| 00:10 | Okay folks welcome. So we've got more days and then uh we cough |
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| 00:26 | spring break, okay um So today will thursday's um electric time will will |
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| 00:39 | be that long, I don't think 30 40 minutes or so talks just |
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| 00:46 | a little bit to do in terms the last part of the photo trophy |
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| 00:50 | leave for thursday. So um dates do uh you know to quiz. |
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| 00:58 | remember these unique quizzes are a little comprehensive, more lengthy. Right, |
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| 01:04 | questions, more time of course to it. So uh do the spring |
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| 01:11 | for the unit quiz. I just oh what the heck let's just make |
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| 01:14 | due on the 20th of of which is not this sunday which you |
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| 01:21 | accustomed to but after a week. um But but but the smart work |
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| 01:29 | due dates, those stay the so that will be the 13th For |
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| 01:33 | 13 and Chapter 14 Next following the ? Right, so those days, |
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| 01:40 | work days have changed but the will an extra week. Okay so uh |
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| 01:49 | see what else. So I think it. So today we're gonna finish |
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| 01:54 | 40 not not all of it, gonna we're gonna get up to, |
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| 01:57 | gonna talk a little bit about the of photo trophy, I think we'll |
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| 02:00 | there and then um do the rest thursday. So um what else? |
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| 02:11 | any questions about anything here we Yes. Oh yeah yeah it'll it'll |
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| 02:21 | thursday. Yeah you just you just that Lots of time if you don't |
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| 02:26 | to do it Thursday like 10 days guess if you want to finish it |
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| 02:30 | it will still open the one he does extra time. Okay. Um |
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| 02:37 | so let's uh recap. I didn't this to all come up at one |
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| 02:43 | but oh well let's look at the here first. Okay, so |
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| 02:52 | so kind of put this into Um Alright, so another respiration. |
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| 02:58 | ? Looking at um that's part of system. We've been looking at the |
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| 03:06 | source which is oxidized. Broken down steps. We capture those electrons as |
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| 03:15 | the form of these electron carriers and . D. H. Primarily those |
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| 03:20 | that would feed the electron transport Right? And then the arrangement of |
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| 03:26 | components in the chain. Um remember we're going from this, this is |
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| 03:31 | the reduction potential comes in. So you know the we're ranking though |
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| 03:41 | molecules on their ability to be an . How good are they? How |
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| 03:46 | being an except er Right. And used the design of the right negative |
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| 03:53 | potential. Bad acceptance. Okay. gonna be an except er you're gonna |
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| 04:00 | it to be an except er we're just gonna have to require energy. |
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| 04:05 | , so remember how we got the and delta G correlated write a negative |
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| 04:13 | negative reduction potential positive delta G. so um now you can't have a |
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| 04:22 | except that you saw that one problem looked at as long as that bad |
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| 04:27 | er is offset by really good. Not ready yet. Right, so |
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| 04:36 | so generally if it's bad at one it's good at the other. So |
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| 04:42 | acceptable can be in the but they . So but you have to remember |
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| 04:48 | reaction, right? Not one molecule be books. Right? So in |
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| 04:53 | N. A. D. what's already boxed in. Right? |
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| 04:57 | protons, right. Are bad except negative very negative reduction potential. But |
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| 05:06 | H to the product of that captions too. He's very good. |
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| 05:12 | Right, so bags up real good . Uh Both of course. |
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| 05:20 | so hydrogen is entirely very good releases a lot of energy in the |
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| 05:25 | . Okay, so uh you can away each what we call redox couple |
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| 05:33 | plus H two oxygen. That's And 11 part of that couple is |
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| 05:43 | accept reform. One part is the . So um any questions about |
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| 05:52 | Mhm. It's kind of a way think about this. Another basic way |
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| 05:56 | think about it. As I mentioned is a just think of the plus |
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| 06:02 | attraction to each other. Or the minus the results from each other. |
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| 06:09 | . Very negative. The reduction potential of negative charge doesn't like repelled by |
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| 06:16 | charge. Right? Right. It's positive. Right? That's going to |
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| 06:23 | that, that's partly etcetera. That's way to think about it as |
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| 06:27 | Okay, so um so arranging the . So it's about arranging strong donors |
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| 06:36 | defeated system. Right? And progressively , stronger except ours where the strongest |
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| 06:43 | be at the very end. Okay. I guess that will maintain |
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| 06:47 | flow. It's all about maintaining electron and that flow that because we know |
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| 06:52 | there's a delta G occurring from that you go from dollar to accept |
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| 06:58 | That energy is used to pump protons . Right? Like transfers energy from |
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| 07:04 | . Yeah. See now. So that that's a good segue to |
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| 07:08 | here now. Okay. proton motive . Right, Concentration difference, |
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| 07:16 | attraction. Those are the two forces draw and potentially draw programs in remember |
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| 07:23 | charged modules. Although small. When have an easy time getting it through |
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| 07:28 | hydrophobic. Right? So you provide chanted channels https for a T. |
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| 07:38 | . Center. So if you're Look back to the basic concept and |
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| 07:42 | about at the start Energy releasing process energy requires process one makes the other |
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| 07:53 | energy release to produce. So um the the concentration. So because ph |
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| 08:05 | , protons obviously are are the function ph right. So we have ph |
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| 08:12 | . We have a difference across the . So the delta P. |
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| 08:17 | Is that different. Right? And ph units for one difference. Ph |
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| 08:26 | to a 16 notable difference Across the 60 but it's not going to have |
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| 08:32 | these populations on this. I'll just you how kind of value you get |
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| 08:36 | , but more and more those things right the age you're going to be |
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| 08:41 | complicated of course. That's a size difference. You get positive outside. |
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| 08:50 | collectively all those forces are what the motive force and again and I'm being |
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| 09:00 | horses or start a broken record. ph rating only occurs right, cancel |
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| 09:09 | , electron source component, electron transfer . The trauma accepted all that. |
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| 09:15 | was all handed. Okay. And then uh down here is really just |
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| 09:21 | example of E. Coli and what looks like and its components. |
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| 09:27 | Um specifically and so um but the I've been talking about the same |
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| 09:34 | We're just looking at actual components in process here. Um and then |
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| 09:40 | Just this up here just to reiterate the arrangement of our donors to accept |
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| 09:46 | , we're going to a more from positive reducing potential to to a more |
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| 09:53 | a negative, more negative reducing potential a more positive, right, stronger |
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| 10:03 | stronger, accepted as we go left back. Right. Keeping the flow |
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| 10:06 | . Okay. So I think any . Alright. So um okay, |
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| 10:17 | I think we're going to cover All right, so just a little |
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| 10:22 | zoom in a little bit uh talking the A. T. P. |
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| 10:27 | . So um that's an example of nano motor. Molecular motor. |
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| 10:35 | Um I think they do. I they are using these things in a |
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| 10:41 | nanotechnology. I think in some aspects it because it's a protein that boobs |
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| 10:48 | rotates. And so um it's of fueled by the proton gradient. Protons |
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| 10:54 | through that brings about rotation of the . Okay. And so obviously it's |
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| 11:03 | very complex multi protein unit. Okay broken in two parts of the |
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| 11:11 | Zero which is embedded in the um and then the too soon F. |
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| 11:22 | . Okay. Which contains, that's the action happens so to speak with |
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| 11:26 | tps for correct multiple Soviets involved The best way to show this is |
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| 11:33 | through the animation. I'm going to you. One thing to note is |
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| 11:37 | so here you see protons that are through and then that movement these begin |
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| 11:44 | rotate. Okay and they're fixed to . It's called a rotor. Little |
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| 11:50 | going through here. Okay and as zero complex moves so does the rotor |
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| 12:02 | . Okay. And the other thing mention is the rotor itself is not |
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| 12:08 | it's not a cylinder. Okay. It's not completely round. Right? |
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| 12:14 | it has this teardrop kind of mhm to it and this rotates. Okay |
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| 12:24 | you can kind of see it the outline of to this cross section |
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| 12:29 | . Okay so what that means is a little pointer on the end when |
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| 12:34 | rotates it ultimately opens protein subject and the one behind it closes as it |
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| 12:41 | forward. It keeps doing that kind motion. Okay? So you see |
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| 12:45 | there's a bit of a space opens and see where the points at right |
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| 12:50 | . So this space here has opened . This one has closed behind |
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| 12:56 | Okay? And so as it it keeps it alternates open, then |
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| 13:00 | one behind closes and so forth. . And so when it opens, |
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| 13:05 | , that's where a DPM frustrate. explosives by an active site. |
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| 13:10 | In the inside. So it opens comes ADP and phosphate in the thick |
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| 13:14 | and it closes. All right. there's energy that then will allow it |
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| 13:18 | form a tps. Right? But still sitting there doesn't have to wait |
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| 13:22 | it moves again before you can open and then release. So it will |
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| 13:26 | hopefully much clearer when you look at animation, you don't need to describe |
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| 13:31 | in that detail but it was kind just kind of give you a visual |
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| 13:34 | let's look at the animation here. , so shut up. Okay, |
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| 13:47 | let's see if I can blow this . There we go. Alright, |
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| 13:51 | here's our number one. Get a gradient as you see there. |
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| 13:56 | lots of eight protons outside compared to . Um Let me speed this up |
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| 14:02 | little bit. So then There's our P synthesis obviously And some beautiful F |
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| 14:13 | F zero. Ok. That the are those units that will rotate. |
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| 14:22 | . And because they're attached to the , the gamma component, it will |
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| 14:28 | as well. There's kind of a section now and and we close it |
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| 14:36 | again and so there you see the occurring. Okay. So as the |
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| 14:41 | part rotates, so does the Okay, as protons flow through and |
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| 14:46 | you see a TPM prostrate down below of coming in and out. |
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| 14:50 | so let's focus on what's going on there here. Okay. So here |
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| 14:58 | see, how did that teardrop shape that? They call it an |
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| 15:03 | I called the rotor same thing. , so turn the pointy part is |
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| 15:08 | keeps the site open here comes to and phosphate. Okay. And I'm |
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| 15:15 | obviously on on this part here. , so all right, so it |
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| 15:22 | and it closes. Okay. And you see another one come in there |
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| 15:29 | you see a teepee form right Okay then opens again and now we |
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| 15:35 | exit. Okay, so it's this opening closing and as that happens active |
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| 15:39 | exposed 1818 come in forming TP then and so forth and on and |
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| 15:46 | There we go. Okay, so so the one of the questions then |
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| 15:56 | what about protons coming in https are actually getting in this process? |
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| 16:04 | so this is I think they have with e coli Okay. And of |
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| 16:11 | these are average values. And so like for every eight protons that are |
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| 16:17 | okay out for each N. D. H. So A. |
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| 16:22 | . H. More NBA oxidized gives electrons. You get eight protons pumped |
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| 16:30 | . OK then For three that come . Okay through the 80 p3 protons |
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| 16:38 | back in you get an A. . P. Okay one a teepee |
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| 16:44 | three protons coming back down and reading the gps. So you do the |
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| 16:50 | . Right so um the protons cancel and you have a tps per in |
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| 16:55 | th okay comes out to about 32.67 mask but about three. Okay |
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| 17:05 | A. D. H. 21 hands. Ok. For F. |
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| 17:09 | . D. H. Oxidized. um The lesser amount of S. |
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| 17:14 | . D. H. Is because there's only one proton pump associated with |
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| 17:20 | . There's two associated with an D. H. Okay so um |
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| 17:26 | then remember and this I'm gonna everything tallied up next slide but just remember |
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| 17:32 | in the process of black causes so We produce 10 of these. OK |
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| 17:39 | produced I think two of these. so this comes out to be about |
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| 17:49 | . Okay We multiply that together. . Okay here Um so about 30 |
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| 18:01 | or so a lot. Right so per ultimately per mole of glucose But |
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| 18:10 | look at the well before we talk that just briefly. Right this of |
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| 18:15 | is we're talking to talking about proton pump. Right? The same mechanism |
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| 18:19 | exist for certain bacteria where they may sodium mines as well. Okay and |
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| 18:28 | um Harold Files isn't obvious one mayor they live in high salt concentration. |
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| 18:35 | they evolved a pump that can exploit because it's so plentiful. Okay in |
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| 18:42 | environment so you still gonna pump. it's the same methods right? Moves |
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| 18:46 | loose the rotor and produces a It's just based on sodium. Certain |
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| 18:52 | types um bacterium that causes cholera for when it causes play. These can |
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| 19:02 | uh protons but can use sodium as . Um pathogens of course that may |
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| 19:08 | your body and certain types of your has a high level of sodium and |
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| 19:14 | bacteria that patterns have evolved a way exploit that. And use sodium because |
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| 19:19 | the high concentration as a way to there. The pump is a |
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| 19:25 | Okay so um so telling up everything that we talked about so far in |
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| 19:34 | process. Right? So differentiate between level cross relation oxidative process relations. |
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| 19:40 | so top that but again the four , right? So um 80 P |
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| 19:47 | substrate level. Foster relations twice in like analysis uh and the Krebs cycle |
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| 19:54 | a total of four obviously. And oxidative cross correlation. So the electronic |
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| 20:01 | that were forming reduced electron carriers. so a total of 10 and |
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| 20:06 | Okay so we just went through the just a second ago. And so |
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| 20:13 | Just this tally of 30. And realistically it's a range. |
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| 20:23 | Um Usually uh bacteria will not um the maximum amount. Okay. Because |
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| 20:33 | are using that gradient for other for other than just going through an |
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| 20:39 | Okay. So it doesn't all equate to absolute numbers of a tps. |
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| 20:46 | . So more realistic values or something in the upper teens to low twenties |
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| 20:54 | 17 to 22. Maybe somewhere in is more realistic because you can use |
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| 21:00 | to help transport molecules in around the to to move the flood yelling if |
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| 21:05 | motile these other things. So it's for other purposes. Okay. But |
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| 21:11 | , it's you know, the gradient right potential energy going down the gradient |
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| 21:17 | release of energy. You can you use that certainly to make a |
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| 21:20 | So we can also use that to molecules in or out of the cell |
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| 21:23 | require energy to do it. Another thing. So that's that's the |
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| 21:27 | of that. Great. It is for that, correct? So um |
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| 21:32 | right. Any questions. Sure. here's the question. Alright, so |
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| 21:41 | a look. All right. You've three choices. A. B and |
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| 21:47 | . Is gonna take us into the section here in anaerobic respiration. |
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| 21:52 | so this is a sulfur cycle. know, we don't we don't cover |
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| 21:57 | cycle but it would be a good . Okay so it's a the aero |
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| 22:03 | . The R. O. R. O. B. Which |
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| 22:05 | anaerobic respiration. 100% sure. I'm sorry. A. Is the |
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| 22:30 | ? There's there's three areas, Here's one. Mm hmm. Hold |
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| 22:37 | . Here is one. Here's one there is one. Yeah. |
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| 23:30 | 10 seconds. Mhm. Okay. . See, respiration. Okay. |
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| 23:51 | who answered? Eight? Hey Hey man, that's right. I |
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| 23:58 | you did because there was sort There's people after day. So who answered |
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| 24:06 | ? Why did you answer that? uh so what told you that we're |
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| 24:23 | the right track? Right. Is the correct answer. Okay. |
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| 24:29 | you could Although I'm not gonna have look up oxidation states of molecules. |
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| 24:36 | . The organization state of sulfur and is actually plus six In H two |
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| 24:43 | It's -2. Right. So what in respiration? Just basic. What |
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| 24:51 | in with oxygen? What's it? it receiving electrons goodness gracious. You've |
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| 24:59 | up with that in two nanoseconds. , electrons reduced to aquatic terminal |
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| 25:05 | Alright, so in this example the sulfur sulfate is the terminal |
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| 25:13 | becomes reduced to sulfide. Okay. so of course it's receiving electrons |
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| 25:22 | Right. In the process of Okay. Um B and C. |
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| 25:31 | both oxidation. Okay, so um being fear, oxidation is what kind |
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| 25:44 | metabolic type is doing that. But metabolic is probably doing that anybody. |
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| 25:56 | hmm fermentation. Mhm. Yeah. know Uh maybe. But I'm thinking |
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| 26:09 | what's not not in terms of but in terms of it's being |
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| 26:16 | Right? So this is being oxidized this and then this is being |
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| 26:23 | That means what what happens to glucose ? The oxidized? Alright. What |
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| 26:33 | the glucose? What would use H s. That's a trust. |
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| 26:44 | With the trucks. So they would those kind of inorganic compounds. |
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| 26:49 | So, so for cycles one much nitrogen cycle uh not heavily bacterial. |
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| 26:57 | they certainly the bottom half of So this term. Well, this |
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| 27:01 | a terminal C as well as we on today is assimilate. Okay, |
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| 27:08 | any kind of process that's a similar is one that yields a Michler component |
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| 27:16 | the cell will hold onto. It incorporate into his bio madness. |
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| 27:21 | so um plants bacteria can assimilate sulfate incorporated into their organic molecules. |
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| 27:30 | He, sulfur, sulfur is right? That's for uh Male |
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| 27:35 | right? Just 16 Martini, Need sulfur to make those. And |
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| 27:41 | we humans like most of our nutrients get our stuff from our organic molecules |
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| 27:48 | from proteins and things consume right proteins N. S. That's kind of |
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| 27:57 | where we get our hours. Um anyway, so the focus here is |
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| 28:04 | anaerobic respiration. Okay, so Alright, maybe cornball corny. |
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| 28:10 | I always do my little just like to transport chain. Right. I'm |
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| 28:14 | the membrane. Okay. what's Okay, we're focusing on this back |
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| 28:21 | terminal except er Right, is So fate is it nitrate? |
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| 28:29 | Something other than oxygen. So we're on this end. Right. Not |
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| 28:35 | . This is the donor part. . There's the except er part down |
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| 28:41 | terminal, acceptable. Right, up here, up front would be |
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| 28:49 | little trough. That's maybe oxidizing H S Okay, those electrons are then |
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| 28:55 | to the electron transport chain. we're focusing respiration is about anaerobic is |
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| 29:01 | at the end? Something other than . What is it? Okay, |
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| 29:05 | , with the e coli remember Nikolai one of those that can do it |
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| 29:09 | respiration. Anaerobic fermentation. Okay, so if you're gonna have that versatile |
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| 29:18 | metabolism, then you're gonna have to a plethora of different proteins that can |
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| 29:27 | with those molecules. Okay, so got nico has right, a number |
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| 29:34 | side of chrome's. Right, remember terminal cited chrome's that will work with |
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| 29:40 | . Okay, but we have some are specific for nitrate, nitrite bio |
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| 29:48 | humor rate. So that's why it's versatile. Right, so we can |
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| 29:53 | aerobically, obviously this aerobic respiration. , These are all forms of anaerobic |
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| 30:05 | . And so we competed. donors right here, the downers different |
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| 30:10 | you can speed into it. Okay of course, would originate from in |
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| 30:19 | th from oxidation of things like glucose sugar and other sugars and yada |
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| 30:24 | Right. Who formed in th in in that process? Okay. But |
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| 30:29 | can be as simple as using Okay, one step virtually. |
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| 30:37 | Remember that conform these any dhs Right, Those come from black colleges |
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| 30:42 | sell reparation, right? Krebs cycle , all that stuff. So um |
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| 30:48 | same is true for any any It's gonna have to have the components |
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| 30:53 | interact with those specific. Uh Um And being a nitrate respiration is |
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| 31:02 | common form of anaerobic respiration. Nitrate is pretty good as a terminal |
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| 31:08 | er has a weed out potential. the same as auction but it's it's |
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| 31:12 | good. Okay. And a lot your e coli relatives can do |
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| 31:18 | your salmon mila's your loneliness. Your intro factor a lot of strange to |
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| 31:25 | and laugh. Okay, they can this. So you measured this. |
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| 31:32 | know, you're going to do that lab eight. It's coming up. |
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| 31:34 | gonna do the nitrates reduction test that for actually test for the ability to |
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| 31:39 | nitrate as a terminal, accepted. but anyway, um So I just |
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| 31:45 | this in only don't memorize these All right. They're not even in |
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| 31:49 | notes. So but you can look oxidation states. Right of the nitrogen |
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| 31:57 | . Natural sulfur compounds very calm. forms of nitrogen sulfur are used as |
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| 32:04 | except ours. Okay, they can be used up front as well. |
|
| 32:09 | . So some of these farms are oxidized forms. Right? So oxidation |
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| 32:16 | . Right, nitrate et cetera. , these these would be forms and |
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| 32:22 | would be Excuse me. Yeah, reduced. Okay, these forms down |
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| 32:30 | right? Would be oxidized because of think of it as being electron |
|
| 32:38 | Right? Ammonium ion, right? Oxidation State. Okay, So it |
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| 32:47 | a supply of electrons oxidize it. give up electrons. Right? So |
|
| 32:51 | . Those electrodes can use ammonia, ? Oxidize it get electrons and then |
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| 32:55 | that to fuel their supply the electron chain. Right? Something like |
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| 33:01 | Right. Very high oxidation state plus . All right. So you are |
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| 33:08 | gonna that's not gonna be something good oxidize. Okay. So it will |
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| 33:13 | at the end. Right, reduce give it electrons. Okay, So |
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| 33:22 | trade as a terminal except er it room to give it to hold |
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| 33:28 | Right? So, um to reduce . Okay, um and similarly with |
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| 33:35 | , right, the same plan, it internal except er Right. Um |
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| 33:44 | then conversely H two S so Right, this guy. Alright, |
|
| 33:53 | because it's I use the term electron . Right? Think of that negative |
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| 34:00 | full of electrons oxidized. He's at source. Okay. So, um |
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| 34:08 | if we look at nitrogen and sulfur accepted. So, you know, |
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| 34:11 | gonna in about 10 minutes. We're have the same compounds. Okay, |
|
| 34:18 | donors. Okay, so forms are as except ear's at the end. |
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| 34:24 | forms are used as donors upfront. reduced forms upfront. More oxidized forms |
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| 34:30 | the end. Okay. And so so again we talked about a stimulatory |
|
| 34:38 | . This similar Torrey processes these the molecule component that's formed hold on hold |
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| 34:46 | becomes part of the biomass. All . Maybe a building block to make |
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| 34:51 | . Okay. If it's a discriminatory goes away it doesn't hold on. |
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| 34:56 | part of the goes into the Okay. And so these alternate among |
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| 35:03 | different metabolic types. Okay, so kind of the continuum of nitrate nitrite |
|
| 35:13 | oxide, nitrous oxide, nitrogen. . These can be components of a |
|
| 35:19 | ordered reparation. Thanks nitrate being reduced or nitrite nitric oxide. Generally bacteria |
|
| 35:26 | do this don't have all all of capabilities. But they may have a |
|
| 35:30 | of these. Okay, there's nitrate nitrite nitrite nitric oxide. Okay. |
|
| 35:35 | they don't necessarily have all of Okay um Now in the nitrogen cycle |
|
| 35:42 | not gonna spend a lot of time we're going to talk about it at |
|
| 35:44 | start of unit three. Okay. just to mention that the importance of |
|
| 35:51 | is it's just it's just critical to life on earth. Okay because you |
|
| 35:57 | have to go back to ecosystems. are the foundations of ecosystems? Primary |
|
| 36:02 | . Right. Plant plants, intellectual , allergy santa, bacteria in the |
|
| 36:10 | ecosystems. And what do they what they need? They need they need |
|
| 36:14 | like phosphorous and nitrogen. Right. need these minerals to draw. |
|
| 36:20 | And they can only get them from kind of activity. Okay. And |
|
| 36:23 | bacteria primarily that drives all three corners this thing. Okay. And so |
|
| 36:31 | starting with N. Two in the the atmosphere. What 70% nitrogen in |
|
| 36:36 | atmosphere? Um fixation brings it into . Okay. But aquatic for |
|
| 36:44 | Okay. And so now this morning because nothing else can use nitrogen accept |
|
| 36:50 | types of bacteria. Right? And fix it. And the primary primary |
|
| 36:56 | over here is bacterial associations with plants symbiotic. Um So then assimilate into |
|
| 37:09 | . Alright then it's little trophy notification the process. Little trophies. Little |
|
| 37:15 | do this. Okay so oxidizing. is oxidation of ammonia to nitrite, |
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| 37:21 | to nitrate. Okay. And then what we're focused on this is the |
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| 37:26 | that's anaerobic restoration. This is what are focusing on right now. It's |
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| 37:31 | that arms up here as terminal except okay, eventually getting to end |
|
| 37:41 | Okay that's why it's demystification is dissimilar because in two we'll leave. |
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| 37:51 | So it's a it's called dissimilar De magnification. Okay. Um But |
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| 38:00 | these different species nitrate nitrite etcetera are used as criminal acceptance. Okay. |
|
| 38:10 | Now with sulfur compounds. Okay so it yeah different types of sulfur |
|
| 38:18 | Very common uh in marine ecosystems. because of the high concentration of sulfur |
|
| 38:27 | marine water compared to terrestrial freshwater Okay, um sulfur is just |
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| 38:35 | I can't remember the number of the of my head but it's it's definitely |
|
| 38:38 | than in freshwater systems for sure. so you see a lot of things |
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| 38:43 | sulfur reduction activities in bacteria. Um so here's the continuum of let's just |
|
| 38:53 | this out of the way of sulfur . Okay, here sulfate. |
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| 39:01 | just so fine. So most oxidized sulfate to most reduced form sulfide. |
|
| 39:09 | . And the different ones in And so um so this activity is |
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| 39:14 | common in these underwater vents called thermal sometimes called black smokers. Because I |
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| 39:23 | of these things as being volcanoes under in the depths of the ocean. |
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| 39:29 | the volcanoes were active in spewing out and molecules rich in iron hydrogen sulfide |
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| 39:38 | . 02. For sure. And this sets up a unique ecosystem |
|
| 39:46 | both in terms of the types of types of the present and temperature um |
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| 39:54 | types those that are very that are filic that are not so firma filic |
|
| 39:59 | at the opening of this mouth it's pouring out. It's hot. Superheated |
|
| 40:06 | . Right? So you actually set a grading along the mouth of that |
|
| 40:11 | . Right? The temperature grading very here, the mouth. So hypothermia |
|
| 40:16 | kind of live there then thermal Music files. So you're gonna have |
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| 40:20 | a collection of both bacteria and archaea together in these environments. And so |
|
| 40:29 | speaking you then have little trophy. so things like hydrogen. These these |
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| 40:35 | the compounds here being oxidized. Okay electrons. Right? These are the |
|
| 40:42 | sources. Okay. And these will electron transport chain. Right. |
|
| 40:52 | Okay. And uh the so for okay are one group that will boxes |
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| 41:04 | like hydrogen sulfide. Okay. And remember Luther tropes are generally also |
|
| 41:11 | Right? So they're gonna fix 02. Alright. That's gonna be |
|
| 41:14 | they get their carbon. Okay. so if it reduces then come into |
|
| 41:21 | because they'll take the sulfate and reduce to so you have all these kind |
|
| 41:29 | mixed metabolisms and interaction going on. is what we call Sin trophy. |
|
| 41:34 | so it kind of means feeding So things being given up products being |
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| 41:39 | off by one type are used by any source. So this happens all |
|
| 41:43 | time in the environment between bacteria What happened? Okay. And so |
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| 41:52 | this activity because of the Fixation of two which will produce organic molecules of |
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| 42:00 | in the autotrophs. Um this can to another symbiotic relationship between these organisms |
|
| 42:07 | these guys. Okay these are called tube worms. Okay. And around |
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| 42:14 | vents there'll be like a whole football almost soccer field, picture sport full |
|
| 42:22 | these things. Just like a Okay now these aren't I don't think |
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| 42:29 | are very temperature tolerance and they can like, you know, hyper thermal |
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| 42:35 | temps but they're gonna be you at some distance from the mouth. |
|
| 42:38 | they're but they're just like a long things everywhere. And they have relationships |
|
| 42:43 | these um bacteria that do these Especially these guys. Okay. That |
|
| 42:51 | um or the sulfur reduces, Excuse here. And both types and they |
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| 42:57 | be on the tropes and they'll fix to produce organic material. That's what |
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| 43:00 | worms feed off or the or the material produced as a result of the |
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| 43:06 | two fixation. So again, it be they can be numerous in these |
|
| 43:11 | , especially the exact events because events better supplying the sources for these |
|
| 43:16 | Okay. And the Ceo to of , so um and of course it |
|
| 43:22 | very gets very smoky and cloudy because things are spewing out this material. |
|
| 43:27 | so it can be this is obviously clear picture, but and realistically it |
|
| 43:32 | be just covered in black smoke because the stuff coming out of these these |
|
| 43:37 | anytime. So um when driven brilliant large part by these these sulfur sulfur |
|
| 43:45 | and that sulfur metabolism. Okay, Okay, so the last part of |
|
| 43:53 | respiration deals with this is a situation often see in wetland environments. |
|
| 44:02 | so um there will be a Okay. Of the spiral types. |
|
| 44:11 | , a robot on top two different of anaerobic respiration underneath. Okay. |
|
| 44:20 | so from an environmental standpoint, you you can measure lots of things. |
|
| 44:25 | obviously you can measure take a ph and go out to measure ph there's |
|
| 44:29 | a probe that measures reduction potential. . And that will give you an |
|
| 44:36 | of the how anaerobic and environment is ? Because the environment is very |
|
| 44:46 | What would you say your reduction potential meaning would be in terms of positive |
|
| 44:54 | more. It's super anaerobic. It be a more there's a super arrogant |
|
| 45:07 | of my throat in there. Plus three or -3. What? Sure |
|
| 45:14 | that? Yes. No. Why wouldn't it be a cost of |
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| 45:26 | ? Is your constant reducing? Because what's the most positive standard reduction |
|
| 45:31 | ? What market at the very bottom the table? Oxygen secret positive production |
|
| 45:42 | . Highest 8 20 Nobles. Mhm. So the second programming environment |
|
| 45:49 | it's reading negative can the opposite? gonna be anaerobic. Okay, so |
|
| 45:56 | gonna be positive up here. negative down here. Check. So |
|
| 46:06 | so it's going to influence what types to be able to work in those |
|
| 46:12 | potentials. Right? Obviously oxygen is to be super happy at the very |
|
| 46:18 | . Right. I'm gonna be very at the bottom. Okay, so |
|
| 46:24 | so we have this hierarchy then of different types. So we have below |
|
| 46:31 | comes nitrate. Right? If you at the table, right? It's |
|
| 46:38 | . Great positive nitrate. Not as a little less so right. And |
|
| 46:42 | keep running more negative. And so like manganese and iron. Right, |
|
| 46:48 | more toward the negative side. The the thing about metal reduction, |
|
| 46:54 | So metal components that are part of terminal except ear's they can bring it |
|
| 46:58 | make the because metals tend to be be insoluble in in more oxidized |
|
| 47:06 | Right? So making it more making them reduced tends to make it |
|
| 47:09 | pliable. And so um that you know, help the ecosystem |
|
| 47:14 | right? They can that can then that available to others in the |
|
| 47:18 | So that can be an important Again, a similar story. |
|
| 47:22 | Cemetery reduction means the process needs that molecule being part of the violence |
|
| 47:29 | becomes incorporated into its molecules. uh the very bottom you see towards |
|
| 47:35 | bottom you see sulfate reducers and Right? But this is a process |
|
| 47:40 | . Okay, methane production Which is actually more dangerous greenhouse gas than co |
|
| 47:48 | . Okay. Um is a process is very sensitive to oxygen poisoned. |
|
| 47:56 | actions will not operate in any hint oxygen present. Okay. And it |
|
| 48:01 | tends to be a process that's really the bottom bottom wrong in terms of |
|
| 48:06 | away from any 02 exposure. very negative reduction potential because Sio two |
|
| 48:13 | a very poor acceptance. Okay, by being such a very data reduction |
|
| 48:20 | , it works okay. Um So , these all represent to bring this |
|
| 48:28 | . These all represent forms of anaerobic . All right. So we're looking |
|
| 48:40 | reserved mental magic diagram, Right? we're looking at what's electrons flowing right |
|
| 48:46 | this way? What is it what's down there? What's the terminal? |
|
| 48:50 | er Right, that's what we're looking here. What's at the end now |
|
| 48:55 | we're looking at, what's feeding We assume something is feeding it |
|
| 49:01 | So we're looking at what's what's the , what's what's happening down there? |
|
| 49:07 | . Um Any questions? Yeah. ? Uh it's um this is |
|
| 49:18 | 02, CO2 and effective Seo So that's how it gets its carbon |
|
| 49:23 | also can get his energy from that well. That's why it's but only |
|
| 49:32 | it's at a in a very unique of being supplied. I think hydrogen |
|
| 49:39 | is part of it. So they're be around or hydrogen gas as president |
|
| 49:43 | last around around other fermenters which are current economic environment as well. And |
|
| 49:48 | the fact that it's a very negative potential, that's what allows it to |
|
| 49:52 | . Okay, the question. Yeah. No, nobody. I |
|
| 49:59 | him. Okay. Um Alright, let's look at. So this is |
|
| 50:07 | end of the 14th, part I guess it was that's how I |
|
| 50:11 | it down. Um So we're gonna at um this trophy will be most |
|
| 50:19 | photo trophy for next time. But focus Lebanon little trophy. So um |
|
| 50:26 | again, the energy yielding reactions. ? So for us Herod approach us |
|
| 50:35 | organic rose. Right? It was these complex organic molecules like sugars, |
|
| 50:45 | , proteins. Right? What Right. Um And then the product |
|
| 50:51 | those oxidation right? Where the formation N A D E H Wright. |
|
| 50:58 | chain. The whole punk making Right. So with this little trophy |
|
| 51:04 | same thing as chemo autotrophs means the thing. Um It's inorganic inorganic sources |
|
| 51:13 | feeding the process of oxidation of inorganic . So but everything else is the |
|
| 51:23 | , right? For the most Okay. So the source is different |
|
| 51:27 | the rest of it the mechanism, , electron transfer chain. The program |
|
| 51:32 | you know that doesn't change. Just sources. What's changing? So so |
|
| 51:36 | we just united all the preparation, ? We were focused on this right |
|
| 51:43 | . We're focusing on this. And so it's going to represent um |
|
| 51:51 | reduced forms of the molecules. So , we look at nitrogen and sulfur |
|
| 51:57 | , right? But the ones that gonna participate as electron sources are going |
|
| 52:01 | be the more reduced forms your your hydrogen cell phone. Alright. |
|
| 52:08 | are gonna be the flaws that will oxidized. Okay. And the final |
|
| 52:13 | um did you mentioned Pirated. Is the Donut Ceo to be |
|
| 52:22 | Okay. So again all these guys groups here autotrophs. Right fix |
|
| 52:29 | 0. 2. Sure. So All right. So in terms of |
|
| 52:39 | continuum of nitrogen compounds it's ammonia. . Um Oxidized oxygen reduced oxygen terminal |
|
| 52:49 | er uh is a comic as an . Right? As part of that |
|
| 52:55 | 19 trying it. And so it form nitrite nitrous and nitric acid |
|
| 53:06 | Okay very acidic. And products. . Where this is a problem or |
|
| 53:13 | it can be a problem is in areas that are putting fertilizer. Okay |
|
| 53:22 | excessive fertilization can lead to a lot bad things and one of them is |
|
| 53:29 | excess of this notification activity. Okay we're putting a lot of fertilizer and |
|
| 53:34 | of course contains ammonia contains phosphate. two of the most probably important um |
|
| 53:44 | minerals that living that's in shortage in in most environments. And so when |
|
| 53:50 | present in excess that will cause certain to blow up in terms of |
|
| 53:54 | Right? That can handle sometimes bad . We'll talk about that in the |
|
| 53:58 | unit. But um but sort of fertilizer can lead to excess notification which |
|
| 54:04 | lead to excess and products. So can Acidifying the soil which may not |
|
| 54:09 | a good thing. Not not not plants like the acidic soil. So |
|
| 54:16 | the sulfur oxidation. Okay so because end product event is also acidic. |
|
| 54:24 | if uric acid. Okay um many these bacteria course are also a |
|
| 54:32 | cinephiles love acidic conditions, they have have acidic conditions to grow If somebody |
|
| 54:38 | grow down the near p one in cases. Okay. And so this |
|
| 54:42 | due to the oxidation of sulfide hydrogen to sulfate. Okay. Um the |
|
| 54:51 | and sulfur are also part of corrosive of conditions where um structures man made |
|
| 55:02 | like bridges, peers and things that iron in them can corrode due to |
|
| 55:11 | metabolism. Okay, the here so oxidation the presence of iron um we |
|
| 55:19 | uh pyrite which is F es tu iron sulfide. It's oxidized to sulfate |
|
| 55:26 | again you see the level of acidity produced. Okay. And so that |
|
| 55:33 | be destructive as well. Certainly quantity right having ph university PhD and |
|
| 55:39 | Of course we have fish kills and like that. You can also actually |
|
| 55:44 | the other way. Okay. And can be um oxidized and see what's |
|
| 55:52 | reaction can be uh um oxidized and reduced. So we actually go back |
|
| 56:00 | way. Okay. And these two combine. And what happens is if |
|
| 56:07 | structure containing iron right? It takes takes using iron from the structure whether |
|
| 56:12 | a bridge or a girder or a beam or something containing iron then it |
|
| 56:18 | oxidize the iron and reduce the And that will be the destruction of |
|
| 56:24 | structure as well. So you can iron and sulfur can participate in the |
|
| 56:29 | of these destructive um reactions either using in the in the structure as a |
|
| 56:37 | of electrons and oxidizing it or metabolism creates a high ph that can also |
|
| 56:43 | corrosive. So, uh in in the offshore oil, offshore platforms, |
|
| 56:52 | oil. Um this social reduction is problem in filing the piping. That's |
|
| 57:01 | old traveling through. And so uh that's a big issue in oil and |
|
| 57:08 | industry, all types of chemicals down to kind of alleviate the filing that |
|
| 57:15 | do. So it's it's a big getting rid of these things and these |
|
| 57:20 | oil platforms where they're coming for Um All right, let's see. |
|
| 57:29 | , let's say someone wanted to put here, it's kind of a |
|
| 57:34 | Um sulfur compounds, you kind of them in context as as a source |
|
| 57:43 | electrons and as a terminal except er , so, with nitrogen compounds, |
|
| 57:51 | , That's a trophy notification. they can assimilate these components, |
|
| 57:57 | Um using massive nitrogen source. so more democratization to nitrite to |
|
| 58:06 | The more so, of course, represent the moral reduced forms become oxidized |
|
| 58:13 | now we have the more oxidized forms become reduced. Okay, so these |
|
| 58:18 | will serve as terminal except ear's Okay, then we can close the |
|
| 58:26 | because in two at the end can fixed. Right? That that's part |
|
| 58:31 | that triangle, nitrogen triangle into Okay, now, one thing we |
|
| 58:36 | talk about, but we will next in the next next year. But |
|
| 58:40 | can also have nitrate reduction. Okay don't worry about it too much |
|
| 58:46 | but because I repeat it, you be tested on it. But nitrate |
|
| 58:50 | can also occur to form ammonia. what we call a modification reactions. |
|
| 58:57 | that that's actually and a similar story . So you can balance dissimilar Torrey |
|
| 59:03 | with a similar story process. So trick can be reduced to ammonia. |
|
| 59:07 | of course the soul will use that as an end source directly. |
|
| 59:15 | so with sulfur compounds similarly oxidized and forms. Alright, so find this |
|
| 59:23 | faith can be assimilated. Okay. anaerobic information that can be more oxidized |
|
| 59:31 | forms. Right, terminal accepted. . And uh they become reduced |
|
| 59:38 | Two S can be um also you know? And then oxidized |
|
| 59:47 | So. Absolutely. Right. So have a similar story processes, discriminatory |
|
| 59:52 | . But remember it's all about you , they're getting sick of this. |
|
| 59:56 | this diagram But it's really about. role are they playing? Okay. |
|
| 60:04 | they don't perform here? Except reform . Okay. And the accept reforms |
|
| 60:12 | really these here. Whether it's we're here. Okay, donor forms |
|
| 60:22 | here. Okay. So kind of way to differentiate these things because I |
|
| 60:28 | one can get confused and differentiating. this is what's feeding the process. |
|
| 60:34 | is what's coming at the end. . So kind of Mhm. Get |
|
| 60:38 | straight in your head. Okay, Any questions this point? Okay, |
|
| 60:48 | right. Um if I didn't see hand, just shout. Okay, |
|
| 60:55 | , so 100 hydra General trophy. this is gonna be a little but |
|
| 60:59 | can be a bit of a sticky . Okay, so, um so |
|
| 61:09 | . So hydrogen trophy is one of things that is categorized in his little |
|
| 61:19 | . Okay, because it is an compound that's being oxidized. So that |
|
| 61:24 | itself says Little Trophy. Okay, the oddball comes in is where you |
|
| 61:32 | this seemingly little trophy process in a trophy. Okay, So, as |
|
| 61:41 | said before, using hydrogen gas as source of energy by oxidizing the |
|
| 61:50 | It's very common in my many E coli can use that, |
|
| 61:53 | But e coli is ahead of Right, No doubt about it. |
|
| 61:57 | right. Um so that's why hydrogen kind of fits has kind of this |
|
| 62:03 | to it. Okay, so, it's it's it yields a lot of |
|
| 62:07 | , which is why it's very popular pathway. Okay, and so it |
|
| 62:14 | shows kind of four different examples of hydrogen as a as a donor of |
|
| 62:22 | . Right? Whether it's um aerobic and the first one, this is |
|
| 62:29 | does Okay, uh the reaction Right, humerus, which is certainly |
|
| 62:37 | , right, becomes reduced to section using hydrogen. Okay, um And |
|
| 62:44 | here the boxed water, right? of combination of organic and organic. |
|
| 62:50 | ? So we have hydrogen of And then um Ceo to acting as |
|
| 62:57 | except er. Okay, and so can see that process over here. |
|
| 63:02 | ? So we're forming acetate as a . So this inorganic H to source |
|
| 63:09 | couple of producing organic molecules. Right? So but that goes to |
|
| 63:14 | versatility of of pira gin as an source because producers as a high negative |
|
| 63:22 | G. Is why you can couple to a lot of things because |
|
| 63:25 | 02 as an except er sucks. , positive delta G. But because |
|
| 63:30 | . Two is so good, it that and it can it can |
|
| 63:34 | Okay. So um and then Madonna . Alright, so Madonna genesis Um |
|
| 63:42 | just can use h. two oxidation for the reduction of c. |
|
| 63:47 | 2. Okay. And so um of methane. So methane again is |
|
| 63:54 | very bad greenhouse gas worse than 02. Um Where is the, |
|
| 64:01 | you see methane production in uh landfills um wetland environments? But probably the |
|
| 64:13 | one source is this, does anybody the number one source is Yeah, |
|
| 64:21 | cows, cowards. So I think the cows and cow like things on |
|
| 64:27 | Earth, right, collectively. Oh . Uh It can't it is upset |
|
| 64:35 | there thankfully there are methanol trophy. methodical troves will eat it, |
|
| 64:39 | Trophy means to eat. So methane so they can offset that. But |
|
| 64:47 | but yeah so Montana genesis. So a apartment I think it's not you |
|
| 64:52 | ruminant animals like cattle have multiple stomachs I'm not gonna I don't think exclusively |
|
| 64:58 | profound genesis but one of the chambers heavily that where you have methane engines |
|
| 65:03 | their thing. Okay. Um Okay look at this question. Okay so |
|
| 65:13 | bacterial species that can grow when supply energy source and a carbon source Consisting |
|
| 65:22 | H. two And c. 2 respectively and nitrate You know three |
|
| 65:33 | a terminal accepted. Yes. Just sounds weird, bacterial species can grow |
|
| 65:46 | . Applied energy source and carbon source of H. 20. And |
|
| 65:48 | 02 and nitrate et cetera. Which applicable to the spectrum which are applicable |
|
| 66:03 | . I must have been dropped this which if the following which of the |
|
| 66:08 | goodness. Okay. Mhm. Oh sorry I gotta open this stupid |
|
| 66:27 | . Okay. All right. Yeah . Yeah. Okay. Alright. |
|
| 67:03 | you're not sure. Just I'm not . Just picked all the above. |
|
| 67:10 | not sure. That was a hit the way. Okay. 323. |
|
| 67:26 | you go mm. E. Is . So why wouldn't it be |
|
| 67:33 | Tell me why it's not correct. what it represents. Little trophy for |
|
| 67:41 | . Right. I don't see any other than C. 02 there. |
|
| 67:46 | don't see glucose or something like Uh Using H. Two as an |
|
| 67:50 | source. That's that is hydrogen a . Right? Using nitrate as eternal |
|
| 67:55 | er not oxygen. So that's It fixes co two. So that |
|
| 68:00 | on a trophy. All the Um Any questions? Yeah. Uh |
|
| 68:13 | could have been oxygen there instead. wait we've been on glucose. So |
|
| 68:17 | . two and glucose then you could it wouldn't be auto trophy, eliminate |
|
| 68:24 | trophy. You would eliminate uh a trophy. Okay. And so I |
|
| 68:34 | you just have those two. Those the only choices. That's what I |
|
| 68:37 | say because you have glucose there is that's a source. Um But that's |
|
| 68:45 | a good exercise to do when you're at even if it just quiz |
|
| 68:48 | Whatever questions. To flip it around that. What if it's this what |
|
| 68:51 | it's that that's a good brain Um Any. All right, so |
|
| 69:00 | talk a little bit about photo. . Um okay, so here we |
|
| 69:15 | focused on obviously light, bright light here going on. And the groups |
|
| 69:23 | two groups um of photo tropes. me 1st I'm gonna do this question |
|
| 69:33 | . And I'll come back to Okay the second look at this and |
|
| 69:36 | come back. Okay. Which of following among a to D. Is |
|
| 69:46 | is not applicable to all types of trophy. So all types you are |
|
| 70:01 | is not. Let me uh We what? Just a little Mhm mm |
|
| 71:05 | . Okay? This is often a forget about this but we'll see if |
|
| 71:11 | did or didn't you? Yes. is correct. All right. Their |
|
| 71:22 | hetero tropes right. Can't forget about guys. Okay. So they don't |
|
| 71:28 | co two. Okay. So um your familiarity of course is in that |
|
| 71:39 | half of that green box. What's in red? Okay. So you |
|
| 71:45 | learned uh the Z scheme gives you it The Way Plants Cyanobacteria Analogy 62 |
|
| 71:55 | Systems. Right? The using water a donor production of oxygen as a |
|
| 72:04 | . That's that's what you have most with. Okay, we'll talk about |
|
| 72:09 | of course. But we'll also talk bacteria other than santa bacteria that That |
|
| 72:16 | photosynthetic that don't evolve oxygen. They use things like H two |
|
| 72:23 | Okay. And other sources of Right. So so delight respiration. |
|
| 72:32 | ? But the synthesis is also a of feeding electrons to a system. |
|
| 72:38 | . And getting energy from that. . So conceptually the same in that |
|
| 72:45 | . Okay, components are different but lee and what's happening is kind of |
|
| 72:52 | writes for similar respiration electrons being fed a system. Getting energy from |
|
| 72:57 | Okay. Obviously a photo photo trophies . That's the driving energy. |
|
| 73:04 | Um and so there are bacterial types do that little bit different. |
|
| 73:09 | There's also another subcategory down down These photo headed tropes Okay. After |
|
| 73:17 | there is head of growth. They fix the 02 but they do you |
|
| 73:23 | use light to produce a Tps. so they kind of supplement their metabolism |
|
| 73:29 | way. Okay. And within that you have what are called chlorophyll based |
|
| 73:36 | non chlorophyll based. Okay. Um in Green is chlorophyll based. This |
|
| 73:45 | here is colorful based. Okay, that's one group. This is another |
|
| 73:57 | , the light driven proton pump, or adoption or propio adoption. That's |
|
| 74:03 | not core film, completely different Okay, so uh that is a |
|
| 74:11 | stopping point. So we'll finish photo on thursday folks. So thanks. |
|
| 74:19 | a good one. |
|
