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GEOL6379-Applied Biostratigraphy - Day4 09-03-2022-Part2
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00:06 Okay, everybody see, can you ? Yes, it's been presented
00:19 so Megan, you can see How about Hayden? Can can Hayden
00:22 it? Okay, we're good. . Um So now this is another
00:33 which um actually put this talk Well, I think it was 2019
00:43 this is a more advanced study that had. and uh it's using the
00:50 time scale, Or no, I it's using the 2008 time scale because
00:57 project was actually done in 2012, we didn't figure everything out until until
01:04 recently, which is why I gave talk in 2019 to show the kinds
01:09 things that we can see. There's a lot a lot of interpretations that
01:14 be made that When, when I've this in presentations, I've shown this
01:19 several presentations. Actually, one in and one in 2019, people were
01:25 at the detail they could that we see. Okay, so um in
01:33 , I'm gonna go through this really , because I've already talked about the
01:36 correlation methodology. Uh I think I've across the point a lot of the
01:43 of a standard reference section or what call composite standards. And this is
01:49 be an example from the Tampico MS . And it shows the recognition of
01:57 de positional sequences, their boundaries and corresponding correlative conformity. Remember I told
02:04 it's hard to spot a correlative I hope you'll rather than just chalk
02:10 drawings. Uh really catch this concept I'll ask you some questions just to
02:16 sure you understand it. And then of deposition sequences uh during in the
02:28 of various hiatus surfaces based are based graphic correlation. And it really helps
02:33 understand the whole system. And often happens is somebody outside of a basin
02:43 the gulf of Mexico. Researchers create boundaries and they try to, like
02:50 showed you with the zones, they to force those sequence boundaries on top
02:56 a new study in a new area they haven't sorted this out yet.
03:03 this is part of the reason why see sequences looking very similar from one
03:11 continental shelf to another because quite there's a lot of forcing going
03:18 And uh we found that what we was similar to what's seen in the
03:23 of Mexico, but it wasn't exactly that. And in fact by
03:29 by using graphic correlation and graphic correlation , we're actually able to define,
03:38 the sequence is based on the fatigue rafi and not just um something
03:43 we were trying to match it to make it fit. And uh I
03:48 when sequence photography first came out in would have been in the mostly in
03:54 late 70s, early 80s, we people writing papers and they were virtually
04:03 to change the ranges of fossils based the sequences that they thought they
04:10 And again, sequences. When you a stack of sequences, it does
04:14 tell you what the age they You can guess that they're the same
04:17 something that has been age dated, you don't know if you don't have
04:21 biased photographic data. And uh we people correlating uh something as young as
04:28 miocene to the cretaceous and uh it catastrophically wrong. Um I think if
04:39 of it was right in some you might have suspected that an entire
04:44 had slid off into the gulf of or into the atlantic ocean depending on
04:48 they were doing this. And and think to some extent, if if
04:54 a little bit. And even in places a lot, I think they
05:01 the importance of of having by strata data to help them as a reference
05:07 where and how to define these And peter vale himself who came up
05:13 this thing uh in his first the second publications third, almost every
05:21 , he said, he pointed out bio strategic afi was critically important to
05:25 this. And in fact, I the reason why he did that is
05:29 he was working with Amoco after he to rice and he realized uh the
05:36 that we had and how important they be for the interpretations that geophysicists and
05:42 were trying to make just by looking straddle patterns uh that gave them terminations
05:49 suggest that they were suggestive of timelines of course they are. But
05:53 they are absolutely relative timelines. They have not, you can't calibrate
05:59 exactly two krona strategic fee until you uh corona, photographic tools like
06:08 photography or geo chronological logic tools like you're gonna get in the course you're
06:14 to take. But when I showed what I was calling bio geo
06:20 that's when you integrate this all together you can actually do a lot and
06:24 would be able to make a graph something to say on the atlantic coastal
06:31 with something on the west coast of . And uh just using graphic
06:36 you could figure out whether the sequence the people try to match globally actually
06:43 global and or not. And in cases it's a little bit off,
06:47 in some cases it's very much So that's what this really is.
06:51 it also shows how we uh we together this data, um, so
06:59 we can make reservoir, reservoir scale aquifer scaled. If you're just doing
07:05 aquifer scaled types of stratification, which you sort out the boundaries of these
07:11 units. Okay, And I showed this chart. So I'm not,
07:17 I don't have to explain it if you have any questions still about
07:22 , I can answer that. But it's in uh millions of years or
07:27 we call mega anthems. A lot people don't use that term, but
07:32 did at Amoco all the time and composite standard scale was non dimensional uh
07:40 helped us get away from the problem rock accumulation rate as we were putting
07:45 things into strata graphic sequence. But realized After about 10 years of working
07:53 this, it's hard to communicate to rest of the world unless we put
07:56 into millions of years. So we converting it to the most recent time
08:03 that were available at the time. you've seen this uh the main purpose
08:09 this is to show you that we have different rock accumulation rates and it's
08:15 by different slopes. A key issue this diagram is that things that are
08:20 on a, on a time depth like this are gonna be depositions events
08:27 more appropriately de positional sequences and uh things uh, that are terrorists,
08:38 call these terrorists. This is actually punctuation of sedimentation. In other
08:44 significant amount of sedimentation is going on , creating this rock accumulation rate,
08:51 amounts going on here. But at point, it's either slowed down dramatically
08:56 it's non existent or there is even . A normal fault will also mimic
09:03 because section is totally missing and what need to think about is from this
09:09 To this point. In other words down here, we might be what
09:14 22 million years ago to something less uh 12.5, something more than
09:22 maybe 13 million years ago, deposition this area where this well was
09:28 Although this is a just a But in this, in this particular
09:36 , that basically means that there's no of any significance going on right here
09:43 and here is de positional sequence. here's a deposition sequence. And it
09:48 these depositions sequences that we're looking for have reservoirs. We're not looking at
09:53 in here because they're not there, no sediments there, there's no reservoirs
09:58 . So identifying these sequences and the the ends of them and the start
10:04 them through geological time can also easily uh compared to the timing of maturation
10:14 sort out whether we've had in placement uh or I should say charge of
10:20 , whether it was a possibility of being mature and also migrating and charging
10:25 reservoir. So all of all of chart can be used for a lot
10:29 different things in terms of oil exploration also looking for other economic things
10:35 like aquifers. And of course today are getting more and more important as
10:39 seeing widespread drought conditions around the United and other parts of the world.
10:47 , so we got that and then , uh I spent a lot of
10:51 on a diagram that looked just exactly little bit like this. And uh
10:56 on this one, I showed a of the lines of correlation up in
11:00 line of correlation down and uh pointed there's a sample gap that's why we
11:05 samples here and we have samples but we have nothing in here to
11:09 us how to connect these two de sequences. Again, the key when
11:13 start a graph is to find the all sequences. Then you try to
11:17 out where the breaks in those depositions are. You don't just draw like
11:23 dots. You really want to try figure out where that break is.
11:28 if we have a sample gap of significant nature in some parts of the
11:34 and we see a break in we want to figure out better where
11:38 where the end of this sequence is where the beginning of that sequence
11:43 Because it will again have a lot do with timing and the emplacement of
11:47 before uh there's oil that can charge . And and so I pointed out
11:55 if we use well log data, use seismic data. We can do
11:59 quite effectively. And uh it's it's circular logic, we're using one database
12:08 one or two other databases to help figure out where the gaps are in
12:12 . And mind you, if we're looking at seismic or logs, we
12:19 a hard time figuring out the timing that whole de positional sequence. We
12:24 get a point in time at one and then another point in time somewhere
12:29 and not really know what it Sometimes we have re working for example
12:33 can be very extensive and and so is another thing that I talked about
12:38 this talk because it was important in basin and we had a lot of
12:45 patterns and here is this is this an example and this also could be
12:50 test question. This is an example through a long period of geological
12:58 erosion is of a stratum. It a limited range in time. In
13:04 words, if this was say alias or a stage within the police scene
13:14 period of time, right in here here to here and that would mean
13:20 probably one formation up dip of this was getting eroded and and reworked and
13:31 deposited um throughout this. Well through . In other words this deposition will
13:39 right here includes material that's being reworked dip which is exactly what you expect
13:47 in this case it was mostly one . So this is long term reworking
13:56 from a singular uh strata graphic Okay, here's another pattern and
14:06 this is there was a significant reworking and uh over that that actually perhaps
14:20 had a large, it only its extensive reworking, it only happened
14:26 a short period of time in the all sequence But it came from,
14:33 , say just as an example, could be cretaceous. This could bes
14:38 , this could be a legacy. this would be what you'd see if
14:43 get erosion off of the um coastal of texas, for example, where
14:50 have beds that are dipping like this that and like that. And of
14:56 the beds that I'm talking about would way off of where this well
15:00 They'd be over here somewhere and you'd beds dipping like this. Uh,
15:05 be uh, through time they get and they get eroded on the
15:10 As we look at outcrops of the and the tertiary along the texas coastal
15:19 . We do see that near we have cretaceous, then it's become
15:24 little bit farther southeast. We'll start outcrops that are policing and we'll see
15:30 that are Eocene, then we'll see that our legacy. Miocene, so
15:35 and so forth. And if there one major erosion event like this,
15:40 probably indicate a low stand event. event cut through a lot of different
15:48 and delivered them into the basin at point in time, it would probably
15:53 exactly like this. Now. Haven't this and haven't seen that. We
15:59 also get both of these things going at different times. We could have
16:03 formation that's getting eroded a lot. then for whatever reason, multiple
16:10 um, formations get eroded and it it more like a shotgun effect rather
16:16 the patterns that I'm showing you, it's important to know the different ways
16:20 this can happen. Uh This can also over a long period of time
16:24 example. So we might see the that you saw on the slide that
16:29 just flipped from. Could be could be here and be here.
16:35 the end members are um one formation over a long period of time or
16:46 formations eroding over a short period of . Those are basically the end members
16:51 the different combinations of things that you see happen in terms of re working
16:56 when we see reworking, it's a sure bet that there's been a low
17:01 uh occurring in the in the recent about the time of this thing rather
17:08 of this terrace because that is the of erosion of update beds into the
17:17 . Okay. And again, um think I explained this well enough but
17:22 do call it the funnel method because graphic correlation methodology and composite standards,
17:30 trying to pull all the data together come in with a says here multidisciplinary
17:36 . When they say discipline in this , they're talking about each one of
17:40 is a discipline. And what I'm about is not only are we being
17:47 with respect to the bio strategic graffiti we're also including geological data and we're
17:52 geophysical data. And if this works bio strategic afi imagine you can't help
17:59 imagine that if we add geology and signals to it we're going to get
18:04 better interpretation. That's really what this this lecture is about is pulling everything
18:11 and here you know you have a coming up with with an interpretation with
18:16 paleo one with Fallon ology, one gal Karius nano plankton. And if
18:21 extend it further to what I just the geologist coming up with a interpretation
18:27 looking at this or a geophysicist coming with an interpretation without looking at this
18:31 the geology something's gonna be missing. it just you know it's just the
18:35 it is. If you have You the potential to evaluate 10 variables that
18:44 the timing and the deposition environment of sequence and its boundaries then you should
18:51 use all those tools rather than just pick one and selectively pick another one
18:57 then try to put them together. you want to do is look at
19:01 kind of as a single data set has multiple um facets to it.
19:09 a in a mathematical sense it becomes multidimensional problem but it's but it's not
19:14 because the human mind can handle this of okay the and it does help
19:22 somebody has an expert in these doing part of it, somebody has an
19:26 in these doing that that And also it comes to the geology and
19:31 you have good geologists and geophysicists. making sure that they talked together is
19:36 . So those little coffee meetings that I mentioned that we had at Amoco
19:41 Center are really important in in advancing to the level that we need to
19:48 in advance in today's world. Today's is very complex and our data sources
19:55 numerous. And quite often somebody with this information will make this could be
20:02 . This could even be a political . People with a limited amount of
20:07 and evaluating a limited amount of information make you believe one pathway and somebody
20:14 make you believe another pathway. But you put them all together, just
20:17 in science you're gonna come up with better integrated interpretation. And that's that's
20:24 I want to start getting some of data sets involved with Artificial intelligence and
20:30 analytics because it really is this really an analog thing. And the fact
20:34 we had 80 people doing it uh probably have been done With maybe 8080
20:42 doing very specialized things to get the to the quality that we needed.
20:48 then other specialists coming in and integrating that data. Okay. And we
20:56 about the composite standards. And of just from this you can see that
21:01 single composite standard. This wasn't built . And it used a lot of
21:07 . There's, there's uh Uh multiple here, for example, this
21:13 this is a section that has a in it. And this is another
21:18 somewhere else. And another one here 29. I can read this better
21:22 . Uh, here's 33. So at least 33 uh significant and almost
21:28 known sections that made up that And uh, and I won't go
21:35 this again, except except to reiterate you're looking at all the data,
21:41 know, here's a filter over This is, this is somebody doing
21:45 that way and they're just looking at red things. This is looking at
21:53 that you can imagine that we can in a well board or an outcrop
21:59 a core or even an auger hole the way. Okay, so now
22:05 switch this all to the chicano impact . And uh it is, it
22:10 kind of called the peanut basin and , which is what that means,
22:16 think. And uh, and this , is the basin here and here's
22:26 , this is the golden ring in Mexico. And uh, I'm trying
22:34 , there's the city of chicken to . Um, and anyway, this
22:41 sort of the main thing that we're on. And this is a really
22:44 incised valley that may have had tectonic action involved in it to create such
22:53 big incised valley. And uh, also when there was low stands,
22:58 would drain out here and there's uh, there's also submarine canyons that
23:04 out here and there's also some of span lines in the gulf of Mexico
23:08 go to the right of that red , uh, we've seen turbo sites
23:14 out offshore that potentially could hold multi barrel oil fields, but they're too
23:21 to be drilled. And with our technology and there's some, there is
23:27 good reason to wonder if we'll ever a chance to do that because we're
23:30 to keep the carbon footprint down. one of the things that we could
23:34 , because this is a cheap uh, oil and gas is in
23:39 of the complaints about it, It's relatively cheap source of energy. And
23:46 , and you know, if you about barrels and things that you buy
23:49 barrels, it's a lot cheaper than and an awful lot more cheaper than
23:55 and perfume and things like that. it is a, it is a
23:59 thing that we need to live and , and entire economies are based on
24:03 amount of energy that are produced by given nation. So, uh,
24:10 chances of us totally getting rid of in the very short term and that
24:14 in the next decade or the next decades, I think is still
24:19 okay, unless we have a very Eureka and we get something like cold
24:26 that we can rapidly expand. And hydrogen fuel may also be another thing
24:32 could help a lot. And of the oil industry will be involved in
24:36 if we go to hydrogen powered vehicles transportation, we did a number of
24:44 sections. We had three that went way, sort of east west and
24:49 had one that was primarily north south I'm going to focus on the north
24:53 one because it kind of catches uh whole system in a nutshell, if
25:00 will uh in the peanut basin. but the uh huh the key to
25:11 is that it made it really easy us to see where the sequences
25:14 And of course we could tie him way as well. And also many
25:18 the sequence panels. And this is example of just one of the wells
25:25 how we uh we were picking a of these terraces and uh some of
25:34 data looks uh sparse. We had lot more data than this, but
25:38 lot of it was filtered out because lot of it was reworking and it
25:41 have made it look even more But when I started these graphs,
25:46 figured out de positional sequence one at time and I had lines that went
25:52 this and lines that went like that that. And we figured out where
25:55 brakes were in between them That connected dots. Like I showed you in
25:59 diagram earlier on. And so we sequence boundaries and these would be typical
26:09 boundaries of bail and not those from fellow from U. T. Galloway
26:17 based based his on maximum flooding services this this I kind of have to
26:27 for this because this was a little of a stretch to make it
26:32 But we we had sequences picked from same scale. So we used that
26:39 and we kind of forced our scale it. And you can see here
26:47 had kind of had to make it to make it work. But it
26:51 it's not exactly the way I would to do it. But we had
26:54 do this for convenience and to uh be able to uh show it because
27:02 group had had seen a similar number sequences but they were offset. So
27:06 cut that off and and added this it so that you could actually see
27:11 see where our sequence boundaries were there little bit different uh all the fossil
27:17 that you see on here is But we be sort of dropped our
27:21 down on top of this particular And here is the cross section.
27:29 uh and it's gonna be this right . And what this cross section is
27:40 you is where the sequence boundaries And this is the correlative conformity right
27:50 for each one of these. We able to pretty much sort out what
27:54 was and this one's pretty, pretty constrained each one of these is a
28:02 and this is a this would be deposition sequence, another deposition sequence and
28:07 deposition sequence. And what you're seeing is not in thickness, it's in
28:14 . So it's entirely possible. Uh couldn't read it at the scale that
28:18 like that that looks small could be thick and something like this that looks
28:23 could be really, really relatively But here we did have a correlative
28:33 write about this point right here and can see how all the other wells
28:40 of constrain a band. And this all the missing time. And once
28:48 figure out where that correlative conformity is amount of time missing before the correlative
28:57 is going to be an erosion because the sequence, if this is the
29:02 of the start of the sequence this would be section that was already
29:09 and got eroded. This is gonna new deposition up here and what's missing
29:16 here because of that is bypass is to be sedimentary bypass. So the
29:22 is erosion. The gray is bypassed thin line right here and you can
29:29 we hit it. So we were to make it a thin line and
29:34 and hit it there and we hit again out of this. Well actually
29:37 didn't there's no well there um and none here. Actually. We hit
29:42 right here. I'm sorry, I'm it wrong again. But here's where
29:47 well was. Nothing's there. Here's the well was there. We saw
29:51 before, well below this in And likewise over here. So we
29:57 we had this thin line and of we kind of dipped this off because
30:03 do it in the books. But don't uh I don't think that it
30:06 dips off like that uh because it really a point in time in which
30:13 begins on the sediments under underneath you know, you have a surface
30:20 and it starts eroding into it. you could have rode all of this
30:25 this high, could have been eroded to and we would have less constraint
30:28 it. Uh This one could have have had a break in it somewhere
30:32 here, but it didn't. So we actually saw the correlative conformity in
30:37 particular will uh This one you can uh we don't have any deposition directly
30:45 it, but we have stuff pushing on it here. And these are
30:52 close. That's pretty close. Um have something pushing up here to do
30:57 bigger band because if you look at her, our least eroded spot is
31:07 But for reasons of geometry, we it was up here. Likewise this
31:12 thought it was probably up here where didn't have a will. And uh
31:17 over here. And that kind of constrain constrain it from the bottom.
31:21 the one, well that does the constraining from the bottom is this
31:25 So uh just based on what you here, the correlative conformity couldn't have
31:30 anywhere in this interval, but based where we saw the brakes looked to
31:36 like it was just underneath that one there. Uh And these little uh
31:43 or fans, different fans that you see uh that were pro grading from
31:51 east to the west across this particular section. No, if I showed
31:59 . No, not yet. so here are some of the younger
32:04 that are pro grading southeast. Uh uh and then the next one,
32:09 here's this is this is earlier but here's the basin that we were
32:14 in. And um This shows you is flattened on SB 660.4 60,060.4 million
32:29 ago is SB 60.4, here's SB 56. And uh and you can
32:37 that it's flattened on there. And can start to see things that look
32:41 they're fan shaped above it. And so we started getting some things coming
32:50 like this. But then here is here see this is this should be
33:00 think, you know, we thought contemplate the city of Counter pick uh
33:07 some time there was an uplift and started having stuff coming in from from
33:13 west and going uh, moving to northeast. And so you have these
33:19 down like this. And uh, what I want to show you some
33:24 the earlier fans, here's SB And along here, this is a
33:30 right here and you can see things look like fan structures going like this
33:39 you see reflectors. Uh, but have well, here we have a
33:43 here we have a well there. fan comes all the way over to
33:46 . The fan comes all the way to that. Well, in
33:48 Well, and uh, this of is fancy. And so we look
33:57 fancy, it's right here. And , we had me look back
34:05 This is s. 46 At the of it. So s. 46
34:11 right here. And what you can from this point is that things are
34:18 younger and younger as you get away it. That way younger and younger
34:21 you get away from it. That , the depositions and that's related to
34:29 fans that came up. This is is the one we were looking at
34:33 these are going northeast southwest. Remember other things that I was showing you
34:37 coming down here and they were coming over here. But this is later
34:44 , we had fans spilling over this boundary to the basin where the fault
34:49 . And uh and they were moving that direction north uh from the southwest
34:55 the northeast and then later on like . And uh I don't think I
35:06 to talk about this lap out But there's. Well, yeah.
35:09 , I do. I'm gonna show what this different lap out does and
35:13 we normally see from some de positional . But Okay. So here if
35:20 have down lap and we have something pro grading on the surface, the
35:28 we're gonna see is a high, event an apparent fatal event where this
35:35 from time to time 53 and four here somewhere. Here we go across
35:40 . This is time to to time . This is time to two times
35:45 times two, 28. Now, is a cartoon. If I draw
35:52 draw it, it's gonna look like . Okay. And so what you
35:58 as you go from, as you from this part of the program station
36:10 that part of the program station, gonna see a pattern that looks like
36:19 . Now sometimes these client client forms that these would represent this client
36:26 Sometimes you can see them with seismic sometimes you can't and when you can't
36:30 them with seismic, you can still them with the bio strata. Graphic
36:35 . But if you have the seismic you have the bio strata graphic
36:38 it kind of warms your heart that works out. And what you see
36:45 is from the uh axis of a . You see pro gradation in this
36:52 and you see pro gradation in that , just like you're supposed to.
37:02 , and so it looks like that this this is showing you the down
37:11 . Okay, now here is on on lap that looked like this.
37:16 should go from offshore, remind you is from shallow to deep sea.
37:22 is proximal to distal. This one from distal to proximal. In other
37:31 , we're getting closer to the shore over here and you're getting on lap
37:34 is a transgressive event, you get exactly the same pattern and um Yeah
37:52 you get the same pattern. But the difference between this pattern and that
38:05 ? Can you go to the previous again? Okay, this is the
38:09 one. This is the first one pro gradation and if I'm pro grading
38:15 this direction, right. My sediment from um left or right. The
38:28 coming from here. So the sediments from here. This is proximal to
38:32 sediment source. If it's moving in direction, this is distal to the
38:37 source. So if you look at diagram look at the chart. This
38:42 is proximal, this one is Okay, if you look at this
38:49 source of sediments here, but we've transgression going on. It's pulling sand
38:55 levels low and it's pulling sand up pushing it up like a plow.
38:59 we get this on lap. So is distal. This is proximal.
39:05 see here this is proximal and The other one, you know,
39:09 was quick to draw because because the one, all I had to do
39:13 change, this is proximal and pro . That would be proximal and this
39:19 be distal and that's the only difference the pattern that you see.
39:27 okay, and then if we had lap like this like an angular on
39:32 , this would be a real angular conformity, You would see something that
39:37 like that. And uh and again kind of have to know which way
39:43 beds were dipping to help you sort exactly how this was going. But
39:48 the beds, without seeing the you could figure out their dipping in
39:51 direction just because um the break is bigger in this direction. So um
40:00 , excuse me, it's getting bigger that direction. Right here, you're
40:03 a little bit older than the bed comes across the top of it
40:07 you're much you're getting older than the . Excuse me, You're getting younger
40:12 the top is getting younger than the . Much younger than the lower.
40:17 younger than the lower. More younger more younger. And you see something
40:21 looks like that. And this would arrow would point in the direction of
40:27 dip of the bed and an angular conformity. Even if your seismic was
40:32 resolving the dip, you could figure which way the dip is now.
40:37 know this seems crazy. But again the North Sea there are places,
40:42 lot of places where we have gas . And underneath when you're looking for
40:48 Jurassic, there's a couple of problems make it difficult even with three
40:52 Seismic. And that is you have section of chalk above it. With
40:56 without hydrocarbons and chalk itself absorbs an lot of seismic energy. But if
41:04 put fluids in it, then it messes it up. And if the
41:07 are leaking, which oftentimes they you get a gas cloud which even
41:12 dissipates the energy makes it harder to good images. But with the bio
41:17 fi uh you could actually see um angular on conformity. You could see
41:27 that. You could see on lap you can see down lap in pro
41:34 um on lap like this in Even if the beds could not be
41:40 in size and even in three seismic like that was going on.
41:45 didn't really explain it in full detail I didn't have enough diagrams in the
41:51 presentation I made. But in the field I was seeing transgression over that
41:57 , to the to the east, and I knew it was there and
42:03 that there were other places in the the Jurassic and the North Sea where
42:08 had no idea they even had but when they see this pro grading
42:13 , uh usually whenever there's pro uh the tops of those pro
42:21 climate forms are usually full of sand . And uh and so that that
42:27 them an an extra target to look a reservoir that was charged in bearing
42:38 . Okay, so we're gonna look more detail at the fan, the
42:42 thing, I kind of alluded to right there and here, here's another
42:48 of that fancy. And actually it's same part, it looks like it's
42:52 blown up a little bit. And can see there's layers and you can
42:56 , you can see there's beds going this and beds going like that,
43:00 uh uh the sequence boundary 54 is underneath it and it's it's sort of
43:08 essentially looks like it's pro grading out way. And programming out that way
43:12 you would see on the axis of fan, the fan spreads out,
43:16 cone spreads out in this direction and cone spreads out in that direction.
43:20 as the cone is building, it here, then another layer goes next
43:24 another layer goes next and another layer next. Same over here, so
43:31 wise, you're gonna have the first , a little bit younger than the
43:37 layer, but then the next one comes out is gonna be a little
43:40 older, you still can't see you can see a ghost of
43:44 that it has to be there. you can see a structure that looks
43:49 a fan. But here's what you do with graphic correlation. If you
43:54 approximately where the axis is, you're to see this happen where you go
43:58 T zero to T. One, zero to T. Two, or
44:02 zero to time to time zero to , three, time zero to time
44:07 exactly what pro gradation looks like, it's symmetrical uh in this direction,
44:14 usually the the axis of a fan the source, so this is proximal
44:21 the source, this is distal mirror on the other side, this is
44:26 , this is distal. And so see pro gradation in this direction and
44:31 see pro gradation into that direction and already remember what the pro gradation patterns
44:36 to look like in a wheeler It would look something like this.
44:40 you've got a section here and you this big hiatus here and this is
44:47 showing you the different times. So could see it. So you would
44:51 at the center, you'd probably see that was oldest, then the next
44:58 on either side would be this one the break is a little bit
45:04 so T two is younger than T . And so you see it go
45:08 in the wheeler die, agree. here the wheeler diagram goes up and
45:13 next one goes up to four in diagram that I've shown, and if
45:18 look at it in detail on that , uh fancy looks just like
45:26 uh here's here's the axis sitting right top of S. B.
45:31 Uh then the first layer that we bio Strat data because, you
45:36 we're going off to the side, distance of the wells. The first
45:42 , here's an incised valley on top the fan, it happened later in
45:47 later event. But here is um first program, first pro gradation a
45:55 bit later. The next pro gradation is one that probably would have been
45:59 here somewhere in terms of proximity. this isn't perfectly symmetrical, but this
46:04 is showing you a fan that came like that. This one is showing
46:09 a fan that came in like This one is showing you a
46:13 whether this one showing you a fan came in, kind of like a
46:17 time that went, kinda like this then this is the last one showing
46:21 like that, but in general, can see that mirrored pro gravitational,
46:26 one right there to the edge, a mirror of pro gradation over
46:30 pro gradation over here and over we're getting pro gradation from the
46:35 Here's the boundary of Fan. Fan would be over here. So we
46:39 that coming over here, this is is a type of detail that geologists
46:46 dream of in terms of figuring out layers. In other words, if
46:50 go back to this, we're actually out the timing of multiple layers coming
46:56 this fan. In other words, was a deficit, there was like
47:00 flooding event or something, or a of rainfall over 10,000 years. And
47:05 had a big fan deposit here, you had another one deposit here sometime
47:09 and another one on top of and another one on top of
47:12 And then they kind of merged with fan over here to the to the
47:26 . Okay, so, um I you kind of um catch a little
47:32 of the significance of that. And is, this is stuff that helps
47:40 see pro gradation and you know, if you see a transgressive surface that
47:45 surfaces depositing reservoir sands. Pro gradation , reservoir sands in in a fan
47:54 this, there might be a lot sand, but in a typical um
47:58 pro gravitational system like this when we programming like this, if this were
48:10 delta for example. Um I didn't it in in a way that would
48:15 it easier for you to see But if I cut this all off
48:20 made it flat, the top would covered with sand, then it would
48:24 in their sand in this period of , there would be uh finding upward
48:30 going down here, getting to silt silt and more and more clay.
48:36 and more play to all clay down . So we would have each one
48:41 these pro grading. Climate forms is of them is gonna have a sand
48:46 and silty stuff in here and very very claire ish stuff down here,
48:51 the like the the delta and the front. Uh And then here the
48:58 this would be offshore a little bit the delta front and this would be
49:04 offshore the delta front. And the one would be the same. So
49:09 have these sand reservoirs up here and things that are important in being able
49:14 see this pattern. Even if you see it with seismic one is is
49:18 you're having procreation. Another one is you're having, if you're having pro
49:24 unless these things have been eroded. tops of these climate forms that are
49:29 defined by the bios photography, that can't see in the seismic is where
49:34 gonna you're gonna find those elusive Jurassic . Likewise here, uh you
49:43 a lot of stuff off in this is fine grain, but as sea
49:47 rises, it pushes the sand up like a plow, um just like
49:52 a barrier island farther farther onshore, leaves it leaves a transgressive surface,
49:59 leaves a transgressive lag and it leaves little bit of um stand behind.
50:06 there's a there's sort of a quick that goes over top of barriers and
50:10 poor Alex sediments, sometimes the frolic are in in title channels and stuff
50:16 that. So you're gonna have sand preserved all over top of this surface
50:22 on the transgressive event. Again, telling you where reservoirs are, even
50:27 you can't see this detail. So we're gonna go to something else that
50:38 out of this. Um we weren't for it, but if I go
50:44 here, it's not marked on but right about here at this point
50:58 time is the pale Eocene Eocene thermal . And right at that time we
51:11 a sequence boundary that almost ties with . So we think there was a
51:14 drawdown of the gulf of Mexico and other evidence and we had an outcrop
51:23 to this. And uh first this interpreted as cold, but then we
51:29 it was bitumen, then we realized part of the outcrop in the original
51:34 had collapsed into the bitumen down in basin part so that it looked like
51:41 and one of the reasons why we a lot of pini contemporaneously pini contemporaneous
51:48 because while this basin was being there were periods of time when these
51:55 were exposed and sediments were falling down things that were just a little bit
52:00 than them. They're just, you , near just a few meters above
52:05 few typical well samples above. Uh bed down here and stuff was falling
52:11 in here and mixing with the slightly stuff, but this appear uh In
52:19 cases was was older than this down . In other words, there's like
52:23 little fault fault right there and you a scarf up and you're getting or
52:29 way of against in this case it erosion, we had erosion and there
52:33 stuff here, it was deposited say at 59 million years. And that
52:40 getting eroded down into stuff that was million years old. And it gets
52:45 hard to figure out without graphic correlation with graphic correlation. It can be
52:49 , but we were able to see we're getting penny contemporaneous reworking of the
52:54 section from this incised ballot at the time, bitumen was leaking out and
53:01 based on all the evidence we This was uh sub aerial and not
53:07 obvious. And so this is kind like a target at one point in
53:13 when sea level rose comes in here you have deep water sediments above
53:18 you have deep water sediments below But right at this point in
53:23 the gulf of Mexico dropped down significantly depth. And uh and you had
53:32 exposure and uh and also you had and bitumen coming out of these uh
53:39 of these reservoirs. And one of things uh and this would have required
53:45 drop in sea level. The gulf Mexico up to 2000 m, that
53:50 have completely drained it, but it have, you know, 6000 ft
53:54 a lot, A lot of water ft. Um I don't think that
54:00 needed to go that far, but the mechanics and what we see on
54:03 parts of the, The coast of Gulf of Mexico from Florida all the
54:08 over to here. There's a lot incised valleys that certainly looked like they
54:13 an incision point around 58 million points 58 million years ago. The reason
54:19 , is because over by Cuba and Florida Straits. Um The plate tectonics
54:25 such that cut circulation off to the of Mexico and there was a great
54:30 down in the gulf of Mexico at same time where it's a low stand
54:34 a lot of places, sea level rising in the atlantic ocean and the
54:39 . This evaporation of this would have water across across that continental break and
54:46 it into the oceans to the, the atlantic and may have something to
54:50 with. While the atlantic seemed to at a high stand when most of
54:55 world was at a low stand because lot of the uh, the water
54:58 was in the gulf of Mexico was evaporated and the westerly, excuse
55:03 the easterly, the winds that are , they're coming from the west would
55:08 this stuff over the atlantic where it rain more than usual. And it's
55:15 Got the event uh constrained down to million years. Excuse me, 800,000
55:22 , I'm sorry. And uh, that's pretty significant finding now we weren't
55:28 for the police the eocene thermal But we found something that sure looked
55:35 it. And uh, given this , the event was probably less than
55:41 many millions of years. It's hard see it because there's a nonconformity
55:46 And that was where the un conformity . It's a very thin deposit,
55:51 it's, it's actually, there was exposed surface and some of these exposed
55:58 substrate with exposed reservoirs started to leak . And uh, in the oil
56:03 gas into the atmosphere. And if you can imagine a membrane seal
56:12 completely sealed but starts to leak, , Like a Type one uh,
56:20 and then starts leaking like a Type . Excuse me A Type two and
56:24 three seal to where you've got oil out and gas coming out. You
56:29 imagine that the amount of hydrocarbons along gulf of Mexico continental shelf and the
56:36 zone about halfway down the battlefield you would have started to see an
56:42 lot of hydrocarbons enter the atmosphere because things would come to the surface.
56:47 could have caught fire by lightning strikes it would have been a lot of
56:54 released, uh, greater than than we're seeing with the anthropogenic effect of
57:01 right now in the atmosphere. And a lot of people don't understand why
57:08 happened. And they have lots of and this is another one, but
57:12 seems like it could have been a by producing an awful lot of
57:17 And there were fires from soil studies around the world. There are a
57:20 of fires along in many different continents the same time, which could have
57:28 to some of this. But you have geothermal hydrocarbons being exposed at
57:34 surface. Getting to the blue sky a rate that people wouldn't imagine.
57:39 mean if you, if you were remove the gulf of Mexico right
57:42 if you somehow could seal it there's all those reservoirs down there would
57:47 bleeding and leaking into uh, into gulf of Mexico and they would be
57:53 at the atmosphere and get converted to and CO two in a hurry and
58:00 kind of thing could cause something that be like, sorry about that.
58:07 a lot of buttons, I have turn off in my house and I
58:10 to turn that one off. And um and there was a better
58:20 bed here and uh and we age it For 56 million years. And
58:26 the uh the biased rat that we in a graphic correlation flock lined up
58:32 with this which is close to what had a sequence boundary 58 when we
58:36 using the other scale. And uh here you can see Here it is
58:44 . and uh That bed is that's the start of it. And
58:50 the end of the break and here looking at cm okay, so that's
58:57 10 m. And uh and here have uh here's a break here And
59:08 and then it ends here and this about 800,000 years occurred in here between
59:13 and 56 million years ago. It's 55.8 to 54.95. And there's significant
59:23 of Karajan rounded wood fragments, uh uh reworking of nano fossils here which
59:33 obviously working. But again, if recall from this diagram, we got
59:38 pini contemporaneous reworking here which made it hard to recognize but we were able
59:44 see to see it just exactly like and it happened to be occurring right
59:49 that period of time. When most say that occurs again, we what
59:54 were trying to do is figure out happened. We have deep water
59:59 We have deep water there and we some burial exposure here. And that's
60:05 pretty significant outcrop in terms of explaining , that the uh sea level had
60:13 drop below the point of that outcrop , which is now due to tectonics
60:20 uh earlier on in the in the Jeremiah rajan or later in the Laramie
60:30 . Uh So now it's up so we can see it in outcrop.
60:36 this is just trying to put this uh into perspective with, with the
60:45 uh draw down and and and um that we see in the basin with
60:53 Eocene sitting right on top of the seen here. And of course,
60:57 it's sitting on top of the police , you're gonna get late paleo seen
61:02 in the Eocene rocks. So it's police in Eocene thermal maximum uh,
61:10 , that if you, when we looking at the time scale creator
61:16 I pointed to something that said, know, the um thermal boundary looks
61:23 like this. But it was, could see that the carbon thing was
61:27 more negative to the left uh and was actually above it. So you
61:31 get to the actual spike. But you were to get on time scale
61:36 , you can see where that spike today based on the current, the
61:41 time scale And uh which would be 2020. And again, this these
61:47 were based on 20 Uh 20, did we do in 2008? And
61:56 is just showing you that there's a of incised valleys that show similar 300
62:04 cut down in the incised valley 900 here. Here's, here's something that's
62:12 2500 m. Here's something 2000 m we're getting incision that looks like it
62:18 have done that. And this is reconstruction showing you that that there could
62:22 been this and there's a number of that show detail of these incised valleys
62:29 seemed to uh corroborate the fact that gulf of Mexico was drawn down.
62:35 are no, there are no salt that we know of, but if
62:38 did occur, they would occur, know, down here in the very
62:41 basin which we haven't um I don't we've drilled where it should have occurred
62:48 it does occur. And and the being is because this would have been
62:53 thin layer of salt, not like luann salt, but it would have
62:57 a thin layer of salt um because only had 8, 800,000 years to
63:02 deposited rather than millions of years to deposited. And uh and it didn't
63:07 through a cycle of runoff and evaporation and evaporation runoff and evaporation, it
63:13 very quick event. Uh, it and uh, not long thereafter the
63:20 came back in. And as I , uh, the top of this
63:26 deep water forums and the base of is deep water forums. And it
63:32 very abrupt. In other words, , sea level dropped dramatically and this
63:40 exposed and then the coastline was Way the east of here and then sea
63:47 rose and not until it rose enough it had to do it with an
63:51 years. Got back up here and this up again with deep water
64:04 And here's another another thing. we had um, I had another
64:12 Andrew Hartwig who worked at Ion Geophysical it still existed. Um, it
64:18 Covid, it disappeared. But it a really good company. They were
64:22 lots of regional seismic. And we a seismic line out here that we
64:26 at that. We were able to various original features and uh, and
64:32 that look like turbo tight deposits at same period of time in the seismic
64:38 . And here's a picture of let me see, yeah, here
64:43 are right here. These are the aged paleo canyon and turbo fans.
64:49 we can see these ripple shingled like things kind of like those funny squiggly
64:58 that you used to put two pieces wood together without driving a nail in
65:02 . And uh, and uh, that's the typical pattern for a uh
65:10 tight system and the fact that it's like this in terms of the reflectivity
65:17 that there's hydrocarbons in it. And and that would be a monster field
65:22 the way. And as I it's it's situated right here and we
65:31 see features here and we can see there in this line. There's uh
65:36 even stuff that's, that's even older here. These look like cena maini
65:40 ones that are from another event from period of time when the tectonics were
65:46 little bit different than what they were here in the Wilcox. Another thing
65:51 does is, you know, it corroborate the fact that this probably is
65:56 , but when we correlate onward onto shore to the south and to the
66:01 of the United States, as I before, sometimes we wave our arms
66:06 we'll call things Wilcox but we don't any data in there because we've never
66:11 it. But but based on if you take these uh reflectors and
66:18 equivalents that kind of fade out through on shore in that direction and onshore
66:23 this direction, that appears to be . And this Wilcox is when the
66:29 maximum actually happened. So in summary of this geological and geophysical data can
66:40 you make interpretations to help you find . And also there's sort of a
66:45 yap or a bonus here. We think we figured out what might have
66:49 the trigger to uh, to the in Eocene thermal maximum. And with
66:56 we need to take a break because 2:30 PM. You guys did
67:03 Any questions? No, sir, good. The old crop is really
67:08 . Yeah. And I think uh know, sometimes when we teach
67:13 we focus too much on the fossils not enough on what it does.
67:18 uh for those of you that are petroleum geology, I really want you
67:23 understand what you can do with I'm not trying to teach you how
67:26 be a bios photographer, but I'm to let you know that it's that
67:32 are a lot of situations, there's lot of different situations. We're having
67:37 data can help you see something you figure out and I think that's critically
67:43 . And uh unfortunately a lot of work has never been published. Some
67:48 it has, but a lot of never been published because, you
67:51 I worked at an oil company, , and that sort of thing.
67:55 uh, but if I can ever free of administrative work, this is
68:00 I'm gonna work on, get this published aside from, you know,
68:07 done a lot of oral presentations, is easy to do, but I
68:12 to get the papers out. so whether geologists can see this,
68:19 can definitely see the value in up to this point and find it
68:23 interesting to, you know, it's I teach bios, photographer,
68:27 photography to the regular students. Uh year, we didn't have enough time
68:34 that, we had nine, and that, I think we had 11
68:37 one point in time early on, had 18 people in a class and
68:45 was most of them, you it had paleo courses, but they
68:50 , my God, I didn't know could do this much with it,
68:52 I think that's what's really important for to learn is that there is a
68:58 kit, it's a tool kit, you can get your hands on screen
69:01 it, because, you know, going from the really spectacular,
69:08 I think what I just showed is spectacular, but at the same
69:12 just the day to day stuff to people pick uh casing points is,
69:19 know, it's a money maker, know, I mean, you're saving
69:22 while you're drilling and and I think is really important to and and then
69:28 we haven't even, I don't think going to talk much about directional drilling
69:33 this, but I will mention bio in petroleum geology. I did that
69:39 saw that. Okay, so I'm let you guys have a break and
69:48 come back, Let's, since it's late in the day, let's try
69:53 do about 15 minutes, so about say to 40. Yeah, about
70:00 - 42. Uh I'll see you . Okay. Alright. Have a
70:10 break and get up some more energy we're going to start talking about paleo
70:16 . Yes sir. Sounds good. me just shut the door, reduce
70:23 noise levels. Okay, now we're look at paleo environments and there's
70:33 let's see I am. You guys my screen. You can see
70:37 Yes, sir. So the uh Cougars back. Okay. So one
70:48 the things that we do in terms paleo environments, we look for uh
70:52 for these deposition environments that are important terms of the types of reservoirs that
70:57 gonna see. And of course uh are non marine. They're high
71:05 So a lot of times we don't anything in the river. And uh
71:10 basically we know that we're looking at marin, but a lot of times
71:14 lakes, there are a lot of things that we can look at for
71:18 that's a lake and then in Uh again, a lot of that
71:23 be um spores and pollen and some flashlights. Now and then of course
71:34 also things which I didn't put on , but fairly similar marshes would be
71:40 parabolic settings uh often related to uh title activity where you have a lot
71:49 title activity. You're likely to have marsh deposits. And also in some
71:58 you can have things called algal mats the tides exposed very shallow areas of
72:05 bay and they get covered with layers algae or cyanobacteria as we call it
72:13 . And uh and so there's sort uh swamps are usually up there and
72:20 coastal features are marginal, transitional would where the uh the tidal flats and
72:29 and the marshes would occur. The marshes, south Carolina, for
72:37 they have fairly significant tides and you lots of uh tidal inlets that feed
72:46 marine or I should say, marginal uh marshes that have celebrities varying from
72:56 on on the the sun levels in heat and the rainfall. There often
73:04 south Carolina though, they're often less seawater in texas. When you get
73:09 the tidal flats, the long broad flats in Laguna Madre and things like
73:15 . Uh you can get salinity sometimes that are hyper saline because the water
73:21 stranded on some of these things like land ponding. Uh it may be
73:25 flat thing, but there may be depression that fills in with water,
73:29 evaporates and you get high salinity. there's a special types of creatures that
73:34 live in all these places. Um rivers, you know, there's a
73:40 of fresh water clams and snails, they often get destroyed in a in
73:47 river system because it's because it is and it's usually under saturated with respect
73:54 To uh, calcium carbonate and dissolves out pretty quickly. And uh,
73:59 you know, sometimes around four total dissolved solids is sort of the
74:08 where you're dissolving stuff and depositing stuff um uh, in terms of calcium
74:13 and freshwater systems and uh, because the sodium and the chlorine in marine
74:20 , you have to get a lot to get to that to that transition
74:24 where you're getting evaporation. It's removing or excuse me, calcium carbonate.
74:30 uh, in lake systems, you to the, the salinity czar a
74:38 , a lot lower for calcium carbonate . Okay. Um, then we
74:45 , you know, in the open , we have the shelf, the
74:48 and the abyssal and uh, the would be neurotic, the slope would
74:54 bethel and the open marine is And I think I pointed out,
75:02 know, in the past, scientists sentiment. Ologists knew a lot about
75:07 types of features and a little bit shelves. We even recognize there were
75:13 , sand bars on the shelf that related to storm deposits, But we
75:18 very little understanding of the slope and abyssal plains until really the 1990s when
75:23 oil industry started doing a lot of scan sonar of features all around the
75:29 to kind of help them understand deep deposits that they were grilling.
75:36 when we look at the environmental this is another thing that's a huge
75:41 of worms. Uh there's there's lots things that impact living animals and uh
75:51 implants and these are just a few them. Some other things can be
75:58 pressure from from other animals or plants are trying to take away the the
76:07 that that you're trying to get. there's competition in terms of of the
76:12 or community of organisms that live in given place to on top of all
76:16 this. But these are the basic parameters, kind of got most of
76:21 big ones listed on here and uh know, they're they're smaller things,
76:29 but these are all really important. normally as as scientists, we go
76:34 and we know temperature impacts things because see different in the modern day,
76:40 see different species living at different We c c four AMs coiling differently
76:47 different temperatures. Uh salinity is is important. Um an open marine stable
76:55 is usually between 33 35 parts per . It's pretty much constant forever.
77:02 and uh it's just one of those things that there's so much water in
77:07 world, there's so much solute entering . And there's also and it kind
77:12 has a kind of has a consistent through geological phone, we think.
77:18 and when I worked in the casket see, I realized there are things
77:23 little bladders off to the side of a basin that actually operate as,
77:29 salt regulators. And there's a little off the side of the Caspian sea
77:34 it starts to dry up. the little bays on the edges of
77:40 as as it starts as the level to drop down. These things are
77:46 shallower. They're like salt pans and start to evaporate a lot of water
77:52 a very quick time and they drop a lot of salt, which kind
77:57 , in other words, it's taking out of the system while the system
78:00 losing its what its water volume. it gets to a point where it's
78:06 shallow. And with the heat in , in the, in the,
78:09 the Caspian sea, some of the are deserted. They, you
78:14 it's like dessert and uh, and they have high evaporation rates and they
78:20 places in these little bays which are , they use them now assault pans
78:25 of course, um, sometimes they blocked off so they can take water
78:32 irrigation and they just ask Sir Bates problem and they get really high salty
78:37 and they can't use it for So the Caspian sea, unlike the
78:44 is about 13 parts per 1000 more less through time. And uh,
78:53 , it's kind of an interesting thing , how these large water masses can
78:58 of reach some sort of long term between salutes in water volume, Just
79:06 by the fact that things around the of the basin are pulling salt out
79:12 the system as the volume in the of the lake or ocean drop.
79:18 interesting. But beyond that, the uh um AsMA regulation is a critical
79:26 . And when the cylinder goes you have to be better at it
79:29 to keep yourselves from losing all their , it actually dehydrates you uh because
79:37 water across the cell boundary moves towards lowest concentration of water, not the
79:43 concentration of salts. And so uh , you know, then becomes the
79:49 concentration of salts. So if you , if you're in salt water and
79:53 a freshwater animal, you're gonna get being in in that kind of a
79:59 . So there are certain animals that deal with salinity fluctuations. There's an
80:04 lot like banana fossils. The the radial area, they all have
80:08 have constant salinity is for the most temperature temperature being constant is an important
80:17 . If you're up towards the it stays cooler most of the
80:22 If you're down towards the equator, stays warm most of the time.
80:25 though those are different temperatures that are stable. Uh It's in the temperate
80:30 where things change a lot uh through the cycle of the year,
80:35 you have things that have to be to cope with that stress and the
80:39 thing is the same thing uh when get into an estuary, uh an
80:45 can be exposed to close to zero per 1000 to 33 parts per
80:51 And only certain things can handle And there's only certain plants, there's
80:55 certain animals that can deal with And they become quite frankly opportunistic in
81:00 of resource supply because um right because sometimes the environment is not stressing
81:08 so they can put all of their into eating and getting more energy and
81:13 food resource. Whereas the other things are stressed by fluctuations in salinity,
81:19 you know, I have to use lot of their energy just for asthma
81:23 just for keeping their tissues from uh collapsing. And so that's really
81:32 And of course, temperatures, temperature has a lot to do with anything
81:37 uh that's uh multicellular and has tissues has sexual reproduction. Often uh the
81:48 output of offspring has a lot to with temperature. And usually the warmer
81:52 is, the more likely you are have. Uh there's a lot of
81:57 in this. So there's no there's set thing. But but many things
82:02 a certain temperature is like a And it just tells them this is
82:06 time to start creating uh new things you can see this on on the
82:13 to with mammals. But for a of these invertebrates, these smaller things
82:19 has a lot to do with with rates of reproduction and the frequency of
82:25 . And uh and I think it has a lot to do with with
82:28 same thing for uni cellular things that split. Um There's gonna be temperatures
82:36 on the species that do better at certain temperature. And if it never
82:40 there, they're not going to live . And so there's certain certain Nostra
82:46 benthic forums that live only in warm because they're not designed to live in
82:51 water and vice versa. And oddly , there's typically things that can tolerate
82:58 can also tolerate deep and sometimes uh cross plotted deepwater uh organisms with cold
83:09 organisms on the same in the same . And it kind of, it
83:14 of is a corresponding indicator of depth water uh if it's cold. And
83:20 and it's also something that is uh deepwater conditions too. And hopefully I'll
83:28 time to show you some examples of light of course, is important for
83:32 that has a symbiont called like uh the hard corals. Uh Roseanne kelly
83:43 a is a micro violent and it's it's it's a type of algae that
83:54 does photosynthesis, but the chemical processes its life actually uh assist the coral
84:03 extracting calcium carbonate from the water. uh and that's why less coral reefs
84:09 within 50 m of the surface in . And of course some can get
84:16 to 100 m. And the garden might be even deeper in some
84:20 but by and large, most of 5050 m or less or a
84:26 And uh in a in a highly reef turbidity of course blocks out
84:31 So that's an important issue. Turbidity important though for an animal that sucks
84:37 out of out of the water column a lot of the turbidity is gonna
84:41 material that it can use as a resource, which relates back to
84:46 Make a long story short, none these things are absolutely related to
84:51 And for the most part, organisms related to pressure or the existence of
84:59 is not impacted by pressure because if is born in high pressure, all
85:06 tissue, everything that it's made out is under high pressure to begin
85:11 So the pressure differential isn't there? when you take something like a human
85:16 the surface and push them down into deep ocean that you have a
85:19 Uh amazing animals that that seem to exempt from all of that are
85:27 For some reason they live at the , but they can dive to very
85:31 depths and survive. It's a pretty feat uh physically for them to be
85:38 to do that, given that there's put on a lot of different,
85:43 not only a pressure of mass against mass. Uh It's also it impacts
85:51 actual chemicals inside their blood, just it does for us with nitrogen,
85:56 is why we can get the bends we if we're equal abraded at deep
86:01 , it has to take us a to get unequivocally quill liberated to the
86:06 water. Uh So that are the in our blood actually balance out and
86:12 create blockage of blood flow and all of problems like strokes and things while
86:18 coming to the surface. So it's nothing by itself though actually is based
86:26 that pressure. Because the only the only variable that changes with depth
86:29 gonna be pressure. Um In terms a physical thing that you can measure
86:35 , we can see changes in dissolved of course. And some of these
86:39 things, but it's it's not always direct correlations but all of these things
86:45 . For example, when you get The temperature gets colder but it is
86:51 stable. The saloon, it usually right around 33, parts of 1000
86:57 oxygen goes down, dissolved co two goes up. Uh Food resources and
87:04 go down with depth. Light goes with depth turbidity often goes way down
87:09 depth. If you're out in the of the ocean, there's no turbidity
87:13 there, most times there might be lot of trash from the surface,
87:17 limited turbidity. When I was on guided missile destroyer, uh, we
87:21 swimmers at 100 ft, uh, a a nuclear warhead torpedo. You
87:33 , we shot one as a test but we had to retrieve it.
87:36 had divers go down to pick this up And from the surface. Looking
87:41 the deck of the ship, you see somebody at 50ft like they were
87:46 ft away from you on on I mean it was that clear and
87:50 , it's it's really strange. And since the water out there is so
87:55 and purposely blue because of the uh and reflection of light. You think
88:04 darker than it is. But when see another, you see an object
88:08 ft below the surface and we knew deep the diver was. You,
88:12 know, you really get a feel how clear the water can be out
88:16 . The amount of carbonate availability is important. Uh, the salute
88:22 it becomes mostly important when you get fresh water or non marine lake systems
88:28 can be saline and that's important But but again, um what
88:35 Um do you think could be bad animals if it's coming out of a
88:51 ? Any ideas think of pollution? , I don't know, just more
89:06 dioxide that oftentimes that's the end result like if you get, you
89:13 waste water and stuff like that. would be my second choice. But
89:18 one thing that strikes me because it a lot to do with uh not
89:22 pollution but fertilization of crops and that's . You can get a lot of
89:29 uh salutes out out of the What that does is that intensifies the
89:38 of algae or cyanobacteria and other types of uh things we now call bacteria
89:47 opposed to single cell plants. But you know it's it's a massive massive
89:55 of a nutrient that's very rare in water because if it gets too high
90:01 pulls it out and forms appetite in lake system you don't have that
90:07 Some certain lake systems you don't have much calcium. So the phosphorous stays
90:11 there so they can have these huge for a long period of time.
90:14 choking blooms. They kill they kill the fish kills in the green river
90:21 and the ancient green river basins or like lake Garcia and up in Wyoming
90:30 things like that. They you know can get those T. O.
90:34 . S. Up to 26 parts 1000 just 26%. Rather not parts
90:38 1026%. Just because they're getting fed you know normally you need uh carbon
90:48 you need nitrogen and you need phosphorus there's there's other things but those are
90:53 critical primary nutrients to plant life. you're dumping phosphorus into a system that
91:00 everything else except for a limited supply phosphorus that's really bad. It creates
91:06 productivity and the plants, the high then they die and decay. And
91:12 decay process the bacteria that feed on use up the oxygen and create suit
91:18 . 02 and you uh you end killing the fish and things like
91:23 So that's one thing that has to . And of course ph you know
91:27 has a lot to do with the balance between having cattle lines and having
91:36 form calcium carbonate. And uh if if the ph is is too far
91:42 too low or too high it makes hard for the uh for the organisms
91:46 pull that calcium carbonate out to make reefs or to make their seashells or
91:50 kind of thing. Okay so um the reason why we can see depth
92:01 the only one of these variables that's directly affected by depth is going to
92:05 pressure and that's not even on the . And I think it's important to
92:09 . Uh but all of these all these things for different reasons are impacted
92:16 water depth. For example I you know as you go deeper dissolved
92:21 drops off because there's more and more eating whatever is falling through that rain
92:27 it consumes the organic material and releases two through the bacterial degradation of whatever
92:35 is that settles to the bottom and it just gets more intensified as you
92:42 deeper and deeper because more and more that oxygen gets removed unless you have
92:47 , gonna replenish that oxygen. And you have ever had a fish
92:52 you know that you have to keep bubble going on to keep oxygen circulating
92:57 this into the water system. so the main uses of making paleo
93:05 interpretations in industry would be determining the been the symmetry and of course what
93:12 depth has a lot to do with are sedimentary structures are telling us,
93:16 know, um sedimentary structure that's like , betting we can see created bedding
93:22 different things. It's deep water. probably a turbine site, especially in
93:28 uh in other places, it could part of the delta could be part
93:31 a real system, but it's important know exactly where you are in.
93:37 that paleo environment is, and also is paleo symmetries. Uh If you
93:46 , um for example, if you something that's even on three dimensions,
93:53 you see something that's cone shaped and no Biota, it might be an
93:58 an alluvial fan or a fan This is sort of like an alluvial
94:04 dumping into the ocean or if it's water, uh then you'll know that
94:10 probably a submarine fan and of course shapes and the development of the reservoirs
94:15 different in those different settings. so when we look thing this this
94:24 defined by Hedgpeth at all, which a whole ton of scientists who started
94:29 on paleoecology uh to try to standardize . And these are the terms that
94:36 use. And since 1957 people have this and put their name and date
94:45 it. And other people have copied and put their name and date on
94:49 . Uh you can get something that's and you'll have the same stuff on
94:55 . But it might be a book a different date with somebody else's name
94:58 it. But it always kind of in stone. Back when Heads Path
95:04 a big compendium on paleoecology and Uh that sort of set the mark
95:14 what we call these things and really geological context I think because it all
95:19 to the shelf and so the inner the outer is merited. But that's
95:24 is the break, shelf break. not really that obvious in this
95:28 but here's the shelf break. And you get on the slope, it's
95:32 . And then when you get down the bottom and the basin, it's
95:37 and here you can see they've divided into Bethea pelagic Mezza pelagic uh pelagic
95:47 is anything in the water column. these things all relate to the water
95:51 and these other terms relate to the neurotic oceanic, oceanic waters are gonna
95:58 from here out. New rick are be from here in and uh and
96:03 sort of thing. And if we're at benthic things we have literal and
96:11 oral and then bath. And so are sort of at the level of
96:18 means several sea level to high mean level and stuff. That's from that
96:25 low mean sea level down to basically photo zone here, it's 100
96:31 Like I said most of most of time, most of the the lights
96:35 at 50. But you do get down close to 100. Especially out
96:39 offshore on if you get up on shelf there could be more much more
96:44 and the photo zone might actually be . Okay. And so there's different
96:52 to this. So there's specific and indicators. And remember we had the
96:59 . So there's some species that are uh very good at indicating water
97:06 And there's some general that are good indicating depth. And of course a
97:11 is gonna have multiple species. And almost invariably if you have a genius
97:16 it's going to cover a larger And uh the key of it is
97:23 the presence of extent species in So if I have something in the
97:29 to scene of the play scene there's there's a good chance that someone lived
97:34 then is still alive today. It's . Stand, that's what this
97:37 It means it's still alive today. we know where it lives today,
97:41 pretty much know where that sedimentary deposit laid down. This is assuming no
97:47 or reworking in the sample. And , you know, if we have
97:54 presence of species are generally associated with species or deposition environment, what does
98:00 mean? So this this is the we do this. Uh, these
98:04 these are species that are actually living , but then there may be species
98:09 are a little bit older, like , say there's something that lives from
98:14 base of the Pleistocene through the place scene And its extent today.
98:21 and say we know it's always in extreme environment. So the salinity is
98:26 to be fluctuating and it's also doesn't to be 33 parts per 1000.
98:32 , now we have in in an point in time, a species that
98:38 had an inception saying the legacy, it went extinct sometime in the Pleistocene
98:46 overlapped in a sample with this thing we know is extend today. Then
98:51 association, you're projecting our understanding of depth indicators all the way down in
98:59 legacy. And at that point in , uh, this is a point
99:02 I would draw something on the Let me see if I can,
99:17 , can you see this? sir. Yes. Okay. These
99:29 ranges of different benthic things. Uh wouldn't we use uh plastic things for
99:39 ? Um I was honestly initially thought there would be a good one to
99:47 because they're really widespread and have quick . Um Okay, that's good for
99:54 that's good for timing for bios, for the timing. But but the
100:05 that um that are like this, you know, it's something that's
100:13 It's not really widespread. It's limited marine only. So you can't do
100:17 else with it except to say this , it's marine. Also their ratios
100:23 up when they're deep water. So great deep water indicators. But you
100:28 , you don't have you don't have that are marginal marine well, ones
100:33 are almost freshwater ones that are a bit of salt, ones that are
100:39 on the beach, ones that have be within high oxygen levels. Certain
100:45 codes that you can tell your close shore because these these are there.
100:50 uh but say you had something there a deep water species but it was
100:57 because it lives on the bottom. and you knew that it was mostly
101:03 water and it was here here's extent . And down here uh might be
101:10 base of the pleistocene. This one up in the pleistocene but it goes
101:15 the way down to the base of Miocene. And this one goes from
101:20 Miocene to the Legacy and this one from say the Legacy. Mean to
101:25 Eocene And lets you figured out this had an environment because it overlaps and
101:33 with this one which we know where it lived. Then this one
101:37 with it. We know where this lived because we knew where that one
101:41 . So now we know where this lives. And then if these two
101:44 somewhere, then we know they're living the same environment because again, because
101:49 been associated with and that's what this up here means that even though they're
101:55 all extent Through study and time, have been able to figure out which
102:01 are there. Also, sometimes we're to figure out a deposition environment from
102:08 or two fossils that are obvious like coral reef. For example, is
102:13 going to be deeper than for the part deeper than 50 m. And
102:18 and so things that you find associated that are gonna be uh upper and
102:24 , you know, upper upper part the um shelf complex. And uh
102:34 so that's what that's all about. we have things that are these.
102:38 these are specific and generic. This this is primary information and all this
102:43 secondary information based on their association. it doesn't just have to be overlap
102:48 something that's expand all the way down history. There's other other things that
102:53 can use that tell us. For , there's Oscar cards that only live
102:57 lakes with certain kinds of salutes and precipitates in that lake will tell you
103:03 type of God it is. And , and then you can use that
103:08 somewhere else where you don't see the and you can figure out that it's
103:12 same kind of lake. So there's lot of ways to associate a particular
103:17 that are not extent. But the way to tell is if its
103:21 Okay, so this is like there are a lot of secondary ways
103:25 associate a fossil that is not extent a certain deposition environment. Okay.
103:33 , and so, uh, paleontologists have done a lot of work with
103:40 organisms. Because oftentimes biologists don't mess shelled organisms. And so you
103:49 there's a lack of biology done on a lot of clams and
103:55 some, some biologists don't even know a forum is a foraminifera is.
104:00 , isn't that a single, you , they might have a crude
104:04 but you know, they're looking at and they're looking at fish that have
104:09 . But uh, there, you , it's, it's not like they're
104:14 looking at my two things, they don't look at my microscopic species in
104:20 marine realm. But there are a that do when we go meet with
104:25 meetings, there would be biologist, most of them don't look at that
104:29 of stuff. And so the paleontologists to do a lot of this on
104:32 own now. So we have individual or genus is we have but then
104:39 have assemblage indicators and that's when um see changes in the assembly composition and
104:47 in the assembly structure. And that usually mean things. Composition is,
104:53 know, what are the components of ? Do I have a bunch of
104:58 that maybe uh like like this this ? But other things like this start
105:07 become an assemblies in terms of composition me drawing, you know, a
105:12 bunch of things on here. Uh what composition is. Assembly structure relates
105:19 uh more than just the name or names. The composition like what
105:27 It also would be ratios. Uh could be um uh you can do
105:36 analysis and you'll have clusters where you certain species associated together in say a
105:45 inlet, our title channel rather. other ones that would would be out
105:49 front of the beach. A really example on the beach. I would
105:56 shallow water marine things, but I see some deep water marine things in
106:00 death assemblies that get dropped in on of uh of the other things.
106:07 you get that mixed. It's a assemblage. But it's it's sort of
106:10 structured mixed assemblage. These things are occurring because they're close together associated with
106:16 other. Uh when you you're going um something behind the barrier island,
106:25 there's a lot of tide and the is bringing deep water things in.
106:29 not gonna see anything deep water in channel and the channel is not gonna
106:32 that deep over the barrier island and the barrier island, you're not gonna
106:37 any marine stuff unless there's a So you might have a hurricane deposit
106:42 has some marine stuff at the beach out front and the foreshore. And
106:49 the in the littoral zone, you see marine things on a storm deposit
106:56 got pulled up and packed up on beach. You go to a beach
107:00 a storm. You can often see lot of sea shells that you don't
107:03 see when there hasn't been a storm kind of where I'm getting at and
107:08 a lot of other things that we're to talk about with it. Also
107:13 interest specific things. So what do think? Interest specific means? Mm
107:33 . Okay. Um it's happening just the species. Okay, this is
107:42 is change, this is differences in , like uh like all of these
107:47 , whether it's a forum for example a Nostra code because they're benthic.
107:52 are some plastic ostracized and there's plastic but there are benthic forums in Nostra
107:57 that are on the bottom helping us out what's going on on the bottom
108:02 that basin at a given point in whether it's deep, shallow or somewhere
108:07 between. So uh interest specific means And I say here changes in the
108:15 . So intra means it's within a . So it's not um it's not
108:23 difference that you see because it's a thing. It's a different, it's
108:27 same species. But the shells look . Uh In other words, the
108:33 changes. The population of things that the same thing change and cold water
108:39 warm water has different effects on different . But by and large, the
108:45 direction, whether it's right coil or coil can be impacted by temperature.
108:50 that's an interest specific change. And also that's also a temperature change uh
109:00 you can see in multiple species. but there um but you know,
109:06 can do it within that population. other things were taken and gluten nated
109:12 you saying a gluten native for him on a beach with coarse grain
109:19 If that species lived in deep water some of them do live shallow to
109:24 . If that one lived in Now you saw the same species in
109:29 water, how would you be able tell? It was deep water versus
109:32 water? Uh And I could tell up front if there is no inner
109:40 variation, you couldn't tell. But with Lieutenants, the shallow forms,
109:48 if you don't know the species name genus, but things that look like
109:53 are the same species based on the arrangement. The shallow ones are gonna
109:59 coarser grains to glue together to make a glutinous dated uh chamber. The
110:06 the ones deeper water are gonna have and clays and sometimes a little flaky
110:11 like well clays or even even little calculus. And so when you when
110:22 see that kind of thing going on you know, it's a deeper water
110:25 of that shallow water thing. Do understand that? Yes sir. Makes
110:31 . And I'm gonna give you some . I don't know what I did
110:38 my clock popped up. Can you my clock? Okay. Whatever that's
110:45 happened before. Uh And so uh there can be uh changes at the
110:56 uh this would be changes within a . But then uh certain individuals could
111:03 very very different. For example if have males and females and that kind
111:10 thing. And in harsher environments, like ostrich cuts that have sexual reproduction
111:16 harsher environments. You typically are gonna , they're gonna reproduce parthenogenesis which means
111:24 with sexual reproduction. And you'll have no males. And you'll have
111:30 And there's there's a lot of different but I'm gonna go through this and
111:34 you examples. So kind of look it is this is how we tell
111:39 we look at water depth and we at an assemblage, we're looking at
111:44 things. We're looking at these We're looking at this, we're looking
111:48 this the ratios and stuff that we . Uh Sometimes um um there's a
111:55 called diversity which is part of the structure and I'm gonna talk about
112:01 Uh Sometimes you you may have say have an environment and you have one
112:08 that's got 1000 and you have uh I'm talking about benthic again it's got
112:16 things in there and everything else is limited. Like five or six of
112:20 in the same sample. What type environment do you think that might
112:28 You think it would be a harsh or or a uh really nice pleasant
112:35 shanghai? You said harsh, Yeah. That's exactly correct. Um
112:43 the reason being is because opportunistic species in terms of some of our animal
112:52 , our micro fauna uh they explode numbers in harsh environments. Because you
112:59 remember I told you some things can with temperature fluctuation, selenium fluctuation and
113:06 ones can't do it so much. the ones that can are opportunistic in
113:12 sense that they don't need to spend lot of their energy on uh coping
113:18 these fluctuations because they're designed for Whereas the other ones can't deal with
113:22 . So they end up consuming and uh more quickly and we call them
113:30 . And so that's what that is that that would have something to do
113:34 the assemblage structure. In other if I had, I had an
113:37 with 10 species And I had 10 of each species, that's probably a
113:45 harmonious uh de positional environment and things just kind of living in and you
113:54 , reproducing whatever way they do it uh and you know, kind of
113:58 with it and they are only limited the fact that if one of them
114:03 eating your food resource, you might . And so it's kind of biologically
114:09 , it's called biological accommodation. We'll to that in a minute. And
114:15 but anyway, that's like when we diversity there, we're talking about sort
114:19 like a homogeneous diversity. But then heterogeneous diversity could be where you have
114:26 of one thing and only two of thing or 1000 of one thing.
114:30 that's gonna be less homogeneous diversity. gonna be uh what we would call
114:39 non equitable, okay, with the one is called is a high
114:44 In other words, all of the are about equal to low equity bility
114:50 some are a lot and some are little and the harsher environments typically tend
114:56 be low equity bility. And the environments, the more stable environments tend
115:02 be high equity bility and that's what another thing that I mean by assembly
115:10 . But having a lot of plastic ams versus benthic forums. That's that
115:15 is a structure that's telling you that probably deep water because there's not many
115:20 things happening down in the deep this low oxygen, low food
115:26 everything is low and some of them dissolving from the C. C.
115:31 . But the cal Karius rain is down and if it's consumed by an
115:37 it can be encased in fecal pellets be preserved in the rock.
115:47 so this is a typical paleo definitely this for the gulf of Mexico.
115:52 I think for the most part this used by a lot of people once
115:58 was set up in the gulf, used it all over the world.
116:03 , again part of this, you , it's because a lot of paleontological
116:07 geological data is sourced from the oil where a lot of this offshore stuff
116:13 in the first place. And uh um there are all sorts of variations
116:20 this. You don't need to learn of them. But this is where
116:24 have many basins. And uh and a lot of uh here's like an
116:30 mini basin and you get certain things can live at these different levels.
116:34 there's also some plastic forums that you stay a certain elevation. You
116:42 you're gonna see them up on the in deposits, they're kind of at
116:47 level they get. But for example if they if they're at zero uh
116:53 could go all the way across the . There are some things Uh particularly
116:58 cretaceous that never get above 50 m the water column. So when you
117:03 the deposition up dip limit of you can kind of tell where 50
117:07 of water was And anything down dip gonna be deeper than 50 m where
117:12 see those particular global drunkenness. that's one of the questions that I
117:18 have taken off your thing because we talk about that. Okay, this
117:24 uh something that Amoco did um back they were using computers and nobody else
117:30 and we had plots like this and could make maps like this from continental
117:36 deep water for any time slice with color scheme. And I'm not going
117:41 read it all out, but you see that it pretty much follows that
117:45 right there. And uh here's another that we can look at this is
117:54 is sort of composition of the Um you can see certain things that
118:01 inner self and the middle shelf might them in some different things. And
118:08 outer shelf might have even more. what you're seeing here is we're getting
118:12 away from variable variable environments and the shelf water temperatures going to fluctuate more
118:18 this here and more. And that's to fluctuate more than it is
118:23 Um, 02 levels because this is , most of this is within storm
118:30 base, you're going to get pretty 02 levels here, but make a
118:34 story short a lot of times. outer shelf is the most productive just
118:39 it's, it's away from salinity coming of here. And sometimes freshwater plumes
118:45 go out. Uh I think as as 200 miles, I know 100
118:51 , I've seen a plume at 100 from Mississippi River. And in
118:56 there's stuff that comes out of the that's created a death zone on the
119:00 in the gulf of Mexico bottom because bringing stuff out. So uh this
119:06 sort of where you have low Uh it's really great for benthic things
119:12 that live in the sediment or on sediment. And uh and that's where
119:17 see a lot of benthic forums out in terms of numbers and diversity and
119:21 bility. So this is like one the happiest places as we come
119:25 it gets harsher and harsher when you into the estuaries up in here,
119:29 gets very harsh, so that's what looks like. Another. Another way
119:33 look at it too is these all and they fell down the slope.
119:38 you can see a lot of these occurring like this one right here is
119:43 than that one. They give you different shapes. So you can
119:46 But what you see here is a this is a shallowing upward sequence uh
119:54 by a deepening upward sequence followed by shallowing upward sequence. And it's just
119:59 on this a sandwich. I don't need to know the names. If
120:01 knew what the shapes look like, could do it, I could do
120:05 that way. But of course we use the names. Okay, uh
120:13 and bozos marty, bozos steve culvert . I overlapped with bozos and culvert
120:20 in later than when I was working the Smithsonian. But uh but they
120:26 a lot of data and and posted things often occur. And uh this
120:32 a thing called ammonia and it's sort the ammonia Bekri group. And it's
120:36 a thing that you can see It's kind of hugging the shore.
120:41 It can tolerate uh it can tolerate . Both the fluctuations in the inner
120:49 and the severe conditions up in the . And uh it's a pretty tough
120:56 and it's opportunistic and it's tolerant of water. Uh There are taxonomic issues
121:04 some of these studies that they They didn't do a lot of evaluation
121:07 the data there. This is almost an analog um artificial intelligence thing where
121:14 just pull everything that's available together. uh and you just throw it up
121:21 the wall and see if it'll stick . And uh and so but by
121:27 large, you can see here that is a genius. This is a
121:33 that loves to hug the coastline in parabolic environment. You can see here
121:42 I talked about specific and generic It's a generic indicator. Okay,
121:52 , here's amphibian. This thing is little bit more complicated. And in
121:58 places it could be mis identified, I think it does get here.
122:02 can see us out on this is upper bath, you'll here and down
122:06 , you're getting the abyssal plain. is the shelf right here. And
122:12 can kind of see here, we the blake plateau. You don't see
122:15 out here in the blake plateau. they probably don't like to get into
122:18 lower back field. And you can him here in a submarine canyon.
122:23 of this could be uh downslope They're not really living there. They
122:30 got pushed down there because that looks something that went down a channel.
122:34 looks like something that went down a . But again, someone may have
122:38 studying the channel for other reasons. they were able to take samples in
122:41 channel. There's all sorts of But by and large, you can
122:46 that the elf idiom is close to again, like the ammonia, but
122:49 may have a little bit better time slightly deeper water and and coexisting with
122:57 a lot of deeper water organisms. , one thing I know about ALF
123:02 from my work in lakes is that things are not supposed to be found
123:06 lakes, but if the lake is and the salute composition is such that
123:12 develops sodium chloride dominated conditions like like estuary or an ocean. Uh they
123:21 get stuck on a bird foot. have these things called retro processes and
123:25 can close everything up and they can periods of desiccation and all sorts of
123:32 . They get dropped in the right . They're gonna spread and become
123:36 Um And I've I've seen these in in the, well, where was
123:50 ? Was Montana and Montana. They these inner mountain basins in Montana.
123:54 a lot of months in their Montana montane. So inter mountain lake
124:01 uh uh that had the right runoff created a marine, like a
124:07 marine like salute composition. Uh they able to survive here's uh hands of
124:17 . And uh this is this is of a shelf thing and you're getting
124:22 see it's still not out on the plateau over here where you have a
124:28 shelf, you can see a battle , it's not there. So,
124:33 is a good indicator of something that's the shelf. And by the looks
124:39 it because all the way from Internet to middle narrative to outer critic.
124:44 uh that original scheme of Hedgpeth only inner and outer, but most of
124:51 have a middle narrative now because we of define it and see the difference
124:55 the assemblages. Okay, here's something this this blue the mind of my
125:02 when he saw this, he thought was all wrong. And uh but
125:11 is animal Becky leads and this happens be an illuminated, not a calcium
125:16 one. And we see it see it out here. Why do
125:21 think we don't see it on the ? I don't know. That's
125:30 Um it is, isn't it? , so let me tell you,
125:36 , this thing is tough enough to . Um my supervisor thought these things
125:43 all shallow water, marginal marine and what it looks like, turns out
125:49 can live almost anywhere you see you know, some of this
125:54 you know, they really live on shelf, They really live up in
125:58 littoral zone and here they are, in deep water. What's going
126:03 Well, um they're not up here a great abundance on the shelf.
126:10 probably the reason for that is there's lot of competition with other species that
126:17 designed to take some of these uh tolerable environments, which is that
126:24 And that's that's why this is kind hugging the coast because if it comes
126:28 the coast, it's got too many to compete with then then if they
126:34 , you know rolled down slope alive they colonize out here. Why do
126:39 think they might start showing up in deep water? Well, they have
126:44 competition and deep water. Right, right. And what else? These
126:51 gluttonous now, it's an igloo donated him. Uh, it can't handle
126:56 competition here. So it's there and down here. So it's it doesn't
127:02 a high resource level. It never as abundant as some of the opportunistic
127:08 up here, but it's a gluten . And so if it's in
127:12 it's in the abyssal plain, it preserved because um it's got a kite
127:19 like glue, an organic type glue holds together those grains sometimes less times
127:28 carbonate. But but so they can the CCD limitation depth, so they
127:36 dissolve, you know, because it's shells made out of mostly out of
127:41 grains. And courts isn't dissolving down fast. So especially if and when
127:50 down there, there might be court that are silt sized appear, might
127:55 quartz grains that are sand sized and could be, uh, you
128:03 um, coarse grained sand, fine , coarse grain, middle grained and
128:10 grain sands down here. They may all fine sands or even court
128:15 you know, there's, there's even grains that are silt sized. The
128:22 is not going to dissolve and that's why, we see him down
128:25 a lot because not only do they , they, the competition is less
128:30 it's nice. Makes me feel good you picked up on it. And
128:35 also also because of the fact that made out of something other than calcium
128:44 . This is another profile type thing that color scheme. Um I don't
128:50 why I I feel compelled to show that there's more than one scheme.
128:56 but here here you have here's the and like I said, I guess
129:02 because you know hedge path has has inner and he has an outer but
129:06 didn't have a middle and they have middle here. But you can also
129:10 here there's short face transitional. This sort of uh short face plus the
129:17 which is behind it. And uh then here's continental and uh here here's
129:24 real common, here's a really good . Sometimes there's um uh stuff that's
129:31 of fossils but it's not because it's up in in the alluvial system.
129:36 it's on the beach. But the the dunes are gonna be exposed at
129:44 surface to rain water a lot of they can be leached out the calcium
129:48 fossils can be leached out. Okay here is a this is a this
129:56 a an assemblage. These are selected environmental indicators. These are species and
130:06 are the assemblages. And if you a long time to look at this
130:09 is going to be in your it looks familiar. Yeah, it
130:14 be in your exercise and I haven't haven't posted your exercise yet. There's
130:19 there is a slide that describes, mean there's a 11 X describes the
130:26 and hopefully we'll get time to talk it. This was in our reading
130:31 as well. Yeah, it was , yes. So see getting familiar
130:34 it already, but these are assemblages you if you look closely, things
130:41 here occur there and things in here there and things in here occur
130:46 But if I use my pen, know, there may be something that
130:50 like this. There may be something occurs like this. There may be
131:02 that occurs like this or like Now if I look at a sample
131:13 I take all of these for face that their in situ, they haven't
131:17 down slip transported, tell me what uh water depth would be of that
131:29 . Uh choo. In other these things haven't rolled down the
131:35 In other words, there's a species here that goes, I'm not gonna
131:39 to pull them up. But it be one that goes from here to
131:43 . One that is longer ranging here here and one that goes from
131:50 Here. One that goes and let make this easier. Because I can
131:53 another point. There's also one since not jumping on it, that only
131:59 there now. What about those species you what the water depth is right
132:10 . Um Megan, you think of it is, Maybe she stepped
132:26 Okay, look, uh this is like a zone, just give you
132:32 on its edge. If you rotate 90°, it looks like a range
132:37 But instead of a range chart in , it's a range chart in water
132:42 . And this one ranges from here here. This one ranges from here
132:46 here. This one ranges from here here. This one ranges from here
132:49 here and this one uh I was to put that on there because it
132:53 give it away right away. This only occurs here. But what's critical
132:57 that all of these things occur You know? And all of
133:01 all of these can live in this depth. All of them can't live
133:06 that water depth. All of them live in that water depth. Uh
133:10 only one of them can live up . So, if you saw this
133:15 and nothing else was there, It's this depth, right? It was
133:20 this depth, you would see other . It's in that depth, you
133:24 see others. It's all by It's probably that this one is all
133:29 itself. It's probably so it's probably , I mean, it's not all
133:34 itself, it only occurs in this . So, it almost has to
133:38 this. Except uh you know, you take that out, if you
133:43 see that, you would still have one occurs there, that one occurs
133:47 , that one occurs there and that occurs there and nothing else occurs.
133:52 of them occurs. So if I a sample with, with these things
133:56 here, I had a sample with . You know, I wouldn't
134:00 I wouldn't really know what the water is, but I have I have
134:03 assemblage that has these five things in . It has to be that is
134:10 you're getting at. Yeah. And it if it only, it didn't
134:12 that one. If it only had four things, it has to be
134:16 is it because it has most of species in it. Yes. And
134:21 the way it usually is. But this case I made it simple.
134:24 overlap. Just like in a in Yeah. Okay. Okay. Like
134:28 and strategic fee. Lap and That's what it is. And
134:35 you know, in strategic fee. for example, Well, if I
134:42 had this species and this species, I would know it was in
134:46 If I only had these two in assembly, then it would probably range
134:50 here together. And so I would that based on the assemblies that I
134:57 . It's gotta be in here. , by themselves. The plank forums
135:01 tell you anything because they basically tell that it's it's probably um out of
135:08 somewhere you're going to get them up . But most of them are gonna
135:12 out here. And as you get and farther out here, you only
135:15 those here, You have all of here, you have all of those
135:20 , you know, you go from going like on this way, you
135:23 a lot on the shelf and the bathroom, middle, middle bath
135:27 but when you get the lower back and offshore you lose things and a
135:32 of these things are just limited to deep water. Okay, so when
135:38 trying to figure it out yourself, kind of draw plots like this to
135:42 out what it is. In other , I have this species and you
135:48 , it's there, this one's got pillar symmetry range. This one has
135:52 pillar symmetry range, but if you the whole assemblage together, that can
135:57 happen there and it still could be little bit deeper or a little bit
136:04 . But by and large, if , if you look at it this
136:07 , that's going to be very And and then if you just found
136:11 two, if you had an assembly what with those two, it would
136:15 to be this water depth. right, because there's nothing else to
136:21 you that. So you don't always all the data you want to
136:24 but you can get enough information to that the preponderance of the data suggests
136:30 it's this water depth and that's what gonna have to do in the
136:35 And uh, you know, you want to print out a lot of
136:38 and just and just plot them out each sample. Make it easier if
136:42 want. So, go ahead. wish I could um you can't really
136:48 what I'm looking at, but where your mouse is right now between that
136:53 and to the left of it. you just if you had those
136:56 Are you saying you would be within range of 100 ft to 600
137:03 Okay. This line right here is species. And what I'm saying is
137:11 occurs in this sample. It occurs this column and it occurs in that
137:17 . Okay. And so that and I'm not telling you, it's
137:22 one or this one. There's one here. I'm sure that goes to
137:25 . There's one here that I'm sure , you know, all the way
137:28 like this plus or minus. And probably one that does this and there's
137:32 one that does this in the And there may actually be something that
137:37 from here, all the way over there. And guess what? Based
137:43 these other things, it's still the water death because it's still this would
137:48 be the only one that all of things occur. You're never gonna get
137:53 sample this good. So you have use your your head. And also
138:01 you won't see the species the you know, like cancerous Sagara but
138:08 might see a cancerous and you can and see where all the canvases are
138:12 this is alphabetical uh for the This is deep inner though and this
138:18 deep middle. So they change a bit. This is deep outer.
138:22 these are like these things right like in here in this, in
138:27 zone and this one's in this, know, sort of halfway between outer
138:31 Matthew, this is halfway between inner middle. This is halfway between middle
138:37 out. See that deep inner Yes, sir. Okay. And
138:45 those are the things that we look and uh and that's how it works
138:49 . This is what I was talking with relationship between biologically accommodated and physically
138:56 communities with respect to impose physiological stresses Sanders and Leveson and uh this is
139:04 that was done a long time And uh here are things um that
139:10 your topic means that they can be in a lot of places stay on
139:16 topic. You know, just a places. And so, you
139:21 these are limited and the plank tonic tend to be Stina topic topic because
139:28 always occur in open ocean water for most part. And uh so they
139:34 deal with a lot of these other . Remember they deal with temperature and
139:38 and they have different ways to cope it, but they don't have to
139:42 with salinity and they don't have to with high turbidity and that sort of
139:47 . So they're always out here. out here you're gonna have uh this
139:53 this gets brighter from here to We're going from these unbalanced or inequitable
140:01 to very equitable diversities out here. you're you're more likely to have uh
140:08 even assemblages. Now, what could could be an exception to that?
140:19 Are we talking like environment or We're talking about an exception in the
140:27 Okay, and this is mostly um at things that live on the
140:33 you have planted things. They can planted things can have blooms because the
140:38 up at the surface just got good you know, it does but it
140:44 change with temperature. So when the is just right, they might have
140:47 bloom if there's if their plants and lot of phosphorus gets out there,
140:52 gonna have a whiting with the cal nano fossils and they're gonna look very
140:58 . But really the the temperature on surface change had nothing to do with
141:02 on the bottom. And so they're opportunistic when they talk about opportunistic,
141:08 have to look at the balance between things that live on the bottom.
141:11 basically you'd be talking about benthic things that relate to this, where the
141:18 highly fluctuates and there's only a few that can take it. And uh
141:24 uh and of course here you get a biotic where stress conditions are beyond
141:28 adaptive means of Biota. You they can't take like a lot of
141:33 things couldn't take dry dryness, but can also apply to things that live
141:38 land. And uh uh this would this could be a desert and this
141:44 be a tropical rainforest because there's a of things that animals can can feed
141:52 and live in. And you there's a lot of different niches in
141:55 tropical environment versus a deserted environment. a lot of things that live in
141:59 desert, but but not anywhere near you see in here. You
142:05 when you're in here, you see kinds of, all kinds of,
142:09 sorts of uh in a tropical rainforest out here, you just don't see
142:17 the desert, you wouldn't see But here we're talking about uh things
142:22 live on the ocean floor. And would be the equivalent of this would
142:28 like the marginal marine stuff, the all the way up to where it
142:32 go to zero. Uh There are up in here that live on an
142:36 mat that can survive zero parts per salinity and they can tolerate 66 parts
142:43 1000 salinity if if that stuff on algal mat evaporated but didn't evaporate so
142:50 and have so much salt concentration that went over 66 they could still
142:55 So that's what we're talking about in course. Because that's what we're,
143:00 know, we're looking at the benthos live in the ocean and we're looking
143:05 the micro fossil here, you can the species numbers diminish uh the gradient
143:14 physiological stress increases in this direction. in other words, we're increasing the
143:26 in this direction. We're increasing the the stress in this direction. And
143:31 we have more explosive opportunists in this . We come out here, we
143:36 we have less physiological stress because there's variation here. We have more species
143:44 its biological accommodation, the it's not is basically controlled by the physical
143:52 Who can live here. This is by how the living organisms just partition
143:59 certain resources between and amongst themselves uh that they can live. So you
144:06 up with more species out here because , you know, there's there's a
144:11 that eats bug X. And a that eats bug Y. Uh or
144:18 out here. You know, there's certain amount of stuff. There's a
144:22 amount of turbidity, small amount of for forums to capture. But there's
144:27 enough for a lot of them to out here and uh and and it
144:31 impact which species can do it because all have uh the capacity to live
144:37 here. They're not trying to live here. They're living out here.
144:41 putting all their energy into collecting food and no energy in staying safe and
144:49 in a harsh environment. Uh and ones out here that become opportunistic are
144:55 ones that cope with it even with can cope with more stress with less
145:01 and then and then spend more energy food partitioning and grasping food resources.
145:09 so they out they dominate, they compete against the other ones out
145:13 Everybody's on equal things when it comes the environmental stress. And so they
145:19 they don't have that doesn't control what assemblage is gonna look like. Uh
145:24 total amount of food resources does. . And so that's what diversity is
145:30 about. By the way, when when we see high diversities over
145:35 low diversities over here, uh we we're going from low stress environments to
145:41 stress environments. Okay. Okay. um assemblage characteristics, composition species present
145:55 and uh these things in our the in range. In other words,
146:01 get a sample, we see we see bases uh things that should
146:08 in that time period are the ones we want to look at in terms
146:13 species present or absent, in other are in situ, in other
146:18 they're in the range of that sample remember we're taking all this paleo,
146:24 all this psychology stuff and putting it in the rock record, things that
146:28 contamination are things that appear to be taxes. So we're not going to
146:32 a paleo environmental interpretation on that. not going to make an environmental interpretation
146:39 cave tax. And, you these things were older, these things
146:44 younger and the down tip transport, the right age. In other
146:50 it fits in the right time, it was transported down dip. We
146:54 know whether it's if it's down to really impacts your ability to interpret the
147:01 water because everything can fall downhill. but things don't typically climb uphill.
147:10 even if you knew everything was falling , you could sort out uh you
147:19 have a chart like this where there's down here that just never occurs up
147:25 and uh uh this sort of you kind of know, you
147:30 if I saw this now, I'm pointing at the bug, I'm just
147:34 at the line, something that lived here. If you found it down
147:40 , you would know it was down transport. Have you found out with
147:43 other assemblages? But these things that occur up here, you're never gonna
147:50 them up here because they're not gonna uphill and so you can still figure
147:55 , uh you know, the difference the deep water with this stuff mixed
148:00 it, slightly less deep water with stuff mixed in it, you won't
148:06 that in it unless it tells you you do. You know there's really
148:12 really a low number of things down in the abyssal. Okay, there's
148:16 nothing list together, but hopefully you the idea right. And so we
148:23 through that and again it's cyclic. if for example like this thing occurs
148:32 the way there. Uh this thing there there and there and there and
148:38 is something different over here. And you can kind of see that that
148:44 you know, this is shallow, is deep, this is middle merit
148:49 . This is shallow. So we from time One, Right? You
148:56 , we have deep water which is deep water 2-1. So shallowing upwards
149:01 we start seeing deepening upwards and then see shelling, you can consider that
149:09 sedimentation, right? Uh huh. know, intervals of, well this
149:19 following up showing upwards would indicate pro . If it deepens upwards, it
149:24 probably be a transgression. This could a transgression. And but the coastal
149:32 lap is actually going, well the , if you had coastal on lap
149:36 would be the coast over here. coming up on the coast. It's
149:42 back off on the shelf. Normally we draw well we draw it
149:48 ways but a lot of times it's opposite of that. But what you
149:51 was exactly. Right, okay, . And then, uh, so
149:59 can have assemblies other than composition, the utility of population assemblies through time
150:07 changes within a species. So the in there, they if you see
150:12 changes when there's a change in the that helps you morphological e similar or
150:18 species. Sometimes we don't have an . We haven't been able to tie
150:22 directly to something extent. But but right here is basically saying because general
150:30 morphological similar things that are morphological e , usually live in somewhat the same
150:36 . And quite frankly, sometimes people there's no way you can get two
150:41 in the same environment of a genius they would compete too much against each
150:46 . And so, so what that of says is in many cases that
150:52 that's a genius, the same genius gonna be uh related to a species
150:58 might be extent or might have been in association. So, those So
151:03 generic things, uh, in other , if I go back to this
151:09 , if you have a species of and a species and you can see
151:13 like for example, jerry dina, see it in here, there's jarrod
151:20 there there and there, Okay, there's three of them. Okay,
151:27 you see one over here, It's different one and you don't see any
151:34 here. So there's gyrodynes, if get a jar of Dina tells
151:38 That does if you don't see that , you know that it that it
151:42 occur at this depth that depth and over. Yeah, there's some
151:46 There's two there and one there. it's kind of dashed out here.
151:54 sure it's there there's two, there's , there's two. So its range
151:58 be that gyrodynes has a drop just that genus. Genus goes like
152:04 So again, you can make these plots when you get your assemblies and
152:08 out kind of where you get the overlaps and that's what it is.
152:13 you understand? Yes, sir. , so you get that kind of
152:18 . Okay. Trying to trying to you how to do the exercise at
152:23 same time. And you can always me more questions too. Okay.
152:29 . And then sometimes um you a lot of things bigger than the
152:38 of a genus. You know, morphological or taxonomic group higher than a
152:43 . Like a family or something. that will help you like um what
152:51 be a good example, like a of clams are are at a certain
152:55 in their place, a pods. if it's the same genus they probably
152:59 the same water depth, but we do that as we do. We
153:03 microfossils. But there may be foraminifera are in the same family uh that
153:10 can do the way I'm talking about and you're not gonna need to do
153:15 in this exercise because we don't have families written down, but I just
153:19 you to know. That's another thing we use. Uh then there's that
153:24 environmental uh by association with either things are extent because they overlap where they
153:31 with something that overlapped with an extent or there's some minerals or something in
153:36 that help you associated to a deposition . Then the other thing we do
153:41 using the assembly structure and uh here things that relate to the assembly
153:50 Uh We have abundance. The abundances tell you something about the environment.
153:56 other words, if I have a of benthic forums and I have a
154:00 of and I have a few plastic , I don't even know the species
154:06 the genus. But if I have high number of appendix and I have
154:08 low number of plastics, what do think? Where do you think that
154:11 is that? Water depth would be ? Battle. It's going to be
154:21 because the plastics will dominate the deep and the Bendix will dominate just as
154:29 ratio. So that ratio alone is indicator. So so where things like
154:38 occur is one thing, but just ratio itself is another helpful indicator.
154:45 um Okay, where where was Okay. Yes, I was
154:56 Okay. And then assembly structure here starting to look at it. So
155:00 have populations within a single species or can have assemblage change in multiple
155:07 And that's what this assembly structure is about. Population is one of these
155:14 up here. Uh morphological changes within species. And uh so in terms
155:22 assemblages, relative abundances can be important terms of a single species, morpho
155:29 , size shape uh Detrol sub polar Central sinister role is often polar.
155:39 that's a general statement but some of are actually the opposite. Uh Remember
155:45 talked about composition of the of the uh fine grain bag lieutenant particles versus
155:52 grain and gluten particles. Sexual diamorphine um male female. You you have
156:00 ratios of male to female when it's harsh environment. Uh Foraminifera uh different
156:10 site and reproductive. Well they have cycle where they just split in another
156:15 where it's somewhat like reproductive where it's mega lo sphere. It starts with
156:21 big sphere versus a small sphere. other things have juvenile's so here's paleo
156:30 the symmetry and this is the same . Again we're looking at it and
156:35 got the C. C. Down here. And uh so here
156:40 looking at in this zone in this here and you can see there's some
156:46 complex things and specific things that can into these things. But this isn't
156:52 affect your exercise. But this is detail that you might want to check
156:56 other things that happen in the water . Uh Are these the oxygen minimum
157:05 ? Sub tractable deepwater, here's an water layer so on and so
157:11 And this this is just uh this just in the Gulf of Mexico.
157:17 purple one Is the 0. In other words, there's there's ocean
157:24 that come from other places. Besides you have, you know, this
157:28 antarctic intermediate water that gets into into basin. And here is the
157:35 the deepest part of the gulf basin . Okay, here is uh this
157:43 a certain type of plastic forum and a keel for him and all the
157:49 a lot of the keel for ems stay below 200 m. So they're
157:54 they're capturing particles in the water column may not be living algae or cyanobacteria
158:00 these other types of plank tonic for uh are sitting up up in
158:06 So they're limited to that. Here's thing, Here's uh these are two
158:18 uh species here. I mean these all different species but here's coarsely erin
158:24 cious and uh and you can see this this era nations forum as chambers
158:33 look like that and they're kind of middle shape. This one's kind of
158:38 out more like a spine that's still middle. But it's real thin and
158:42 and long. And they have coarse particles glued together to make their
158:49 These are illuminated for him and look them, they almost look like they're
158:52 Karius because they just have little tiny specks that put it together. And
158:58 almost look like this actually looks like type of plant tonic forum in the
159:06 , but because it's made out a uh particles, silt sized particles of
159:13 , this thing would sink to the and in a heartbeat. Uh And
159:18 this is these are four different But it's showing you that the deep
159:25 , the shallow water ones of are the deep water ones are
159:28 Great. Here is um uh simple test in shallow water. Uh And
159:37 can see here when you look at in thin section, you know,
159:41 just like chambers like this. Chambers this. Chambers like that. So
159:44 like a it adds a chamber. exciting little chambers. And it makes
159:49 quail for a while. America's because cereal like that. But here you
159:57 that it's labyrinth IQ. And uh this is in deep water. These
160:04 again uh This is one species, is another species. This is showing
160:10 inside of it. That's the outside it. Here's the outside the inside
160:15 it reversed. But so you can this, they say labyrinth labyrinth like
160:22 you know, instead of having That goes like this. In other
160:25 , the organism would live in here the septa between this chamber and that
160:31 is very elaborate. And uh they it labyrinth IQ. Whereas this is
160:38 a bar. This one starts out a bar and then fans out into
160:42 . Think some people thought that this structural, that this was so I
160:48 cope with the pressures of deep But I think uh in reality what
160:54 knows now is this has this has to do with um This person
161:02 bigger things that could make a simpler . This one had to make a
161:07 grain shell that was as strong as one. Uh Remember the ambient pressure
161:14 here is equal to the internal So there's no pressure differential here.
161:20 is lower pressure, but the pressure the same here as it is out
161:24 , pressure of everything. And here was born at this step, every
161:29 of him is under this ambient So it's not like he needs
161:35 Like a submarine needs strength. This a submarine with a space that you
161:40 live in. And I can live . This is this is ambient pressure
161:44 , there's no pressure gradient between the of the shell and the inside of
161:49 show. There's no reason why that be formed like that for strength.
161:56 , here's another thing. Um Here's you how something that might be um
162:05 what we call truck. A In other words, the spiral would
162:09 kind of pyramid up like this. other words, I don't know if
162:12 can tell, but it would staircase in the air and this would come
162:16 and so so if you looked at on end like this, this thing
162:21 actually be like that. But here it's lenticular. In other words,
162:28 looks, it's like a lentil. squashed, you see my hands,
162:33 squashed, the morphology is squashed down the deep water. And my gut
162:40 is this also has to do with uh the structural use of a limited
162:50 of calcium carbonate that it can pull of the water to make a shell
162:54 it can live in. Likewise with this um these are thick, thick
163:03 on the shell. And this thing kind of make sure that this is
163:07 enough to protect it from whatever, might try to eat. It certainly
163:12 some things, but other things uh know, there's there's really small things
163:16 the world that you don't know about parasitic and stuff like that, but
163:23 if he has a limited amount of , he can use these clunky big
163:28 . He has a limited amount. mean if he has a lot of
163:31 that he can pull out, he clunky stuff, it's limited, he
163:34 to do, he has to kind make something that his body has the
163:39 to build but can also protect even though he has a limited amount
163:43 calcite. You can see here it's thin for the whole thing down
163:47 Before he gets bigger. He can't as much out. And here,
163:52 thing, this is lenticular. But the deep in the shallow water,
163:58 same form would be more truck a . So not only would these things
164:05 like shingles, but they would stack and they'd get higher and higher as
164:08 go as they go through the water . I mean, as they grow
164:15 , okay, here's something size variation response to increasing water depth. This
164:22 is just kind of looks the opposite what I just said. It's
164:26 but it's very thick walled here. very thin walled offshore and deep water
164:30 looks a little bigger. Same here this. These are Polonia's and here's
164:36 hope google andina elegance. And uh you can see here uh that it
164:47 increases in size with water depth, it may also be flattening a little
164:51 and the shell maybe getting thinner in . Here's another one. In other
164:57 , none of these things are you're gonna work on this on the
165:00 But I just want you to know things are here for us to
165:04 And uh here's normal salinity ease. low salinity is he's got more of
165:09 retro processes. And that's because he's to have a way to get rid
165:14 the salt. So he has more to get rid of it. Here's
165:18 vagina. Para grajna. Uh This shallow and it gets deeper and deeper
165:24 . Um I think this one and don't know biologically what all this absolutely
165:34 . But just looking at this, looks like it's a thick, complicated
165:39 . It gets but it gets more out here and thinner. Which is
165:44 it looks delicate. And over here reduced. It's trying to stay the
165:48 size here. It just gets smaller it's having a harder time getting the
165:52 carbonate out of the water column. you have a dry in a paragraph
165:56 a very prolific frame in Ifrah in oceans. And uh and this would
166:02 shallow water that would be deeper. again, there's other things besides the
166:08 name that we can use as a depth indicator. Same here. And
166:14 is another ALF idiom. And this low celebrities. And this is normal
166:20 . And when I work in the basins that have ALF idiom, I
166:24 forms of species that look like this they're probably low very low celebrities here
166:30 they're closer to normal celebrities. And here is the temperature control.
166:39 here's sinister role. And we go here, here's a deck stroll for
166:46 these different these different forms. Um is the range of where it can
166:52 . It's a warmer thing and it is textural this is mostly cold and
166:58 coiling and sometimes you get reversal of trends and uh and that's why it's
167:05 written for all these. But you see here uh this is these are
167:11 in other words their greatest abundances in range and they're typically sinister coiling.
167:18 other words they the coil clockwise. me. These are counterclockwise. I'm
167:29 these are kind of the dextre Dextre ones are clockwise and these are
167:34 counterclockwise. And uh and the rest the ones can be different. You
167:41 to have certain species that do left right and some of them do the
167:45 . Like here you can see it like sinister is going to be cold
167:50 decks tral are right handed is gonna warmer. But sometimes some species actually
167:57 that and here you can see this is sinister role and this is warming
168:06 that and that's what it looks Um you're looking at the oral surface
168:11 opposed to the ethical side of So there's an aperture in here,
168:16 can see an aperture in here and one's squealing to the right to my
168:22 and this one's crawling to my left this would be sinister because left handed
168:29 are sinister and right handed people are are dexterous, okay I'm left handed
168:38 the way. So I hate that sinister And uh I'll let you look
168:45 this truck but it's the same kind thing. And it shows you um
168:49 they can go through a core and is the equator, this is up
168:56 the polar region. And uh and can see that these different things,
169:02 are different assemblages. Uh This course polar related, this is equatorial in
169:11 , but in the temperate zone in , you can see an inner fingering
169:15 it and that's in the Miocene. it changes changes through time and it
169:22 through space. Okay, now we're look at the you see how many
169:30 slides we have on this. We're done. Uh Okay. In your
169:57 you're not going to do uh too of this. But I'm gonna try
170:01 get you to do the diversity. diversity I think is how I get
170:06 . And uh and I want you perhaps look for dominant species and I
170:12 you to worry about these ratios. so uh the simple diversity means the
170:21 number of species you find and then Shannon weaver information function and equitable.
170:26 are two different things that have to with the probability of finding things.
170:30 think all I get you to plot is the s and I get you
170:33 plot the ratios and you can plot abundance. So I have you do
170:38 of these things but I go into details of what these things are just
170:44 you know, but something that has H. Tends to have what we
170:51 a high diversity, which takes into equitable itty. And then there's a
170:56 that just looks at equitable itty and shows you what's equitable. So if
171:01 get a high Shannon weaver, you're get, you're usually gonna get a
171:05 equity bility. Mhm. And so lot of times what we do is
171:14 come up with a paleo symmetry curve it's like this this is a standard
171:21 that we would do. We have and persons decided based on all the
171:27 that I just told you about that middle neurotic and here it's outer critic
171:33 you know, these are the different depths and so you can see trends
171:35 you do it this way and this really deep water. So it looks
171:39 a flooding surface might have happened in . Maybe something else happened. What's
171:45 about this here, you can see gets deeper and deeper and then it
171:52 shallower and shallower. So that looks that looks like a transgressive event followed
171:58 um programmed ation. But here you a dramatic shift from from very shallow
172:05 to very deep water. And I a question mark on there because it's
172:11 you know that's kind of like hard explain that. But what do you
172:15 could cause that um. Mhm. creature changes are you get some of
172:35 things that you get with this, could be like it could be a
172:38 uh particularly at this surface maybe. but the thing is is uh you
172:45 see a normal sequence of going you know, here's kind of teetering
172:51 , but it kind of goes from outer heretic to middle bath feels so
172:59 that's okay. And then here you , you know, you don't always
173:02 all the components, but there's some in there. Here's definite gradation there
173:09 from here to here is gray gradation from here to here is slightly gradation
173:14 from here to here is very And that could be a fault in
173:17 well, it could be or it be a nonconformity, something something something
173:23 filled in that gap got eroded or was faulted out. Okay. And
173:29 this is from my P. Integrated paleontological system that had look up
173:35 just like what I showed you that that you saw with all the species
173:38 on it. And what is Uh There was a program that actually
173:43 at a table like that. And and compares it to the assemblages you
173:48 , and it plots out the most uh depth water depth and it always
173:55 the down dip thing because it could sliding downhill and but you can
174:01 when you have a bar like you can you can question whether it
174:05 was deeper or whether maybe this is . And the down depth transport isn't
174:11 . And uh these are uh outliers just didn't didn't fit in the
174:19 Okay. And so um you they just didn't look like they belonged
174:23 that assemblage. But this is like at a lot of numbers and coming
174:29 with the best guess for the water and that's kind of what you're going
174:33 be doing. What's the best So, the vertical sequence has changed
174:41 time. That's based on evolution and symmetry curve. And that's what this
174:46 . That's what this is. But sequence great in time, but not
174:51 space, that space is distribution. if I'm if everything is the same
174:57 , uh and I'm looking at things , I might be able to see
175:02 the same point in time. I be able to see shallow water uh
175:08 , middle, neurotic outer neurotic bath and then lower middle back, lower
175:14 feel and abyssal. And that would a faces map. So that that
175:20 might have a profile curve of water on there. But if you made
175:24 map of it, you flip it and it would look like uh you
175:29 that map that I was showing you way in the beginning that it was
175:33 different water depth zones in the You Okay, here's a pro grading
175:43 . We already saw one of these you can see pro gravitational sequences where
175:48 shallowing upwards, shallowing upwards. And you can also see coursing upwards in
175:55 in the log. So it's good see these kinds of trends when you
175:58 it like this and this water depth bars right here. The farther over
176:08 this way, the deeper it And here he did some water depth
176:12 cretaceous rework fossils. He's shown you and this. Okay, now we're
176:25 of getting back to this, but has something to do with what we're
176:29 see here. It's it's just a another diagram going looking at remember,
176:39 shown you a couple of these curves you have that curve with the fossils
176:42 . This is this is just trying show you what some of the uh
176:48 real important up here, oxygen minimum important here. Uh here you have
176:55 plants here, you have title mixing uh actually not only title but you
177:01 have storm mixing in things two. you get storms that actually that can
177:09 up pick up the soil and increase turbidity, increase the food resource in
177:14 water column because they eat all that that falls out uh from fish and
177:20 sorts of other things and things that and all that. So it gets
177:25 a tight mat down on the You know, the the resources can
177:30 sequestered. Like, like we try sequester carbon and turn into something.
177:36 if you have something that stirs it like this is showing you wait normal
177:41 base. But you can have storm base that picks it up and increases
177:44 amount of uh have nutrients that you in there. So that's like the
177:53 that you recognize in terms of a . But it's trying to show you
177:57 some of the environmental things are Here's normal salinity. Uh Here's here's
178:03 where the thermo clines mixed. This clear what a normal salinity when you
178:08 up here uh daily and seasonal fluctuations temperature and salinity have already explained
178:13 But this is a diagram from a recent publication, just kind of showing
178:18 what is impacting it. And here again, if you can't find something
178:23 your list in the in the you can come look at this slide
178:29 and look at the genera and he's of showing you from just looking at
178:34 general uh what the water depths could . And here you can see here's
178:40 critic here's upper bath, feel uh back and lower back. And who
178:48 what's in the abyss there. And since we haven't all had sequence
179:01 , I'm not gonna go in the track thing. But having said
179:05 you've already identified transgressive systems tracks just the basis of where you see the
179:13 deepening upwards versus where we've seen the shallowing would be a pro gravitational
179:20 And so that really and this gives more details on it from that
179:25 And the maximum flooding surface is going tell you what you see when you
179:28 that point. And uh so there'll a lot of things that you look
179:33 and here's the high stand systems But again, this, combined with
179:39 correlation, can help you figure out this really is. And this is
179:45 thing Pelino faces. Uh you have and pollen that are close to shore
179:49 you have wood fragments and stuff that close to shore. And uh as
179:54 go as you go farther and farther , you lose more of this
180:00 which is what this is. These like brown wood structure uh and less
180:06 as you get out here and here have the pollen can get way out
180:11 the, into the deeper water. but you start getting these things that
180:15 told you that live in the ocean which are dynasties. And uh and
180:21 algae is gonna be in here. of it sometimes gets transported down into
180:26 rivers. This somebody can look at slide and that's what faces is,
180:30 can see all these different components. with that that's the end. And
180:39 let me just since we're running out time. Let me pull up the
180:47 should be self explanatory, but it not. So I just want to
180:51 sure. Okay, so you're gonna these data sheets from a,
181:08 Okay. And you're going to have , this is from this, is
181:16 look up table that you read about wrote about and then you have a
181:21 that you can use for water depth . Okay. So you have
181:29 Yeah, you have one for plastic ems. And here's the sample
181:34 The depths you have benthic, this Benfica gluten, it cal Karius
181:44 And there's the chart. Okay, I have a lot of these versus
181:51 lot of those, what does that mean? Mm hmm. Does that
182:05 our shallow, Okay. If you a lot of these uh now remember
182:13 this thing is a deep water thing here. But most of the time
182:17 deep water in the assemblies are dominated by the Ag Lieutenants. Because because
182:27 , the shell survived. But also because they don't have to pull calcium
182:32 out of the water because it's gonna harder and harder as you go
182:35 Okay. Yeah, I can't remember they were Yeah. Now, now
182:39 , the very first benthic forum, showed you on their um with something
182:46 really good in the coast along the and really good in deep water.
182:51 good and deep water because of So most of the benefits though kind
182:55 indicate deep water. But in one we had a genius in that one
183:01 that was meant much uh was able survive because it could handle fluctuating salinity
183:11 in the shallow water. And there less things to compete against. And
183:16 other one, but it wasn't like elf idiom, but it also occurs
183:20 the deep water a lot of times we see these things we think they're
183:24 the deep water and not the shallow all. And but they can,
183:30 you know, this is the Most of these things are gonna be
183:34 water and most of these things are be shelf. So these are these
183:39 probably battle and these are like outer depending on what the water depth
183:45 These could be. Uh this could anywhere on the shelf until you look
183:50 it. Okay. And then the forums are here and you can look
183:56 them and uh I think where did put? I think I have um
184:08 , this is all I had to . Okay, we have very rare
184:15 rare. So very rare is Uh just to be sure, I
184:20 this follows, remember we had um lecture was it anyway, if you
184:28 a problem figuring it out. Uh me know. But count the very
184:35 is one. And the rarest And um what on earth was the
184:49 we got an S in there. see. Yeah. Okay.
184:59 Okay. Okay, you can make one make this one this one
185:06 And make that 14. Okay. this chart. Okay. On this
185:19 We have these and ours and that's . We have common make common.
185:26 make S. Four. So you're do counts. Yeah. Um And
185:35 may all change this. This is to kind of go over. But
185:39 think I think I have a scale the exercise itself and I haven't posted
185:43 exercise yet, but I'll get that weekend. Since it's a long
185:49 I'll get back this weekend for And you only want to work together
185:53 one of you could count up the for one chart and one could count
185:57 the numbers for the other chart. because at the end of the
186:00 what I want you to do, got a description here, but I
186:04 you to do simple diversity frantic to ratio. And fbc is four am
186:13 calcium F. B. A. illuminated. So make sure the
186:17 the carbonate ones are in the numerator the and the illuminated ones are in
186:27 denominator. Okay. And so here's chart right here. You may want
186:40 make your own chart, but you blow this up and plot it
186:44 Uh Here's the samples. Simple How many different things are in each
186:50 ? And so you'll come up with curve here. Okay. How many
186:54 species? Okay, Okay. And and for that, whoever counts one
187:03 , you could count the diversity for sample and then you can also count
187:07 many specimens and that sort of thing . So here you do the planting
187:13 the benthic to get a curve. here you do a carbonate overnight
187:20 And so the lower this number what would it probably mean? The
187:28 unit the ratio. So if this bigger relative to that, it's gonna
187:37 smaller. So gluten it reduces the of this number. You're probably getting
187:44 deeper water. Okay. Here is versus benthic. Okay. The lower
187:53 number goes, what's happening shallow? you're getting shallower you're getting. So
188:01 going to plot the opposite way. . Okay. And what is this
188:06 ? The deep the higher the what does it mean? What is
188:12 S simple diversity? It's the number . Well, it was in the
188:19 it was in the other thing that did. Now in a test,
188:24 might ask you what what he I might ask you what H is
188:28 I might ask you what S is diversity, but I'm not gonna have
188:32 calculated step to no one is Itty one is the probability of finding
188:38 because it is equitable. That's the It's a Shannon weaver information function Shannon
188:45 weaver information function kind of tells you it's um, relatively equitable. If
188:53 goes up, it gets higher and . The e actually looks really closely
188:58 equitable. Not if it's if it's , you know, necessarily even
189:03 but if it's equitable overall, it's it's just a different way of looking
189:07 it. Sometimes you get two you get slight perturbations in those curves
189:12 that usually tells you there's something dominant the assembly and that's why we have
189:16 two numbers. Because if it's really of whack, It doesn't pick it
189:23 in the Shannon Weaver information function. if you have something that's like 1000
189:27 everything else is less than 10, going to really see it in the
189:30 bility number, it's gonna be really . You're not going to have to
189:36 that in this. And and I you to say thank you.
189:41 thank you. Thank you. so anyway, but um, one
189:48 I also want you to know is if you're thinking about all the data
189:52 we have in bio strategic fee and think about all these algorithms that we
189:55 apply to them. And you think if we use artificial intelligence to pull
190:00 of this together, we could have pretty powerful tool. So I'm hoping
190:04 you also get out of this uh that this is a field of
190:09 . It has a huge database that done properly, could could develop some
190:14 artificial intelligence, machine learning and data that could go a long way.
190:19 we haven't gotten we don't have enough in this. Two thirds of the
190:24 for me to go into cluster analysis and all sorts of things like
190:29 And you know, different similarity coefficients you use to make cluster analysis but
190:34 by themselves uh correlate uh uh correlation between samples is can be really,
190:45 useful things without doing a cluster. there's also a thing like prime network
190:50 we can put these assemblies together with least amount of change, which can
190:55 really dramatic too. And uh that into a lot of ecology slash paleoecology
191:03 and uh and other types of but I don't want to suffer you
191:08 that. What I'm what I'm hoping gotten out of my section is that
191:13 is a useful tool that we ought invest more money in in the
191:18 And I'm hoping that that you see now through the course of Having this
191:25 for about 15 years, I've had probably had a handful of people do
191:29 strategic fee cap stones. And one them, two of them did graphic
191:35 and some of them used the paleo curves and they did some really neat
191:39 with it. And uh and I've had somebody use those statistics uh with
191:47 types of statistics with uh different types elemental compositions in a in a in
192:00 spectral gamma log versus a regular gamma to figure out the source of
192:04 So there's a lot of these statistics don't just apply to to bio strategic
192:09 but can be used in a lot different things. Sure. And I'm
192:18 not 100% sure. But if I the exercise and seriously I've been trying
192:25 a week to get to this and haven't had a chance. But the
192:28 I did get to these lectures and updated them and got them to where
192:33 could see them. But the I get to look at this one.
192:36 if I had it to do over lecture would have us, it would
192:39 a an actual scale that we could . But unless you see something different
192:45 the exercise I post go ahead and , you know uh V. Is
192:51 here, I. C. F. Which I didn't see any
192:53 one. The V. Would be rare. Which would be one rare
192:57 be too F would be few, is three. Several would be at
193:01 four. And then the common make something like, what did I tell
193:05 for the common Tanya? Go ahead use 10 for that. So it
193:11 blow things off scale. And uh question mark, don't put anything there
193:21 unless that happens to be a good for a water depth indicator. And
193:25 might want to put it in there as a one to see if it
193:29 . That's uh that's something we do lot when we have something that's
193:35 If it, if it looks like supports the rest of the day we
193:38 , well, we're just going to that that's what it is. Even
193:41 there's a question mark on it because adds strength to what we're seeing.
193:46 uh bottom line is in terms this are really low counts. There's not
193:54 whole lot in this thing. And the ratios are gonna help you a
194:00 with the water depth. But I you to try to get through it
194:03 by helping each other. And um , one of you might want to
194:14 this kind of thing. Uh you , these are the sample numbers over
194:19 . One of you might wanna do kind of thing for the top five
194:23 the other one to the bottom five that can take a while to get
194:27 . And this is just showing you in general. They were able to
194:32 a donation at that at that. is these are different fossils by the
194:38 . This is a sample. And are the number of things that they
194:41 in there. And uh just looking that at that one and you
194:46 you've given an example, but I you to do it because if you
194:50 you look at the other genus table I showed you in that last lecture
194:55 the newer paper you might find some that this person didn't find. And
195:00 you might you might get better information than they did. But you can
195:05 here this is probably this sample is internet critic. The sample out here
195:12 probably out of narrative because he's got five things that are Out of an
195:22 with abundance event. It's only got that aren't there and only 12.
195:27 you know kind of even though it range from here to here it kind
195:32 looks like it's there kind of get I mean. It's not this is
195:38 absolute science. Now the the P. S. Program that I
195:43 talking to you about would do this of thing by looking at the data
195:48 against a thing that has the paleo indicators and it would pull them out
195:56 and count this up and figure out that would be the most probable and
196:00 would be the least probable. And might call call this an outlier.
196:06 it might even say it could be because it's deeper. But my rule
196:11 thumb is because this might be downslope . I would I often stay away
196:17 that. I try to look at I have something in the middle.
196:22 I might plot. This is their is their this is their and sort
196:27 make a summary that way myself There's there's different ways you can do
196:32 and with logic to kind of help uh kind of focus in on what
196:37 really is and is. Yes Okay. And one thing I'm sorry
196:46 didn't get to is more of the time I taught this class, I
196:49 know why I got uh I got more lectures in on the fossils.
196:55 uh and when I looked at the test I was changing some of the
197:00 I didn't see. I don't know my I didn't catch it, but
197:04 there were definitely two fossils in there I asked questions about that. I
197:08 I didn't explain very well. Okay so uh I'll send you I'll
197:16 a better job of the test next and I'll and I'll also send you
197:19 study guide and make sure that that got all the things that you need
197:24 that study guide for the test. sir. Thank you very much.
197:30 you. Okay and you guys have good weekend. I think I'm getting
197:34 tired of because we had a long . Getting back together was going to
197:39 into 25 30 but I'm getting really and I'm afraid I'm not going to
197:44 very useful, understandable. Okay. um I hope you guys have a
197:52 weekend. Um Good luck with Peter section and uh remember to pay a
197:59 of attention in the glass like you with mine and ask questions. I'm
198:04 that he'll appreciate it. And uh you do ask questions and he tells
198:11 their stupid questions, let me know that. Okay, I don't think
198:16 will, but you know, um know, he's he's he's really spending
198:24 time. The time that he's spending be a third of the course.
198:27 uh uh and I hope that he try to get you to learn enough
198:32 understand the whole course. But having that what's really important in his,
198:38 regular course should be what comes across was really important in my part of
198:44 course is that you understood the value these things, you understood the complexity
198:51 you understood that really important is that all the data in the fossil assemblage
198:58 really important if you can get your on it. And uh and also
199:05 , not just giving a lot of the paleontologist passes his report to the
199:11 and there's no thought about how it the geology. Uh I never did
199:16 because I always I always think it's tool that helps the geologists and
199:21 So I have to understand how it's . So integration of all those tools
199:26 important. You probably won't be biased , but if you ever talk to
199:32 , you need to ask him the questions like what does this mean?
199:39 water depth and then you can throw idea, you know, this looks
199:43 it's a pro grading wedge. This like, you know, make sure
199:46 he understands what his interpretation is actually to tell a geologist and the
199:52 Okay. I think I got that . Yes sir. You did definitely
199:59 . I think so. I really this teaching you guys um uh in
200:06 and even online the engagement seemed to really sincere and real and I really
200:13 that uh sometimes you didn't answer the , but that's okay because because I
200:20 expect you to know all these but sometimes even your wrong answers give
200:25 clues as to how I can explain better in the future and explain it
200:29 you when I give you the So take care, have a good
200:34 and I'll be seeing you later and gonna thank you, have a great
200:38 . What should we expect for the on Wednesday, is that going to
200:42 an online deal? Yeah, we do that online. You know?
200:52 I think doing one in class is . Um but I think because the
200:59 ones on Wednesday, I think it be easier on everybody to do it
201:03 . Okay, well, well if do it in class, you know
201:07 that means, Those of us that on the western side of Houston are
201:12 to have to deal with some tremendous . And so, uh,
201:18 uh, Megan also, I think pointed out that bus service on campus
201:25 , can take a lot of time Okay guys, be good. I'm
201:32 get out of here before I start things wrong. Okay. Thank
201:37 Dr donald, take care. sir. You too. Bye
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