| 00:31 | mm hmm Folks Welcome. Um I this is the right down to 3321 |
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| 00:55 | off. Right. So today is bunch of questions dispersed with some |
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| 01:04 | Um So what else? So we the homework smart work we could |
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| 01:13 | Um That will cover up through what do today so two days and Thursdays |
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| 01:21 | beyond the quiz scheduled for example for be I say should because of the |
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| 01:29 | officially been posted uh course weather but according to schedule that's what it should |
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| 01:36 | . Uh So it's always two weeks that. Yeah And they and that's |
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| 01:44 | is two weeks before so so if can laugh for that let's see what |
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| 01:50 | I think. Um That's all we uh in terms of that stuff. |
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| 01:56 | I started the email I sent out so do um uh the evaluations. |
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| 02:03 | sure you're aware that the university will you emails about this stuff. It's |
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| 02:07 | open actually since uh probably for two now. So um and through May |
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| 02:14 | for another two weeks. So do evaluations. Part of that is tied |
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| 02:19 | extra credit so and and you don't not need to email me saying I |
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| 02:27 | the evaluation because I have access to the information anyway. So you don't |
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| 02:33 | to do that. I don't know didn't didn't but I'm not gonna know |
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| 02:37 | kind of personal information. I'm just know here is the personal name. |
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| 02:41 | was like I. D. And or no on evaluation they continued it |
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| 02:46 | not. That's that's all I know all that's all the information I guess |
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| 02:50 | uh But I didn't question anything. so I wanted to start with kind |
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| 03:00 | just for next week's stuff because we're be doing diseases. And so if |
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| 03:05 | look at the beginning of those lecture for chapter 26 it has this list |
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| 03:13 | . So I think the pathogens will at some really. Ah But if |
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| 03:22 | I'd say I really don't spend that time. I say here's an example |
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| 03:26 | blah blah blah blah. Okay but do spend some time on some of |
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| 03:31 | others. So just keep that in when you see the elect of |
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| 03:35 | Okay. Uh So what what to . Okay so little box of their |
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| 03:41 | reaction where applicable. You obviously can't a damn thing on the radio |
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| 03:46 | Okay. Um Disease causing pathogen distinguishing . Uh As we go through you'll |
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| 03:53 | sometimes it's kind of obvious like for hysteria um We're just hysteria. It |
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| 04:01 | grow up 4°. That's obviously a future you probably don't know. Right? |
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| 04:07 | communities there will be obvious things like that can associated with that. Um |
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| 04:16 | so I would say um in terms organizing this stuff to do something like |
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| 04:21 | , here's an example you can follow you wish. Okay um And just |
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| 04:29 | a table you probably add a couple columns that you're well I kinda just |
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| 04:33 | this together. But uh Catherine. quality diseases following block. Okay so |
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| 04:40 | that's again a lot of it's gonna heavy memorization just captured 26 stuff so |
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| 04:46 | also I'm not covering everything that's in either so just people be aware of |
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| 04:51 | . So so this is an Yeah this isn't the nose as |
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| 04:55 | So you might you can obviously use as a guide if you wish but |
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| 05:00 | kind of things we're looking for and um you know again there will be |
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| 05:06 | unit quiz I guess the next and I think the week after it's like |
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| 05:12 | it's uh it's a week after Anyway it'll it'll have questions in there |
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| 05:17 | this. There will be some different so you can get an idea of |
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| 05:21 | what that's about. Okay. Um so I just want to mention that |
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| 05:27 | We started in 25. Let's So we're gonna start. Of course |
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| 05:32 | is how many questions? 4? probably 10 questions as we go through |
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| 05:42 | um 10. 12. So let's at the start of course with the |
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| 05:48 | . Okay um so as you're looking this uh so we're gonna answer uh |
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| 05:54 | one first. What is a box what does that represent? So this |
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| 06:00 | . So let me do this let make sure you can see that |
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| 06:06 | Okay And open. Alright so as mulling this over So it is um |
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| 06:13 | we've been for the last Yeah. lecturers tickets um going through innate and |
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| 06:23 | immune system. Alright, so physical , telecyl um different sections, different |
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| 06:31 | types, um processes information, common , etcetera. Um Then adapted |
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| 06:41 | B cells, T cells. So uh all of that obviously is |
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| 06:51 | enable youtube effectively. Hopefully uh fight as this. It fits in this |
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| 06:59 | here. Right? So the health that system of course, and other |
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| 07:06 | determine whether you'll be able to fight infectious disease. So, um so |
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| 07:13 | turning basically the the eyeball out to . Okay, what can it |
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| 07:19 | So obviously patterns, patterns or patterns they're successful at what they do and |
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| 07:27 | overcome these various things you throw at . Okay. And they have ways |
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| 07:32 | do that as we will look at . Okay. So it looks like |
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| 07:37 | answered. Uh So let's go ahead we'll do I'll show the answer to |
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| 07:44 | , then I'll close the polls open because there's another one on here |
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| 07:47 | Right, So what is um material 68 good? Changing the change real |
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| 07:59 | . Okay, so a What's before beer. Okay, so let's go |
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| 08:07 | the next one. Right. And is B Okay, what is B |
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| 08:15 | that's open again? Mm hmm. at the end of this section, |
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| 08:31 | probably see that there's a summary here well of Uh huh. To the |
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| 08:37 | kingdom of all your risk factors that go through in the section itself. |
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| 08:42 | probably good checklist as well. Mm . I guess I just inadvertently gave |
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| 08:59 | hint on that. Okay, so Bam. E. Okay. So |
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| 09:13 | . So a reservoir B is virulence . So various various virulence factors was |
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| 09:22 | the bulk of what we're gonna be in on today. Are those things |
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| 09:26 | things pageants have to enable them to to once they're in the host because |
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| 09:32 | gonna be different mechanisms of transmission to into you and onto you. |
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| 09:38 | following that. It's okay, they stick around alright. Or will |
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| 09:42 | be take that one way or So, various factors related to |
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| 09:47 | Things like adherence. Um, overcoming barriers and different types of chemical |
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| 09:54 | Physical barriers, anything that relates to getting deeper enclosed. Right? There's |
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| 10:00 | feature of many patterns is um, may be, uh, not just |
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| 10:05 | , you know, it's like the or something, but they want to |
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| 10:08 | deeper penetrate deeper into tissues. that requires other factors. And then |
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| 10:14 | like damaging the host. Right? typically things like toxins, Things of |
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| 10:18 | nature. Okay, so, so we're gonna see a lot of |
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| 10:24 | we've mentioned in the context of your system will be mentioned again, of |
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| 10:30 | . But now, in the context this is how the pathogen gets around |
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| 10:34 | or overcomes it or what have Okay, so, um, and |
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| 10:40 | course, primary opportunistic pathogens will And then again, it's all about |
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| 10:44 | factors, right? And and many these or can be spread through horizontal |
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| 10:50 | transfer to plasmas. Right. Um many toxins are actually required to trans |
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| 10:59 | using a stage. Yeah, cholera is acquired that way as are some |
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| 11:05 | . Okay, so, um let's elaborate again, uh just make sure |
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| 11:14 | main kind of various factors involved in kinds of functions right here is |
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| 11:20 | cell invasion. Um Proliferating, Multiplying toxins different types of proteins they |
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| 11:29 | that can counteract the immune system defenses well. Okay, um and so |
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| 11:38 | look at this question that relates to versus opportunistic pathogens. Okay, so |
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| 11:46 | yeah, likely. Probably artistic patterns is what's uh we need more. |
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| 11:58 | hmm. Maybe I want to say . I'll wait to finish the |
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| 12:18 | Oops, get out of there. . Yeah. Alright, so this |
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| 12:57 | true. Yeah, of course it's to be is correct. Um So |
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| 13:03 | pathogens um are not going to be normal member. You're not remember you |
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| 13:09 | a primary pathogen. It's there. not there by accident. Okay, |
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| 13:13 | through some mechanism of transmission. So like Ebola and anthrax aren't optimistic because |
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| 13:21 | don't go in literally body. um the uh artistic types of |
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| 13:29 | Okay, so is going to be pathogens. Um certainly a staph infection |
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| 13:35 | can be a member of your microbiology that can typically happen if you get |
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| 13:42 | kind of a scratch or other puncture enough staff that's under skin or mucous |
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| 13:47 | gets into your tissues and some of can cause issues. Okay. Um |
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| 13:55 | any questions about it. Okay, let's look at this question about virulence |
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| 14:02 | . So not everything necessarily. Although can't speak for this list but not |
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| 14:09 | can certainly be. Everything in catholic every trait that possesses is not going |
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| 14:15 | invest. It will be all for disease. Right. Remember compared Um |
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| 14:25 | Coli 01572. The benign lab strain E. Coli in the context of |
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| 14:34 | of jeans they share don't share. , so uh there's gonna be something |
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| 14:39 | certainly, but some of that will definitely to being a pathogen. So |
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| 14:46 | flip the list here 88. Say with not being through the grounds |
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| 14:55 | Oh sorry, that might explain Okay. Alright, here we |
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| 15:02 | Sorry about that pulled open. Yes, mm hmm. Okay let's |
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| 15:47 | . Alright, that's a little more it. Um So um Which one |
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| 15:58 | not the will take seat anybody can why would she be a virulence |
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| 16:12 | Huh? So remembering now adam emery be negative. Might be a toxin |
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| 16:20 | just but the cytoplasm membrane be a . A. B. A. |
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| 16:25 | . A. Pathogen goodness. Um You yourselves have psychopathic membranes. |
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| 16:33 | cells do are all cells pathogens. , viruses are nuts. Right? |
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| 16:38 | then you're yourselves all have cytoplasmic Pretty much they're not pathogenic. So |
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| 16:44 | point is, the cytoplasmic membrane is something that inherently makes a pathogen pathogen |
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| 16:49 | to contribute to its ability to be passenger ability to be a cell. |
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| 16:54 | . But not a pathogen. Same thing like uh on a climb |
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| 16:59 | . Um A rebel zone. These things are not fearless factors. |
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| 17:05 | right. We're not going to enable chronic disease all cells happening. |
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| 17:10 | But it's gonna be the specific characteristics possessed that that came with the end |
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| 17:15 | itself enables it to cause disease and some form or fashion in some form |
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| 17:21 | the infection cycle. It gives it ability to grow around the defenses. |
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| 17:28 | . So um so C. Is balance factor as is as mentioned like |
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| 17:35 | D. N. A. Having know components like columns that doesn't mean |
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| 17:40 | acting right? So more specific. . Um Now here's an example and |
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| 17:49 | memorize this. Just need just an to illustrate the number of grounds factors |
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| 17:55 | types. Uh This is streptococcus high a journey to the bottom that's that's |
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| 18:02 | of the captains will look at it . It causes a strep throat, |
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| 18:06 | causes uh necrotizing fasciitis or the uh eating disease. It can cause other |
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| 18:16 | of skin infections. Um a uh that because of all the various |
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| 18:24 | It can do a lot of But but also this is basically listening |
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| 18:30 | the various factors that can be found members of this species. But one |
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| 18:38 | doesn't necessarily have all of these. . But they will have certainly uh |
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| 18:44 | staff at the top. So you see a combination of Berlin's factors in |
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| 18:50 | categories. Right? So you have . These these unable to stick to |
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| 18:55 | . They have different types of right? This enables it to penetrate |
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| 19:01 | in the tissues Lucas items or toxins coagulates that there was a to clot |
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| 19:08 | . Right? There was instances where that's an advantage. Staff of |
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| 19:12 | And they include to break apart a . So it has both both of |
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| 19:17 | um And those are very common in texas of patterns that that's going to |
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| 19:24 | me call them skin or tissue skin of pathogens. And that's what both |
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| 19:29 | these can be that. Um And uh a protein a we'll talk about |
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| 19:36 | but it's also a defense against So um let's start the caucus again |
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| 19:42 | . Uh they break apart blood clots breaks apart the connections pull themselves together |
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| 19:49 | your tissues um and excess toxins. this m protein specifically we'll talk about |
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| 19:57 | . So again the point is uh of religious factors and you could um |
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| 20:04 | know vera let's virulent something is is that's how dangerous it may be. |
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| 20:11 | second relates to the types and numbers religious factors it has. Okay, |
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| 20:17 | so once again, just this dirty . Right? So we're looking at |
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| 20:23 | going to focus first on transmission. gonna look at how we get from |
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| 20:29 | to here and different mechanisms that how happens. Okay then uh focus on |
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| 20:36 | virulence factors involved in these processes. , basically kind of going in that |
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| 20:42 | that order. Okay, so uh look at this question here and this |
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| 20:47 | . I'll open the pole. and take a look at this. |
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| 20:51 | acquisition of a G. I. pathogens. Okay, gastrointestinal tract |
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| 20:57 | Okay. Would most likely occur? just think about it logically, what |
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| 21:04 | be you're asking? Mhm, mm . Okay, let's see, |
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| 21:54 | Okay, so to the above, are the two? See, you |
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| 22:03 | is correct, foodborne and eat food water congest stuff you ingest and swallow |
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| 22:12 | . How would you attract Patrick? both of those routes uh it's food |
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| 22:19 | , uh contaminated water source, these of things. Typically pathogens. |
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| 22:26 | so um transmission. Okay, um the reservoir, Right. That's gonna |
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| 22:35 | that source where that resides. And um just when you take a |
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| 22:41 | just think of, okay, I'm study this pathogen. Where would I |
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| 22:44 | to find it and it doesn't have be a disease outbreak occurring. You |
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| 22:48 | want to study it. Right. you would go towards naturally found in |
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| 22:54 | or remember, the reservoir for many and actually other humans. Okay, |
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| 23:00 | it just depends on many different sources the for the pathogen. So, |
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| 23:07 | just mentioned, so of course the carriers, right? I mentioned before |
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| 23:13 | organism is carried by more than half population and they don't share when he |
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| 23:18 | the symptoms of disease. Okay. the measles mumps, meningitis uh for |
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| 23:26 | category being reservoirs, they're humans and you find them. Okay, um |
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| 23:33 | , okay uh liners he found in and trying to play the course uh |
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| 23:40 | carried on rats and uh by the gets transmitted to you through the blood |
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| 23:48 | carry it that way rabies of course types of animals, rabies HIV West |
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| 23:53 | virus through mosquito mosquito is very common mechanism to transmit disease. Um Non |
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| 24:04 | or environmental reservoirs of soil and um waters of a common source |
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| 24:12 | So things like tetanus is that organisms in soil. You always hear the |
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| 24:19 | step on a rusty nail, gotta a tetanus shot right because the nails |
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| 24:24 | we found the dirt and can be with sports. So um many types |
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| 24:30 | water born pathogens, cholera uh It's not uncommon that when there's some |
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| 24:37 | of natural disaster and um what gets are like water treatment systems and those |
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| 24:45 | of things and so you know, could be a flood or an earthquake |
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| 24:48 | causes natural that is that's a natural . But then various student afterwards, |
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| 24:53 | things like cholera and other diseases pop because the water treatment system fails or |
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| 24:57 | destroyed. And now you have clean water and that can lead to all |
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| 25:01 | of issues. So typically these kinds disasters lead to these kind of health |
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| 25:07 | for that reason. Okay. and there's some examples there. The |
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| 25:14 | , um, fungal infections. fungus. They live they live in |
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| 25:18 | . So there that's terrorism. War cycle. Okay. So now we're |
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| 25:24 | from how we're in reservoir to Okay? So we can look at |
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| 25:29 | in terms of contact transmission. There three types of those rights. Physical |
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| 25:36 | . So, um what do you your partner? Uh handshake, um |
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| 25:44 | contact. All direct in direct contact mike's Okay? So simply uh, |
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| 25:56 | inanimate object, a bench, top knob, door handle, um somebody |
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| 26:03 | contaminated touches it. Then you touch and transmit it yourself. So, |
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| 26:07 | indirect or soul might be all that would call the right Neil what family |
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| 26:15 | you? Um, clinics. That's you think you touch it. All |
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| 26:20 | . And then you said it So, um many of the but |
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| 26:25 | all kind of inanimate objects, dropping. So that's um so there |
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| 26:31 | a distinction between droplet and aerosol. . It has to do with |
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| 26:37 | So they can face and you Droplet information. Um I'm standing here |
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| 26:45 | you're over there and I have been All right, you over there in |
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| 26:51 | kitchen, so that distance good to dead zone right there. Um So |
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| 27:02 | know, you get more technical about , they say they one year. |
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| 27:08 | um now vehicle transmission, okay, your vehicles can be and it goes |
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| 27:17 | um waterborne airborne foodborne blood-borne is another . Um But these are the three |
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| 27:25 | ones. So waterborne contaminated water systems you unknowingly you typically drink or otherwise |
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| 27:37 | . Um These offices are gonna be contaminated water sources typically um airborne uh |
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| 27:45 | microbes could travel through the air on particles, head standard that's floating around |
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| 27:53 | the food born contaminated food so that will be a number of categories, |
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| 27:59 | not just continuing through itself, but handling and storage of food performing the |
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| 28:06 | temperature or room temp, It's um uh unsanitary handling of food, |
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| 28:15 | cooking, if you Probably all these can lead to foodborne illness, |
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| 28:20 | Um And so you know, you of um the number of, I |
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| 28:29 | seen anything lately, but it seemed last year uh last there was a |
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| 28:34 | of Chipotle seemed to be in the a few times with the contaminated produce |
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| 28:40 | was on there in their food. You have to think about, |
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| 28:46 | the person that the farm that grew lead us, right? So from |
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| 28:50 | point to where it gets actually gets your mouth, it's going through a |
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| 28:54 | of hands. Okay. Um and any step along the way, it |
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| 28:59 | be one where you know things aren't right and it can end up making |
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| 29:02 | sick. Okay, we'll talk more that when we get to diseases. |
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| 29:07 | um oh well I guess that means wash fruits and vegetables in the grocery |
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| 29:14 | . Um Actually health transmission so that so think of a a life |
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| 29:23 | So many infectious diseases can be in in an insect or even a protozoa |
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| 29:33 | . Um and then that that protozoan insect or other has a complicated life |
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| 29:41 | . Okay and you somehow interrupt interrupt cycle, right? Lyme disease is |
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| 29:49 | best example I can think of. Lyme disease originates back in Connecticut um |
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| 29:57 | in an area where development is going , right? So it was in |
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| 30:00 | forest forest, right? There was cycle between a I think um I |
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| 30:06 | the insight. Um I'm disease it was a like a rodent involved |
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| 30:12 | a deer involved and uh I forget insect but anyway it was the second |
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| 30:17 | lot of different animals and over the and so on and so forth. |
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| 30:21 | that's how it kind of the pattern itself, which is fine, |
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| 30:27 | in that forested isolated environment, that's not affecting humans at all. |
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| 30:32 | . But when you know, just humans developed and they build a mall |
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| 30:36 | whatever it is they're doing right They that's when we get potential interaction |
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| 30:41 | these animals. Okay. And then bit or whatever and you get and |
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| 30:46 | the disease occurs in humans. So what we call an accident accidentally |
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| 30:50 | Right? So that's what we call transmission. Typically when humans put themselves |
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| 30:56 | like one of these lifecycle situations occurring different different animals and then it gets |
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| 31:02 | bitten and now it's transmitted to Okay. That's that's accidental transmission. |
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| 31:08 | , vertical transmission. Those are basically diseases passed from mother to child. |
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| 31:15 | maybe has syphilis and then that may acquired during childbirth. So things of |
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| 31:21 | nature, that's what we call vertical . Okay, vector very common insect |
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| 31:28 | is very common for different diseases. Nile play um uh yellow fever, |
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| 31:36 | malaria. So normal and not uh particular mosquitoes seem to be uh the |
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| 31:42 | insect involved in a lot of these . But certain ticks, ticks can |
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| 31:46 | a part of it too. Um anyways, so distinguishing between biological and |
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| 31:51 | transmission. So mechanical transmission. Thinking a housewife, is it not on |
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| 31:58 | of garbage? Right. And so flies around and lands on you? |
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| 32:03 | . So maybe you might catch Okay. Uh maybe you know, |
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| 32:11 | the point is that the insect is kind of because of where landing and |
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| 32:15 | lands on you. That's that's that may transmit that way. So that's |
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| 32:20 | mechanical transmission. Okay. Kind of random thing. But nevertheless, that's |
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| 32:26 | they call right biological transmission that can the parasite lifestyle. So like malaria |
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| 32:34 | things in fact, well, that required to buy the mosquito. Mosquito |
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| 32:38 | carrying a protozoan that had a complex cycle bombing mosquito and you human. |
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| 32:45 | so that's that's that's certainly biological Okay. Um no mechanical transmission that |
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| 32:53 | theoretically, I guess a number of can be passed that X. But |
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| 32:58 | biological transmission it's going to be a type of diseases like malaria for |
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| 33:03 | Okay. Um uh any questions about transmission? Okay. Yeah, that |
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| 33:17 | um so you have typically it's when have ah a cycle going on where |
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| 33:29 | pathogen is part of a lifecycle or a lifecycle that involves many different |
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| 33:37 | Okay. And it's occurring inherited environmental of course. And there's no humans |
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| 33:45 | to kind of interject themselves into Okay. And so when that does |
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| 33:52 | by accident, right? Human trans this area where this could be going |
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| 33:59 | and they get bit or whatever the is, that's that's involved in a |
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| 34:03 | bearing the pathogen then that person now can come down with this disease and |
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| 34:09 | . So it only occurred completely by . It wasn't it's not a regular |
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| 34:17 | of psychological courage where humans involved this completely by accident was personally convinced the |
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| 34:22 | . Yes. Really? What that . Okay so um Alright. Another |
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| 34:32 | . So we'll transition from transmission into uh different types of appearance factors. |
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| 34:41 | , so here open it all the contribute to the pathogens ability to penetrate |
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| 34:49 | hide from coast defenses. So we're so you can categorize various factors that |
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| 34:55 | what's it enabling them to do in case? It's about penetration or hiding |
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| 35:01 | host defenses. So it's going to brilliance factors specifically for that and others |
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| 35:07 | really apply to that. Okay. what we're looking for you. So |
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| 35:13 | president for the exception that wouldn't be in those functions. Mhm mm |
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| 36:02 | That's right, mm hmm. All right. Uh So of the |
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| 36:20 | you've given here I would say the would be toxins. Okay. Um |
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| 36:27 | are meant to really do damage to cell. Um We'll talk about toxins |
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| 36:33 | . But things get capsule will hide casual cover the set and so in |
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| 36:41 | so it can hide many of its from the immune system. Okay. |
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| 36:49 | capsule itself candles immune response which generally not that strong sugars. Carbohydrates don't |
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| 36:56 | a super strong um and your But also some of these passengers are |
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| 37:04 | sneaky and they make their capsule out material that's very similar to your molecules |
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| 37:10 | even further hides them. Okay Regulations. Regulations and highly Iran today's |
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| 37:17 | . And E. Are both enzymes enabled penetration to break apart connections between |
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| 37:24 | um and enables it to get deeper the tissue of the body. Uh |
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| 37:30 | variation. That's the phase variation. talked about chapter 10 of the changing |
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| 37:37 | antigens to then make itself hidden from immune system. So A. |
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| 37:42 | C. D. And E. all about hiding typically or penetrating uh |
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| 37:47 | are more about let's say damage. . Um So here is kind of |
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| 37:56 | step arised process. Um So importance entry. Right? So pathogens have |
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| 38:04 | we call a preferred portal of entry relates to kind of the type of |
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| 38:08 | . They are Okay. Which is I put that question up there. |
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| 38:12 | I get to that in a So kind of obviously I'm sure it's |
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| 38:16 | to you. So you go you the host of course and you have |
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| 38:18 | get through around or through these various physical barriers. Um Then damage damage |
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| 38:27 | host in the process of doing the of disease. And so and then |
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| 38:32 | . Okay so portals of entry Could 157 cause a skin disease I |
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| 38:43 | so maybe a rash. But Um you could only 5 7. So |
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| 38:50 | government's factories and the way it's built to speak. It's it's meant to |
|
| 38:56 | able to just to survive the It's really gut because that's gonna be |
|
| 39:01 | uh you have to be acid resistant do that. Right Because the acidity |
|
| 39:05 | the stomach. And so that's what built to do. Okay. Um |
|
| 39:11 | and its associated with these factors are to Because G. I. tract |
|
| 39:15 | . Right? So but you can only 5 700 skin. Yeah. |
|
| 39:21 | not gonna do anything. Okay. like I said if it worst case |
|
| 39:26 | is probably gonna cost some kind of , that's it. But it's not |
|
| 39:28 | cause gi tract infection right? Because not gonna penetrate your skin and you |
|
| 39:34 | get into your gut and then no not that's not how it's that's not |
|
| 39:37 | it works. Right? It's transmitted contaminated water or. Okay. Um |
|
| 39:47 | that's its preferred parliamentary. Okay uh through the uh food or water. |
|
| 39:56 | . And so um or more correctly mucous membranes. Right. So part |
|
| 40:01 | the military mucous membranes, respiratory tract tract that same basket. Okay. |
|
| 40:09 | stds right? Especially transmitted diseases in very susceptible to drying out. And |
|
| 40:18 | they require really that moisture of the membranes to really survive. His wives |
|
| 40:26 | that. Okay. Very dry. Skin hair follicles. Sweat glands. |
|
| 40:39 | so um certainly a number of years that penetrated the skin. Staff scrap |
|
| 40:47 | what they do. Okay now of natural openings in the skin. Hair |
|
| 40:51 | , sweat glands contract, tied his . All right. That's the |
|
| 40:54 | So um parental route that of course through puncture wound something like that. |
|
| 41:01 | then um pageants have to have an into the system. Okay so adhesion |
|
| 41:10 | so you can't forget the numbers of microbes is a is a very much |
|
| 41:15 | but he's so many for many to . Here's the thing. Especially to |
|
| 41:22 | memories just report um want to adhere the rest of the contract. So |
|
| 41:28 | began to cause a factory uh gut the has a that enabled to stick |
|
| 41:37 | your contestants. Um So it can a absolutely a big deal for many |
|
| 41:43 | and it can evolve not not just obvious structures like graphic the other specific |
|
| 41:50 | that enable this connection between with with the cells they adhere to. Okay |
|
| 41:58 | um and so um february ivy colliders . So m protein and opiates for |
|
| 42:06 | . Well look at Neisseria, Neisseria, gonorrhea. Uh We'll mention |
|
| 42:13 | a lot because it has a lot virulence factors. Um Opie a protein |
|
| 42:18 | well. M. M. ooph hope adherence but also have some |
|
| 42:23 | features as well. Okay so um , enzymes, february pillai toxins, |
|
| 42:30 | pathogens. So being of course an pattern in itself that can cause damage |
|
| 42:35 | itself. There is a virus that sell or bacterial captain that's inside the |
|
| 42:40 | and and breaks out of it killing so that obviously is direct damage and |
|
| 42:47 | okay so let's look at this process see if you can remember what this |
|
| 42:52 | is uh while you're answering any Yeah. Mm hmm. Okay, |
|
| 43:58 | , I might just realized it probably that hard to figure out considering the |
|
| 44:01 | that the name was in the in slide psychosis. So I just realized |
|
| 44:10 | anyway, it's trans psychosis. so this is the example. That |
|
| 44:16 | nice syria. So these are opium . We'll talk about that and slide |
|
| 44:22 | coming up. So I'll save it that. But process uh, in |
|
| 44:27 | nutshell, here's Transito sis is basically itself. So trans transport through |
|
| 44:36 | Right? So it's basically and then future is able to penetrate through this |
|
| 44:41 | layer, uh, potentially get your in one of these cells and then |
|
| 44:46 | course circulate through your system. What guy does Neisseria meningitis. This of |
|
| 44:51 | , is to get to your brain that they can use to do |
|
| 44:55 | So, let's first look at em streptococcus. Okay, um, almost |
|
| 45:04 | . So these are just uh, these factors factors kind of enable it |
|
| 45:09 | both hide the capsule. Um, capsule can also not just hide its |
|
| 45:18 | but also makes it more slippery in way it's not able to be as |
|
| 45:23 | . Um, was surprised. And so that's of course your are |
|
| 45:30 | your response to that yourself responds to optimization thing. Right? So remember |
|
| 45:36 | required antibiotics. One of the more . So those required being activated or |
|
| 45:41 | . So it can't buy it a bit of time right to begin to |
|
| 45:46 | . Um so so welcome from the protein acts both in adherence but also |
|
| 45:54 | love functions like resistance from being advertised in academics compliment. So we can |
|
| 46:02 | those two uh immune system defenses. these are present on that more than |
|
| 46:10 | species of have have these. Um the. Okay so here's the |
|
| 46:18 | . P. A. Protein and transit toast this process. So uh |
|
| 46:23 | O. P. A. Our knobby things on the surface. Okay |
|
| 46:30 | cereal Andreas and you just saw um back up and say streptococcus pneumonia. |
|
| 46:38 | have this being shaped impairs. it's a caucus uh the the nice |
|
| 46:47 | more bean shaped but they're they're both pairs like this. Okay, so |
|
| 46:51 | see while they're in pairs like that And so you have the short |
|
| 46:57 | P. A smaller Piotrovsky surface and have these pillai extending like this. |
|
| 47:03 | . And so the pill I uh more loose. And here is the |
|
| 47:13 | . P. A. Protein is tight in here. It's okay so |
|
| 47:16 | pill I extend and then we'll memorize what makes him sure. |
|
| 47:22 | And so as it gets shortened, shortens it draws the cell to the |
|
| 47:27 | . Okay. And now you bring the O. P. A. |
|
| 47:31 | during the tight adherence. Okay. that tight inherent actually initiates the Transit |
|
| 47:38 | process which is to engulf the cells then they come out the other |
|
| 47:44 | Okay, so so basically this is net result is this kind of movement |
|
| 47:50 | through this layer of cells. Okay yes it worked. Maybe uh lymph |
|
| 47:59 | tissue of a know rather than the monocytogenes. Get your eyes on the |
|
| 48:05 | site. This may then go with lymphatic food that differentiates into And critics |
|
| 48:12 | or a macrophage um granule site of types of either your future fields and |
|
| 48:19 | . So there was a kitchen rides other cells to get elsewhere. Okay |
|
| 48:24 | so meningitis said we'll talk about This is one that crosses the blood |
|
| 48:30 | barrier to get into your central nervous , senses how it can do |
|
| 48:34 | Right. Um So uh in the are what make up blood vessels. |
|
| 48:42 | whole wall's okay. So getting getting there and that of course leads to |
|
| 48:47 | infection throughout the life. Exactly. Okay let's just push. Okay, |
|
| 48:57 | the following virulence factors, Mom. . 80 is correctly matched. Okay |
|
| 49:56 | hmm mm hmm. Mhm. let's see. Okay, if you |
|
| 50:29 | d you are correct. So invasions we'll see are collection of proteins. |
|
| 50:43 | an intracellular pathogen that's outside outside the will inject into the cell and that |
|
| 50:51 | it to be engulfed and taken Okay, invasions are used by bacterial |
|
| 50:59 | that get inside cells. Okay. it has nothing to do with preventing |
|
| 51:05 | . Endo toxin instagram negatives. So its founding gram negatives the membrane |
|
| 51:12 | opR and protein. Uh those are types of exotic toxins. Their self |
|
| 51:18 | um structures um Call it coagulates is an adhesion. It's a enable us |
|
| 51:26 | sell to form clots. Okay, blood. So and there's a there's |
|
| 51:33 | reason for that. So let's look that's so extra cellular enzymes. Okay |
|
| 51:40 | uh Steph Markakis very common. The type strains to be coagulates positive. |
|
| 51:48 | one of the things you look for in staphylococcus aureus in particular is the |
|
| 51:55 | pathogenic strain in the group. And that are colliding these positive have a |
|
| 52:00 | rate of being the more pathogenic The more virulent type compared to the |
|
| 52:07 | a nice negative. So what does do Well so you have of course |
|
| 52:11 | your blood clotting factors and the fire gin is one of those that's soluble |
|
| 52:18 | your blood and you initiate it to deformed these fiber and um it comes |
|
| 52:26 | like this to form this network of right? That basically begin the healing |
|
| 52:36 | . And conformers gap. Really? but its external on the outside you |
|
| 52:41 | form a scab but internally you can program blood lost by forming a |
|
| 52:46 | Okay in this fashion so kind of a pack patching it so to |
|
| 52:51 | Okay with these network of fibers that together into the fiber in form and |
|
| 52:57 | uh so you have clotting factors and that trigger that process that occur bacteria |
|
| 53:04 | staph have their own coagulates to do . Okay so they can initiate the |
|
| 53:11 | . And what that can do is think of a staph infection where like |
|
| 53:18 | like a boil if you don't know you've had a boil yourself or maybe |
|
| 53:22 | you know somebody it can form a not really. So it's when staff |
|
| 53:27 | get into your skin, there's another of abrasion. Um they then can |
|
| 53:35 | and then they can throw off this and it kind of builds a little |
|
| 53:40 | around them. Okay walling them off the immune system. And so that |
|
| 53:45 | present itself, it's like kind of like a hard knot invisible not under |
|
| 53:49 | skin. And that's from that ability form this uh this this coagulant |
|
| 53:56 | Okay um Now kinda says do the to actually break apart blood clots. |
|
| 54:03 | so uh that can enable the cell penetrate deeper nous into the into the |
|
| 54:08 | . So if you have a blood as a result from some other process |
|
| 54:13 | occurred uh to stop bleeding or whatever body. And then this pathogens in |
|
| 54:20 | has stripped of context, it can apart that clot and then get into |
|
| 54:25 | system. Okay so it can work ways. Um So how do you |
|
| 54:30 | a days and college nace together it's penetration issues. So is a chemical |
|
| 54:38 | kind of makes your cells stick Um The best way is to show |
|
| 54:44 | to show you this real quick. . Uh Yeah. So here |
|
| 54:57 | Okay. So there's a cross section your skin. Okay? And here |
|
| 55:03 | comes. Pathogen and it possesses uh possesses, know how you're on today's |
|
| 55:13 | mates etcetera. And so here it . Exercise their enzymes. I'm trying |
|
| 55:20 | get a close up here. I . There we go. So there |
|
| 55:26 | your epithelial cells. Okay, let blow this up. Yeah. So |
|
| 55:34 | the what was what was missing that's there is this pink material that's the |
|
| 55:42 | you wanna days hyaluronic acid that is the cells together. And here's the |
|
| 55:48 | breaking it apart. Okay? So enabling it to penetrate through this |
|
| 55:57 | And then so your epithelial cells are up to be connected together obviously. |
|
| 56:02 | then there's also a what we call basement membrane that kind of adheres all |
|
| 56:09 | cells to it like a foundation. this is made of collagen fibers. |
|
| 56:16 | so if they have college and this that can of I can tell yeah |
|
| 56:25 | can't able to penetrate through here as about to see there it goes. |
|
| 56:33 | so college break apart the fibers and you can penetrate deeper. Okay so |
|
| 56:40 | this were a staff. Um you , it could end throughout some college |
|
| 56:45 | perhaps and then build a little cocoon . Here is a clock. So |
|
| 56:52 | can break that apart to be stripped Caucus using a kindness to do that |
|
| 57:01 | what and so breaking apart the plot then you can penetrate again into the |
|
| 57:10 | . Yeah so all about you know ways to access into your tissues. |
|
| 57:18 | so these enzymes you'll see in these um skin diseases particularly struck the Caucus |
|
| 57:25 | what it causes. I'll be back of this. Okay so the and |
|
| 57:35 | destructive caucus and it can cause depending species and the variety of enzymes their |
|
| 57:43 | it can cause different layers of skin . Just like um virus syphilis is |
|
| 57:49 | skin disease that kind of does the layers of skin infection. And there's |
|
| 57:53 | it gets bad as a flesh eating which is deep penetration down to the |
|
| 57:59 | even exposing bone in some cases but all has to do with these these |
|
| 58:03 | is thrown off to this pan feng destroyed his tissues. So it can |
|
| 58:08 | go from kind of somewhat mild to bad depending on the species of what |
|
| 58:15 | collection of enzymes and has proteus is course are enzymes that break down proteins |
|
| 58:25 | . And so I G. Protease is one that uh pathogens that |
|
| 58:32 | use your mucous membranes or require adherence your mucus membranes, respiratory pathogens for |
|
| 58:39 | . Um They N. G. . Maybe they're too because remember |
|
| 58:44 | G. A. S. Your secretions Right And so they're there to |
|
| 58:51 | these things from attaching to your newest . And so if they have an |
|
| 58:55 | . G. Eight protests were then destroy the I. G. |
|
| 58:58 | And then to be able to attach those surfaces. Okay Excuse me. |
|
| 59:08 | Any questions. Okay. Yeah this like our own. Yes yes it's |
|
| 59:20 | whole it's a cascade of events I . Uh But yeah we did we |
|
| 59:27 | have we do have that um the blood is also a number of different |
|
| 59:33 | coming together platelets and other things coming to clot blood and equally other components |
|
| 59:38 | together to prevent it as well. um Okay so toxins so um so |
|
| 59:49 | that are produced so extra toxins was by toxins have a target. Okay |
|
| 59:58 | have a specific target and um there a variety of different toxin types that |
|
| 60:04 | different cell types. Okay most of are of this kind of basic structure |
|
| 60:10 | there's an a unit debt is the portion and the B. Unit that |
|
| 60:16 | the binding. So again it's about the target cell has to be there |
|
| 60:20 | it binds to it toxin enters a and that causes damage. Okay and |
|
| 60:27 | as I mentioned before last time uh toxins are generally proteins in nature so |
|
| 60:36 | can elicit the response. So you the tetanus vaccine is basically a toxoid |
|
| 60:43 | contains antitoxin to the tetanus um So um the instant associate the basic |
|
| 60:53 | of how this occurs. So we binding of toxin right? Ah very |
|
| 60:59 | binding and then the toxic errors and the a portion is released and does |
|
| 61:09 | its function is. Okay. And we'll look at some of these toxins |
|
| 61:14 | . You can look at different categories whether they are um disruptive cell membrane |
|
| 61:22 | things like red blood cells that are apart by him mollison's. That's that's |
|
| 61:27 | same memory disrupter. So basically think a pretty strong to cell membrane and |
|
| 61:32 | contents leak out. Right? So mollison's glucose Sidon's are specific for white |
|
| 61:37 | cells for red blood cells. Um types of toxins um protein synthesis |
|
| 61:48 | This is going to be um uh quickly. Census of course is going |
|
| 61:53 | kill the cell certain And so the talks and she talks and you find |
|
| 61:58 | uh number of foodborne pathogens theory of is found in the respiratory pathogens. |
|
| 62:05 | We get that's the DPT vaccine. is subject area. Um So it's |
|
| 62:12 | actually antitoxin uh but it works by inhibiting uh protein synthesis affecting rival zones |
|
| 62:21 | uh is what they do. Um types of toxins are what you find |
|
| 62:28 | uh many times waterborne diseases contaminated water , these other gi track agents they |
|
| 62:37 | manipulate the sol use in those in themselves and disrupt the movement of ions |
|
| 62:48 | that ions begin to move out of south and the water them with |
|
| 62:54 | Alright. That's characteristic of of I. Tract infections and of course |
|
| 62:59 | all wear the symptoms of that, ? But then we've had food poisoning |
|
| 63:02 | drink suspect suspected water that was contaminated diarrhea. Right? So it's all |
|
| 63:10 | the water loss from your system. And uh there are toxins that can |
|
| 63:17 | that as well that they produce. and then uh super antigens. Okay |
|
| 63:23 | are similar in effect to what end toxins toxins gram negative. Next so |
|
| 63:31 | engines have a similar similar effect and the overstimulate the immune system. Right |
|
| 63:39 | um when you do that then you way more significant than you should be |
|
| 63:45 | . And then when you do that activate cells of the immune system and |
|
| 63:51 | can lead to a shock to your and that's generally not a good |
|
| 63:57 | And so there are toxic types that that effect. Okay um we just |
|
| 64:03 | talked about proteus is so these are talking about the proteins. So the |
|
| 64:08 | toxin which is a neurotoxin actually breaks the door transmitter that enables your motor |
|
| 64:21 | to talk to your muscle phone. so the tetanus toxin can break that |
|
| 64:27 | . Okay and then there's the effect that is this kind of spasmodic contractions |
|
| 64:33 | your muscle cells because they're not controlled because the the no trans transmitter's been |
|
| 64:41 | . Okay we'll talk that that's one the reasons we'll talk about next |
|
| 64:45 | Okay. Um so endo toxin. mentioned this before in the context of |
|
| 64:50 | wall the negative and positive. So um so deliberate portion of the |
|
| 64:59 | membrane. Okay um what it can so when it's intact not a |
|
| 65:06 | It's when it slices okay that it cause damage. Okay. And so |
|
| 65:14 | course this relates to um it relates severe ear infection. Has it spread |
|
| 65:24 | the blood? Okay. If that's case and that's really when it's a |
|
| 65:27 | . Okay. So you see also here with macrophage Justin gram negative, |
|
| 65:34 | release of end of toxin as a a as the organism is failure |
|
| 65:39 | Right? That accompanies a set of as well. Okay. Uh somebody's |
|
| 65:45 | induce feelings. Okay, but back the effects here, let's just look |
|
| 65:50 | this next slide here. Okay so is a sepsis sepsis is when it's |
|
| 65:57 | into the blood. Okay. And liberty material from the gram negative is |
|
| 66:05 | circulating in your blood. And so will contact of course as we know |
|
| 66:12 | like a total like receptive right that initiate um production of Okay. And |
|
| 66:22 | so the thing about it is if say response right would be a local |
|
| 66:29 | is confined to a local area. bra. Okay you get over it |
|
| 66:35 | you know within a few days. when that is now body wide. |
|
| 66:40 | can happen into the blood. Okay you're you're protesting. Activity may more |
|
| 66:47 | just themselves rather than just give me a local response. So now nobody |
|
| 66:52 | get involved. Alright that's way too . So the body of him. |
|
| 66:57 | so these cytokines are thrown out that function of I. M. |
|
| 67:01 | Was about fever production. Okay the factor. So again we're not doing |
|
| 67:08 | locally the whole body. So basically can act on temporaries, right? |
|
| 67:18 | so if that's happening you get food . Okay Blood bloody lost man. |
|
| 67:25 | pressure drop. Okay. Um Clotting can be enabled. So capitalism is |
|
| 67:33 | so your major organs were all fed capillaries where the exchange of nutrients occurs |
|
| 67:41 | , et cetera. And now if blocking up those little now nine of |
|
| 67:48 | so they can be able to So the collective response by your body |
|
| 67:54 | and this is all going on is checking out for a while. All |
|
| 67:58 | . And that's what shot basically is and you don't do something very |
|
| 68:02 | Of course then that's going to lead death. Right? So chock occurred |
|
| 68:07 | a result of this this this this stuff happens to your body and mind |
|
| 68:12 | if I'm gonna take a rest for while. Hopefully you can revive |
|
| 68:16 | Oh God. But that's that's uh can happen right appropriately. So but |
|
| 68:23 | just it's because we're greatest response where the songs you need, buying from |
|
| 68:31 | themselves, responding. These things cannot because it's period blood. I want |
|
| 68:37 | keep it up. You know how supposed to work right to local localized |
|
| 68:43 | in that time? But you get whole body potentially involved and that's a |
|
| 68:47 | story. Okay, and that's what is about. Um Any questions. |
|
| 68:55 | , so again the severity of it , how bad this gets this is |
|
| 69:01 | severity of the grand native infection. if it gets to the blood |
|
| 69:07 | Yeah, it can be a trying be problematic to deal with it in |
|
| 69:11 | certain way. It's certainly monitor the closely um interesting patterns. So another |
|
| 69:19 | to get around defenses is to go european, interest themselves and hide out |
|
| 69:26 | use it as a transport to get . Okay, so you have |
|
| 69:30 | editor types that are both um do as a occasional thing, what we |
|
| 69:36 | faculty native but those that are required do. So we're more we're more |
|
| 69:41 | on the faculty creative types here. , those that are and uh bacteria |
|
| 69:53 | watch it very primitive. You might they don't they don't give a lot |
|
| 69:58 | functions which is what they need to inside the cell. Okay. But |
|
| 70:02 | faculty types are those that basically they their life outside the cell. But |
|
| 70:09 | are the pathogens can use this mechanism get inside cells and hide from the |
|
| 70:14 | system. Okay, so we're more on the faculty of types here. |
|
| 70:18 | , so salmonella shigella or listeria? another one all have species that are |
|
| 70:24 | . And so the invasions, that's we're talking about here with that in |
|
| 70:28 | of invasions is it's meant to convey sell. Right, so it's kind |
|
| 70:32 | a collection of 9 10 proteins that that are inserted into the cell. |
|
| 70:41 | , so here you see salmonella um here are those invasions effective proteins that |
|
| 70:48 | bring about this effect. Okay, what they do? One of one |
|
| 70:53 | the things some of these do. , so this is uh ah a |
|
| 70:59 | cells of the intestinal wall, So the proteins can act to manipulate |
|
| 71:09 | active. Remember in a intestinal south microbial, I like the finger like |
|
| 71:17 | . Right? Those are due to has problem arise. And it's kind |
|
| 71:21 | like temples are sticking mm hmm, to member it out to to enable |
|
| 71:28 | absorption of food nutrients. Right, um this is these proteins in the |
|
| 71:34 | are kind of using that to make active models glamorizing that engulf the |
|
| 71:42 | What's gonna happen is this will become within the cell and it does so |
|
| 71:46 | enabling that acting to activate and then its thing. Okay, and so |
|
| 71:53 | this membrane russell. Right, So creating these holes here's shigella, |
|
| 72:02 | That then becomes engulfed and ingested. now it becomes it's in that |
|
| 72:08 | But so important distinction here is the for example, he's not doing this |
|
| 72:15 | be able to use the host of virus is using it as a vehicle |
|
| 72:21 | hi Canadian system and potentially to travel these cells. All right, so |
|
| 72:29 | the so here's an example because is so is hysteria um and when they're |
|
| 72:40 | the cell, we can actually further modules. Okay. And do |
|
| 72:48 | Bye, Attaching them to one pull the south. Okay, so our |
|
| 72:55 | is a molecule that can glamorize Okay, and so this can use |
|
| 73:02 | a form of motility, they call things acting rockets, right? It's |
|
| 73:07 | like the self propelled by the act molecules that are memorizing behind. |
|
| 73:14 | so the fact that it's sitting um this, here's here's okay, I'm |
|
| 73:21 | here's my acting monetary unit comes here I'm gonna put another one right |
|
| 73:28 | And then another one. And so by the action of that cells and |
|
| 73:32 | being propelled, that's kind of what's on here. Okay, So um |
|
| 73:39 | I've seen electron micro graphs of cells actually show the self doing this |
|
| 73:45 | And so in doing so we can't to other cells. And uh |
|
| 73:52 | right? Maybe maybe become a systemic . Okay, So quite kind of |
|
| 73:57 | odd phenomenon. But it basically makes phenomenal to kind of weird. Don't |
|
| 74:04 | anybody doesn't allow it to move. And so when it's being inside of |
|
| 74:11 | cell, Right. What what can do? Right. Well, natural |
|
| 74:18 | . Of course, if it comes like a magical. Yes. Well |
|
| 74:23 | the cell can potentially figures. So we can bind to a license |
|
| 74:29 | and then digested. It doesn't want . Okay. So what does it |
|
| 74:34 | ? There's three scenarios. Okay, can just simply break out of that |
|
| 74:40 | zone. Okay, not be And then maybe do one of these |
|
| 74:45 | motility things. Right. Um Another is here you prevent future. So |
|
| 74:56 | the bicycle. Here's the Liza Alright, So it produces proteins that |
|
| 75:03 | enable it not to fuse together. it never gets digested at all. |
|
| 75:08 | , Because the license um is what do that they're digesting refuses. |
|
| 75:12 | if you don't let that happen, this thing stage intact. Okay. |
|
| 75:18 | salmonella can also do this. This a a variation of the trans psychosis |
|
| 75:25 | we saw, right? Just comes and enters here and then exits |
|
| 75:31 | The damage is done to it because prevented the suggestion by licensing. |
|
| 75:36 | And so then it can And intestines are highly vascular life. Lots of |
|
| 75:44 | because of course it's nutritious things that into the blood from there into your |
|
| 75:50 | . So uh pageants can of this can hit your eye through the lymphatic |
|
| 75:57 | that are nearby or in the blood or what happened or in other |
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| 76:02 | Right. So this is a vehicle it too. Again, deeper into |
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| 76:07 | body may be spread. Third scenario , well, if you break out |
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| 76:13 | the thing is um that's one thing you just avoid avoid confusing with the |
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| 76:18 | on this. Nothing. But then other startups strategy is, well, |
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| 76:21 | with it. I'm just sitting here I will take the digestion. |
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| 76:26 | I'll take the acidity in the digestion they can withstand. That's what they |
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| 76:32 | withstand the the fusion of watch his and the and the things that come |
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| 76:38 | that. Right? The acidity and enzymes and all that. It's just |
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| 76:43 | to it. So it just lives inside there and multiplies. So that's |
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| 76:48 | the third track. Right? Um would say probably more common is the |
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| 76:54 | or the but Samuel does. But is one of just, that's what |
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| 77:00 | does is just sit and sign there and multiply. Okay. Yeah. |
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| 77:06 | these are all mechanisms of unnecessary packaging of surviving. Um Okay, so |
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| 77:17 | look at this one real quick. know we're running up against it |
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| 77:20 | But um answer this in real Give you can mm hmm. |
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| 77:39 | You know what we've think we're Um Okay, let's go and answer |
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| 77:47 | will be fine then. We'll go . Any questions. The only thing |
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| 77:52 | to do is to go through some the virulence factors for those that are |
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| 77:59 | sailor pathogens, which isn't long. we can, we can do that |
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| 78:04 | the start of next time. But just give me your best answer |
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| 78:13 | . Okay. Mhm. Okay. right. Uh, protein a is |
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| 78:46 | wait till next time. It's actually virulence factor. It's a virulent |
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| 78:52 | So, uh, so we got one and then there's a summary |
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| 79:02 | of the various factors. So we'll through those next time folks. So |
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| 79:07 | a good weekend and see you. hmm. Yeah, sorry to bother |
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| 79:41 | sir. No problem. So I'm bring provisions and my advisor until I |
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| 79:48 | to class and get, what do think that I'm going to make it |
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| 79:53 | the class? And what was the grade? Okay. In exam |
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| 80:04 | so I'll, I'll make it like c minus. Yeah. Just |
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| 80:11 | I don't know if you remember, was me that texted you about my |
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| 80:15 | and stuff. Oh yeah, sure, sure. No problem. |
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| 80:21 | understand that. You can't open those . The policies and at least thank |
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| 80:25 | for reading. Oh sure. Okay. How much, how much |
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| 80:42 | would have to, I have to at the grades in front of |
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| 80:45 | but you can, that's easy enough do. Just follow the instructions on |
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| 80:50 | page. Syllabus and just enter in 100 for example, four score that |
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| 80:55 | give you a per ceiling if you to. You could you could you |
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| 81:00 | You could calculate scenarios for if it 100 or look at that right then |
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| 81:08 | easy enough calculation because there's because that's that that has everything so you can |
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| 81:13 | divide by one or just add the . That's all you just follow what's |
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| 81:17 | their destructive. Give you an Uh Oh okay. 713733. No |
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| 81:28 | you so much. Sure. No . |
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