 this and this is a church. of them are special, an independent

63:32 each other. So digestion of the begins in the stomach, and then

63:38 enzyme that's responsible for it is going be turned off when it arrives in

63:40 small intestine. Now we have something called a gastric diffusion barrier. I

63:46 told you that a whole bunch of that are dangerous hydrochloric acid, what's

63:50 gonna do? It's gonna cause protein maturation. What's on the surface of

63:54 cell in your body proteins, So you can imagine I would actually

64:00 damaging my own proteins. But instead we're gonna we're gonna produce a whole

64:03 of mucus, which is alkaline in , and it basically creates a barrier

64:09 the acidic environment and the cells. protective, all right. We have

64:14 watery mucus that's on the top, we have a thicker, more mucus

64:17 mucus that's on the bottom, all , and that's what this is trying

64:21 show you. But the problem is the cells are on the bottom and

64:24 watery substance. The environment is up the top. So how do we

64:29 the stuff from the bottom to the on the top? My favorite

64:35 It is here because it's just so sounding. You get something called

64:43 fingering in that gross, viscous, and really what it is. It's

64:49 geiser. It's an eruption of these that shoots through the the,

64:58 the mucus layer. So you could think of it is erupting and pushing

65:03 , and there's a little tiny stream then up and into the water environment

65:09 That's how you protect the cells and get the stuff we needed to

65:14 So the gastric diffusion barrier is simply anatomical and physiological barrier between the gastric

65:21 and the cells that produce them. the mucus layer in between that protects

65:25 cells still allowing you to do it the to get the materials there through

65:31 stream of hydrochloric acid. This is showing you well. I guess it

65:36 . Right there. There's the viscous right there. You ready for the

65:43 picture in all of physiology? Three from a birthday party founded on the

65:54 . These three pictures together had a . It was called Bathing in the

66:00 of your enemies. E had to these pictures. This is awesome.

66:09 till you have Children, my wife I being, you know, smart

66:15 parents at the time with our youngest . We didn't let them have any

66:19 in the first year of life any sugar. And on their first birthday

66:23 gave them something like this. I the look of my son's face the

66:28 time we tried sugar. I will forget it. His eyes bugged out

66:31 his head. He was like, ? Why? Why have you denied

66:35 this my entire life? My daughter the first taste and it was like

66:41 green cupcake, very similar to the of her sippy cup right there.

66:46 she took that first lick very tentatively loved it so much. She shoved

66:50 cupcake into her face and had icing in her nose for the next couple

66:55 hours, bathing in the blood of enemies. Di cookie monster die !

67:05 right, How do we regulate what in and out of the stomach?

67:10 is the process of gastric regulation. off, we have pacemaker cells.

67:15 basically create a rhythm of muscular contraction is constantly going on with regard to

67:20 digestive tract. That's pretty easy. alter the force, but not the

67:27 of contraction. Alright, so effects rates of secretion by the glands,

67:33 doesn't increase the rate at which things pushed through, right? Just the

67:38 of force so greater force can result more things moving. Now there are

67:44 phases and you're familiar with these phases because you've experienced them. We're just

67:48 to describe them. Now we have is called the so phallic phase,

67:52 is before you eat the gastric phases eating. And after you eat.

67:56 the intestinal phase. So again, want you to picture that cheeseburger.

68:01 sitting over there, in and You've ordered the four by four.

68:07 . You guys been to the Internet ? You know what? You've heard

68:10 it. Okay. And then out , they're fantastic burgers. All

68:15 Now, are they the best burgers the world? Ah, potato.

68:20 , right. I'm still a water guy. I grew up with water

68:25 . I will die with water burger with a triple in my hand.

68:30 a double. My wife won't let get triples anymore. All right,

68:37 here you are. Well, before get there, let's just describe the

68:42 that we're gonna be looking at. of words on the screen. Let's

68:46 it simple. Gas Trinh. Produced the G cells. Their job is

68:51 promote digestion. How do we promote ? We promote the production of hydrochloric

68:57 from the parietal cells. We promote release of Pepsi Neogen from the chief

69:04 so gastric promotes digestion. Histamine. you ever heard of histamine before?

69:10 . It's a signaling molecule that we associate with allergy, the big top

69:13 . But it also plays a role regulating digestion. It promotes hydrochloric acid

69:19 , so it promotes digestion. Then the other side, we stopped digestion

69:25 inhibit digestion through somatic stat. Some of Staten is produced by the D

69:30 that are found in the stomach. they basically block or prevent the parietal

69:36 , the G cells and other uh, Indo chrome Affin like cells

69:41 doing their job. In other we basically stopped gas trim production,

69:47 right through a whole bunch of other . So gas Trine and histamine promote

69:54 . Samata, staten inhibits digestion. far, so good. All

70:03 How do we promote gastric acid Well, we mentioned his to be

70:08 gastric. Right. What we can is we could directly act on the

70:13 that produce the material. So if gas sarin, you're gonna buy into

70:17 coal assistant kind in receptor, on the parietal cells and on the

70:22 cells. If you are acting on chief cell you're producing Pepsi Neogen.

70:30 you bind and act on the parietal , you are promoting HCL production.

70:36 . Histamine acts on its own It's being produced via the chrome off

70:41 like cells that CCL cells acetylcholine. we said the nervous system plays a

70:47 . So what's happening is acetylcholine is released via the vagus nerve or vagal

70:52 is not necessarily the vagus nerve, nerves that originate from the vagal nerve

70:56 act on their receptors. All indirectly. What you can do is

71:01 act on the e C l cells e c l sell, release

71:04 um, and do their job. , So, basically, you could

71:09 one of two ways. And so what this picture is trying to show

71:12 . Here, here is the E l sell. All right. Where

71:15 he calling doing? You see the on here, basically causing you to

71:19 what is gastric do? I could and act on the south, cause

71:22 release of histamine gastric connect here directly and acts directly to see the calling

71:28 directly. All right, so what I doing? I'm promoting secretion.

71:33 what this slide is basically saying we learned gas from the cynical are

71:38 Sorry. Gastric in histamine were just in a city calling for good

71:41 You could do this directly or indirectly to the phases, and then we're

71:47 in and we're landing the ship. right. You got that food you're

71:52 the in and out Burger or the burger? What are some of the

71:57 inside the water burger or the in out burger or in your backyard that

72:02 you it's time to eat? Oh, my goodness. The slaughter

72:07 the cow. I'm kidding. We do that right. You smell the

72:11 cooking. Have you seen the food ? Right, You go. And

72:15 look at that. All right, . Right now, I want you

72:19 close your eyes and I want you picture that burger, right? It's

72:23 right off the grill. Can you the cooking of the meat? Can

72:28 smell the french fries? Right? those sensations, Does it make your

72:34 water thinking about it? Maybe All right. I could be cruel

72:38 talk about brownies, right? I do the same thing. I

72:44 just picture your favorite meal. If not burgers, picture it. Can

72:48 smell and just kind of get the of it All of a sudden,

72:51 your mouth begins watering. This is so phallic phase, but sight,

72:56 and taste All those things are going initiate a signal to the digestive tract

73:01 Guess what? Boys and girls foods coming and it brings much joy and

73:09 to the body crime. It signaling via Vega nurse to increase the

73:17 . I'll force Come on, get juices flowing and all of a

73:21 now you're secreted all these materials. , what you're saying is we're expecting

73:25 to come. And when food doesn't , what happens? You get

73:32 No, I'm not worried about When the food comes right all of

73:36 sudden, there's gonna be much Look at all the things that your

73:40 ing hydrochloric acid secretion. Let's get body ready for the protein that's gonna

73:45 . All right, what have we ? We've increase vagal nerve stimulation

73:49 See? Locally, that's gonna cause excess or increasing secretion of hydrochloric

73:55 right? A couple of proteins show . What do we do? Is

73:58 were gonna servas signals because we start that down. It's gonna increase the

74:03 of peptide aces, Thean pep, or sort of Pepsi gin that we're

74:07 that's gonna cause a release of which is gonna act back on the

74:11 to doom or of the same it's act on those cells to doom or

74:14 the same. Have you ever stomach talked to you? Like you go

74:20 your favorite restaurant, you get that of your favorites, feed me that

74:25 happening? I want my food Yeah, that's the stomach growl Because

74:32 the anticipation of food Because of the response, the gastric phase occurs while

74:39 eating. All right. You have receptors or barrel receptors basically as the

74:44 wall distended kind of saying, the food is here. Yea,

74:47 is here, right? Chemo receptors detecting the proteins and all that

74:51 So it's gonna promote the secretion of those materials. Then again, those

74:55 they're gonna relate up to the I'm gonna have greater secretions here

74:59 which is gonna promote digestion. Notice these things are promoting digestion. And

75:04 this is gonna be those G cells that gas, Trine and yada,

75:08 yada. All right, now we're muscle contraction. Why do we want

75:13 increase muscle contraction down quicker? But about in the stomach? What

75:19 What's the role of stomach? What's supposed to do? Pulverize. So

75:23 those assholes moving to start working on belly? All right. We're also

75:31 to stimulate the contraction of the pylori . Everyone wants to make a

75:36 Don't shake your fist at me. down the whole of the fist.

75:39 that little tiny hole right there? pilot sphincter. You gotta get the

75:42 through that. Okay? It's gonna about this long. So you've got

75:48 . Your food so becomes small enough actually go through that. And I

75:51 we're gonna mention that here in just second. Last is this intestinal

75:55 The intestinal face simply is the duodenal . Okay, online question.

76:04 Oh, good. Finished, I is that Think of food which say

76:16 you think of food and then the hungry. Hunger is basically your body

76:22 nutrients. Right? So that's where actually comes from. It's the need

76:28 find nutrients in your body. Now live in the first world when we're

76:32 . What do we do? We right to the refrigerator and just start

76:37 food in our in our goal. right. But what if you couldn't

76:40 that? What's your body going to ? Right? Your body is going

76:45 go and try to break down stored . So hunger is simply the response

76:52 a need for the nutrients. All . And then, you know how

76:57 been conditioned to respond to that is . If I know I didn't quite

77:01 the question entirely, but that's kind the first phase. Alright, Hunger

77:05 a result of Oh, I smell food. Air. Go. I'm

77:08 . Hunger is I am missing a now. Could you smell something and

77:14 hungry? Yes. That's actually something little bit different, though. You're

77:17 hungry because you're lacking the nutrients. hungry because you want to deal with

77:22 saver, right? So for example , I don't need to eat

77:28 I don't have a need for the . I have plenty of stored fat

77:32 deal with any sort of hunger needs I ever have. But every time

77:36 walk into the kitchen and I see brownies and I smell the brownies,

77:40 have a desperate need for the brownies . That's a completely different thing,

77:46 ? So that's a conditioning. It's behavioral conditioning rather than anything else,

77:52 ? So hunger is a function of like thirst is a function of

77:57 Salt imbalance. Hunger is a function a nutrient imbalance, a need for

78:03 . And here's what's interesting. I , we've we've mentioned this a little

78:07 before, but pregnant women, have, like the weirdest cravings

78:11 I mean, you know the you know, we want pickles and

78:14 cream, and you know we're Why would they want pickles and ice

78:18 ? I mean, e mean, that's the gag, why would they

78:20 pickles and ice cream? They need nutrients. And what are those

78:25 They need fats, right? And need, uh, something that's

78:30 probably a lot of salt, and what their bodies actually craving. And

78:34 the body is basically saying, What I know that gives me these particular

78:38 . And so that's where the craving that particular food comes from. It's

78:42 association that we're not making directly but everywhere. Like just like you're

78:48 . But you're not hungry for right? Like my wife has a

78:52 tooth. So whenever she's hungry, like, I'm hungry for sugar.

78:56 have a salty tooth. I don't if that's even a thing, but

78:59 like I'm looking for chips. I'm for nuts. I'm looking for something

79:03 satisfy that craving. Correct. So kind of went off the track

79:08 If I answer the question completely, miss apart, okay? But I

79:16 answer your question completely. Um, know, put up, put it

79:22 on or something like that. Anyway, with the intestinal phase

79:27 what you're dealing with is the response going on in the intestines.

79:32 so those pep tones are now being into the intestine and small intestine,

79:38 what they're doing is they're going to via a, uh, signaling molecule

79:46 to produce more hydrochloric acid. All , so the idea is that the

79:51 is reinforcing the activity of the Do that kind of makes sense.

79:57 you're not solely depend upon what's in stomach. The intestine is also communicating

80:03 the stomach to ensure that digestion is forward. All right, so this

80:11 kind of a positive feedback loop is is trying to get at. So

80:16 just trying to see here. I two slides and do, and I

80:19 we're done. And I'm kind of my my boundary here. So I

80:23 for this. So gastric emptying, is three steps, all right?

80:28 I want you think about this. muscle that lines the stomach is thin

80:32 the fund, us at the As you come down, the body

80:35 thicker and thicker and thicker. When get down to the Antrim, it's

80:39 . Alright. And so what happens that thes parasol to contraction is actually

80:43 layers in the stomach, not just right. So what you're doing is

80:47 you're squeezing towards the pile ours, ? And so this is like you

80:52 you were a little kid sitting in bathtub, right? You ever do

80:55 in the bathtub? You get in bathtub when you start rocking back and

80:58 . You get that wave going just , right? And then eventually you

81:01 nice and strong and that wave goes the way. The end of the

81:05 hits the end and all water splashed of the bath tub. And for

81:09 , that was the last time you took a bath. Because Mom's sit

81:11 , you're doing showers. Now, , that lady is you don't do

81:14 in the bathtub. You. So you do proper things in the

81:17 Men? No, Our job is make messes. That's what's going on

81:22 the musculature. It's basically propelling And then that propulsion is hitting that

81:27 remember the pile or a little. a bit tiny hole trying to get

81:30 through that. But if it's too , that wall serves to move that

81:34 back the other direction. So what doing is you're grinding material against itself

81:39 food is going this way and food going that way and it's in a

81:43 . So you're basically breaking things down . That's that retro poll shin.

81:48 right, they're being pushed back and . Now, if you're small

81:54 you go through. And if you're enough, you keep breaking down

81:57 And then ultimately, what happens is vaporize materials. Not really vaporize

82:03 you know, goes through and now in the duodenum. And here is

82:07 last little thing. How do we when to empty? There's basically this

82:13 . The stomach is talking in and the small intestines talking stomach is

82:18 at fluidity. How fluid is the ? If it's really thick and

82:22 that sounds really gross. But, know, the bigger the stuff that's

82:25 the fluid in the stomach, the it's going to move. And so

82:30 you're gonna keep doing what it needs until it turns into more of a

82:33 goo once it comes through, the intestine is looking at the content.

82:37 there's lots of fat that takes a time to absorb, so it slows

82:41 , it says Stomach, wait, need to work on what you've given

82:45 . Slow down and let me let digest what you've given me. Don't

82:49 send it to me. It looks the acidity. If it's really,

82:52 acidic, that means it's receiving a of material. And so what it

82:55 . It says, Slow down. me deal with what you've given to

82:59 and it reduces the acidity and starts down. Whatever is left over

83:03 the tennis ity all right. This of is counterintuitive molecules, Very large

83:09 . There's a few of them, when I break them apart, I

83:11 a lot of little tiny particles. more particles there are the mawr I

83:16 tow work to absorb. And so we're looking at is the degree of

83:20 . The more tonic, the more you there is in all that

83:25 the more I have to work to it. And so that's going to

83:28 down. The signal says, basically intestine saying Slow down. Let me

83:32 with what you've given me. Notice all the signals are. Slow

83:35 Let me deal with what you've given and finally distinction. And this should

83:39 obvious. The more crap there is the sorry the Mawr foodstuff there is

83:44 the small intestine, the more I to work with stomach slowdown. So

83:48 wants to push things through. But the small intestine is receiving things quick

83:53 or fast enough, it slows everything . And this is all gonna be

83:57 through many of those neural and hormonal that we've already talked about, but

84:02 we're gonna talk about on Tuesday. so I apologized for taking what,

84:07 extra minutes of your life apologize, at least we got through it

84:12 It would have made sense for one . So, um, to have

84:15 slide in one lecture. So with , if there's any questions, you

84:20 are free to go. You're You don't have to stick around and

84:22 to questions, you know? All right. You guys have a

84:29 day. Good weekend. Enjoy

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