00:06 | Okay, everybody see, can you ? Yes, it's been presented |
|
00:19 | so Megan, you can see How about Hayden? Can can Hayden |
|
00:22 | it? Okay, we're good. . Um So now this is another |
|
00:33 | which um actually put this talk Well, I think it was 2019 |
|
00:43 | this is a more advanced study that had. and uh it's using the |
|
00:50 | time scale, Or no, I it's using the 2008 time scale because |
|
00:57 | project was actually done in 2012, we didn't figure everything out until until |
|
01:04 | recently, which is why I gave talk in 2019 to show the kinds |
|
01:09 | things that we can see. There's a lot a lot of interpretations that |
|
01:14 | be made that When, when I've this in presentations, I've shown this |
|
01:19 | several presentations. Actually, one in and one in 2019, people were |
|
01:25 | at the detail they could that we see. Okay, so um in |
|
01:33 | , I'm gonna go through this really , because I've already talked about the |
|
01:36 | correlation methodology. Uh I think I've across the point a lot of the |
|
01:43 | of a standard reference section or what call composite standards. And this is |
|
01:49 | be an example from the Tampico MS . And it shows the recognition of |
|
01:57 | de positional sequences, their boundaries and corresponding correlative conformity. Remember I told |
|
02:04 | it's hard to spot a correlative I hope you'll rather than just chalk |
|
02:10 | drawings. Uh really catch this concept I'll ask you some questions just to |
|
02:16 | sure you understand it. And then of deposition sequences uh during in the |
|
02:28 | of various hiatus surfaces based are based graphic correlation. And it really helps |
|
02:33 | understand the whole system. And often happens is somebody outside of a basin |
|
02:43 | the gulf of Mexico. Researchers create boundaries and they try to, like |
|
02:50 | showed you with the zones, they to force those sequence boundaries on top |
|
02:56 | a new study in a new area they haven't sorted this out yet. |
|
03:03 | this is part of the reason why see sequences looking very similar from one |
|
03:11 | continental shelf to another because quite there's a lot of forcing going |
|
03:18 | And uh we found that what we was similar to what's seen in the |
|
03:23 | of Mexico, but it wasn't exactly that. And in fact by |
|
03:29 | by using graphic correlation and graphic correlation , we're actually able to define, |
|
03:38 | the sequence is based on the fatigue rafi and not just um something |
|
03:43 | we were trying to match it to make it fit. And uh I |
|
03:48 | when sequence photography first came out in would have been in the mostly in |
|
03:54 | late 70s, early 80s, we people writing papers and they were virtually |
|
04:03 | to change the ranges of fossils based the sequences that they thought they |
|
04:10 | And again, sequences. When you a stack of sequences, it does |
|
04:14 | tell you what the age they You can guess that they're the same |
|
04:17 | something that has been age dated, you don't know if you don't have |
|
04:21 | biased photographic data. And uh we people correlating uh something as young as |
|
04:28 | miocene to the cretaceous and uh it catastrophically wrong. Um I think if |
|
04:39 | of it was right in some you might have suspected that an entire |
|
04:44 | had slid off into the gulf of or into the atlantic ocean depending on |
|
04:48 | they were doing this. And and think to some extent, if if |
|
04:54 | a little bit. And even in places a lot, I think they |
|
05:01 | the importance of of having by strata data to help them as a reference |
|
05:07 | where and how to define these And peter vale himself who came up |
|
05:13 | this thing uh in his first the second publications third, almost every |
|
05:21 | , he said, he pointed out bio strategic afi was critically important to |
|
05:25 | this. And in fact, I the reason why he did that is |
|
05:29 | he was working with Amoco after he to rice and he realized uh the |
|
05:36 | that we had and how important they be for the interpretations that geophysicists and |
|
05:42 | were trying to make just by looking straddle patterns uh that gave them terminations |
|
05:49 | suggest that they were suggestive of timelines of course they are. But |
|
05:53 | they are absolutely relative timelines. They have not, you can't calibrate |
|
05:59 | exactly two krona strategic fee until you uh corona, photographic tools like |
|
06:08 | photography or geo chronological logic tools like you're gonna get in the course you're |
|
06:14 | to take. But when I showed what I was calling bio geo |
|
06:20 | that's when you integrate this all together you can actually do a lot and |
|
06:24 | would be able to make a graph something to say on the atlantic coastal |
|
06:31 | with something on the west coast of . And uh just using graphic |
|
06:36 | you could figure out whether the sequence the people try to match globally actually |
|
06:43 | global and or not. And in cases it's a little bit off, |
|
06:47 | in some cases it's very much So that's what this really is. |
|
06:51 | it also shows how we uh we together this data, um, so |
|
06:59 | we can make reservoir, reservoir scale aquifer scaled. If you're just doing |
|
07:05 | aquifer scaled types of stratification, which you sort out the boundaries of these |
|
07:11 | units. Okay, And I showed this chart. So I'm not, |
|
07:17 | I don't have to explain it if you have any questions still about |
|
07:22 | , I can answer that. But it's in uh millions of years or |
|
07:27 | we call mega anthems. A lot people don't use that term, but |
|
07:32 | did at Amoco all the time and composite standard scale was non dimensional uh |
|
07:40 | helped us get away from the problem rock accumulation rate as we were putting |
|
07:45 | things into strata graphic sequence. But realized After about 10 years of working |
|
07:53 | this, it's hard to communicate to rest of the world unless we put |
|
07:56 | into millions of years. So we converting it to the most recent time |
|
08:03 | that were available at the time. you've seen this uh the main purpose |
|
08:09 | this is to show you that we have different rock accumulation rates and it's |
|
08:15 | by different slopes. A key issue this diagram is that things that are |
|
08:20 | on a, on a time depth like this are gonna be depositions events |
|
08:27 | more appropriately de positional sequences and uh things uh, that are terrorists, |
|
08:38 | call these terrorists. This is actually punctuation of sedimentation. In other |
|
08:44 | significant amount of sedimentation is going on , creating this rock accumulation rate, |
|
08:51 | amounts going on here. But at point, it's either slowed down dramatically |
|
08:56 | it's non existent or there is even . A normal fault will also mimic |
|
09:03 | because section is totally missing and what need to think about is from this |
|
09:09 | To this point. In other words down here, we might be what |
|
09:14 | 22 million years ago to something less uh 12.5, something more than |
|
09:22 | maybe 13 million years ago, deposition this area where this well was |
|
09:28 | Although this is a just a But in this, in this particular |
|
09:36 | , that basically means that there's no of any significance going on right here |
|
09:43 | and here is de positional sequence. here's a deposition sequence. And it |
|
09:48 | these depositions sequences that we're looking for have reservoirs. We're not looking at |
|
09:53 | in here because they're not there, no sediments there, there's no reservoirs |
|
09:58 | . So identifying these sequences and the the ends of them and the start |
|
10:04 | them through geological time can also easily uh compared to the timing of maturation |
|
10:14 | sort out whether we've had in placement uh or I should say charge of |
|
10:20 | , whether it was a possibility of being mature and also migrating and charging |
|
10:25 | reservoir. So all of all of chart can be used for a lot |
|
10:29 | different things in terms of oil exploration also looking for other economic things |
|
10:35 | like aquifers. And of course today are getting more and more important as |
|
10:39 | seeing widespread drought conditions around the United and other parts of the world. |
|
10:47 | , so we got that and then , uh I spent a lot of |
|
10:51 | on a diagram that looked just exactly little bit like this. And uh |
|
10:56 | on this one, I showed a of the lines of correlation up in |
|
11:00 | line of correlation down and uh pointed there's a sample gap that's why we |
|
11:05 | samples here and we have samples but we have nothing in here to |
|
11:09 | us how to connect these two de sequences. Again, the key when |
|
11:13 | start a graph is to find the all sequences. Then you try to |
|
11:17 | out where the breaks in those depositions are. You don't just draw like |
|
11:23 | dots. You really want to try figure out where that break is. |
|
11:28 | if we have a sample gap of significant nature in some parts of the |
|
11:34 | and we see a break in we want to figure out better where |
|
11:38 | where the end of this sequence is where the beginning of that sequence |
|
11:43 | Because it will again have a lot do with timing and the emplacement of |
|
11:47 | before uh there's oil that can charge . And and so I pointed out |
|
11:55 | if we use well log data, use seismic data. We can do |
|
11:59 | quite effectively. And uh it's it's circular logic, we're using one database |
|
12:08 | one or two other databases to help figure out where the gaps are in |
|
12:12 | . And mind you, if we're looking at seismic or logs, we |
|
12:19 | a hard time figuring out the timing that whole de positional sequence. We |
|
12:24 | get a point in time at one and then another point in time somewhere |
|
12:29 | and not really know what it Sometimes we have re working for example |
|
12:33 | can be very extensive and and so is another thing that I talked about |
|
12:38 | this talk because it was important in basin and we had a lot of |
|
12:45 | patterns and here is this is this an example and this also could be |
|
12:50 | test question. This is an example through a long period of geological |
|
12:58 | erosion is of a stratum. It a limited range in time. In |
|
13:04 | words, if this was say alias or a stage within the police scene |
|
13:14 | period of time, right in here here to here and that would mean |
|
13:20 | probably one formation up dip of this was getting eroded and and reworked and |
|
13:31 | deposited um throughout this. Well through . In other words this deposition will |
|
13:39 | right here includes material that's being reworked dip which is exactly what you expect |
|
13:47 | in this case it was mostly one . So this is long term reworking |
|
13:56 | from a singular uh strata graphic Okay, here's another pattern and |
|
14:06 | this is there was a significant reworking and uh over that that actually perhaps |
|
14:20 | had a large, it only its extensive reworking, it only happened |
|
14:26 | a short period of time in the all sequence But it came from, |
|
14:33 | , say just as an example, could be cretaceous. This could bes |
|
14:38 | , this could be a legacy. this would be what you'd see if |
|
14:43 | get erosion off of the um coastal of texas, for example, where |
|
14:50 | have beds that are dipping like this that and like that. And of |
|
14:56 | the beds that I'm talking about would way off of where this well |
|
15:00 | They'd be over here somewhere and you'd beds dipping like this. Uh, |
|
15:05 | be uh, through time they get and they get eroded on the |
|
15:10 | As we look at outcrops of the and the tertiary along the texas coastal |
|
15:19 | . We do see that near we have cretaceous, then it's become |
|
15:24 | little bit farther southeast. We'll start outcrops that are policing and we'll see |
|
15:30 | that are Eocene, then we'll see that our legacy. Miocene, so |
|
15:35 | and so forth. And if there one major erosion event like this, |
|
15:40 | probably indicate a low stand event. event cut through a lot of different |
|
15:48 | and delivered them into the basin at point in time, it would probably |
|
15:53 | exactly like this. Now. Haven't this and haven't seen that. We |
|
15:59 | also get both of these things going at different times. We could have |
|
16:03 | formation that's getting eroded a lot. then for whatever reason, multiple |
|
16:10 | um, formations get eroded and it it more like a shotgun effect rather |
|
16:16 | the patterns that I'm showing you, it's important to know the different ways |
|
16:20 | this can happen. Uh This can also over a long period of time |
|
16:24 | example. So we might see the that you saw on the slide that |
|
16:29 | just flipped from. Could be could be here and be here. |
|
16:35 | the end members are um one formation over a long period of time or |
|
16:46 | formations eroding over a short period of . Those are basically the end members |
|
16:51 | the different combinations of things that you see happen in terms of re working |
|
16:56 | when we see reworking, it's a sure bet that there's been a low |
|
17:01 | uh occurring in the in the recent about the time of this thing rather |
|
17:08 | of this terrace because that is the of erosion of update beds into the |
|
17:17 | . Okay. And again, um think I explained this well enough but |
|
17:22 | do call it the funnel method because graphic correlation methodology and composite standards, |
|
17:30 | trying to pull all the data together come in with a says here multidisciplinary |
|
17:36 | . When they say discipline in this , they're talking about each one of |
|
17:40 | is a discipline. And what I'm about is not only are we being |
|
17:47 | with respect to the bio strategic graffiti we're also including geological data and we're |
|
17:52 | geophysical data. And if this works bio strategic afi imagine you can't help |
|
17:59 | imagine that if we add geology and signals to it we're going to get |
|
18:04 | better interpretation. That's really what this this lecture is about is pulling everything |
|
18:11 | and here you know you have a coming up with with an interpretation with |
|
18:16 | paleo one with Fallon ology, one gal Karius nano plankton. And if |
|
18:21 | extend it further to what I just the geologist coming up with a interpretation |
|
18:27 | looking at this or a geophysicist coming with an interpretation without looking at this |
|
18:31 | the geology something's gonna be missing. it just you know it's just the |
|
18:35 | it is. If you have You the potential to evaluate 10 variables that |
|
18:44 | the timing and the deposition environment of sequence and its boundaries then you should |
|
18:51 | use all those tools rather than just pick one and selectively pick another one |
|
18:57 | then try to put them together. you want to do is look at |
|
19:01 | kind of as a single data set has multiple um facets to it. |
|
19:09 | a in a mathematical sense it becomes multidimensional problem but it's but it's not |
|
19:14 | because the human mind can handle this of okay the and it does help |
|
19:22 | somebody has an expert in these doing part of it, somebody has an |
|
19:26 | in these doing that that And also it comes to the geology and |
|
19:31 | you have good geologists and geophysicists. making sure that they talked together is |
|
19:36 | . So those little coffee meetings that I mentioned that we had at Amoco |
|
19:41 | Center are really important in in advancing to the level that we need to |
|
19:48 | in advance in today's world. Today's is very complex and our data sources |
|
19:55 | numerous. And quite often somebody with this information will make this could be |
|
20:02 | . This could even be a political . People with a limited amount of |
|
20:07 | and evaluating a limited amount of information make you believe one pathway and somebody |
|
20:14 | make you believe another pathway. But you put them all together, just |
|
20:17 | in science you're gonna come up with better integrated interpretation. And that's that's |
|
20:24 | I want to start getting some of data sets involved with Artificial intelligence and |
|
20:30 | analytics because it really is this really an analog thing. And the fact |
|
20:34 | we had 80 people doing it uh probably have been done With maybe 8080 |
|
20:42 | doing very specialized things to get the to the quality that we needed. |
|
20:48 | then other specialists coming in and integrating that data. Okay. And we |
|
20:56 | about the composite standards. And of just from this you can see that |
|
21:01 | single composite standard. This wasn't built . And it used a lot of |
|
21:07 | . There's, there's uh Uh multiple here, for example, this |
|
21:13 | this is a section that has a in it. And this is another |
|
21:18 | somewhere else. And another one here 29. I can read this better |
|
21:22 | . Uh, here's 33. So at least 33 uh significant and almost |
|
21:28 | known sections that made up that And uh, and I won't go |
|
21:35 | this again, except except to reiterate you're looking at all the data, |
|
21:41 | know, here's a filter over This is, this is somebody doing |
|
21:45 | that way and they're just looking at red things. This is looking at |
|
21:53 | that you can imagine that we can in a well board or an outcrop |
|
21:59 | a core or even an auger hole the way. Okay, so now |
|
22:05 | switch this all to the chicano impact . And uh it is, it |
|
22:10 | kind of called the peanut basin and , which is what that means, |
|
22:16 | think. And uh, and this , is the basin here and here's |
|
22:26 | , this is the golden ring in Mexico. And uh, I'm trying |
|
22:34 | , there's the city of chicken to . Um, and anyway, this |
|
22:41 | sort of the main thing that we're on. And this is a really |
|
22:44 | incised valley that may have had tectonic action involved in it to create such |
|
22:53 | big incised valley. And uh, also when there was low stands, |
|
22:58 | would drain out here and there's uh, there's also submarine canyons that |
|
23:04 | out here and there's also some of span lines in the gulf of Mexico |
|
23:08 | go to the right of that red , uh, we've seen turbo sites |
|
23:14 | out offshore that potentially could hold multi barrel oil fields, but they're too |
|
23:21 | to be drilled. And with our technology and there's some, there is |
|
23:27 | good reason to wonder if we'll ever a chance to do that because we're |
|
23:30 | to keep the carbon footprint down. one of the things that we could |
|
23:34 | , because this is a cheap uh, oil and gas is in |
|
23:39 | of the complaints about it, It's relatively cheap source of energy. And |
|
23:46 | , and you know, if you about barrels and things that you buy |
|
23:49 | barrels, it's a lot cheaper than and an awful lot more cheaper than |
|
23:55 | and perfume and things like that. it is a, it is a |
|
23:59 | thing that we need to live and , and entire economies are based on |
|
24:03 | amount of energy that are produced by given nation. So, uh, |
|
24:10 | chances of us totally getting rid of in the very short term and that |
|
24:14 | in the next decade or the next decades, I think is still |
|
24:19 | okay, unless we have a very Eureka and we get something like cold |
|
24:26 | that we can rapidly expand. And hydrogen fuel may also be another thing |
|
24:32 | could help a lot. And of the oil industry will be involved in |
|
24:36 | if we go to hydrogen powered vehicles transportation, we did a number of |
|
24:44 | sections. We had three that went way, sort of east west and |
|
24:49 | had one that was primarily north south I'm going to focus on the north |
|
24:53 | one because it kind of catches uh whole system in a nutshell, if |
|
25:00 | will uh in the peanut basin. but the uh huh the key to |
|
25:11 | is that it made it really easy us to see where the sequences |
|
25:14 | And of course we could tie him way as well. And also many |
|
25:18 | the sequence panels. And this is example of just one of the wells |
|
25:25 | how we uh we were picking a of these terraces and uh some of |
|
25:34 | data looks uh sparse. We had lot more data than this, but |
|
25:38 | lot of it was filtered out because lot of it was reworking and it |
|
25:41 | have made it look even more But when I started these graphs, |
|
25:46 | figured out de positional sequence one at time and I had lines that went |
|
25:52 | this and lines that went like that that. And we figured out where |
|
25:55 | brakes were in between them That connected dots. Like I showed you in |
|
25:59 | diagram earlier on. And so we sequence boundaries and these would be typical |
|
26:09 | boundaries of bail and not those from fellow from U. T. Galloway |
|
26:17 | based based his on maximum flooding services this this I kind of have to |
|
26:27 | for this because this was a little of a stretch to make it |
|
26:32 | But we we had sequences picked from same scale. So we used that |
|
26:39 | and we kind of forced our scale it. And you can see here |
|
26:47 | had kind of had to make it to make it work. But it |
|
26:51 | it's not exactly the way I would to do it. But we had |
|
26:54 | do this for convenience and to uh be able to uh show it because |
|
27:02 | group had had seen a similar number sequences but they were offset. So |
|
27:06 | cut that off and and added this it so that you could actually see |
|
27:11 | see where our sequence boundaries were there little bit different uh all the fossil |
|
27:17 | that you see on here is But we be sort of dropped our |
|
27:21 | down on top of this particular And here is the cross section. |
|
27:29 | uh and it's gonna be this right . And what this cross section is |
|
27:40 | you is where the sequence boundaries And this is the correlative conformity right |
|
27:50 | for each one of these. We able to pretty much sort out what |
|
27:54 | was and this one's pretty, pretty constrained each one of these is a |
|
28:02 | and this is a this would be deposition sequence, another deposition sequence and |
|
28:07 | deposition sequence. And what you're seeing is not in thickness, it's in |
|
28:14 | . So it's entirely possible. Uh couldn't read it at the scale that |
|
28:18 | like that that looks small could be thick and something like this that looks |
|
28:23 | could be really, really relatively But here we did have a correlative |
|
28:33 | write about this point right here and can see how all the other wells |
|
28:40 | of constrain a band. And this all the missing time. And once |
|
28:48 | figure out where that correlative conformity is amount of time missing before the correlative |
|
28:57 | is going to be an erosion because the sequence, if this is the |
|
29:02 | of the start of the sequence this would be section that was already |
|
29:09 | and got eroded. This is gonna new deposition up here and what's missing |
|
29:16 | here because of that is bypass is to be sedimentary bypass. So the |
|
29:22 | is erosion. The gray is bypassed thin line right here and you can |
|
29:29 | we hit it. So we were to make it a thin line and |
|
29:34 | and hit it there and we hit again out of this. Well actually |
|
29:37 | didn't there's no well there um and none here. Actually. We hit |
|
29:42 | right here. I'm sorry, I'm it wrong again. But here's where |
|
29:47 | well was. Nothing's there. Here's the well was there. We saw |
|
29:51 | before, well below this in And likewise over here. So we |
|
29:57 | we had this thin line and of we kind of dipped this off because |
|
30:03 | do it in the books. But don't uh I don't think that it |
|
30:06 | dips off like that uh because it really a point in time in which |
|
30:13 | begins on the sediments under underneath you know, you have a surface |
|
30:20 | and it starts eroding into it. you could have rode all of this |
|
30:25 | this high, could have been eroded to and we would have less constraint |
|
30:28 | it. Uh This one could have have had a break in it somewhere |
|
30:32 | here, but it didn't. So we actually saw the correlative conformity in |
|
30:37 | particular will uh This one you can uh we don't have any deposition directly |
|
30:45 | it, but we have stuff pushing on it here. And these are |
|
30:52 | close. That's pretty close. Um have something pushing up here to do |
|
30:57 | bigger band because if you look at her, our least eroded spot is |
|
31:07 | But for reasons of geometry, we it was up here. Likewise this |
|
31:12 | thought it was probably up here where didn't have a will. And uh |
|
31:17 | over here. And that kind of constrain constrain it from the bottom. |
|
31:21 | the one, well that does the constraining from the bottom is this |
|
31:25 | So uh just based on what you here, the correlative conformity couldn't have |
|
31:30 | anywhere in this interval, but based where we saw the brakes looked to |
|
31:36 | like it was just underneath that one there. Uh And these little uh |
|
31:43 | or fans, different fans that you see uh that were pro grading from |
|
31:51 | east to the west across this particular section. No, if I showed |
|
31:59 | . No, not yet. so here are some of the younger |
|
32:04 | that are pro grading southeast. Uh uh and then the next one, |
|
32:09 | here's this is this is earlier but here's the basin that we were |
|
32:14 | in. And um This shows you is flattened on SB 660.4 60,060.4 million |
|
32:29 | ago is SB 60.4, here's SB 56. And uh and you can |
|
32:37 | that it's flattened on there. And can start to see things that look |
|
32:41 | they're fan shaped above it. And so we started getting some things coming |
|
32:50 | like this. But then here is here see this is this should be |
|
33:00 | think, you know, we thought contemplate the city of Counter pick uh |
|
33:07 | some time there was an uplift and started having stuff coming in from from |
|
33:13 | west and going uh, moving to northeast. And so you have these |
|
33:19 | down like this. And uh, what I want to show you some |
|
33:24 | the earlier fans, here's SB And along here, this is a |
|
33:30 | right here and you can see things look like fan structures going like this |
|
33:39 | you see reflectors. Uh, but have well, here we have a |
|
33:43 | here we have a well there. fan comes all the way over to |
|
33:46 | . The fan comes all the way to that. Well, in |
|
33:48 | Well, and uh, this of is fancy. And so we look |
|
33:57 | fancy, it's right here. And , we had me look back |
|
34:05 | This is s. 46 At the of it. So s. 46 |
|
34:11 | right here. And what you can from this point is that things are |
|
34:18 | younger and younger as you get away it. That way younger and younger |
|
34:21 | you get away from it. That , the depositions and that's related to |
|
34:29 | fans that came up. This is is the one we were looking at |
|
34:33 | these are going northeast southwest. Remember other things that I was showing you |
|
34:37 | coming down here and they were coming over here. But this is later |
|
34:44 | , we had fans spilling over this boundary to the basin where the fault |
|
34:49 | . And uh and they were moving that direction north uh from the southwest |
|
34:55 | the northeast and then later on like . And uh I don't think I |
|
35:06 | to talk about this lap out But there's. Well, yeah. |
|
35:09 | , I do. I'm gonna show what this different lap out does and |
|
35:13 | we normally see from some de positional . But Okay. So here if |
|
35:20 | have down lap and we have something pro grading on the surface, the |
|
35:28 | we're gonna see is a high, event an apparent fatal event where this |
|
35:35 | from time to time 53 and four here somewhere. Here we go across |
|
35:40 | . This is time to to time . This is time to two times |
|
35:45 | times two, 28. Now, is a cartoon. If I draw |
|
35:52 | draw it, it's gonna look like . Okay. And so what you |
|
35:58 | as you go from, as you from this part of the program station |
|
36:10 | that part of the program station, gonna see a pattern that looks like |
|
36:19 | . Now sometimes these client client forms that these would represent this client |
|
36:26 | Sometimes you can see them with seismic sometimes you can't and when you can't |
|
36:30 | them with seismic, you can still them with the bio strata. Graphic |
|
36:35 | . But if you have the seismic you have the bio strata graphic |
|
36:38 | it kind of warms your heart that works out. And what you see |
|
36:45 | is from the uh axis of a . You see pro gradation in this |
|
36:52 | and you see pro gradation in that , just like you're supposed to. |
|
37:02 | , and so it looks like that this this is showing you the down |
|
37:11 | . Okay, now here is on on lap that looked like this. |
|
37:16 | should go from offshore, remind you is from shallow to deep sea. |
|
37:22 | is proximal to distal. This one from distal to proximal. In other |
|
37:31 | , we're getting closer to the shore over here and you're getting on lap |
|
37:34 | is a transgressive event, you get exactly the same pattern and um Yeah |
|
37:52 | you get the same pattern. But the difference between this pattern and that |
|
38:05 | ? Can you go to the previous again? Okay, this is the |
|
38:09 | one. This is the first one pro gradation and if I'm pro grading |
|
38:15 | this direction, right. My sediment from um left or right. The |
|
38:28 | coming from here. So the sediments from here. This is proximal to |
|
38:32 | sediment source. If it's moving in direction, this is distal to the |
|
38:37 | source. So if you look at diagram look at the chart. This |
|
38:42 | is proximal, this one is Okay, if you look at this |
|
38:49 | source of sediments here, but we've transgression going on. It's pulling sand |
|
38:55 | levels low and it's pulling sand up pushing it up like a plow. |
|
38:59 | we get this on lap. So is distal. This is proximal. |
|
39:05 | see here this is proximal and The other one, you know, |
|
39:09 | was quick to draw because because the one, all I had to do |
|
39:13 | change, this is proximal and pro . That would be proximal and this |
|
39:19 | be distal and that's the only difference the pattern that you see. |
|
39:27 | okay, and then if we had lap like this like an angular on |
|
39:32 | , this would be a real angular conformity, You would see something that |
|
39:37 | like that. And uh and again kind of have to know which way |
|
39:43 | beds were dipping to help you sort exactly how this was going. But |
|
39:48 | the beds, without seeing the you could figure out their dipping in |
|
39:51 | direction just because um the break is bigger in this direction. So um |
|
40:00 | , excuse me, it's getting bigger that direction. Right here, you're |
|
40:03 | a little bit older than the bed comes across the top of it |
|
40:07 | you're much you're getting older than the . Excuse me, You're getting younger |
|
40:12 | the top is getting younger than the . Much younger than the lower. |
|
40:17 | younger than the lower. More younger more younger. And you see something |
|
40:21 | looks like that. And this would arrow would point in the direction of |
|
40:27 | dip of the bed and an angular conformity. Even if your seismic was |
|
40:32 | resolving the dip, you could figure which way the dip is now. |
|
40:37 | know this seems crazy. But again the North Sea there are places, |
|
40:42 | lot of places where we have gas . And underneath when you're looking for |
|
40:48 | Jurassic, there's a couple of problems make it difficult even with three |
|
40:52 | Seismic. And that is you have section of chalk above it. With |
|
40:56 | without hydrocarbons and chalk itself absorbs an lot of seismic energy. But if |
|
41:04 | put fluids in it, then it messes it up. And if the |
|
41:07 | are leaking, which oftentimes they you get a gas cloud which even |
|
41:12 | dissipates the energy makes it harder to good images. But with the bio |
|
41:17 | fi uh you could actually see um angular on conformity. You could see |
|
41:27 | that. You could see on lap you can see down lap in pro |
|
41:34 | um on lap like this in Even if the beds could not be |
|
41:40 | in size and even in three seismic like that was going on. |
|
41:45 | didn't really explain it in full detail I didn't have enough diagrams in the |
|
41:51 | presentation I made. But in the field I was seeing transgression over that |
|
41:57 | , to the to the east, and I knew it was there and |
|
42:03 | that there were other places in the the Jurassic and the North Sea where |
|
42:08 | had no idea they even had but when they see this pro grading |
|
42:13 | , uh usually whenever there's pro uh the tops of those pro |
|
42:21 | climate forms are usually full of sand . And uh and so that that |
|
42:27 | them an an extra target to look a reservoir that was charged in bearing |
|
42:38 | . Okay, so we're gonna look more detail at the fan, the |
|
42:42 | thing, I kind of alluded to right there and here, here's another |
|
42:48 | of that fancy. And actually it's same part, it looks like it's |
|
42:52 | blown up a little bit. And can see there's layers and you can |
|
42:56 | , you can see there's beds going this and beds going like that, |
|
43:00 | uh uh the sequence boundary 54 is underneath it and it's it's sort of |
|
43:08 | essentially looks like it's pro grading out way. And programming out that way |
|
43:12 | you would see on the axis of fan, the fan spreads out, |
|
43:16 | cone spreads out in this direction and cone spreads out in that direction. |
|
43:20 | as the cone is building, it here, then another layer goes next |
|
43:24 | another layer goes next and another layer next. Same over here, so |
|
43:31 | wise, you're gonna have the first , a little bit younger than the |
|
43:37 | layer, but then the next one comes out is gonna be a little |
|
43:40 | older, you still can't see you can see a ghost of |
|
43:44 | that it has to be there. you can see a structure that looks |
|
43:49 | a fan. But here's what you do with graphic correlation. If you |
|
43:54 | approximately where the axis is, you're to see this happen where you go |
|
43:58 | T zero to T. One, zero to T. Two, or |
|
44:02 | zero to time to time zero to , three, time zero to time |
|
44:07 | exactly what pro gradation looks like, it's symmetrical uh in this direction, |
|
44:14 | usually the the axis of a fan the source, so this is proximal |
|
44:21 | the source, this is distal mirror on the other side, this is |
|
44:26 | , this is distal. And so see pro gradation in this direction and |
|
44:31 | see pro gradation into that direction and already remember what the pro gradation patterns |
|
44:36 | to look like in a wheeler It would look something like this. |
|
44:40 | you've got a section here and you this big hiatus here and this is |
|
44:47 | showing you the different times. So could see it. So you would |
|
44:51 | at the center, you'd probably see that was oldest, then the next |
|
44:58 | on either side would be this one the break is a little bit |
|
45:04 | so T two is younger than T . And so you see it go |
|
45:08 | in the wheeler die, agree. here the wheeler diagram goes up and |
|
45:13 | next one goes up to four in diagram that I've shown, and if |
|
45:18 | look at it in detail on that , uh fancy looks just like |
|
45:26 | uh here's here's the axis sitting right top of S. B. |
|
45:31 | Uh then the first layer that we bio Strat data because, you |
|
45:36 | we're going off to the side, distance of the wells. The first |
|
45:42 | , here's an incised valley on top the fan, it happened later in |
|
45:47 | later event. But here is um first program, first pro gradation a |
|
45:55 | bit later. The next pro gradation is one that probably would have been |
|
45:59 | here somewhere in terms of proximity. this isn't perfectly symmetrical, but this |
|
46:04 | is showing you a fan that came like that. This one is showing |
|
46:09 | a fan that came in like This one is showing you a |
|
46:13 | whether this one showing you a fan came in, kind of like a |
|
46:17 | time that went, kinda like this then this is the last one showing |
|
46:21 | like that, but in general, can see that mirrored pro gravitational, |
|
46:26 | one right there to the edge, a mirror of pro gradation over |
|
46:30 | pro gradation over here and over we're getting pro gradation from the |
|
46:35 | Here's the boundary of Fan. Fan would be over here. So we |
|
46:39 | that coming over here, this is is a type of detail that geologists |
|
46:46 | dream of in terms of figuring out layers. In other words, if |
|
46:50 | go back to this, we're actually out the timing of multiple layers coming |
|
46:56 | this fan. In other words, was a deficit, there was like |
|
47:00 | flooding event or something, or a of rainfall over 10,000 years. And |
|
47:05 | had a big fan deposit here, you had another one deposit here sometime |
|
47:09 | and another one on top of and another one on top of |
|
47:12 | And then they kind of merged with fan over here to the to the |
|
47:26 | . Okay, so, um I you kind of um catch a little |
|
47:32 | of the significance of that. And is, this is stuff that helps |
|
47:40 | see pro gradation and you know, if you see a transgressive surface that |
|
47:45 | surfaces depositing reservoir sands. Pro gradation , reservoir sands in in a fan |
|
47:54 | this, there might be a lot sand, but in a typical um |
|
47:58 | pro gravitational system like this when we programming like this, if this were |
|
48:10 | delta for example. Um I didn't it in in a way that would |
|
48:15 | it easier for you to see But if I cut this all off |
|
48:20 | made it flat, the top would covered with sand, then it would |
|
48:24 | in their sand in this period of , there would be uh finding upward |
|
48:30 | going down here, getting to silt silt and more and more clay. |
|
48:36 | and more play to all clay down . So we would have each one |
|
48:41 | these pro grading. Climate forms is of them is gonna have a sand |
|
48:46 | and silty stuff in here and very very claire ish stuff down here, |
|
48:51 | the like the the delta and the front. Uh And then here the |
|
48:58 | this would be offshore a little bit the delta front and this would be |
|
49:04 | offshore the delta front. And the one would be the same. So |
|
49:09 | have these sand reservoirs up here and things that are important in being able |
|
49:14 | see this pattern. Even if you see it with seismic one is is |
|
49:18 | you're having procreation. Another one is you're having, if you're having pro |
|
49:24 | unless these things have been eroded. tops of these climate forms that are |
|
49:29 | defined by the bios photography, that can't see in the seismic is where |
|
49:34 | gonna you're gonna find those elusive Jurassic . Likewise here, uh you |
|
49:43 | a lot of stuff off in this is fine grain, but as sea |
|
49:47 | rises, it pushes the sand up like a plow, um just like |
|
49:52 | a barrier island farther farther onshore, leaves it leaves a transgressive surface, |
|
49:59 | leaves a transgressive lag and it leaves little bit of um stand behind. |
|
50:06 | there's a there's sort of a quick that goes over top of barriers and |
|
50:10 | poor Alex sediments, sometimes the frolic are in in title channels and stuff |
|
50:16 | that. So you're gonna have sand preserved all over top of this surface |
|
50:22 | on the transgressive event. Again, telling you where reservoirs are, even |
|
50:27 | you can't see this detail. So we're gonna go to something else that |
|
50:38 | out of this. Um we weren't for it, but if I go |
|
50:44 | here, it's not marked on but right about here at this point |
|
50:58 | time is the pale Eocene Eocene thermal . And right at that time we |
|
51:11 | a sequence boundary that almost ties with . So we think there was a |
|
51:14 | drawdown of the gulf of Mexico and other evidence and we had an outcrop |
|
51:23 | to this. And uh first this interpreted as cold, but then we |
|
51:29 | it was bitumen, then we realized part of the outcrop in the original |
|
51:34 | had collapsed into the bitumen down in basin part so that it looked like |
|
51:41 | and one of the reasons why we a lot of pini contemporaneously pini contemporaneous |
|
51:48 | because while this basin was being there were periods of time when these |
|
51:55 | were exposed and sediments were falling down things that were just a little bit |
|
52:00 | than them. They're just, you , near just a few meters above |
|
52:05 | few typical well samples above. Uh bed down here and stuff was falling |
|
52:11 | in here and mixing with the slightly stuff, but this appear uh In |
|
52:19 | cases was was older than this down . In other words, there's like |
|
52:23 | little fault fault right there and you a scarf up and you're getting or |
|
52:29 | way of against in this case it erosion, we had erosion and there |
|
52:33 | stuff here, it was deposited say at 59 million years. And that |
|
52:40 | getting eroded down into stuff that was million years old. And it gets |
|
52:45 | hard to figure out without graphic correlation with graphic correlation. It can be |
|
52:49 | , but we were able to see we're getting penny contemporaneous reworking of the |
|
52:54 | section from this incised ballot at the time, bitumen was leaking out and |
|
53:01 | based on all the evidence we This was uh sub aerial and not |
|
53:07 | obvious. And so this is kind like a target at one point in |
|
53:13 | when sea level rose comes in here you have deep water sediments above |
|
53:18 | you have deep water sediments below But right at this point in |
|
53:23 | the gulf of Mexico dropped down significantly depth. And uh and you had |
|
53:32 | exposure and uh and also you had and bitumen coming out of these uh |
|
53:39 | of these reservoirs. And one of things uh and this would have required |
|
53:45 | drop in sea level. The gulf Mexico up to 2000 m, that |
|
53:50 | have completely drained it, but it have, you know, 6000 ft |
|
53:54 | a lot, A lot of water ft. Um I don't think that |
|
54:00 | needed to go that far, but the mechanics and what we see on |
|
54:03 | parts of the, The coast of Gulf of Mexico from Florida all the |
|
54:08 | over to here. There's a lot incised valleys that certainly looked like they |
|
54:13 | an incision point around 58 million points 58 million years ago. The reason |
|
54:19 | , is because over by Cuba and Florida Straits. Um The plate tectonics |
|
54:25 | such that cut circulation off to the of Mexico and there was a great |
|
54:30 | down in the gulf of Mexico at same time where it's a low stand |
|
54:34 | a lot of places, sea level rising in the atlantic ocean and the |
|
54:39 | . This evaporation of this would have water across across that continental break and |
|
54:46 | it into the oceans to the, the atlantic and may have something to |
|
54:50 | with. While the atlantic seemed to at a high stand when most of |
|
54:55 | world was at a low stand because lot of the uh, the water |
|
54:58 | was in the gulf of Mexico was evaporated and the westerly, excuse |
|
55:03 | the easterly, the winds that are , they're coming from the west would |
|
55:08 | this stuff over the atlantic where it rain more than usual. And it's |
|
55:15 | Got the event uh constrained down to million years. Excuse me, 800,000 |
|
55:22 | , I'm sorry. And uh, that's pretty significant finding now we weren't |
|
55:28 | for the police the eocene thermal But we found something that sure looked |
|
55:35 | it. And uh, given this , the event was probably less than |
|
55:41 | many millions of years. It's hard see it because there's a nonconformity |
|
55:46 | And that was where the un conformity . It's a very thin deposit, |
|
55:51 | it's, it's actually, there was exposed surface and some of these exposed |
|
55:58 | substrate with exposed reservoirs started to leak . And uh, in the oil |
|
56:03 | gas into the atmosphere. And if you can imagine a membrane seal |
|
56:12 | completely sealed but starts to leak, , Like a Type one uh, |
|
56:20 | and then starts leaking like a Type . Excuse me A Type two and |
|
56:24 | three seal to where you've got oil out and gas coming out. You |
|
56:29 | imagine that the amount of hydrocarbons along gulf of Mexico continental shelf and the |
|
56:36 | zone about halfway down the battlefield you would have started to see an |
|
56:42 | lot of hydrocarbons enter the atmosphere because things would come to the surface. |
|
56:47 | could have caught fire by lightning strikes it would have been a lot of |
|
56:54 | released, uh, greater than than we're seeing with the anthropogenic effect of |
|
57:01 | right now in the atmosphere. And a lot of people don't understand why |
|
57:08 | happened. And they have lots of and this is another one, but |
|
57:12 | seems like it could have been a by producing an awful lot of |
|
57:17 | And there were fires from soil studies around the world. There are a |
|
57:20 | of fires along in many different continents the same time, which could have |
|
57:28 | to some of this. But you have geothermal hydrocarbons being exposed at |
|
57:34 | surface. Getting to the blue sky a rate that people wouldn't imagine. |
|
57:39 | mean if you, if you were remove the gulf of Mexico right |
|
57:42 | if you somehow could seal it there's all those reservoirs down there would |
|
57:47 | bleeding and leaking into uh, into gulf of Mexico and they would be |
|
57:53 | at the atmosphere and get converted to and CO two in a hurry and |
|
58:00 | kind of thing could cause something that be like, sorry about that. |
|
58:07 | a lot of buttons, I have turn off in my house and I |
|
58:10 | to turn that one off. And um and there was a better |
|
58:20 | bed here and uh and we age it For 56 million years. And |
|
58:26 | the uh the biased rat that we in a graphic correlation flock lined up |
|
58:32 | with this which is close to what had a sequence boundary 58 when we |
|
58:36 | using the other scale. And uh here you can see Here it is |
|
58:44 | . and uh That bed is that's the start of it. And |
|
58:50 | the end of the break and here looking at cm okay, so that's |
|
58:57 | 10 m. And uh and here have uh here's a break here And |
|
59:08 | and then it ends here and this about 800,000 years occurred in here between |
|
59:13 | and 56 million years ago. It's 55.8 to 54.95. And there's significant |
|
59:23 | of Karajan rounded wood fragments, uh uh reworking of nano fossils here which |
|
59:33 | obviously working. But again, if recall from this diagram, we got |
|
59:38 | pini contemporaneous reworking here which made it hard to recognize but we were able |
|
59:44 | see to see it just exactly like and it happened to be occurring right |
|
59:49 | that period of time. When most say that occurs again, we what |
|
59:54 | were trying to do is figure out happened. We have deep water |
|
59:59 | We have deep water there and we some burial exposure here. And that's |
|
60:05 | pretty significant outcrop in terms of explaining , that the uh sea level had |
|
60:13 | drop below the point of that outcrop , which is now due to tectonics |
|
60:20 | uh earlier on in the in the Jeremiah rajan or later in the Laramie |
|
60:30 | . Uh So now it's up so we can see it in outcrop. |
|
60:36 | this is just trying to put this uh into perspective with, with the |
|
60:45 | uh draw down and and and um that we see in the basin with |
|
60:53 | Eocene sitting right on top of the seen here. And of course, |
|
60:57 | it's sitting on top of the police , you're gonna get late paleo seen |
|
61:02 | in the Eocene rocks. So it's police in Eocene thermal maximum uh, |
|
61:10 | , that if you, when we looking at the time scale creator |
|
61:16 | I pointed to something that said, know, the um thermal boundary looks |
|
61:23 | like this. But it was, could see that the carbon thing was |
|
61:27 | more negative to the left uh and was actually above it. So you |
|
61:31 | get to the actual spike. But you were to get on time scale |
|
61:36 | , you can see where that spike today based on the current, the |
|
61:41 | time scale And uh which would be 2020. And again, this these |
|
61:47 | were based on 20 Uh 20, did we do in 2008? And |
|
61:56 | is just showing you that there's a of incised valleys that show similar 300 |
|
62:04 | cut down in the incised valley 900 here. Here's, here's something that's |
|
62:12 | 2500 m. Here's something 2000 m we're getting incision that looks like it |
|
62:18 | have done that. And this is reconstruction showing you that that there could |
|
62:22 | been this and there's a number of that show detail of these incised valleys |
|
62:29 | seemed to uh corroborate the fact that gulf of Mexico was drawn down. |
|
62:35 | are no, there are no salt that we know of, but if |
|
62:38 | did occur, they would occur, know, down here in the very |
|
62:41 | basin which we haven't um I don't we've drilled where it should have occurred |
|
62:48 | it does occur. And and the being is because this would have been |
|
62:53 | thin layer of salt, not like luann salt, but it would have |
|
62:57 | a thin layer of salt um because only had 8, 800,000 years to |
|
63:02 | deposited rather than millions of years to deposited. And uh and it didn't |
|
63:07 | through a cycle of runoff and evaporation and evaporation runoff and evaporation, it |
|
63:13 | very quick event. Uh, it and uh, not long thereafter the |
|
63:20 | came back in. And as I , uh, the top of this |
|
63:26 | deep water forums and the base of is deep water forums. And it |
|
63:32 | very abrupt. In other words, , sea level dropped dramatically and this |
|
63:40 | exposed and then the coastline was Way the east of here and then sea |
|
63:47 | rose and not until it rose enough it had to do it with an |
|
63:51 | years. Got back up here and this up again with deep water |
|
64:04 | And here's another another thing. we had um, I had another |
|
64:12 | Andrew Hartwig who worked at Ion Geophysical it still existed. Um, it |
|
64:18 | Covid, it disappeared. But it a really good company. They were |
|
64:22 | lots of regional seismic. And we a seismic line out here that we |
|
64:26 | at that. We were able to various original features and uh, and |
|
64:32 | that look like turbo tight deposits at same period of time in the seismic |
|
64:38 | . And here's a picture of let me see, yeah, here |
|
64:43 | are right here. These are the aged paleo canyon and turbo fans. |
|
64:49 | we can see these ripple shingled like things kind of like those funny squiggly |
|
64:58 | that you used to put two pieces wood together without driving a nail in |
|
65:02 | . And uh, and uh, that's the typical pattern for a uh |
|
65:10 | tight system and the fact that it's like this in terms of the reflectivity |
|
65:17 | that there's hydrocarbons in it. And and that would be a monster field |
|
65:22 | the way. And as I it's it's situated right here and we |
|
65:31 | see features here and we can see there in this line. There's uh |
|
65:36 | even stuff that's, that's even older here. These look like cena maini |
|
65:40 | ones that are from another event from period of time when the tectonics were |
|
65:46 | little bit different than what they were here in the Wilcox. Another thing |
|
65:51 | does is, you know, it corroborate the fact that this probably is |
|
65:56 | , but when we correlate onward onto shore to the south and to the |
|
66:01 | of the United States, as I before, sometimes we wave our arms |
|
66:06 | we'll call things Wilcox but we don't any data in there because we've never |
|
66:11 | it. But but based on if you take these uh reflectors and |
|
66:18 | equivalents that kind of fade out through on shore in that direction and onshore |
|
66:23 | this direction, that appears to be . And this Wilcox is when the |
|
66:29 | maximum actually happened. So in summary of this geological and geophysical data can |
|
66:40 | you make interpretations to help you find . And also there's sort of a |
|
66:45 | yap or a bonus here. We think we figured out what might have |
|
66:49 | the trigger to uh, to the in Eocene thermal maximum. And with |
|
66:56 | we need to take a break because 2:30 PM. You guys did |
|
67:03 | Any questions? No, sir, good. The old crop is really |
|
67:08 | . Yeah. And I think uh know, sometimes when we teach |
|
67:13 | we focus too much on the fossils not enough on what it does. |
|
67:18 | uh for those of you that are petroleum geology, I really want you |
|
67:23 | understand what you can do with I'm not trying to teach you how |
|
67:26 | be a bios photographer, but I'm to let you know that it's that |
|
67:32 | are a lot of situations, there's lot of different situations. We're having |
|
67:37 | data can help you see something you figure out and I think that's critically |
|
67:43 | . And uh unfortunately a lot of work has never been published. Some |
|
67:48 | it has, but a lot of never been published because, you |
|
67:51 | I worked at an oil company, , and that sort of thing. |
|
67:55 | uh, but if I can ever free of administrative work, this is |
|
68:00 | I'm gonna work on, get this published aside from, you know, |
|
68:07 | done a lot of oral presentations, is easy to do, but I |
|
68:12 | to get the papers out. so whether geologists can see this, |
|
68:19 | can definitely see the value in up to this point and find it |
|
68:23 | interesting to, you know, it's I teach bios, photographer, |
|
68:27 | photography to the regular students. Uh year, we didn't have enough time |
|
68:34 | that, we had nine, and that, I think we had 11 |
|
68:37 | one point in time early on, had 18 people in a class and |
|
68:45 | was most of them, you it had paleo courses, but they |
|
68:50 | , my God, I didn't know could do this much with it, |
|
68:52 | I think that's what's really important for to learn is that there is a |
|
68:58 | kit, it's a tool kit, you can get your hands on screen |
|
69:01 | it, because, you know, going from the really spectacular, |
|
69:08 | I think what I just showed is spectacular, but at the same |
|
69:12 | just the day to day stuff to people pick uh casing points is, |
|
69:19 | know, it's a money maker, know, I mean, you're saving |
|
69:22 | while you're drilling and and I think is really important to and and then |
|
69:28 | we haven't even, I don't think going to talk much about directional drilling |
|
69:33 | this, but I will mention bio in petroleum geology. I did that |
|
69:39 | saw that. Okay, so I'm let you guys have a break and |
|
69:48 | come back, Let's, since it's late in the day, let's try |
|
69:53 | do about 15 minutes, so about say to 40. Yeah, about |
|
70:00 | - 42. Uh I'll see you . Okay. Alright. Have a |
|
70:10 | break and get up some more energy we're going to start talking about paleo |
|
70:16 | . Yes sir. Sounds good. me just shut the door, reduce |
|
70:23 | noise levels. Okay, now we're look at paleo environments and there's |
|
70:33 | let's see I am. You guys my screen. You can see |
|
70:37 | Yes, sir. So the uh Cougars back. Okay. So one |
|
70:48 | the things that we do in terms paleo environments, we look for uh |
|
70:52 | for these deposition environments that are important terms of the types of reservoirs that |
|
70:57 | gonna see. And of course uh are non marine. They're high |
|
71:05 | So a lot of times we don't anything in the river. And uh |
|
71:10 | basically we know that we're looking at marin, but a lot of times |
|
71:14 | lakes, there are a lot of things that we can look at for |
|
71:18 | that's a lake and then in Uh again, a lot of that |
|
71:23 | be um spores and pollen and some flashlights. Now and then of course |
|
71:34 | also things which I didn't put on , but fairly similar marshes would be |
|
71:40 | parabolic settings uh often related to uh title activity where you have a lot |
|
71:49 | title activity. You're likely to have marsh deposits. And also in some |
|
71:58 | you can have things called algal mats the tides exposed very shallow areas of |
|
72:05 | bay and they get covered with layers algae or cyanobacteria as we call it |
|
72:13 | . And uh and so there's sort uh swamps are usually up there and |
|
72:20 | coastal features are marginal, transitional would where the uh the tidal flats and |
|
72:29 | and the marshes would occur. The marshes, south Carolina, for |
|
72:37 | they have fairly significant tides and you lots of uh tidal inlets that feed |
|
72:46 | marine or I should say, marginal uh marshes that have celebrities varying from |
|
72:56 | on on the the sun levels in heat and the rainfall. There often |
|
73:04 | south Carolina though, they're often less seawater in texas. When you get |
|
73:09 | the tidal flats, the long broad flats in Laguna Madre and things like |
|
73:15 | . Uh you can get salinity sometimes that are hyper saline because the water |
|
73:21 | stranded on some of these things like land ponding. Uh it may be |
|
73:25 | flat thing, but there may be depression that fills in with water, |
|
73:29 | evaporates and you get high salinity. there's a special types of creatures that |
|
73:34 | live in all these places. Um rivers, you know, there's a |
|
73:40 | of fresh water clams and snails, they often get destroyed in a in |
|
73:47 | river system because it's because it is and it's usually under saturated with respect |
|
73:54 | To uh, calcium carbonate and dissolves out pretty quickly. And uh, |
|
73:59 | you know, sometimes around four total dissolved solids is sort of the |
|
74:08 | where you're dissolving stuff and depositing stuff um uh, in terms of calcium |
|
74:13 | and freshwater systems and uh, because the sodium and the chlorine in marine |
|
74:20 | , you have to get a lot to get to that to that transition |
|
74:24 | where you're getting evaporation. It's removing or excuse me, calcium carbonate. |
|
74:30 | uh, in lake systems, you to the, the salinity czar a |
|
74:38 | , a lot lower for calcium carbonate . Okay. Um, then we |
|
74:45 | , you know, in the open , we have the shelf, the |
|
74:48 | and the abyssal and uh, the would be neurotic, the slope would |
|
74:54 | bethel and the open marine is And I think I pointed out, |
|
75:02 | know, in the past, scientists sentiment. Ologists knew a lot about |
|
75:07 | types of features and a little bit shelves. We even recognize there were |
|
75:13 | , sand bars on the shelf that related to storm deposits, But we |
|
75:18 | very little understanding of the slope and abyssal plains until really the 1990s when |
|
75:23 | oil industry started doing a lot of scan sonar of features all around the |
|
75:29 | to kind of help them understand deep deposits that they were grilling. |
|
75:36 | when we look at the environmental this is another thing that's a huge |
|
75:41 | of worms. Uh there's there's lots things that impact living animals and uh |
|
75:51 | implants and these are just a few them. Some other things can be |
|
75:58 | pressure from from other animals or plants are trying to take away the the |
|
76:07 | that that you're trying to get. there's competition in terms of of the |
|
76:12 | or community of organisms that live in given place to on top of all |
|
76:16 | this. But these are the basic parameters, kind of got most of |
|
76:21 | big ones listed on here and uh know, they're they're smaller things, |
|
76:29 | but these are all really important. normally as as scientists, we go |
|
76:34 | and we know temperature impacts things because see different in the modern day, |
|
76:40 | see different species living at different We c c four AMs coiling differently |
|
76:47 | different temperatures. Uh salinity is is important. Um an open marine stable |
|
76:55 | is usually between 33 35 parts per . It's pretty much constant forever. |
|
77:02 | and uh it's just one of those things that there's so much water in |
|
77:07 | world, there's so much solute entering . And there's also and it kind |
|
77:12 | has a kind of has a consistent through geological phone, we think. |
|
77:18 | and when I worked in the casket see, I realized there are things |
|
77:23 | little bladders off to the side of a basin that actually operate as, |
|
77:29 | salt regulators. And there's a little off the side of the Caspian sea |
|
77:34 | it starts to dry up. the little bays on the edges of |
|
77:40 | as as it starts as the level to drop down. These things are |
|
77:46 | shallower. They're like salt pans and start to evaporate a lot of water |
|
77:52 | a very quick time and they drop a lot of salt, which kind |
|
77:57 | , in other words, it's taking out of the system while the system |
|
78:00 | losing its what its water volume. it gets to a point where it's |
|
78:06 | shallow. And with the heat in , in the, in the, |
|
78:09 | the Caspian sea, some of the are deserted. They, you |
|
78:14 | it's like dessert and uh, and they have high evaporation rates and they |
|
78:20 | places in these little bays which are , they use them now assault pans |
|
78:25 | of course, um, sometimes they blocked off so they can take water |
|
78:32 | irrigation and they just ask Sir Bates problem and they get really high salty |
|
78:37 | and they can't use it for So the Caspian sea, unlike the |
|
78:44 | is about 13 parts per 1000 more less through time. And uh, |
|
78:53 | , it's kind of an interesting thing , how these large water masses can |
|
78:58 | of reach some sort of long term between salutes in water volume, Just |
|
79:06 | by the fact that things around the of the basin are pulling salt out |
|
79:12 | the system as the volume in the of the lake or ocean drop. |
|
79:18 | interesting. But beyond that, the uh um AsMA regulation is a critical |
|
79:26 | . And when the cylinder goes you have to be better at it |
|
79:29 | to keep yourselves from losing all their , it actually dehydrates you uh because |
|
79:37 | water across the cell boundary moves towards lowest concentration of water, not the |
|
79:43 | concentration of salts. And so uh , you know, then becomes the |
|
79:49 | concentration of salts. So if you , if you're in salt water and |
|
79:53 | a freshwater animal, you're gonna get being in in that kind of a |
|
79:59 | . So there are certain animals that deal with salinity fluctuations. There's an |
|
80:04 | lot like banana fossils. The the radial area, they all have |
|
80:08 | have constant salinity is for the most temperature temperature being constant is an important |
|
80:17 | . If you're up towards the it stays cooler most of the |
|
80:22 | If you're down towards the equator, stays warm most of the time. |
|
80:25 | though those are different temperatures that are stable. Uh It's in the temperate |
|
80:30 | where things change a lot uh through the cycle of the year, |
|
80:35 | you have things that have to be to cope with that stress and the |
|
80:39 | thing is the same thing uh when get into an estuary, uh an |
|
80:45 | can be exposed to close to zero per 1000 to 33 parts per |
|
80:51 | And only certain things can handle And there's only certain plants, there's |
|
80:55 | certain animals that can deal with And they become quite frankly opportunistic in |
|
81:00 | of resource supply because um right because sometimes the environment is not stressing |
|
81:08 | so they can put all of their into eating and getting more energy and |
|
81:13 | food resource. Whereas the other things are stressed by fluctuations in salinity, |
|
81:19 | you know, I have to use lot of their energy just for asthma |
|
81:23 | just for keeping their tissues from uh collapsing. And so that's really |
|
81:32 | And of course, temperatures, temperature has a lot to do with anything |
|
81:37 | uh that's uh multicellular and has tissues has sexual reproduction. Often uh the |
|
81:48 | output of offspring has a lot to with temperature. And usually the warmer |
|
81:52 | is, the more likely you are have. Uh there's a lot of |
|
81:57 | in this. So there's no there's set thing. But but many things |
|
82:02 | a certain temperature is like a And it just tells them this is |
|
82:06 | time to start creating uh new things you can see this on on the |
|
82:13 | to with mammals. But for a of these invertebrates, these smaller things |
|
82:19 | has a lot to do with with rates of reproduction and the frequency of |
|
82:25 | . And uh and I think it has a lot to do with with |
|
82:28 | same thing for uni cellular things that split. Um There's gonna be temperatures |
|
82:36 | on the species that do better at certain temperature. And if it never |
|
82:40 | there, they're not going to live . And so there's certain certain Nostra |
|
82:46 | benthic forums that live only in warm because they're not designed to live in |
|
82:51 | water and vice versa. And oddly , there's typically things that can tolerate |
|
82:58 | can also tolerate deep and sometimes uh cross plotted deepwater uh organisms with cold |
|
83:09 | organisms on the same in the same . And it kind of, it |
|
83:14 | of is a corresponding indicator of depth water uh if it's cold. And |
|
83:20 | and it's also something that is uh deepwater conditions too. And hopefully I'll |
|
83:28 | time to show you some examples of light of course, is important for |
|
83:32 | that has a symbiont called like uh the hard corals. Uh Roseanne kelly |
|
83:43 | a is a micro violent and it's it's it's a type of algae that |
|
83:54 | does photosynthesis, but the chemical processes its life actually uh assist the coral |
|
84:03 | extracting calcium carbonate from the water. uh and that's why less coral reefs |
|
84:09 | within 50 m of the surface in . And of course some can get |
|
84:16 | to 100 m. And the garden might be even deeper in some |
|
84:20 | but by and large, most of 5050 m or less or a |
|
84:26 | And uh in a in a highly reef turbidity of course blocks out |
|
84:31 | So that's an important issue. Turbidity important though for an animal that sucks |
|
84:37 | out of out of the water column a lot of the turbidity is gonna |
|
84:41 | material that it can use as a resource, which relates back to |
|
84:46 | Make a long story short, none these things are absolutely related to |
|
84:51 | And for the most part, organisms related to pressure or the existence of |
|
84:59 | is not impacted by pressure because if is born in high pressure, all |
|
85:06 | tissue, everything that it's made out is under high pressure to begin |
|
85:11 | So the pressure differential isn't there? when you take something like a human |
|
85:16 | the surface and push them down into deep ocean that you have a |
|
85:19 | Uh amazing animals that that seem to exempt from all of that are |
|
85:27 | For some reason they live at the , but they can dive to very |
|
85:31 | depths and survive. It's a pretty feat uh physically for them to be |
|
85:38 | to do that, given that there's put on a lot of different, |
|
85:43 | not only a pressure of mass against mass. Uh It's also it impacts |
|
85:51 | actual chemicals inside their blood, just it does for us with nitrogen, |
|
85:56 | is why we can get the bends we if we're equal abraded at deep |
|
86:01 | , it has to take us a to get unequivocally quill liberated to the |
|
86:06 | water. Uh So that are the in our blood actually balance out and |
|
86:12 | create blockage of blood flow and all of problems like strokes and things while |
|
86:18 | coming to the surface. So it's nothing by itself though actually is based |
|
86:26 | that pressure. Because the only the only variable that changes with depth |
|
86:29 | gonna be pressure. Um In terms a physical thing that you can measure |
|
86:35 | , we can see changes in dissolved of course. And some of these |
|
86:39 | things, but it's it's not always direct correlations but all of these things |
|
86:45 | . For example, when you get The temperature gets colder but it is |
|
86:51 | stable. The saloon, it usually right around 33, parts of 1000 |
|
86:57 | oxygen goes down, dissolved co two goes up. Uh Food resources and |
|
87:04 | go down with depth. Light goes with depth turbidity often goes way down |
|
87:09 | depth. If you're out in the of the ocean, there's no turbidity |
|
87:13 | there, most times there might be lot of trash from the surface, |
|
87:17 | limited turbidity. When I was on guided missile destroyer, uh, we |
|
87:21 | swimmers at 100 ft, uh, a a nuclear warhead torpedo. You |
|
87:33 | , we shot one as a test but we had to retrieve it. |
|
87:36 | had divers go down to pick this up And from the surface. Looking |
|
87:41 | the deck of the ship, you see somebody at 50ft like they were |
|
87:46 | ft away from you on on I mean it was that clear and |
|
87:50 | , it's it's really strange. And since the water out there is so |
|
87:55 | and purposely blue because of the uh and reflection of light. You think |
|
88:04 | darker than it is. But when see another, you see an object |
|
88:08 | ft below the surface and we knew deep the diver was. You, |
|
88:12 | know, you really get a feel how clear the water can be out |
|
88:16 | . The amount of carbonate availability is important. Uh, the salute |
|
88:22 | it becomes mostly important when you get fresh water or non marine lake systems |
|
88:28 | can be saline and that's important But but again, um what |
|
88:35 | Um do you think could be bad animals if it's coming out of a |
|
88:51 | ? Any ideas think of pollution? , I don't know, just more |
|
89:06 | dioxide that oftentimes that's the end result like if you get, you |
|
89:13 | waste water and stuff like that. would be my second choice. But |
|
89:18 | one thing that strikes me because it a lot to do with uh not |
|
89:22 | pollution but fertilization of crops and that's . You can get a lot of |
|
89:29 | uh salutes out out of the What that does is that intensifies the |
|
89:38 | of algae or cyanobacteria and other types of uh things we now call bacteria |
|
89:47 | opposed to single cell plants. But you know it's it's a massive massive |
|
89:55 | of a nutrient that's very rare in water because if it gets too high |
|
90:01 | pulls it out and forms appetite in lake system you don't have that |
|
90:07 | Some certain lake systems you don't have much calcium. So the phosphorous stays |
|
90:11 | there so they can have these huge for a long period of time. |
|
90:14 | choking blooms. They kill they kill the fish kills in the green river |
|
90:21 | and the ancient green river basins or like lake Garcia and up in Wyoming |
|
90:30 | things like that. They you know can get those T. O. |
|
90:34 | . S. Up to 26 parts 1000 just 26%. Rather not parts |
|
90:38 | 1026%. Just because they're getting fed you know normally you need uh carbon |
|
90:48 | you need nitrogen and you need phosphorus there's there's other things but those are |
|
90:53 | critical primary nutrients to plant life. you're dumping phosphorus into a system that |
|
91:00 | everything else except for a limited supply phosphorus that's really bad. It creates |
|
91:06 | productivity and the plants, the high then they die and decay. And |
|
91:12 | decay process the bacteria that feed on use up the oxygen and create suit |
|
91:18 | . 02 and you uh you end killing the fish and things like |
|
91:23 | So that's one thing that has to . And of course ph you know |
|
91:27 | has a lot to do with the balance between having cattle lines and having |
|
91:36 | form calcium carbonate. And uh if if the ph is is too far |
|
91:42 | too low or too high it makes hard for the uh for the organisms |
|
91:46 | pull that calcium carbonate out to make reefs or to make their seashells or |
|
91:50 | kind of thing. Okay so um the reason why we can see depth |
|
92:01 | the only one of these variables that's directly affected by depth is going to |
|
92:05 | pressure and that's not even on the . And I think it's important to |
|
92:09 | . Uh but all of these all these things for different reasons are impacted |
|
92:16 | water depth. For example I you know as you go deeper dissolved |
|
92:21 | drops off because there's more and more eating whatever is falling through that rain |
|
92:27 | it consumes the organic material and releases two through the bacterial degradation of whatever |
|
92:35 | is that settles to the bottom and it just gets more intensified as you |
|
92:42 | deeper and deeper because more and more that oxygen gets removed unless you have |
|
92:47 | , gonna replenish that oxygen. And you have ever had a fish |
|
92:52 | you know that you have to keep bubble going on to keep oxygen circulating |
|
92:57 | this into the water system. so the main uses of making paleo |
|
93:05 | interpretations in industry would be determining the been the symmetry and of course what |
|
93:12 | depth has a lot to do with are sedimentary structures are telling us, |
|
93:16 | know, um sedimentary structure that's like , betting we can see created bedding |
|
93:22 | different things. It's deep water. probably a turbine site, especially in |
|
93:28 | uh in other places, it could part of the delta could be part |
|
93:31 | a real system, but it's important know exactly where you are in. |
|
93:37 | that paleo environment is, and also is paleo symmetries. Uh If you |
|
93:46 | , um for example, if you something that's even on three dimensions, |
|
93:53 | you see something that's cone shaped and no Biota, it might be an |
|
93:58 | an alluvial fan or a fan This is sort of like an alluvial |
|
94:04 | dumping into the ocean or if it's water, uh then you'll know that |
|
94:10 | probably a submarine fan and of course shapes and the development of the reservoirs |
|
94:15 | different in those different settings. so when we look thing this this |
|
94:24 | defined by Hedgpeth at all, which a whole ton of scientists who started |
|
94:29 | on paleoecology uh to try to standardize . And these are the terms that |
|
94:36 | use. And since 1957 people have this and put their name and date |
|
94:45 | it. And other people have copied and put their name and date on |
|
94:49 | . Uh you can get something that's and you'll have the same stuff on |
|
94:55 | . But it might be a book a different date with somebody else's name |
|
94:58 | it. But it always kind of in stone. Back when Heads Path |
|
95:04 | a big compendium on paleoecology and Uh that sort of set the mark |
|
95:14 | what we call these things and really geological context I think because it all |
|
95:19 | to the shelf and so the inner the outer is merited. But that's |
|
95:24 | is the break, shelf break. not really that obvious in this |
|
95:28 | but here's the shelf break. And you get on the slope, it's |
|
95:32 | . And then when you get down the bottom and the basin, it's |
|
95:37 | and here you can see they've divided into Bethea pelagic Mezza pelagic uh pelagic |
|
95:47 | is anything in the water column. these things all relate to the water |
|
95:51 | and these other terms relate to the neurotic oceanic, oceanic waters are gonna |
|
95:58 | from here out. New rick are be from here in and uh and |
|
96:03 | sort of thing. And if we're at benthic things we have literal and |
|
96:11 | oral and then bath. And so are sort of at the level of |
|
96:18 | means several sea level to high mean level and stuff. That's from that |
|
96:25 | low mean sea level down to basically photo zone here, it's 100 |
|
96:31 | Like I said most of most of time, most of the the lights |
|
96:35 | at 50. But you do get down close to 100. Especially out |
|
96:39 | offshore on if you get up on shelf there could be more much more |
|
96:44 | and the photo zone might actually be . Okay. And so there's different |
|
96:52 | to this. So there's specific and indicators. And remember we had the |
|
96:59 | . So there's some species that are uh very good at indicating water |
|
97:06 | And there's some general that are good indicating depth. And of course a |
|
97:11 | is gonna have multiple species. And almost invariably if you have a genius |
|
97:16 | it's going to cover a larger And uh the key of it is |
|
97:23 | the presence of extent species in So if I have something in the |
|
97:29 | to scene of the play scene there's there's a good chance that someone lived |
|
97:34 | then is still alive today. It's . Stand, that's what this |
|
97:37 | It means it's still alive today. we know where it lives today, |
|
97:41 | pretty much know where that sedimentary deposit laid down. This is assuming no |
|
97:47 | or reworking in the sample. And , you know, if we have |
|
97:54 | presence of species are generally associated with species or deposition environment, what does |
|
98:00 | mean? So this this is the we do this. Uh, these |
|
98:04 | these are species that are actually living , but then there may be species |
|
98:09 | are a little bit older, like , say there's something that lives from |
|
98:14 | base of the Pleistocene through the place scene And its extent today. |
|
98:21 | and say we know it's always in extreme environment. So the salinity is |
|
98:26 | to be fluctuating and it's also doesn't to be 33 parts per 1000. |
|
98:32 | , now we have in in an point in time, a species that |
|
98:38 | had an inception saying the legacy, it went extinct sometime in the Pleistocene |
|
98:46 | overlapped in a sample with this thing we know is extend today. Then |
|
98:51 | association, you're projecting our understanding of depth indicators all the way down in |
|
98:59 | legacy. And at that point in , uh, this is a point |
|
99:02 | I would draw something on the Let me see if I can, |
|
99:17 | , can you see this? sir. Yes. Okay. These |
|
99:29 | ranges of different benthic things. Uh wouldn't we use uh plastic things for |
|
99:39 | ? Um I was honestly initially thought there would be a good one to |
|
99:47 | because they're really widespread and have quick . Um Okay, that's good for |
|
99:54 | that's good for timing for bios, for the timing. But but the |
|
100:05 | that um that are like this, you know, it's something that's |
|
100:13 | It's not really widespread. It's limited marine only. So you can't do |
|
100:17 | else with it except to say this , it's marine. Also their ratios |
|
100:23 | up when they're deep water. So great deep water indicators. But you |
|
100:28 | , you don't have you don't have that are marginal marine well, ones |
|
100:33 | are almost freshwater ones that are a bit of salt, ones that are |
|
100:39 | on the beach, ones that have be within high oxygen levels. Certain |
|
100:45 | codes that you can tell your close shore because these these are there. |
|
100:50 | uh but say you had something there a deep water species but it was |
|
100:57 | because it lives on the bottom. and you knew that it was mostly |
|
101:03 | water and it was here here's extent . And down here uh might be |
|
101:10 | base of the pleistocene. This one up in the pleistocene but it goes |
|
101:15 | the way down to the base of Miocene. And this one goes from |
|
101:20 | Miocene to the Legacy and this one from say the Legacy. Mean to |
|
101:25 | Eocene And lets you figured out this had an environment because it overlaps and |
|
101:33 | with this one which we know where it lived. Then this one |
|
101:37 | with it. We know where this lived because we knew where that one |
|
101:41 | . So now we know where this lives. And then if these two |
|
101:44 | somewhere, then we know they're living the same environment because again, because |
|
101:49 | been associated with and that's what this up here means that even though they're |
|
101:55 | all extent Through study and time, have been able to figure out which |
|
102:01 | are there. Also, sometimes we're to figure out a deposition environment from |
|
102:08 | or two fossils that are obvious like coral reef. For example, is |
|
102:13 | going to be deeper than for the part deeper than 50 m. And |
|
102:18 | and so things that you find associated that are gonna be uh upper and |
|
102:24 | , you know, upper upper part the um shelf complex. And uh |
|
102:34 | so that's what that's all about. we have things that are these. |
|
102:38 | these are specific and generic. This this is primary information and all this |
|
102:43 | secondary information based on their association. it doesn't just have to be overlap |
|
102:48 | something that's expand all the way down history. There's other other things that |
|
102:53 | can use that tell us. For , there's Oscar cards that only live |
|
102:57 | lakes with certain kinds of salutes and precipitates in that lake will tell you |
|
103:03 | type of God it is. And , and then you can use that |
|
103:08 | somewhere else where you don't see the and you can figure out that it's |
|
103:12 | same kind of lake. So there's lot of ways to associate a particular |
|
103:17 | that are not extent. But the way to tell is if its |
|
103:21 | Okay, so this is like there are a lot of secondary ways |
|
103:25 | associate a fossil that is not extent a certain deposition environment. Okay. |
|
103:33 | , and so, uh, paleontologists have done a lot of work with |
|
103:40 | organisms. Because oftentimes biologists don't mess shelled organisms. And so you |
|
103:49 | there's a lack of biology done on a lot of clams and |
|
103:55 | some, some biologists don't even know a forum is a foraminifera is. |
|
104:00 | , isn't that a single, you , they might have a crude |
|
104:04 | but you know, they're looking at and they're looking at fish that have |
|
104:09 | . But uh, there, you , it's, it's not like they're |
|
104:14 | looking at my two things, they don't look at my microscopic species in |
|
104:20 | marine realm. But there are a that do when we go meet with |
|
104:25 | meetings, there would be biologist, most of them don't look at that |
|
104:29 | of stuff. And so the paleontologists to do a lot of this on |
|
104:32 | own now. So we have individual or genus is we have but then |
|
104:39 | have assemblage indicators and that's when um see changes in the assembly composition and |
|
104:47 | in the assembly structure. And that usually mean things. Composition is, |
|
104:53 | know, what are the components of ? Do I have a bunch of |
|
104:58 | that maybe uh like like this this ? But other things like this start |
|
105:07 | become an assemblies in terms of composition me drawing, you know, a |
|
105:12 | bunch of things on here. Uh what composition is. Assembly structure relates |
|
105:19 | uh more than just the name or names. The composition like what |
|
105:27 | It also would be ratios. Uh could be um uh you can do |
|
105:36 | analysis and you'll have clusters where you certain species associated together in say a |
|
105:45 | inlet, our title channel rather. other ones that would would be out |
|
105:49 | front of the beach. A really example on the beach. I would |
|
105:56 | shallow water marine things, but I see some deep water marine things in |
|
106:00 | death assemblies that get dropped in on of uh of the other things. |
|
106:07 | you get that mixed. It's a assemblage. But it's it's sort of |
|
106:10 | structured mixed assemblage. These things are occurring because they're close together associated with |
|
106:16 | other. Uh when you you're going um something behind the barrier island, |
|
106:25 | there's a lot of tide and the is bringing deep water things in. |
|
106:29 | not gonna see anything deep water in channel and the channel is not gonna |
|
106:32 | that deep over the barrier island and the barrier island, you're not gonna |
|
106:37 | any marine stuff unless there's a So you might have a hurricane deposit |
|
106:42 | has some marine stuff at the beach out front and the foreshore. And |
|
106:49 | the in the littoral zone, you see marine things on a storm deposit |
|
106:56 | got pulled up and packed up on beach. You go to a beach |
|
107:00 | a storm. You can often see lot of sea shells that you don't |
|
107:03 | see when there hasn't been a storm kind of where I'm getting at and |
|
107:08 | a lot of other things that we're to talk about with it. Also |
|
107:13 | interest specific things. So what do think? Interest specific means? Mm |
|
107:33 | . Okay. Um it's happening just the species. Okay, this is |
|
107:42 | is change, this is differences in , like uh like all of these |
|
107:47 | , whether it's a forum for example a Nostra code because they're benthic. |
|
107:52 | are some plastic ostracized and there's plastic but there are benthic forums in Nostra |
|
107:57 | that are on the bottom helping us out what's going on on the bottom |
|
108:02 | that basin at a given point in whether it's deep, shallow or somewhere |
|
108:07 | between. So uh interest specific means And I say here changes in the |
|
108:15 | . So intra means it's within a . So it's not um it's not |
|
108:23 | difference that you see because it's a thing. It's a different, it's |
|
108:27 | same species. But the shells look . Uh In other words, the |
|
108:33 | changes. The population of things that the same thing change and cold water |
|
108:39 | warm water has different effects on different . But by and large, the |
|
108:45 | direction, whether it's right coil or coil can be impacted by temperature. |
|
108:50 | that's an interest specific change. And also that's also a temperature change uh |
|
109:00 | you can see in multiple species. but there um but you know, |
|
109:06 | can do it within that population. other things were taken and gluten nated |
|
109:12 | you saying a gluten native for him on a beach with coarse grain |
|
109:19 | If that species lived in deep water some of them do live shallow to |
|
109:24 | . If that one lived in Now you saw the same species in |
|
109:29 | water, how would you be able tell? It was deep water versus |
|
109:32 | water? Uh And I could tell up front if there is no inner |
|
109:40 | variation, you couldn't tell. But with Lieutenants, the shallow forms, |
|
109:48 | if you don't know the species name genus, but things that look like |
|
109:53 | are the same species based on the arrangement. The shallow ones are gonna |
|
109:59 | coarser grains to glue together to make a glutinous dated uh chamber. The |
|
110:06 | the ones deeper water are gonna have and clays and sometimes a little flaky |
|
110:11 | like well clays or even even little calculus. And so when you when |
|
110:22 | see that kind of thing going on you know, it's a deeper water |
|
110:25 | of that shallow water thing. Do understand that? Yes sir. Makes |
|
110:31 | . And I'm gonna give you some . I don't know what I did |
|
110:38 | my clock popped up. Can you my clock? Okay. Whatever that's |
|
110:45 | happened before. Uh And so uh there can be uh changes at the |
|
110:56 | uh this would be changes within a . But then uh certain individuals could |
|
111:03 | very very different. For example if have males and females and that kind |
|
111:10 | thing. And in harsher environments, like ostrich cuts that have sexual reproduction |
|
111:16 | harsher environments. You typically are gonna , they're gonna reproduce parthenogenesis which means |
|
111:24 | with sexual reproduction. And you'll have no males. And you'll have |
|
111:30 | And there's there's a lot of different but I'm gonna go through this and |
|
111:34 | you examples. So kind of look it is this is how we tell |
|
111:39 | we look at water depth and we at an assemblage, we're looking at |
|
111:44 | things. We're looking at these We're looking at this, we're looking |
|
111:48 | this the ratios and stuff that we . Uh Sometimes um um there's a |
|
111:55 | called diversity which is part of the structure and I'm gonna talk about |
|
112:01 | Uh Sometimes you you may have say have an environment and you have one |
|
112:08 | that's got 1000 and you have uh I'm talking about benthic again it's got |
|
112:16 | things in there and everything else is limited. Like five or six of |
|
112:20 | in the same sample. What type environment do you think that might |
|
112:28 | You think it would be a harsh or or a uh really nice pleasant |
|
112:35 | shanghai? You said harsh, Yeah. That's exactly correct. Um |
|
112:43 | the reason being is because opportunistic species in terms of some of our animal |
|
112:52 | , our micro fauna uh they explode numbers in harsh environments. Because you |
|
112:59 | remember I told you some things can with temperature fluctuation, selenium fluctuation and |
|
113:06 | ones can't do it so much. the ones that can are opportunistic in |
|
113:12 | sense that they don't need to spend lot of their energy on uh coping |
|
113:18 | these fluctuations because they're designed for Whereas the other ones can't deal with |
|
113:22 | . So they end up consuming and uh more quickly and we call them |
|
113:30 | . And so that's what that is that that would have something to do |
|
113:34 | the assemblage structure. In other if I had, I had an |
|
113:37 | with 10 species And I had 10 of each species, that's probably a |
|
113:45 | harmonious uh de positional environment and things just kind of living in and you |
|
113:54 | , reproducing whatever way they do it uh and you know, kind of |
|
113:58 | with it and they are only limited the fact that if one of them |
|
114:03 | eating your food resource, you might . And so it's kind of biologically |
|
114:09 | , it's called biological accommodation. We'll to that in a minute. And |
|
114:15 | but anyway, that's like when we diversity there, we're talking about sort |
|
114:19 | like a homogeneous diversity. But then heterogeneous diversity could be where you have |
|
114:26 | of one thing and only two of thing or 1000 of one thing. |
|
114:30 | that's gonna be less homogeneous diversity. gonna be uh what we would call |
|
114:39 | non equitable, okay, with the one is called is a high |
|
114:44 | In other words, all of the are about equal to low equity bility |
|
114:50 | some are a lot and some are little and the harsher environments typically tend |
|
114:56 | be low equity bility. And the environments, the more stable environments tend |
|
115:02 | be high equity bility and that's what another thing that I mean by assembly |
|
115:10 | . But having a lot of plastic ams versus benthic forums. That's that |
|
115:15 | is a structure that's telling you that probably deep water because there's not many |
|
115:20 | things happening down in the deep this low oxygen, low food |
|
115:26 | everything is low and some of them dissolving from the C. C. |
|
115:31 | . But the cal Karius rain is down and if it's consumed by an |
|
115:37 | it can be encased in fecal pellets be preserved in the rock. |
|
115:47 | so this is a typical paleo definitely this for the gulf of Mexico. |
|
115:52 | I think for the most part this used by a lot of people once |
|
115:58 | was set up in the gulf, used it all over the world. |
|
116:03 | , again part of this, you , it's because a lot of paleontological |
|
116:07 | geological data is sourced from the oil where a lot of this offshore stuff |
|
116:13 | in the first place. And uh um there are all sorts of variations |
|
116:20 | this. You don't need to learn of them. But this is where |
|
116:24 | have many basins. And uh and a lot of uh here's like an |
|
116:30 | mini basin and you get certain things can live at these different levels. |
|
116:34 | there's also some plastic forums that you stay a certain elevation. You |
|
116:42 | you're gonna see them up on the in deposits, they're kind of at |
|
116:47 | level they get. But for example if they if they're at zero uh |
|
116:53 | could go all the way across the . There are some things Uh particularly |
|
116:58 | cretaceous that never get above 50 m the water column. So when you |
|
117:03 | the deposition up dip limit of you can kind of tell where 50 |
|
117:07 | of water was And anything down dip gonna be deeper than 50 m where |
|
117:12 | see those particular global drunkenness. that's one of the questions that I |
|
117:18 | have taken off your thing because we talk about that. Okay, this |
|
117:24 | uh something that Amoco did um back they were using computers and nobody else |
|
117:30 | and we had plots like this and could make maps like this from continental |
|
117:36 | deep water for any time slice with color scheme. And I'm not going |
|
117:41 | read it all out, but you see that it pretty much follows that |
|
117:45 | right there. And uh here's another that we can look at this is |
|
117:54 | is sort of composition of the Um you can see certain things that |
|
118:01 | inner self and the middle shelf might them in some different things. And |
|
118:08 | outer shelf might have even more. what you're seeing here is we're getting |
|
118:12 | away from variable variable environments and the shelf water temperatures going to fluctuate more |
|
118:18 | this here and more. And that's to fluctuate more than it is |
|
118:23 | Um, 02 levels because this is , most of this is within storm |
|
118:30 | base, you're going to get pretty 02 levels here, but make a |
|
118:34 | story short a lot of times. outer shelf is the most productive just |
|
118:39 | it's, it's away from salinity coming of here. And sometimes freshwater plumes |
|
118:45 | go out. Uh I think as as 200 miles, I know 100 |
|
118:51 | , I've seen a plume at 100 from Mississippi River. And in |
|
118:56 | there's stuff that comes out of the that's created a death zone on the |
|
119:00 | in the gulf of Mexico bottom because bringing stuff out. So uh this |
|
119:06 | sort of where you have low Uh it's really great for benthic things |
|
119:12 | that live in the sediment or on sediment. And uh and that's where |
|
119:17 | see a lot of benthic forums out in terms of numbers and diversity and |
|
119:21 | bility. So this is like one the happiest places as we come |
|
119:25 | it gets harsher and harsher when you into the estuaries up in here, |
|
119:29 | gets very harsh, so that's what looks like. Another. Another way |
|
119:33 | look at it too is these all and they fell down the slope. |
|
119:38 | you can see a lot of these occurring like this one right here is |
|
119:43 | than that one. They give you different shapes. So you can |
|
119:46 | But what you see here is a this is a shallowing upward sequence uh |
|
119:54 | by a deepening upward sequence followed by shallowing upward sequence. And it's just |
|
119:59 | on this a sandwich. I don't need to know the names. If |
|
120:01 | knew what the shapes look like, could do it, I could do |
|
120:05 | that way. But of course we use the names. Okay, uh |
|
120:13 | and bozos marty, bozos steve culvert . I overlapped with bozos and culvert |
|
120:20 | in later than when I was working the Smithsonian. But uh but they |
|
120:26 | a lot of data and and posted things often occur. And uh this |
|
120:32 | a thing called ammonia and it's sort the ammonia Bekri group. And it's |
|
120:36 | a thing that you can see It's kind of hugging the shore. |
|
120:41 | It can tolerate uh it can tolerate . Both the fluctuations in the inner |
|
120:49 | and the severe conditions up in the . And uh it's a pretty tough |
|
120:56 | and it's opportunistic and it's tolerant of water. Uh There are taxonomic issues |
|
121:04 | some of these studies that they They didn't do a lot of evaluation |
|
121:07 | the data there. This is almost an analog um artificial intelligence thing where |
|
121:14 | just pull everything that's available together. uh and you just throw it up |
|
121:21 | the wall and see if it'll stick . And uh and so but by |
|
121:27 | large, you can see here that is a genius. This is a |
|
121:33 | that loves to hug the coastline in parabolic environment. You can see here |
|
121:42 | I talked about specific and generic It's a generic indicator. Okay, |
|
121:52 | , here's amphibian. This thing is little bit more complicated. And in |
|
121:58 | places it could be mis identified, I think it does get here. |
|
122:02 | can see us out on this is upper bath, you'll here and down |
|
122:06 | , you're getting the abyssal plain. is the shelf right here. And |
|
122:12 | can kind of see here, we the blake plateau. You don't see |
|
122:15 | out here in the blake plateau. they probably don't like to get into |
|
122:18 | lower back field. And you can him here in a submarine canyon. |
|
122:23 | of this could be uh downslope They're not really living there. They |
|
122:30 | got pushed down there because that looks something that went down a channel. |
|
122:34 | looks like something that went down a . But again, someone may have |
|
122:38 | studying the channel for other reasons. they were able to take samples in |
|
122:41 | channel. There's all sorts of But by and large, you can |
|
122:46 | that the elf idiom is close to again, like the ammonia, but |
|
122:49 | may have a little bit better time slightly deeper water and and coexisting with |
|
122:57 | a lot of deeper water organisms. , one thing I know about ALF |
|
123:02 | from my work in lakes is that things are not supposed to be found |
|
123:06 | lakes, but if the lake is and the salute composition is such that |
|
123:12 | develops sodium chloride dominated conditions like like estuary or an ocean. Uh they |
|
123:21 | get stuck on a bird foot. have these things called retro processes and |
|
123:25 | can close everything up and they can periods of desiccation and all sorts of |
|
123:32 | . They get dropped in the right . They're gonna spread and become |
|
123:36 | Um And I've I've seen these in in the, well, where was |
|
123:50 | ? Was Montana and Montana. They these inner mountain basins in Montana. |
|
123:54 | a lot of months in their Montana montane. So inter mountain lake |
|
124:01 | uh uh that had the right runoff created a marine, like a |
|
124:07 | marine like salute composition. Uh they able to survive here's uh hands of |
|
124:17 | . And uh this is this is of a shelf thing and you're getting |
|
124:22 | see it's still not out on the plateau over here where you have a |
|
124:28 | shelf, you can see a battle , it's not there. So, |
|
124:33 | is a good indicator of something that's the shelf. And by the looks |
|
124:39 | it because all the way from Internet to middle narrative to outer critic. |
|
124:44 | uh that original scheme of Hedgpeth only inner and outer, but most of |
|
124:51 | have a middle narrative now because we of define it and see the difference |
|
124:55 | the assemblages. Okay, here's something this this blue the mind of my |
|
125:02 | when he saw this, he thought was all wrong. And uh but |
|
125:11 | is animal Becky leads and this happens be an illuminated, not a calcium |
|
125:16 | one. And we see it see it out here. Why do |
|
125:21 | think we don't see it on the ? I don't know. That's |
|
125:30 | Um it is, isn't it? , so let me tell you, |
|
125:36 | , this thing is tough enough to . Um my supervisor thought these things |
|
125:43 | all shallow water, marginal marine and what it looks like, turns out |
|
125:49 | can live almost anywhere you see you know, some of this |
|
125:54 | you know, they really live on shelf, They really live up in |
|
125:58 | littoral zone and here they are, in deep water. What's going |
|
126:03 | Well, um they're not up here a great abundance on the shelf. |
|
126:10 | probably the reason for that is there's lot of competition with other species that |
|
126:17 | designed to take some of these uh tolerable environments, which is that |
|
126:24 | And that's that's why this is kind hugging the coast because if it comes |
|
126:28 | the coast, it's got too many to compete with then then if they |
|
126:34 | , you know rolled down slope alive they colonize out here. Why do |
|
126:39 | think they might start showing up in deep water? Well, they have |
|
126:44 | competition and deep water. Right, right. And what else? These |
|
126:51 | gluttonous now, it's an igloo donated him. Uh, it can't handle |
|
126:56 | competition here. So it's there and down here. So it's it doesn't |
|
127:02 | a high resource level. It never as abundant as some of the opportunistic |
|
127:08 | up here, but it's a gluten . And so if it's in |
|
127:12 | it's in the abyssal plain, it preserved because um it's got a kite |
|
127:19 | like glue, an organic type glue holds together those grains sometimes less times |
|
127:28 | carbonate. But but so they can the CCD limitation depth, so they |
|
127:36 | dissolve, you know, because it's shells made out of mostly out of |
|
127:41 | grains. And courts isn't dissolving down fast. So especially if and when |
|
127:50 | down there, there might be court that are silt sized appear, might |
|
127:55 | quartz grains that are sand sized and could be, uh, you |
|
128:03 | um, coarse grained sand, fine , coarse grain, middle grained and |
|
128:10 | grain sands down here. They may all fine sands or even court |
|
128:15 | you know, there's, there's even grains that are silt sized. The |
|
128:22 | is not going to dissolve and that's why, we see him down |
|
128:25 | a lot because not only do they , they, the competition is less |
|
128:30 | it's nice. Makes me feel good you picked up on it. And |
|
128:35 | also also because of the fact that made out of something other than calcium |
|
128:44 | . This is another profile type thing that color scheme. Um I don't |
|
128:50 | why I I feel compelled to show that there's more than one scheme. |
|
128:56 | but here here you have here's the and like I said, I guess |
|
129:02 | because you know hedge path has has inner and he has an outer but |
|
129:06 | didn't have a middle and they have middle here. But you can also |
|
129:10 | here there's short face transitional. This sort of uh short face plus the |
|
129:17 | which is behind it. And uh then here's continental and uh here here's |
|
129:24 | real common, here's a really good . Sometimes there's um uh stuff that's |
|
129:31 | of fossils but it's not because it's up in in the alluvial system. |
|
129:36 | it's on the beach. But the the dunes are gonna be exposed at |
|
129:44 | surface to rain water a lot of they can be leached out the calcium |
|
129:48 | fossils can be leached out. Okay here is a this is a this |
|
129:56 | a an assemblage. These are selected environmental indicators. These are species and |
|
130:06 | are the assemblages. And if you a long time to look at this |
|
130:09 | is going to be in your it looks familiar. Yeah, it |
|
130:14 | be in your exercise and I haven't haven't posted your exercise yet. There's |
|
130:19 | there is a slide that describes, mean there's a 11 X describes the |
|
130:26 | and hopefully we'll get time to talk it. This was in our reading |
|
130:31 | as well. Yeah, it was , yes. So see getting familiar |
|
130:34 | it already, but these are assemblages you if you look closely, things |
|
130:41 | here occur there and things in here there and things in here occur |
|
130:46 | But if I use my pen, know, there may be something that |
|
130:50 | like this. There may be something occurs like this. There may be |
|
131:02 | that occurs like this or like Now if I look at a sample |
|
131:13 | I take all of these for face that their in situ, they haven't |
|
131:17 | down slip transported, tell me what uh water depth would be of that |
|
131:29 | . Uh choo. In other these things haven't rolled down the |
|
131:35 | In other words, there's a species here that goes, I'm not gonna |
|
131:39 | to pull them up. But it be one that goes from here to |
|
131:43 | . One that is longer ranging here here and one that goes from |
|
131:50 | Here. One that goes and let make this easier. Because I can |
|
131:53 | another point. There's also one since not jumping on it, that only |
|
131:59 | there now. What about those species you what the water depth is right |
|
132:10 | . Um Megan, you think of it is, Maybe she stepped |
|
132:26 | Okay, look, uh this is like a zone, just give you |
|
132:32 | on its edge. If you rotate 90°, it looks like a range |
|
132:37 | But instead of a range chart in , it's a range chart in water |
|
132:42 | . And this one ranges from here here. This one ranges from here |
|
132:46 | here. This one ranges from here here. This one ranges from here |
|
132:49 | here and this one uh I was to put that on there because it |
|
132:53 | give it away right away. This only occurs here. But what's critical |
|
132:57 | that all of these things occur You know? And all of |
|
133:01 | all of these can live in this depth. All of them can't live |
|
133:06 | that water depth. All of them live in that water depth. Uh |
|
133:10 | only one of them can live up . So, if you saw this |
|
133:15 | and nothing else was there, It's this depth, right? It was |
|
133:20 | this depth, you would see other . It's in that depth, you |
|
133:24 | see others. It's all by It's probably that this one is all |
|
133:29 | itself. It's probably so it's probably , I mean, it's not all |
|
133:34 | itself, it only occurs in this . So, it almost has to |
|
133:38 | this. Except uh you know, you take that out, if you |
|
133:43 | see that, you would still have one occurs there, that one occurs |
|
133:47 | , that one occurs there and that occurs there and nothing else occurs. |
|
133:52 | of them occurs. So if I a sample with, with these things |
|
133:56 | here, I had a sample with . You know, I wouldn't |
|
134:00 | I wouldn't really know what the water is, but I have I have |
|
134:03 | assemblage that has these five things in . It has to be that is |
|
134:10 | you're getting at. Yeah. And it if it only, it didn't |
|
134:12 | that one. If it only had four things, it has to be |
|
134:16 | is it because it has most of species in it. Yes. And |
|
134:21 | the way it usually is. But this case I made it simple. |
|
134:24 | overlap. Just like in a in Yeah. Okay. Okay. Like |
|
134:28 | and strategic fee. Lap and That's what it is. And |
|
134:35 | you know, in strategic fee. for example, Well, if I |
|
134:42 | had this species and this species, I would know it was in |
|
134:46 | If I only had these two in assembly, then it would probably range |
|
134:50 | here together. And so I would that based on the assemblies that I |
|
134:57 | . It's gotta be in here. , by themselves. The plank forums |
|
135:01 | tell you anything because they basically tell that it's it's probably um out of |
|
135:08 | somewhere you're going to get them up . But most of them are gonna |
|
135:12 | out here. And as you get and farther out here, you only |
|
135:15 | those here, You have all of here, you have all of those |
|
135:20 | , you know, you go from going like on this way, you |
|
135:23 | a lot on the shelf and the bathroom, middle, middle bath |
|
135:27 | but when you get the lower back and offshore you lose things and a |
|
135:32 | of these things are just limited to deep water. Okay, so when |
|
135:38 | trying to figure it out yourself, kind of draw plots like this to |
|
135:42 | out what it is. In other , I have this species and you |
|
135:48 | , it's there, this one's got pillar symmetry range. This one has |
|
135:52 | pillar symmetry range, but if you the whole assemblage together, that can |
|
135:57 | happen there and it still could be little bit deeper or a little bit |
|
136:04 | . But by and large, if , if you look at it this |
|
136:07 | , that's going to be very And and then if you just found |
|
136:11 | two, if you had an assembly what with those two, it would |
|
136:15 | to be this water depth. right, because there's nothing else to |
|
136:21 | you that. So you don't always all the data you want to |
|
136:24 | but you can get enough information to that the preponderance of the data suggests |
|
136:30 | it's this water depth and that's what gonna have to do in the |
|
136:35 | And uh, you know, you want to print out a lot of |
|
136:38 | and just and just plot them out each sample. Make it easier if |
|
136:42 | want. So, go ahead. wish I could um you can't really |
|
136:48 | what I'm looking at, but where your mouse is right now between that |
|
136:53 | and to the left of it. you just if you had those |
|
136:56 | Are you saying you would be within range of 100 ft to 600 |
|
137:03 | Okay. This line right here is species. And what I'm saying is |
|
137:11 | occurs in this sample. It occurs this column and it occurs in that |
|
137:17 | . Okay. And so that and I'm not telling you, it's |
|
137:22 | one or this one. There's one here. I'm sure that goes to |
|
137:25 | . There's one here that I'm sure , you know, all the way |
|
137:28 | like this plus or minus. And probably one that does this and there's |
|
137:32 | one that does this in the And there may actually be something that |
|
137:37 | from here, all the way over there. And guess what? Based |
|
137:43 | these other things, it's still the water death because it's still this would |
|
137:48 | be the only one that all of things occur. You're never gonna get |
|
137:53 | sample this good. So you have use your your head. And also |
|
138:01 | you won't see the species the you know, like cancerous Sagara but |
|
138:08 | might see a cancerous and you can and see where all the canvases are |
|
138:12 | this is alphabetical uh for the This is deep inner though and this |
|
138:18 | deep middle. So they change a bit. This is deep outer. |
|
138:22 | these are like these things right like in here in this, in |
|
138:27 | zone and this one's in this, know, sort of halfway between outer |
|
138:31 | Matthew, this is halfway between inner middle. This is halfway between middle |
|
138:37 | out. See that deep inner Yes, sir. Okay. And |
|
138:45 | those are the things that we look and uh and that's how it works |
|
138:49 | . This is what I was talking with relationship between biologically accommodated and physically |
|
138:56 | communities with respect to impose physiological stresses Sanders and Leveson and uh this is |
|
139:04 | that was done a long time And uh here are things um that |
|
139:10 | your topic means that they can be in a lot of places stay on |
|
139:16 | topic. You know, just a places. And so, you |
|
139:21 | these are limited and the plank tonic tend to be Stina topic topic because |
|
139:28 | always occur in open ocean water for most part. And uh so they |
|
139:34 | deal with a lot of these other . Remember they deal with temperature and |
|
139:38 | and they have different ways to cope it, but they don't have to |
|
139:42 | with salinity and they don't have to with high turbidity and that sort of |
|
139:47 | . So they're always out here. out here you're gonna have uh this |
|
139:53 | this gets brighter from here to We're going from these unbalanced or inequitable |
|
140:01 | to very equitable diversities out here. you're you're more likely to have uh |
|
140:08 | even assemblages. Now, what could could be an exception to that? |
|
140:19 | Are we talking like environment or We're talking about an exception in the |
|
140:27 | Okay, and this is mostly um at things that live on the |
|
140:33 | you have planted things. They can planted things can have blooms because the |
|
140:38 | up at the surface just got good you know, it does but it |
|
140:44 | change with temperature. So when the is just right, they might have |
|
140:47 | bloom if there's if their plants and lot of phosphorus gets out there, |
|
140:52 | gonna have a whiting with the cal nano fossils and they're gonna look very |
|
140:58 | . But really the the temperature on surface change had nothing to do with |
|
141:02 | on the bottom. And so they're opportunistic when they talk about opportunistic, |
|
141:08 | have to look at the balance between things that live on the bottom. |
|
141:11 | basically you'd be talking about benthic things that relate to this, where the |
|
141:18 | highly fluctuates and there's only a few that can take it. And uh |
|
141:24 | uh and of course here you get a biotic where stress conditions are beyond |
|
141:28 | adaptive means of Biota. You they can't take like a lot of |
|
141:33 | things couldn't take dry dryness, but can also apply to things that live |
|
141:38 | land. And uh uh this would this could be a desert and this |
|
141:44 | be a tropical rainforest because there's a of things that animals can can feed |
|
141:52 | and live in. And you there's a lot of different niches in |
|
141:55 | tropical environment versus a deserted environment. a lot of things that live in |
|
141:59 | desert, but but not anywhere near you see in here. You |
|
142:05 | when you're in here, you see kinds of, all kinds of, |
|
142:09 | sorts of uh in a tropical rainforest out here, you just don't see |
|
142:17 | the desert, you wouldn't see But here we're talking about uh things |
|
142:22 | live on the ocean floor. And would be the equivalent of this would |
|
142:28 | like the marginal marine stuff, the all the way up to where it |
|
142:32 | go to zero. Uh There are up in here that live on an |
|
142:36 | mat that can survive zero parts per salinity and they can tolerate 66 parts |
|
142:43 | 1000 salinity if if that stuff on algal mat evaporated but didn't evaporate so |
|
142:50 | and have so much salt concentration that went over 66 they could still |
|
142:55 | So that's what we're talking about in course. Because that's what we're, |
|
143:00 | know, we're looking at the benthos live in the ocean and we're looking |
|
143:05 | the micro fossil here, you can the species numbers diminish uh the gradient |
|
143:14 | physiological stress increases in this direction. in other words, we're increasing the |
|
143:26 | in this direction. We're increasing the the stress in this direction. And |
|
143:31 | we have more explosive opportunists in this . We come out here, we |
|
143:36 | we have less physiological stress because there's variation here. We have more species |
|
143:44 | its biological accommodation, the it's not is basically controlled by the physical |
|
143:52 | Who can live here. This is by how the living organisms just partition |
|
143:59 | certain resources between and amongst themselves uh that they can live. So you |
|
144:06 | up with more species out here because , you know, there's there's a |
|
144:11 | that eats bug X. And a that eats bug Y. Uh or |
|
144:18 | out here. You know, there's certain amount of stuff. There's a |
|
144:22 | amount of turbidity, small amount of for forums to capture. But there's |
|
144:27 | enough for a lot of them to out here and uh and and it |
|
144:31 | impact which species can do it because all have uh the capacity to live |
|
144:37 | here. They're not trying to live here. They're living out here. |
|
144:41 | putting all their energy into collecting food and no energy in staying safe and |
|
144:49 | in a harsh environment. Uh and ones out here that become opportunistic are |
|
144:55 | ones that cope with it even with can cope with more stress with less |
|
145:01 | and then and then spend more energy food partitioning and grasping food resources. |
|
145:09 | so they out they dominate, they compete against the other ones out |
|
145:13 | Everybody's on equal things when it comes the environmental stress. And so they |
|
145:19 | they don't have that doesn't control what assemblage is gonna look like. Uh |
|
145:24 | total amount of food resources does. . And so that's what diversity is |
|
145:30 | about. By the way, when when we see high diversities over |
|
145:35 | low diversities over here, uh we we're going from low stress environments to |
|
145:41 | stress environments. Okay. Okay. um assemblage characteristics, composition species present |
|
145:55 | and uh these things in our the in range. In other words, |
|
146:01 | get a sample, we see we see bases uh things that should |
|
146:08 | in that time period are the ones we want to look at in terms |
|
146:13 | species present or absent, in other are in situ, in other |
|
146:18 | they're in the range of that sample remember we're taking all this paleo, |
|
146:24 | all this psychology stuff and putting it in the rock record, things that |
|
146:28 | contamination are things that appear to be taxes. So we're not going to |
|
146:32 | a paleo environmental interpretation on that. not going to make an environmental interpretation |
|
146:39 | cave tax. And, you these things were older, these things |
|
146:44 | younger and the down tip transport, the right age. In other |
|
146:50 | it fits in the right time, it was transported down dip. We |
|
146:54 | know whether it's if it's down to really impacts your ability to interpret the |
|
147:01 | water because everything can fall downhill. but things don't typically climb uphill. |
|
147:10 | even if you knew everything was falling , you could sort out uh you |
|
147:19 | have a chart like this where there's down here that just never occurs up |
|
147:25 | and uh uh this sort of you kind of know, you |
|
147:30 | if I saw this now, I'm pointing at the bug, I'm just |
|
147:34 | at the line, something that lived here. If you found it down |
|
147:40 | , you would know it was down transport. Have you found out with |
|
147:43 | other assemblages? But these things that occur up here, you're never gonna |
|
147:50 | them up here because they're not gonna uphill and so you can still figure |
|
147:55 | , uh you know, the difference the deep water with this stuff mixed |
|
148:00 | it, slightly less deep water with stuff mixed in it, you won't |
|
148:06 | that in it unless it tells you you do. You know there's really |
|
148:12 | really a low number of things down in the abyssal. Okay, there's |
|
148:16 | nothing list together, but hopefully you the idea right. And so we |
|
148:23 | through that and again it's cyclic. if for example like this thing occurs |
|
148:32 | the way there. Uh this thing there there and there and there and |
|
148:38 | is something different over here. And you can kind of see that that |
|
148:44 | you know, this is shallow, is deep, this is middle merit |
|
148:49 | . This is shallow. So we from time One, Right? You |
|
148:56 | , we have deep water which is deep water 2-1. So shallowing upwards |
|
149:01 | we start seeing deepening upwards and then see shelling, you can consider that |
|
149:09 | sedimentation, right? Uh huh. know, intervals of, well this |
|
149:19 | following up showing upwards would indicate pro . If it deepens upwards, it |
|
149:24 | probably be a transgression. This could a transgression. And but the coastal |
|
149:32 | lap is actually going, well the , if you had coastal on lap |
|
149:36 | would be the coast over here. coming up on the coast. It's |
|
149:42 | back off on the shelf. Normally we draw well we draw it |
|
149:48 | ways but a lot of times it's opposite of that. But what you |
|
149:51 | was exactly. Right, okay, . And then, uh, so |
|
149:59 | can have assemblies other than composition, the utility of population assemblies through time |
|
150:07 | changes within a species. So the in there, they if you see |
|
150:12 | changes when there's a change in the that helps you morphological e similar or |
|
150:18 | species. Sometimes we don't have an . We haven't been able to tie |
|
150:22 | directly to something extent. But but right here is basically saying because general |
|
150:30 | morphological similar things that are morphological e , usually live in somewhat the same |
|
150:36 | . And quite frankly, sometimes people there's no way you can get two |
|
150:41 | in the same environment of a genius they would compete too much against each |
|
150:46 | . And so, so what that of says is in many cases that |
|
150:52 | that's a genius, the same genius gonna be uh related to a species |
|
150:58 | might be extent or might have been in association. So, those So |
|
151:03 | generic things, uh, in other , if I go back to this |
|
151:09 | , if you have a species of and a species and you can see |
|
151:13 | like for example, jerry dina, see it in here, there's jarrod |
|
151:20 | there there and there, Okay, there's three of them. Okay, |
|
151:27 | you see one over here, It's different one and you don't see any |
|
151:34 | here. So there's gyrodynes, if get a jar of Dina tells |
|
151:38 | That does if you don't see that , you know that it that it |
|
151:42 | occur at this depth that depth and over. Yeah, there's some |
|
151:46 | There's two there and one there. it's kind of dashed out here. |
|
151:54 | sure it's there there's two, there's , there's two. So its range |
|
151:58 | be that gyrodynes has a drop just that genus. Genus goes like |
|
152:04 | So again, you can make these plots when you get your assemblies and |
|
152:08 | out kind of where you get the overlaps and that's what it is. |
|
152:13 | you understand? Yes, sir. , so you get that kind of |
|
152:18 | . Okay. Trying to trying to you how to do the exercise at |
|
152:23 | same time. And you can always me more questions too. Okay. |
|
152:29 | . And then sometimes um you a lot of things bigger than the |
|
152:38 | of a genus. You know, morphological or taxonomic group higher than a |
|
152:43 | . Like a family or something. that will help you like um what |
|
152:51 | be a good example, like a of clams are are at a certain |
|
152:55 | in their place, a pods. if it's the same genus they probably |
|
152:59 | the same water depth, but we do that as we do. We |
|
153:03 | microfossils. But there may be foraminifera are in the same family uh that |
|
153:10 | can do the way I'm talking about and you're not gonna need to do |
|
153:15 | in this exercise because we don't have families written down, but I just |
|
153:19 | you to know. That's another thing we use. Uh then there's that |
|
153:24 | environmental uh by association with either things are extent because they overlap where they |
|
153:31 | with something that overlapped with an extent or there's some minerals or something in |
|
153:36 | that help you associated to a deposition . Then the other thing we do |
|
153:41 | using the assembly structure and uh here things that relate to the assembly |
|
153:50 | Uh We have abundance. The abundances tell you something about the environment. |
|
153:56 | other words, if I have a of benthic forums and I have a |
|
154:00 | of and I have a few plastic , I don't even know the species |
|
154:06 | the genus. But if I have high number of appendix and I have |
|
154:08 | low number of plastics, what do think? Where do you think that |
|
154:11 | is that? Water depth would be ? Battle. It's going to be |
|
154:21 | because the plastics will dominate the deep and the Bendix will dominate just as |
|
154:29 | ratio. So that ratio alone is indicator. So so where things like |
|
154:38 | occur is one thing, but just ratio itself is another helpful indicator. |
|
154:45 | um Okay, where where was Okay. Yes, I was |
|
154:56 | Okay. And then assembly structure here starting to look at it. So |
|
155:00 | have populations within a single species or can have assemblage change in multiple |
|
155:07 | And that's what this assembly structure is about. Population is one of these |
|
155:14 | up here. Uh morphological changes within species. And uh so in terms |
|
155:22 | assemblages, relative abundances can be important terms of a single species, morpho |
|
155:29 | , size shape uh Detrol sub polar Central sinister role is often polar. |
|
155:39 | that's a general statement but some of are actually the opposite. Uh Remember |
|
155:45 | talked about composition of the of the uh fine grain bag lieutenant particles versus |
|
155:52 | grain and gluten particles. Sexual diamorphine um male female. You you have |
|
156:00 | ratios of male to female when it's harsh environment. Uh Foraminifera uh different |
|
156:10 | site and reproductive. Well they have cycle where they just split in another |
|
156:15 | where it's somewhat like reproductive where it's mega lo sphere. It starts with |
|
156:21 | big sphere versus a small sphere. other things have juvenile's so here's paleo |
|
156:30 | the symmetry and this is the same . Again we're looking at it and |
|
156:35 | got the C. C. Down here. And uh so here |
|
156:40 | looking at in this zone in this here and you can see there's some |
|
156:46 | complex things and specific things that can into these things. But this isn't |
|
156:52 | affect your exercise. But this is detail that you might want to check |
|
156:56 | other things that happen in the water . Uh Are these the oxygen minimum |
|
157:05 | ? Sub tractable deepwater, here's an water layer so on and so |
|
157:11 | And this this is just uh this just in the Gulf of Mexico. |
|
157:17 | purple one Is the 0. In other words, there's there's ocean |
|
157:24 | that come from other places. Besides you have, you know, this |
|
157:28 | antarctic intermediate water that gets into into basin. And here is the |
|
157:35 | the deepest part of the gulf basin . Okay, here is uh this |
|
157:43 | a certain type of plastic forum and a keel for him and all the |
|
157:49 | a lot of the keel for ems stay below 200 m. So they're |
|
157:54 | they're capturing particles in the water column may not be living algae or cyanobacteria |
|
158:00 | these other types of plank tonic for uh are sitting up up in |
|
158:06 | So they're limited to that. Here's thing, Here's uh these are two |
|
158:18 | uh species here. I mean these all different species but here's coarsely erin |
|
158:24 | cious and uh and you can see this this era nations forum as chambers |
|
158:33 | look like that and they're kind of middle shape. This one's kind of |
|
158:38 | out more like a spine that's still middle. But it's real thin and |
|
158:42 | and long. And they have coarse particles glued together to make their |
|
158:49 | These are illuminated for him and look them, they almost look like they're |
|
158:52 | Karius because they just have little tiny specks that put it together. And |
|
158:58 | almost look like this actually looks like type of plant tonic forum in the |
|
159:06 | , but because it's made out a uh particles, silt sized particles of |
|
159:13 | , this thing would sink to the and in a heartbeat. Uh And |
|
159:18 | this is these are four different But it's showing you that the deep |
|
159:25 | , the shallow water ones of are the deep water ones are |
|
159:28 | Great. Here is um uh simple test in shallow water. Uh And |
|
159:37 | can see here when you look at in thin section, you know, |
|
159:41 | just like chambers like this. Chambers this. Chambers like that. So |
|
159:44 | like a it adds a chamber. exciting little chambers. And it makes |
|
159:49 | quail for a while. America's because cereal like that. But here you |
|
159:57 | that it's labyrinth IQ. And uh this is in deep water. These |
|
160:04 | again uh This is one species, is another species. This is showing |
|
160:10 | inside of it. That's the outside it. Here's the outside the inside |
|
160:15 | it reversed. But so you can this, they say labyrinth labyrinth like |
|
160:22 | you know, instead of having That goes like this. In other |
|
160:25 | , the organism would live in here the septa between this chamber and that |
|
160:31 | is very elaborate. And uh they it labyrinth IQ. Whereas this is |
|
160:38 | a bar. This one starts out a bar and then fans out into |
|
160:42 | . Think some people thought that this structural, that this was so I |
|
160:48 | cope with the pressures of deep But I think uh in reality what |
|
160:54 | knows now is this has this has to do with um This person |
|
161:02 | bigger things that could make a simpler . This one had to make a |
|
161:07 | grain shell that was as strong as one. Uh Remember the ambient pressure |
|
161:14 | here is equal to the internal So there's no pressure differential here. |
|
161:20 | is lower pressure, but the pressure the same here as it is out |
|
161:24 | , pressure of everything. And here was born at this step, every |
|
161:29 | of him is under this ambient So it's not like he needs |
|
161:35 | Like a submarine needs strength. This a submarine with a space that you |
|
161:40 | live in. And I can live . This is this is ambient pressure |
|
161:44 | , there's no pressure gradient between the of the shell and the inside of |
|
161:49 | show. There's no reason why that be formed like that for strength. |
|
161:56 | , here's another thing. Um Here's you how something that might be um |
|
162:05 | what we call truck. A In other words, the spiral would |
|
162:09 | kind of pyramid up like this. other words, I don't know if |
|
162:12 | can tell, but it would staircase in the air and this would come |
|
162:16 | and so so if you looked at on end like this, this thing |
|
162:21 | actually be like that. But here it's lenticular. In other words, |
|
162:28 | looks, it's like a lentil. squashed, you see my hands, |
|
162:33 | squashed, the morphology is squashed down the deep water. And my gut |
|
162:40 | is this also has to do with uh the structural use of a limited |
|
162:50 | of calcium carbonate that it can pull of the water to make a shell |
|
162:54 | it can live in. Likewise with this um these are thick, thick |
|
163:03 | on the shell. And this thing kind of make sure that this is |
|
163:07 | enough to protect it from whatever, might try to eat. It certainly |
|
163:12 | some things, but other things uh know, there's there's really small things |
|
163:16 | the world that you don't know about parasitic and stuff like that, but |
|
163:23 | if he has a limited amount of , he can use these clunky big |
|
163:28 | . He has a limited amount. mean if he has a lot of |
|
163:31 | that he can pull out, he clunky stuff, it's limited, he |
|
163:34 | to do, he has to kind make something that his body has the |
|
163:39 | to build but can also protect even though he has a limited amount |
|
163:43 | calcite. You can see here it's thin for the whole thing down |
|
163:47 | Before he gets bigger. He can't as much out. And here, |
|
163:52 | thing, this is lenticular. But the deep in the shallow water, |
|
163:58 | same form would be more truck a . So not only would these things |
|
164:05 | like shingles, but they would stack and they'd get higher and higher as |
|
164:08 | go as they go through the water . I mean, as they grow |
|
164:15 | , okay, here's something size variation response to increasing water depth. This |
|
164:22 | is just kind of looks the opposite what I just said. It's |
|
164:26 | but it's very thick walled here. very thin walled offshore and deep water |
|
164:30 | looks a little bigger. Same here this. These are Polonia's and here's |
|
164:36 | hope google andina elegance. And uh you can see here uh that it |
|
164:47 | increases in size with water depth, it may also be flattening a little |
|
164:51 | and the shell maybe getting thinner in . Here's another one. In other |
|
164:57 | , none of these things are you're gonna work on this on the |
|
165:00 | But I just want you to know things are here for us to |
|
165:04 | And uh here's normal salinity ease. low salinity is he's got more of |
|
165:09 | retro processes. And that's because he's to have a way to get rid |
|
165:14 | the salt. So he has more to get rid of it. Here's |
|
165:18 | vagina. Para grajna. Uh This shallow and it gets deeper and deeper |
|
165:24 | . Um I think this one and don't know biologically what all this absolutely |
|
165:34 | . But just looking at this, looks like it's a thick, complicated |
|
165:39 | . It gets but it gets more out here and thinner. Which is |
|
165:44 | it looks delicate. And over here reduced. It's trying to stay the |
|
165:48 | size here. It just gets smaller it's having a harder time getting the |
|
165:52 | carbonate out of the water column. you have a dry in a paragraph |
|
165:56 | a very prolific frame in Ifrah in oceans. And uh and this would |
|
166:02 | shallow water that would be deeper. again, there's other things besides the |
|
166:08 | name that we can use as a depth indicator. Same here. And |
|
166:14 | is another ALF idiom. And this low celebrities. And this is normal |
|
166:20 | . And when I work in the basins that have ALF idiom, I |
|
166:24 | forms of species that look like this they're probably low very low celebrities here |
|
166:30 | they're closer to normal celebrities. And here is the temperature control. |
|
166:39 | here's sinister role. And we go here, here's a deck stroll for |
|
166:46 | these different these different forms. Um is the range of where it can |
|
166:52 | . It's a warmer thing and it is textural this is mostly cold and |
|
166:58 | coiling and sometimes you get reversal of trends and uh and that's why it's |
|
167:05 | written for all these. But you see here uh this is these are |
|
167:11 | in other words their greatest abundances in range and they're typically sinister coiling. |
|
167:18 | other words they the coil clockwise. me. These are counterclockwise. I'm |
|
167:29 | these are kind of the dextre Dextre ones are clockwise and these are |
|
167:34 | counterclockwise. And uh and the rest the ones can be different. You |
|
167:41 | to have certain species that do left right and some of them do the |
|
167:45 | . Like here you can see it like sinister is going to be cold |
|
167:50 | decks tral are right handed is gonna warmer. But sometimes some species actually |
|
167:57 | that and here you can see this is sinister role and this is warming |
|
168:06 | that and that's what it looks Um you're looking at the oral surface |
|
168:11 | opposed to the ethical side of So there's an aperture in here, |
|
168:16 | can see an aperture in here and one's squealing to the right to my |
|
168:22 | and this one's crawling to my left this would be sinister because left handed |
|
168:29 | are sinister and right handed people are are dexterous, okay I'm left handed |
|
168:38 | the way. So I hate that sinister And uh I'll let you look |
|
168:45 | this truck but it's the same kind thing. And it shows you um |
|
168:49 | they can go through a core and is the equator, this is up |
|
168:56 | the polar region. And uh and can see that these different things, |
|
169:02 | are different assemblages. Uh This course polar related, this is equatorial in |
|
169:11 | , but in the temperate zone in , you can see an inner fingering |
|
169:15 | it and that's in the Miocene. it changes changes through time and it |
|
169:22 | through space. Okay, now we're look at the you see how many |
|
169:30 | slides we have on this. We're done. Uh Okay. In your |
|
169:57 | you're not going to do uh too of this. But I'm gonna try |
|
170:01 | get you to do the diversity. diversity I think is how I get |
|
170:06 | . And uh and I want you perhaps look for dominant species and I |
|
170:12 | you to worry about these ratios. so uh the simple diversity means the |
|
170:21 | number of species you find and then Shannon weaver information function and equitable. |
|
170:26 | are two different things that have to with the probability of finding things. |
|
170:30 | think all I get you to plot is the s and I get you |
|
170:33 | plot the ratios and you can plot abundance. So I have you do |
|
170:38 | of these things but I go into details of what these things are just |
|
170:44 | you know, but something that has H. Tends to have what we |
|
170:51 | a high diversity, which takes into equitable itty. And then there's a |
|
170:56 | that just looks at equitable itty and shows you what's equitable. So if |
|
171:01 | get a high Shannon weaver, you're get, you're usually gonna get a |
|
171:05 | equity bility. Mhm. And so lot of times what we do is |
|
171:14 | come up with a paleo symmetry curve it's like this this is a standard |
|
171:21 | that we would do. We have and persons decided based on all the |
|
171:27 | that I just told you about that middle neurotic and here it's outer critic |
|
171:33 | you know, these are the different depths and so you can see trends |
|
171:35 | you do it this way and this really deep water. So it looks |
|
171:39 | a flooding surface might have happened in . Maybe something else happened. What's |
|
171:45 | about this here, you can see gets deeper and deeper and then it |
|
171:52 | shallower and shallower. So that looks that looks like a transgressive event followed |
|
171:58 | um programmed ation. But here you a dramatic shift from from very shallow |
|
172:05 | to very deep water. And I a question mark on there because it's |
|
172:11 | you know that's kind of like hard explain that. But what do you |
|
172:15 | could cause that um. Mhm. creature changes are you get some of |
|
172:35 | things that you get with this, could be like it could be a |
|
172:38 | uh particularly at this surface maybe. but the thing is is uh you |
|
172:45 | see a normal sequence of going you know, here's kind of teetering |
|
172:51 | , but it kind of goes from outer heretic to middle bath feels so |
|
172:59 | that's okay. And then here you , you know, you don't always |
|
173:02 | all the components, but there's some in there. Here's definite gradation there |
|
173:09 | from here to here is gray gradation from here to here is slightly gradation |
|
173:14 | from here to here is very And that could be a fault in |
|
173:17 | well, it could be or it be a nonconformity, something something something |
|
173:23 | filled in that gap got eroded or was faulted out. Okay. And |
|
173:29 | this is from my P. Integrated paleontological system that had look up |
|
173:35 | just like what I showed you that that you saw with all the species |
|
173:38 | on it. And what is Uh There was a program that actually |
|
173:43 | at a table like that. And and compares it to the assemblages you |
|
173:48 | , and it plots out the most uh depth water depth and it always |
|
173:55 | the down dip thing because it could sliding downhill and but you can |
|
174:01 | when you have a bar like you can you can question whether it |
|
174:05 | was deeper or whether maybe this is . And the down depth transport isn't |
|
174:11 | . And uh these are uh outliers just didn't didn't fit in the |
|
174:19 | Okay. And so um you they just didn't look like they belonged |
|
174:23 | that assemblage. But this is like at a lot of numbers and coming |
|
174:29 | with the best guess for the water and that's kind of what you're going |
|
174:33 | be doing. What's the best So, the vertical sequence has changed |
|
174:41 | time. That's based on evolution and symmetry curve. And that's what this |
|
174:46 | . That's what this is. But sequence great in time, but not |
|
174:51 | space, that space is distribution. if I'm if everything is the same |
|
174:57 | , uh and I'm looking at things , I might be able to see |
|
175:02 | the same point in time. I be able to see shallow water uh |
|
175:08 | , middle, neurotic outer neurotic bath and then lower middle back, lower |
|
175:14 | feel and abyssal. And that would a faces map. So that that |
|
175:20 | might have a profile curve of water on there. But if you made |
|
175:24 | map of it, you flip it and it would look like uh you |
|
175:29 | that map that I was showing you way in the beginning that it was |
|
175:33 | different water depth zones in the You Okay, here's a pro grading |
|
175:43 | . We already saw one of these you can see pro gravitational sequences where |
|
175:48 | shallowing upwards, shallowing upwards. And you can also see coursing upwards in |
|
175:55 | in the log. So it's good see these kinds of trends when you |
|
175:58 | it like this and this water depth bars right here. The farther over |
|
176:08 | this way, the deeper it And here he did some water depth |
|
176:12 | cretaceous rework fossils. He's shown you and this. Okay, now we're |
|
176:25 | of getting back to this, but has something to do with what we're |
|
176:29 | see here. It's it's just a another diagram going looking at remember, |
|
176:39 | shown you a couple of these curves you have that curve with the fossils |
|
176:42 | . This is this is just trying show you what some of the uh |
|
176:48 | real important up here, oxygen minimum important here. Uh here you have |
|
176:55 | plants here, you have title mixing uh actually not only title but you |
|
177:01 | have storm mixing in things two. you get storms that actually that can |
|
177:09 | up pick up the soil and increase turbidity, increase the food resource in |
|
177:14 | water column because they eat all that that falls out uh from fish and |
|
177:20 | sorts of other things and things that and all that. So it gets |
|
177:25 | a tight mat down on the You know, the the resources can |
|
177:30 | sequestered. Like, like we try sequester carbon and turn into something. |
|
177:36 | if you have something that stirs it like this is showing you wait normal |
|
177:41 | base. But you can have storm base that picks it up and increases |
|
177:44 | amount of uh have nutrients that you in there. So that's like the |
|
177:53 | that you recognize in terms of a . But it's trying to show you |
|
177:57 | some of the environmental things are Here's normal salinity. Uh Here's here's |
|
178:03 | where the thermo clines mixed. This clear what a normal salinity when you |
|
178:08 | up here uh daily and seasonal fluctuations temperature and salinity have already explained |
|
178:13 | But this is a diagram from a recent publication, just kind of showing |
|
178:18 | what is impacting it. And here again, if you can't find something |
|
178:23 | your list in the in the you can come look at this slide |
|
178:29 | and look at the genera and he's of showing you from just looking at |
|
178:34 | general uh what the water depths could . And here you can see here's |
|
178:40 | critic here's upper bath, feel uh back and lower back. And who |
|
178:48 | what's in the abyss there. And since we haven't all had sequence |
|
179:01 | , I'm not gonna go in the track thing. But having said |
|
179:05 | you've already identified transgressive systems tracks just the basis of where you see the |
|
179:13 | deepening upwards versus where we've seen the shallowing would be a pro gravitational |
|
179:20 | And so that really and this gives more details on it from that |
|
179:25 | And the maximum flooding surface is going tell you what you see when you |
|
179:28 | that point. And uh so there'll a lot of things that you look |
|
179:33 | and here's the high stand systems But again, this, combined with |
|
179:39 | correlation, can help you figure out this really is. And this is |
|
179:45 | thing Pelino faces. Uh you have and pollen that are close to shore |
|
179:49 | you have wood fragments and stuff that close to shore. And uh as |
|
179:54 | go as you go farther and farther , you lose more of this |
|
180:00 | which is what this is. These like brown wood structure uh and less |
|
180:06 | as you get out here and here have the pollen can get way out |
|
180:11 | the, into the deeper water. but you start getting these things that |
|
180:15 | told you that live in the ocean which are dynasties. And uh and |
|
180:21 | algae is gonna be in here. of it sometimes gets transported down into |
|
180:26 | rivers. This somebody can look at slide and that's what faces is, |
|
180:30 | can see all these different components. with that that's the end. And |
|
180:39 | let me just since we're running out time. Let me pull up the |
|
180:47 | should be self explanatory, but it not. So I just want to |
|
180:51 | sure. Okay, so you're gonna these data sheets from a, |
|
181:08 | Okay. And you're going to have , this is from this, is |
|
181:16 | look up table that you read about wrote about and then you have a |
|
181:21 | that you can use for water depth . Okay. So you have |
|
181:29 | Yeah, you have one for plastic ems. And here's the sample |
|
181:34 | The depths you have benthic, this Benfica gluten, it cal Karius |
|
181:44 | And there's the chart. Okay, I have a lot of these versus |
|
181:51 | lot of those, what does that mean? Mm hmm. Does that |
|
182:05 | our shallow, Okay. If you a lot of these uh now remember |
|
182:13 | this thing is a deep water thing here. But most of the time |
|
182:17 | deep water in the assemblies are dominated by the Ag Lieutenants. Because because |
|
182:27 | , the shell survived. But also because they don't have to pull calcium |
|
182:32 | out of the water because it's gonna harder and harder as you go |
|
182:35 | Okay. Yeah, I can't remember they were Yeah. Now, now |
|
182:39 | , the very first benthic forum, showed you on their um with something |
|
182:46 | really good in the coast along the and really good in deep water. |
|
182:51 | good and deep water because of So most of the benefits though kind |
|
182:55 | indicate deep water. But in one we had a genius in that one |
|
183:01 | that was meant much uh was able survive because it could handle fluctuating salinity |
|
183:11 | in the shallow water. And there less things to compete against. And |
|
183:16 | other one, but it wasn't like elf idiom, but it also occurs |
|
183:20 | the deep water a lot of times we see these things we think they're |
|
183:24 | the deep water and not the shallow all. And but they can, |
|
183:30 | you know, this is the Most of these things are gonna be |
|
183:34 | water and most of these things are be shelf. So these are these |
|
183:39 | probably battle and these are like outer depending on what the water depth |
|
183:45 | These could be. Uh this could anywhere on the shelf until you look |
|
183:50 | it. Okay. And then the forums are here and you can look |
|
183:56 | them and uh I think where did put? I think I have um |
|
184:08 | , this is all I had to . Okay, we have very rare |
|
184:15 | rare. So very rare is Uh just to be sure, I |
|
184:20 | this follows, remember we had um lecture was it anyway, if you |
|
184:28 | a problem figuring it out. Uh me know. But count the very |
|
184:35 | is one. And the rarest And um what on earth was the |
|
184:49 | we got an S in there. see. Yeah. Okay. |
|
184:59 | Okay. Okay, you can make one make this one this one |
|
185:06 | And make that 14. Okay. this chart. Okay. On this |
|
185:19 | We have these and ours and that's . We have common make common. |
|
185:26 | make S. Four. So you're do counts. Yeah. Um And |
|
185:35 | may all change this. This is to kind of go over. But |
|
185:39 | think I think I have a scale the exercise itself and I haven't posted |
|
185:43 | exercise yet, but I'll get that weekend. Since it's a long |
|
185:49 | I'll get back this weekend for And you only want to work together |
|
185:53 | one of you could count up the for one chart and one could count |
|
185:57 | the numbers for the other chart. because at the end of the |
|
186:00 | what I want you to do, got a description here, but I |
|
186:04 | you to do simple diversity frantic to ratio. And fbc is four am |
|
186:13 | calcium F. B. A. illuminated. So make sure the |
|
186:17 | the carbonate ones are in the numerator the and the illuminated ones are in |
|
186:27 | denominator. Okay. And so here's chart right here. You may want |
|
186:40 | make your own chart, but you blow this up and plot it |
|
186:44 | Uh Here's the samples. Simple How many different things are in each |
|
186:50 | ? And so you'll come up with curve here. Okay. How many |
|
186:54 | species? Okay, Okay. And and for that, whoever counts one |
|
187:03 | , you could count the diversity for sample and then you can also count |
|
187:07 | many specimens and that sort of thing . So here you do the planting |
|
187:13 | the benthic to get a curve. here you do a carbonate overnight |
|
187:20 | And so the lower this number what would it probably mean? The |
|
187:28 | unit the ratio. So if this bigger relative to that, it's gonna |
|
187:37 | smaller. So gluten it reduces the of this number. You're probably getting |
|
187:44 | deeper water. Okay. Here is versus benthic. Okay. The lower |
|
187:53 | number goes, what's happening shallow? you're getting shallower you're getting. So |
|
188:01 | going to plot the opposite way. . Okay. And what is this |
|
188:06 | ? The deep the higher the what does it mean? What is |
|
188:12 | S simple diversity? It's the number . Well, it was in the |
|
188:19 | it was in the other thing that did. Now in a test, |
|
188:24 | might ask you what what he I might ask you what H is |
|
188:28 | I might ask you what S is diversity, but I'm not gonna have |
|
188:32 | calculated step to no one is Itty one is the probability of finding |
|
188:38 | because it is equitable. That's the It's a Shannon weaver information function Shannon |
|
188:45 | weaver information function kind of tells you it's um, relatively equitable. If |
|
188:53 | goes up, it gets higher and . The e actually looks really closely |
|
188:58 | equitable. Not if it's if it's , you know, necessarily even |
|
189:03 | but if it's equitable overall, it's it's just a different way of looking |
|
189:07 | it. Sometimes you get two you get slight perturbations in those curves |
|
189:12 | that usually tells you there's something dominant the assembly and that's why we have |
|
189:16 | two numbers. Because if it's really of whack, It doesn't pick it |
|
189:23 | in the Shannon Weaver information function. if you have something that's like 1000 |
|
189:27 | everything else is less than 10, going to really see it in the |
|
189:30 | bility number, it's gonna be really . You're not going to have to |
|
189:36 | that in this. And and I you to say thank you. |
|
189:41 | thank you. Thank you. so anyway, but um, one |
|
189:48 | I also want you to know is if you're thinking about all the data |
|
189:52 | we have in bio strategic fee and think about all these algorithms that we |
|
189:55 | apply to them. And you think if we use artificial intelligence to pull |
|
190:00 | of this together, we could have pretty powerful tool. So I'm hoping |
|
190:04 | you also get out of this uh that this is a field of |
|
190:09 | . It has a huge database that done properly, could could develop some |
|
190:14 | artificial intelligence, machine learning and data that could go a long way. |
|
190:19 | we haven't gotten we don't have enough in this. Two thirds of the |
|
190:24 | for me to go into cluster analysis and all sorts of things like |
|
190:29 | And you know, different similarity coefficients you use to make cluster analysis but |
|
190:34 | by themselves uh correlate uh uh correlation between samples is can be really, |
|
190:45 | useful things without doing a cluster. there's also a thing like prime network |
|
190:50 | we can put these assemblies together with least amount of change, which can |
|
190:55 | really dramatic too. And uh that into a lot of ecology slash paleoecology |
|
191:03 | and uh and other types of but I don't want to suffer you |
|
191:08 | that. What I'm what I'm hoping gotten out of my section is that |
|
191:13 | is a useful tool that we ought invest more money in in the |
|
191:18 | And I'm hoping that that you see now through the course of Having this |
|
191:25 | for about 15 years, I've had probably had a handful of people do |
|
191:29 | strategic fee cap stones. And one them, two of them did graphic |
|
191:35 | and some of them used the paleo curves and they did some really neat |
|
191:39 | with it. And uh and I've had somebody use those statistics uh with |
|
191:47 | types of statistics with uh different types elemental compositions in a in a in |
|
192:00 | spectral gamma log versus a regular gamma to figure out the source of |
|
192:04 | So there's a lot of these statistics don't just apply to to bio strategic |
|
192:09 | but can be used in a lot different things. Sure. And I'm |
|
192:18 | not 100% sure. But if I the exercise and seriously I've been trying |
|
192:25 | a week to get to this and haven't had a chance. But the |
|
192:28 | I did get to these lectures and updated them and got them to where |
|
192:33 | could see them. But the I get to look at this one. |
|
192:36 | if I had it to do over lecture would have us, it would |
|
192:39 | a an actual scale that we could . But unless you see something different |
|
192:45 | the exercise I post go ahead and , you know uh V. Is |
|
192:51 | here, I. C. F. Which I didn't see any |
|
192:53 | one. The V. Would be rare. Which would be one rare |
|
192:57 | be too F would be few, is three. Several would be at |
|
193:01 | four. And then the common make something like, what did I tell |
|
193:05 | for the common Tanya? Go ahead use 10 for that. So it |
|
193:11 | blow things off scale. And uh question mark, don't put anything there |
|
193:21 | unless that happens to be a good for a water depth indicator. And |
|
193:25 | might want to put it in there as a one to see if it |
|
193:29 | . That's uh that's something we do lot when we have something that's |
|
193:35 | If it, if it looks like supports the rest of the day we |
|
193:38 | , well, we're just going to that that's what it is. Even |
|
193:41 | there's a question mark on it because adds strength to what we're seeing. |
|
193:46 | uh bottom line is in terms this are really low counts. There's not |
|
193:54 | whole lot in this thing. And the ratios are gonna help you a |
|
194:00 | with the water depth. But I you to try to get through it |
|
194:03 | by helping each other. And um , one of you might want to |
|
194:14 | this kind of thing. Uh you , these are the sample numbers over |
|
194:19 | . One of you might wanna do kind of thing for the top five |
|
194:23 | the other one to the bottom five that can take a while to get |
|
194:27 | . And this is just showing you in general. They were able to |
|
194:32 | a donation at that at that. is these are different fossils by the |
|
194:38 | . This is a sample. And are the number of things that they |
|
194:41 | in there. And uh just looking that at that one and you |
|
194:46 | you've given an example, but I you to do it because if you |
|
194:50 | you look at the other genus table I showed you in that last lecture |
|
194:55 | the newer paper you might find some that this person didn't find. And |
|
195:00 | you might you might get better information than they did. But you can |
|
195:05 | here this is probably this sample is internet critic. The sample out here |
|
195:12 | probably out of narrative because he's got five things that are Out of an |
|
195:22 | with abundance event. It's only got that aren't there and only 12. |
|
195:27 | you know kind of even though it range from here to here it kind |
|
195:32 | looks like it's there kind of get I mean. It's not this is |
|
195:38 | absolute science. Now the the P. S. Program that I |
|
195:43 | talking to you about would do this of thing by looking at the data |
|
195:48 | against a thing that has the paleo indicators and it would pull them out |
|
195:56 | and count this up and figure out that would be the most probable and |
|
196:00 | would be the least probable. And might call call this an outlier. |
|
196:06 | it might even say it could be because it's deeper. But my rule |
|
196:11 | thumb is because this might be downslope . I would I often stay away |
|
196:17 | that. I try to look at I have something in the middle. |
|
196:22 | I might plot. This is their is their this is their and sort |
|
196:27 | make a summary that way myself There's there's different ways you can do |
|
196:32 | and with logic to kind of help uh kind of focus in on what |
|
196:37 | really is and is. Yes Okay. And one thing I'm sorry |
|
196:46 | didn't get to is more of the time I taught this class, I |
|
196:49 | know why I got uh I got more lectures in on the fossils. |
|
196:55 | uh and when I looked at the test I was changing some of the |
|
197:00 | I didn't see. I don't know my I didn't catch it, but |
|
197:04 | there were definitely two fossils in there I asked questions about that. I |
|
197:08 | I didn't explain very well. Okay so uh I'll send you I'll |
|
197:16 | a better job of the test next and I'll and I'll also send you |
|
197:19 | study guide and make sure that that got all the things that you need |
|
197:24 | that study guide for the test. sir. Thank you very much. |
|
197:30 | you. Okay and you guys have good weekend. I think I'm getting |
|
197:34 | tired of because we had a long . Getting back together was going to |
|
197:39 | into 25 30 but I'm getting really and I'm afraid I'm not going to |
|
197:44 | very useful, understandable. Okay. um I hope you guys have a |
|
197:52 | weekend. Um Good luck with Peter section and uh remember to pay a |
|
197:59 | of attention in the glass like you with mine and ask questions. I'm |
|
198:04 | that he'll appreciate it. And uh you do ask questions and he tells |
|
198:11 | their stupid questions, let me know that. Okay, I don't think |
|
198:16 | will, but you know, um know, he's he's he's really spending |
|
198:24 | time. The time that he's spending be a third of the course. |
|
198:27 | uh uh and I hope that he try to get you to learn enough |
|
198:32 | understand the whole course. But having that what's really important in his, |
|
198:38 | regular course should be what comes across was really important in my part of |
|
198:44 | course is that you understood the value these things, you understood the complexity |
|
198:51 | you understood that really important is that all the data in the fossil assemblage |
|
198:58 | really important if you can get your on it. And uh and also |
|
199:05 | , not just giving a lot of the paleontologist passes his report to the |
|
199:11 | and there's no thought about how it the geology. Uh I never did |
|
199:16 | because I always I always think it's tool that helps the geologists and |
|
199:21 | So I have to understand how it's . So integration of all those tools |
|
199:26 | important. You probably won't be biased , but if you ever talk to |
|
199:32 | , you need to ask him the questions like what does this mean? |
|
199:39 | water depth and then you can throw idea, you know, this looks |
|
199:43 | it's a pro grading wedge. This like, you know, make sure |
|
199:46 | he understands what his interpretation is actually to tell a geologist and the |
|
199:52 | Okay. I think I got that . Yes sir. You did definitely |
|
199:59 | . I think so. I really this teaching you guys um uh in |
|
200:06 | and even online the engagement seemed to really sincere and real and I really |
|
200:13 | that uh sometimes you didn't answer the , but that's okay because because I |
|
200:20 | expect you to know all these but sometimes even your wrong answers give |
|
200:25 | clues as to how I can explain better in the future and explain it |
|
200:29 | you when I give you the So take care, have a good |
|
200:34 | and I'll be seeing you later and gonna thank you, have a great |
|
200:38 | . What should we expect for the on Wednesday, is that going to |
|
200:42 | an online deal? Yeah, we do that online. You know? |
|
200:52 | I think doing one in class is . Um but I think because the |
|
200:59 | ones on Wednesday, I think it be easier on everybody to do it |
|
201:03 | . Okay, well, well if do it in class, you know |
|
201:07 | that means, Those of us that on the western side of Houston are |
|
201:12 | to have to deal with some tremendous . And so, uh, |
|
201:18 | uh, Megan also, I think pointed out that bus service on campus |
|
201:25 | , can take a lot of time Okay guys, be good. I'm |
|
201:32 | get out of here before I start things wrong. Okay. Thank |
|
201:37 | Dr donald, take care. sir. You too. Bye |
|