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BIOL 2301 Human Anatomy & Physiology I - 2103_lecture03_0125
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00:01 All right. It looks like it's time. It looks like I'm not
00:05 on over here. There we go . There we are. Alright.
00:12 So here we are. Day two the section. Day two of learning
00:18 little bit of not even really anatomy . Remember most of the stuff we're
00:22 in this first unit is going to background And we started off last week
00:27 here is the basic structure of the . We start started at the basic
00:31 . We said, hey, things molecules and then from molecules we get
00:35 from cells, we get tissues We get organs from organs, we
00:39 organ systems, organ systems, we organisms and then we stop there because
00:43 keeps going on beyond that. But where we stop in this class.
00:46 . And so what to do, we're gonna do today is we're going
00:48 focus in on those molecules. We're to do chemistry what we would call
00:55 , but it's really not either that just kind of like skimming across the
00:58 . So we all have a common . All right. But before we
01:01 there, I want to continue with little idea that I talk too fast
01:06 on thursday thursday. Yeah, I didn't get to it. And it's
01:10 three little slides right here. All . And basically we talked about compartmentalization
01:15 the body. We said the body compartmentalized and the reason it's compartmentalized is
01:20 that we can do specific chemical reactions that the cells can do unique things
01:25 them which makes all the other things . And so one of the types
01:30 compartmentalization we have has to do where is fluid in the body. So
01:35 basically break the body down. If can think the body is an encasement
01:39 separates all your insights from the outside . Right. And so within the
01:44 of that body, of the things the inside the two fluid compartments are
01:49 intracellular fluid in the extra cellular Now, if you think about the
01:54 for a second, you can already , okay, well, what does
01:57 , what does that mean? It's , well, we have cells we
01:59 were made up of cells. And there's fluid inside cells and there's fluid
02:04 cells. And it's really as basic that. And the thing that separates
02:09 two environments are the plasma membranes that up cells. And we'll talk about
02:14 in on thursday. Alright, we're really focused on that. We just
02:19 to give you this idea that we . If you think of everything,
02:22 you take the body and you divide , it's like, okay, I've
02:25 stuff inside cells and got stuff outside . All right, that's easy
02:28 Right. And you see the breakdown so important for us, but you
02:31 see that the inside cells make up thirds of the fluid of the
02:34 The outside of the cells make up a third of the fluid of the
02:38 . And the reason I point this is because you'll see that we're gonna
02:41 this other division where it does the same thing. All right.
02:47 if you look at the extra cellular and this top picture right here does
02:50 best job of this. All So, you can see here,
02:53 , Here's inside cell. There's all everything else is outside cell, even
02:56 stuff inside this blood vessel. But if you look at the outside
03:01 , like, look, oh, stuff that surrounds the cells directly so
03:04 there's a button right up next to cell. But then there's fluid that's
03:09 from that fluid. All right. , in other words, we have
03:13 that is interstitial, which means in cells. And then we have fluid
03:18 is not interstitial. And we refer that fluid that's the fluid that's circulating
03:23 your body is called plasma. And again, the breakdown is interstitial
03:27 . About two thirds of the extra fluid, plasma. About a third
03:31 the extra cellular fluid. And what have here is we have an environment
03:35 allows for you to move fluids But also allows you have an environment
03:40 exchange of materials with the cells. , you can think about like
03:44 Alright, you breathe in air. just gonna use air that's easy,
03:47 ? You breathe in air in There's something that our bodies want.
03:50 it in the air oxygen? Air . We learned that back way back
03:54 So I breathe in air oxygen goes my body. But the first place
03:59 goes, it goes into the plasma the extra cellular fluid. Now,
04:05 wiggling my fingers so the muscles in finger need that oxygen. And so
04:09 blood circulates through my body. And it arrives, there's less oxygen in
04:15 around the cells because the cells are up oxygen. So they're depleting the
04:20 that surrounds them. So they pull from the surrounding interstitial fluid to allow
04:26 to do the work. And now oxygen in the blood moves from the
04:30 into the interstitial fluid. So, kind of this grade, right?
04:34 goes from the plasma to the interstitial , from the interstitial fluid into the
04:41 . All right. So that we our three compartments. So, you
04:44 exchange directly from the blood to the you exchange from the blood to the
04:49 fluid, right? Or from the to the interstitial fluid and from the
04:53 fluid you exchange with the cells. these are the three compartments. So
04:58 boundary between the interstitial fluid and the are the walls of your circulatory
05:04 Or really if you want to really down to the nitty gritty. It's
05:07 capillaries, the walls of the smallest . Alright. And so that's what
05:13 referred to as indo thallium, which the type of epithelium. We'll get
05:16 that. All right. So, that being said, why do we
05:21 ? You know the big picture is why should I care about this
05:24 You bring it up in class? not doing it just because I feel
05:27 talking. Although sometimes All right. reason is because your body, as
05:33 said, is an environment that is to create these unique environments. Very
05:40 chemical reactions are taking place. And what that means is that the environment
05:45 the cells and surrounding the cells are be highly regulated. What they're doing
05:49 they're balancing out the amount of water fluid and the amount of solute,
05:54 is the stuff. All right. the fancy scientific word for stuff,
05:59 ? So, when you hear salute . Alright. And so water can
06:03 back and forth just fine between these compartments. But they're dependent upon the
06:10 of the stuff. So water goes there's more stuff to try to dilute
06:15 out. And so you're trying to these two, you're trying to ensure
06:19 these environments are very, very So your fluid intake and your output
06:25 going to be tightly matched. And you know this because if I gave
06:28 a gallon of water to drink where gonna find yourself in about 30
06:32 you're gonna be in the bathroom. ? So your body is going to
06:36 put in a lot of water, a second, I don't need all
06:38 water. And so it tries to rid of it. But when you're
06:42 , what's your body saying? Give water. And so it pulls water
06:47 . And so the cells are doing , they're bouncing the amount of water
06:51 they have that goes in and out cells and it's based on the
06:54 And so there's a lot of different mechanisms that you're gonna get to look
06:58 over the course of this unit, this unit, but over the course
07:01 the semester and the next, primarily the next. So in a.
07:05 p. two. All right. , what we're looking at here is
07:08 . So you balance now, as said, we have unique compartments.
07:14 so what I wanna do is I want to point out some of that
07:17 right now because it's something that you're have to kind of carry with you
07:21 your entire HMP career. Alright. the way your muscles work and the
07:26 that your um uh nervous system works highly dependent on this. But also
07:31 the other systems are But we just talk about it all that much.
07:34 . So, first, when you at intracellular fluid, that's the fluid
07:37 here, what it has, it more potassium for those who haven't taken
07:41 , that's what K. Stands for and it has more negatively charged
07:47 Alright now we call them an onyx proteins. But rather than confuse
07:51 I'm just going to say negatively charged . Alright. That's why the A
07:55 there's no such thing as a as molecule with a letter A All
07:59 And so it has more of those a couple of other molecules that we
08:02 really care about. Magnesium and The extra cellular fluid has more
08:08 more calcium, more chlorine. And this ugly little character over here is
08:14 . Alright. It's a negatively charged that kind of balances things out.
08:18 so what's happening is is that these you look at these and say,
08:23 , well, I can see that all these different types of ions.
08:26 actual charge of your body is Right? If I go up and
08:31 you, you're not gonna become electrocuted the total number of ions in my
08:35 are equal everywhere positive and negative. the types of ions are different in
08:43 compartments. And that difference allows the to do unique things. Okay,
08:50 , you're gonna eventually have to remember fluid has this characteristic extra cellular fluid
08:58 this character, particularly the sodium. one other one is blood plasma has
09:03 . So, you have proteins that floating in your blood. But out
09:06 in the interstitial fluid, you do . We call those proteins. Plaza
09:12 how clever. So you have plasma . But there's no interstitial fluid
09:17 Alright. And so again, that a unique environment here then over here
09:23 part of that unique environment. It water to the blood. All
09:27 So it's the differences in their relative ease that allow for the cells to
09:33 what they do. And again, a term that we're going to come
09:36 and get a little bit later. permeability basically means how easy it is
09:41 things to move in and out. , if you look at this room
09:44 a second, how many doors do see open one? This one right
09:49 here. Maybe that one over I don't know people in the back
09:53 in that one too. So we three doors out of four. Open
09:56 in the back have to be able tell me this because I can't see
09:58 doors. Yeah. Alright. So got three out of four. What
10:02 the potential for permeability in this Four doors being opened out of
10:07 Right. You can't go through But can we increase the permeability of
10:11 room if we open that door? . Alright. So relative permeability is
10:15 many available pathways are there to get and out at a given time?
10:20 you can increase it or decrease I could shut the doors and say
10:23 you're stuck in here with me It's not gonna happen. But I
10:28 . Alright. Alright. So with in mind we have compartments in the
10:34 . Alright. And so our starting is Alright, well, we said
10:38 background. The baseline of understanding how work. We've got to understand the
10:44 . And so first off, before get to the molecules, let's jump
10:47 up and go, Hey, let's talk about what life is.
10:50 is based on what it's called. theory. Cell theory. There's many
10:54 scientists over the last 200 years that of figured this stuff out. It
10:58 to believe back in the 17 hundreds life just appeared people would have a
11:02 of meat and then all of a magnitude growing out of it, and
11:04 was like ah spontaneous eruption of And someone figured out said,
11:08 maybe that's not true. They put piece of meat in a glass thing
11:12 didn't expose it to the external environment it didn't get maggots. And they
11:15 like, hmm, maybe there's something this. And over the course of
11:19 they came up with these three different . All living organisms have one or
11:23 cells. Alright, that's rule number . So, how those individual cells
11:29 affect how that cell functions. we talked about this briefly, we
11:33 , look, you know, all eukaryotic multicellular organisms have kind of these
11:37 structures. Whereas some single cellular these carry outs have other types of unique
11:43 . But they're all cells to start with. It's like all right,
11:46 that's easy enough viruses aren't cells. not living things. So, viruses
11:52 not fall into the category of life are the fundamental unit of life.
11:57 . They carry out metabolic activities that four biological work to occur. And
12:03 came up with a list of five that can that basically define what life
12:08 , viruses take advantage of the machinery cells have to replicate themselves. Their
12:14 their job is basically code that says many copies of me. And that's
12:20 . All right. And then cells can only originate from pre existing
12:26 . Alright. And the reason for is because that nucleic acid, that
12:31 information is where all that information comes to allow you to create that
12:37 All right. Now, this is place where if you're if you're really
12:41 of think about it, like wait a second where the first cell
12:44 from. That's not what this class . If you want to learn that
12:47 , you can go and take an biology class. Well, they can
12:51 about how certain biomolecules created other types unique structures that kind of came to
12:57 point where we actually have life. right. But that's not what we're
13:01 address here. Alright. So, thought I felt something fall out.
13:05 . But anyways. So those are our starting point. So, where
13:08 dealing with cells and cells have these molecules that are coded for or created
13:16 the cell to allow it to do things that it does. There we
13:22 . So, what are the basic molecules? All right. This is
13:25 biochemistry. If you ever take a class, this is what you're studying
13:29 detail. Alright, first, the biological molecules are these four classes of
13:36 , nucleic acids, proteins, lipids carbohydrates. That's it, basically everything
13:40 eat. Mm hmm. Alright. , they're the things that are going
13:47 give rise to the structures and the of the cells. There are the
13:51 that allow to create the distinct structures of cells. There are the things
13:56 allow you to do the things the does. They have unique biochemical
14:02 Nucleic acids are very different from proteins are very different from lipids, which
14:05 very different from carbohydrates. Now, these 43 of them are what are
14:12 polymers, meaning they are made up small sub units that are repeated over
14:18 over and over again, that have differences. But the molecule itself is
14:23 same. Think of it as We're all familiar with legos. Legos
14:28 fun. Right, legos are basically units of themselves, right? They
14:33 have slightly different sizes and slightly different to them, but ultimately, they
14:39 connect to each other because they're all the exact same. They have the
14:43 tiny mail piece on one side and have a female piece on the other
14:47 . so that you can click them and you can create all sorts of
14:50 stuff, right? Especially if you're . If you're a lego master,
14:57 am not the legal master. I'm like Lord business. I want to
15:01 take super glue and glue everything For though you don't know what I'm
15:06 about. You need to get out often and watch the lego movie.
15:09 right. The one that's not a . Is this one right? Here
15:13 the lipids. All right. In words, it doesn't have all these
15:17 . It's basically it. All And so what we're gonna do is
15:21 gonna walk through. We're gonna start nucleic acid. We're gonna go to
15:23 . We're gonna go I think carbohydrates lipids. I may have the last
15:27 flips. I'm not entirely sure. here's the chemistry for those who have
15:31 taken chemistry. This is the one really. The two types of reactions
15:35 reversible reactions that you need to know order to understand biology. Alright,
15:39 first type of reaction is called a reaction. The second one is called
15:42 hydraulic versus reaction. And really what does. It allows us to put
15:46 pieces of legos together. All When you're putting things together, you're
15:51 a condensation reaction when you're breaking things . You're doing a hydraulic sis
15:57 Now, what this is referring to the parts of the monomers that are
16:03 off for being or being put back back on. Alright. So,
16:07 can imagine here and And I understand this is actually a growing polymer over
16:11 and there's a monomer. But you see here there's a hydrogen group on
16:15 on one on the polymer. It's even over here on the monomer.
16:18 there's always on one side. You to have a hydrogen on the other
16:23 of that monomer. And that you have an O. H.
16:26 . Hydroxyl group. All right. what you're doing is in order to
16:30 those two things together, you have break off the hydrogen. You have
16:33 break off the hydroxyl group. And those two things are broken off,
16:38 joined together and they form water. kind of like when you put a
16:42 out in a hot, a nice glass of water and a nice humid
16:47 environment, What do you get on side of the glass conversation? Which
16:52 water Now, it's not appearing out magic and stuff like that. Like
16:56 kind of feels like. But what doing is water is being created out
17:01 nothing is kind of what this is . Hence the condensation. That's where
17:05 name comes from. Alright. what we're doing is we're removing this
17:10 that that bond can be formed. a Covalin bond And what you're getting
17:15 of it is water All right. then the hydraulics. This reaction says
17:18 right. Now, I want to the things back together again.
17:21 I have to replace those parts that took off. So, what I'm
17:24 do is I'm gonna take water and gonna break it in half into the
17:28 and hydrogen hydro that's the water license . That's where the name comes
17:33 So, I break the water Those two things back on the end
17:37 they're supposed to be on. And I've broken the bond. Alright,
17:41 condensation creates covalin bonds, hydraulics is covalin bonds. And that's your chemistry
17:49 the day. No more chemistry. , other than learning the names of
17:54 things, maybe there might be some in here. We'll see. All
17:58 . So, understanding this is basically is how we're gonna make all these
18:02 is using these types of reactions. gonna see lots of very big names
18:05 these simple types of reactions. All . So, our first molecules a
18:10 acid. Alright, this is the molecule in your body. Now,
18:14 it's a polymer. And so, not the longest. Or it's not
18:17 biggest single structure. It's a whole of things have been put together.
18:22 , it's a very very large thing its purpose is to store and transfer
18:26 information in the south. All There are two major classes of nucleic
18:31 . There's more than this. But two major ones are DNA and
18:35 Alright, so D. N. . Is deoxyribonucleic acid. I underlined
18:39 dioxin part because I'm gonna show you it's called the oXY and then we
18:43 RNA, which is ribonucleic acid. there's three um components to the monomer
18:48 makes up the structure of the nucleus . So the monomer is called a
18:54 and has three parts to it. , the covalin bond has a unique
18:58 . It's called a phosphor di ester . So there's a phosphate group group
19:03 there and there's two ester bonds. again, if you're sitting on I
19:05 know, nestor bond is don't worry it. This is an organic
19:09 Alright. But that's when you hear name, you should think.
19:12 that's nucleic acids. That's the bond a nucleic acid. All right.
19:17 there's there's pointing the picture going, see that line right there. That
19:21 represents the sea and that's why it's of useless. Right, Come
19:25 All right. So, these are parts of this monomer. This
19:32 Alright. We said there's three parts have a pintos sugar. Alright,
19:36 you hear Penta means five. And if you look it's like,
19:40 that means the sugar has five carbons we can go 1234. Each of
19:45 spots represents a carbon and there is fifth carbon sitting up there. Now
19:51 can also look at it. It a five like a pentagon type
19:54 That's kind of helpful. But that's if you look there's not five carbons
19:58 that ring. Alright because there's an in the ring. But that's where
20:02 five. Alright now I pointed I this is number one. That's number
20:06 . And then this one's number If you look here if that's carbon
20:10 two that's carbon number three at carbon two. That's the thing that makes
20:15 difference between A. D. Oxy a rib. Oh nucleic acid or
20:20 . Alright so deoxyribonucleic type versus the acid or reboot nucleotide. So RNA
20:26 a hydroxyl group. Their D. . A. Has a hydrogen group
20:29 . Do you see what we We detoxified it hence the name.
20:33 , so DNA doesn't have a Now. Again, not so
20:37 But you know the one thing that me nuts when I was in your
20:41 is when professors would get up here G amazon about stuff and you're like
20:44 a second. I don't know what hell you're talking about because I don't
20:46 what these mean words mean. So I'm trying to demystify the magic
20:52 biology. All right. Has a group. There's your phosphate groups.
20:58 over there. It's attached to the carbon. So again 1234. There's
21:01 fifth carbon. There's a phosphate And then over here this is where
21:05 makes each of the nucleotides unique is sort of nitrogenous base does is attached
21:11 here at the one carbon. All . And so there's different ones,
21:14 ? If you have a single these are called perimeter means there's three
21:18 them. There is timing and cytosine belongs to D. N.
21:22 Euros. Il inside a scene belonged RNA. Alright, so thiamine and
21:27 are very similar to each other, they're different enough that one belongs to
21:31 . One belongs to D. A. Alright. And then you
21:34 the purity rings which is adenine and . So those are the names of
21:37 bases. Now the way I remember is a horrible thing, especially if
21:42 a cougar because Aggies are boo Right? We don't like Aggies,
21:48 ? Yeah. Aggies are pure you , my wife is an Aggie.
21:51 I can say it and not feel horrible. But you know, I
21:56 if that's if that doesn't work, have to come up with your own
21:59 or whatever your own trick. But how I remember Aggies are pure.
22:02 I always know that A. And . Are pureeing. That means the
22:04 ones are primitive things. Okay, this is looking at the D.
22:12 . A. And its structure taking . So remember this right here is
22:16 nucleotide. That's the nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide you can see what we did.
22:20 created a chain. And each side the chain goes in opposite directions is
22:24 we refer to as being anti What's the direction? Well this right
22:29 is the five carbon, Sorry, there is the five carbon. That's
22:32 four. That's the three. So your three carbon, there's your five
22:36 . So this is five prime, prime. You can do the same
22:39 on the other side. You okay, that's the 345 carbon.
22:42 there's three prime to five prime. can see they're pointing at each other
22:46 this. Alright. And the attachment them, the attraction between them is
22:52 the nitrogenous bases. Alright. And nitrogenous bases attract specifically to another
22:59 Alright, So add means are always to these machines or time means.
23:05 the nucleotide and nucleoside, our Alright. The cytosine is always attracted
23:11 the guarani. Always, always, . So the way that the DNA
23:17 itself up, it has a strand going five prime and three prime and
23:20 other strand going in one direction and you is base pairing based upon that
23:26 rule right there. And because of structure of these things, what it
23:31 is it forces itself to twist and what is called an alpha helix.
23:36 that's the thing we're all familiar In fact, if you have a
23:40 texas license plate, if you look you see you have a two double
23:45 alpha analyses on your license plate, got to go and look at your
23:50 . Now, if you have one those modern ones, just kind of
23:53 a look and you'll see it's kind that off offset print. So if
23:56 look at it straight, you're not see it. But if you kind
23:58 look into the side, it's what guess they make. You know,
24:01 do that so that they know it's counterfeit. All right. So that's
24:07 structure now are in a is also acid. So it falls all the
24:13 rules. The difference being that we have time. I mean, we
24:17 euros L so there's your euros L what they're trying to show you.
24:20 right. It has different roles. doesn't store hereditary information like DNA
24:25 It's actually used as a way to proteins in a whole different variety of
24:31 . And that's kind of the easy . The truth is that there's a
24:34 more things that RNA does and we're more and more things as we learn
24:38 and more about how cells work. for our purposes, we're just gonna
24:42 it simple. It's primarily plays a in protein production. And there's three
24:46 types of RNA that do that. we're not gonna go into that right
24:50 . Now. Typically RNA is single . Alright, so this is what
24:54 showing you here, single strand, go five prime and three prime,
24:56 go back to this one here is can see the double strands and the
25:00 and but the pairing rules still In fact what happens? So this
25:04 here is a type of RNA called . R N. A. All
25:08 . And you can see that there's based pairing taking place on that single
25:13 . Right? So it's basically saying over here this is matched to
25:17 And so it pairs up. And happens is when that happens it creates
25:23 sort of unique three dimensional shape that actually doesn't look like the D.
25:29 . A. And that alpha helix we were looking at a little bit
25:33 . So it kind of shows you , different shapes, different functions.
25:37 makes sense. That's kind of an one right there. Whenever you're dealing
25:40 biomolecules, different shapes, different Okay, so are in a single
25:48 DNA double stranded RNA. Your S . D N A. T.
25:52 mean right. RNA makes proteins or a role in making proteins.
25:57 N. A plays a role in hereditary information. Those are the differences
26:03 it's far more complex than that. that's for us. So, with
26:09 to nucleic acids, DNA is the molecule. Alright. It's no matter
26:15 sort of organism you look into N. A. Is the same
26:19 , it has the same nucleotides. . That's why you can say All
26:25 . If I look at D. . A. In a virus,
26:28 can a virus infect myself and do because it has the same sort of
26:32 acids? If it's A D A virus, there are also RNA
26:36 . All right. What about a ? What about a mouse? What
26:40 a bird? What about a You know what about a fish?
26:44 N. A. Is D N . Is D N A. Is
26:45 N. A. It doesn't matter you're in a worm, it's still
26:48 same thing. What makes the N. A unique in each of
26:50 organisms? Is the sequence of that . N. A. Okay,
26:56 , it's how you read it. right. I'm gonna use a stupid
26:59 . You ready? The same letters used in english as they are in
27:04 . Would you say those two languages the same? No, but it's
27:10 same letters. Right. And that's of the same thing. It's the
27:16 nucleic acids. The same nucleotides. just used in different orders to create
27:23 things. All right. Now, RNA is going to be used to
27:30 create those proteins, those amino acids are ultimately going to create the proteins
27:35 that nucleic acid. And what we here, basically is the central dogma
27:40 genetics. Alright, so, this if you want to know what genetics
27:43 all about. This is It basically this. Look, we have DNA
27:47 up all the information of all the that that cell can do as well
27:52 the rest of the body. Most that stuff is actually just turned
27:55 Right. And so what it has has your genes, your genes is
27:59 instruction manual or really the instructions to able to create the proteins in the
28:04 . Now, having said that we want to muck with that too
28:10 Right. It's like having a blueprint a building when I have a
28:14 I'm not going to take that blueprint original down to the work side because
28:18 gonna get messed up crushed destroyed in 1000 different ways. So, I
28:23 the blueprint at the office. What I do? I make copies what
28:29 is? Is the specific instruction for gene for a specific protein.
28:37 it's like making copies and saying, right. This is your instructions,
28:41 layers. This is your instruction This is your instruction electrical or
28:46 electrical people electricians go and do what need to do. And so that's
28:51 that next level is the M. . N. A. Is the
28:55 for something very specific. And then , the proteins are the tools or
29:00 machinery that allows the cell to do stuff. Right? So, I
29:05 tell the cell what it needs to . I can tell specifically what to
29:08 at a given time and I create materials of the structures that need to
29:12 used at that particular moment. That's central dogma of genetics. DNA begets
29:19 which begets proteins which means our next must be proteins. All right,
29:28 far so good. All right back the back are we? Good.
29:33 head nodding. All right. So just pulled these off the internet.
29:38 just showing you proteins have different What do we just say? Different
29:41 equal different functions. Alright, now have um uh all these molecules basically
29:48 same elements in them, but there's unique ones that kind of stand
29:53 So for example, all these elements going to be found in D.
29:56 . A. But now we're gonna in And sulfur actually phosphate was found
30:00 DNA as well. All right. so what we have here is we're
30:03 have long chains of amino acids. , when you think protein, it's
30:06 a whole bunch of amino acids that been connected together with these unique types
30:11 covalin bonds. They play different sorts roles in the cell. Again,
30:15 is not a list for you to . This is just kind of like
30:17 yeah, I can see proteins do lot of different things so they can
30:21 structural, They can play a role transport. They can play a role
30:25 immune defense. Alright, antibodies are of proteins. Alright, so there's
30:31 of different roles. And so this the monomer for the protein. It's
30:35 amino acid. All right. You see it has two functional groups that
30:39 been circled here. This is the group. This is the car boxes
30:43 . That's the acid group. you see where it got its name
30:47 mean no acid. And then it this little thing sitting over here,
30:51 on the side. That's a variable . And that's what makes all the
30:55 . You know, message unique from other is what's in that variable
30:59 So, every one of them you mean, has the carb oxalic
31:01 has a centralized carbon. What's called alpha carbon. Don't worry about
31:05 You see, there's a little proton up on the side and then this
31:07 the thing that makes it unique. . There's 20 common types. There's
31:11 than that. But 20 of them we use as the building blocks in
31:15 bodies. This is the big Please do not memorize it. All
31:20 . When you go to biochemistry, you go to biochemistry, you get
31:24 memorize at all to your heart's Alright, But what I want to
31:27 out here with this is you can of classify them based upon that our
31:32 , that variable group. So, have over here where you can see
31:35 all have this kind of aromatic shape them. All right. Big old
31:40 um ring over here. These are charged. You can see negative charge
31:45 charge over here. These are positively Over here. These are polar.
31:49 are non polar. These are chemical . That kind of explains how these
31:55 groups. Kazi amino acid to behave the context of the actual protein.
32:02 , if you're positively register amino what do you think you're attracted to
32:08 charged ones? Right. And so can imagine that's gonna bend those two
32:13 towards one another if they're in the molecule or if you can imagine there
32:18 out on the edges, you can wow, what's gonna happen here is
32:21 probably some sort of interaction between this charge here and maybe another molecule over
32:26 that has a negative charge. It for that type of interaction. The
32:30 and the non polar do the same in a watery environment. Polar molecules
32:34 to hang out where water is non molecules like to be excluded from
32:38 So that's going to cause the change the shape of the molecule. And
32:43 part of the way that the protein created and allows for its function depends
32:48 which amino acids are there and how interacting with one another. Now
32:54 we don't need to concern ourselves specifically all those mechanics. But we knowing
32:59 kind of like, okay, I understand why these might be important
33:03 some people. Now we talked about phosphoric ester bond. It was a
33:12 reaction and a hydraulic sis reaction. the name of the bond that's covenant
33:16 that's formed between a million in assets called a peptide bond. All
33:21 And so what you do is you an amino acid and amino acids.
33:24 take the hydrogen and the basically you're take two hydrogen from here. Um
33:30 is gonna be attracted to that. , this is the chemistry. And
33:34 so that comes off, pops off other one pops off and that's where
33:38 get the peptide bond. Don't worry the chemistry. It still works.
33:41 just a little bit more complex. , so what you end up with
33:45 is that there's a peptide bomb. you can see on one side we
33:48 have the mean on the other side have the acid. So that's how
33:51 gonna extend. Here's a long You can see here's the mean there's
33:56 acid on the other side. So can just keep making this chain bigger
34:00 bigger and bigger and bigger. It's going to be the same. I
34:03 on one side, whole bunch of in the middle car box silica on
34:06 other side or the carb oxalic acid the other side. So, you
34:10 think of a protein or peptide as of like a sentence and you can
34:16 of the amino acids as the letters are forming in that sentence. All
34:22 . I'm going to truncate it a bit here? Think about three
34:27 All right, CA&T. How many can you spell with CA&T. There's
34:32 easy one. I just gave it you. What's another one Act?
34:37 another one tech? Right. I we could probably come up with I
34:44 that's basically the only thing I could , but let's say not just using
34:47 three letters. Let's say we could them. Right. I could probably
34:51 , you know, I mean it's a great word but you know,
34:53 might work with words and friends, knows. Right. See a
34:58 I could do ta T. I could do a T T.
35:01 can start doing all these different unique . All instead of just having three
35:06 from C A T. I can nine words. Right. And so
35:10 can imagine the number of combinations I have with 20 amino acids. And
35:15 do I know you understand this? , you guys have been speaking and
35:19 English for quite some time. And many monomers do we have in
35:24 26. Think of all the you know? Pretty impressive.
35:30 And that's really what this is. you look at a protein you
35:33 oh well, okay, that's a long structure begins over here within a
35:38 and then a series of different amino and then I end up with the
35:43 over here at the end. That's period, capital letter period. Everything
35:46 between is the what is the sequence the protein? Alright, So,
35:52 proteins are simply different combinations and number amino acids available. All right,
35:59 , you have some proteins that are . Some proteins are small, some
36:01 middle. Right. There's all sorts variability there. Okay. We'll come
36:08 to proteins a little bit more a bit later when it becomes relevant.
36:14 , yes, ma'am. Yeah, it's whatever analogy works for. You
36:20 think of it as the letters that the word or the worst form of
36:23 . Right? The car is that the train? I don't know.
36:30 . Alright, lipids, remember I the lipids are the weird ones.
36:34 there are no monomers. They are polymers. They are just Are there
36:40 a type of molecule. There's lots different types of them. Alright.
36:44 they are is they're basically water and compounds we call them fats.
36:49 And they have carbon hydrogen auction. very similar to carbohydrates. Carbohydrates have
36:56 hydrogen oxygen. But there is a ratio of carbon to hydrogen oxygen in
37:01 carbohydrate, whereas in the fat. don't see that fixed ratio.
37:06 A lot fewer oxygen's. They have of different functions. You're most familiar
37:10 this one. Right here. This how I store up nutrients dr Wayne
37:14 a really good job of storing up . All right. But there's also
37:21 role playing a role in making up membranes of cells. All right.
37:27 then lastly, they play a role signaling we think of them as
37:31 And I'm gonna kind of show you three different types. Again, loosely
37:35 . Not. You gotta memorize structure . Alright. And what we're looking
37:39 are the four basic classes here. right up here is an absolute glycerol
37:43 . All right. This is what when you think about that this is
37:45 you think of. Alright. This . Here is what is called a
37:48 lipid. It's again it's a representation , right? Here would be what
37:51 a steroid? And this down here a wax. There's actually one more
37:55 I don't even show up here. these are the basic ones that we're
37:57 be looking at. So, we're start with the fats. Alright.
38:02 most common one. The moment we're familiar with is an absolute glycerol is
38:05 a try a cell glycerol ride. . And structurally it can be a
38:10 or liquid. Alright, here's an of a solid. There's an example
38:14 a liquid, two different fats that cook with butter, olive oil.
38:19 right. Now, how is the of triglyceride? Well, simply put
38:24 start off with a glycerol glycerol Right? And then we have a
38:29 of three chains of fatty acids. fatty acids are the things that are
38:33 . The glycerol is exactly the same single time. It's a three carbon
38:38 that has three hydroxyl groups that you form ester bonds with with a fatty
38:44 . So that's why you end up a glycerol and 123 fatty acid
38:48 Right. And what makes each fat ? Right, is the length of
38:52 chains. So you'll hear about all . Have you ever heard of omega
38:56 fatty acids? You know I mean an easy one. So it's just
38:59 length of the chain and that's where name comes from. All right
39:06 one thing that can be variable is number of double bonds that are found
39:10 the chain. Alright, we say there are no double bonds in a
39:14 . So just looking at the bottom , there's no double bonds, we
39:17 it saturated. Now again, this an organic chemistry thing. If you
39:21 taken organic chemistry yet, that's But you can think about it like
39:24 , a fatty acid changes a series carbon. Covalin bonds and then you
39:30 carbon, carbon, carbon, carbon but you need to form four bonds
39:33 the carbon. So two of those are ones, you know, one
39:37 was going the other one. So can imagine if I have original carbon
39:40 , I'm attached to a carbon there a carbon there. So I need
39:42 have two other things to other things gonna be hydrogen. And so if
39:47 completely saturated, meaning all four of bonds are satisfied. I am a
39:53 bond or saturated fat. And so can see what kind of changes it
39:58 a nice straight chain doesn't bend, doesn't kink just goes off in one
40:05 . Alright, an unsaturated bond or unsaturated fat is going to have a
40:11 bond. And again, carbon needs bonds. So if I have one
40:15 over here, I'm gonna have a covalin bond again over here, that's
40:22 . And that means I'm gonna have hydrogen. So I'm not completely
40:26 Like I was before. That's why called unsaturated. And if your poly
40:33 makes it sound scary. It just you have more than one double
40:37 All right, so saturated all my my bonds are satisfied. Unsaturated.
40:44 have a double bond and polyunsaturated. of double bonds. Now, what
40:48 double bonds do is it creates kinks the chain. All right,
40:53 I want you to imagine a pencil I want you to imagine stacking pencils
40:57 to each other. Let's do straws are a better example.
41:00 you'll see why here and say if take a whole bunch of straws and
41:04 them, they'll stack pretty easily. you agree Right there? Just basically
41:08 one on top of each other. imagine getting bendy straws and bending them
41:13 and then trying to stack them. they gonna stack close like the straight
41:18 ? No, they're gonna kick off to the side and so they can't
41:22 right next to it. And so happens is is because of those double
41:27 , those fatty acids kind of going different directions that prevents the fatty acids
41:31 get close to each other. And you can imagine if I have a
41:34 bunch of tricycle glycerol rides that have whole bunch of these double bonds,
41:39 further and further apart so you get of a liquid environment, They're
41:45 But if I have a whole bunch saturated bonds in other words, a
41:48 bunch of straight fatty acids, they get up real close to each
41:51 And so I get something that's solid butter. Right this right here is
42:01 picture of that tricycle glycerin so you act so where this is a bunch
42:05 lines and circles this you can actually here is the 123 carbon here.
42:10 can see I haven't formed the bond here, I formed the ester bond
42:14 so when I make fat I call like a genesis when I break one
42:19 these off, it's called like policies a whole bunch of different things with
42:25 trials triglycerides, long term energy Alright, I consume food. My
42:30 says, hey, you know it get where food is scarce so I
42:36 to have fat stored up and that's I'm gonna store up energy but it
42:40 has structural support plays a role in . It also plays a role in
42:45 . Alright. You have a layer fat on on the surface of your
42:47 . You have uh layers of fat your on your butt. Just knock
42:53 out. It looks like it's I don't know what happened. Did
43:06 die? Let's see if I have go over here. Well, that's
43:19 . Alright. Let's try this one time because this is the one unless
43:22 hit the channel, which doesn't seem . There we go. I did
43:32 a button stupid, but yes, . Past the terms. Right?
43:45 whenever. So that's a good The question is this this term condensed
43:49 hydraulics is what it refers to Is formation of a Covalin bond or breaking
43:54 a covalin bond. So condensation reaction always in the formation of covalin bond
43:59 is always in the formation of breaking bond. And all of this is
44:03 water or or breaking one. And is actually a good point to kind
44:07 interrupt here for a second. I you to think about this. Why
44:10 you think We tell you to drink and lots of water drinking lots of
44:14 is good for you. And then make up some number. Like you
44:16 to drink eight cups of water a . Why do you think that
44:22 That's good. Well, it has do with this chemistry right here.
44:27 right. So, you can All right. I'm just gonna do
44:30 . So, let's let's imagine that you like to eat and further You
44:34 like to eat cheeseburgers. Figure something you like, right. That big
44:37 juicy cheeseburger is a bunch of bonds need to be broken. And if
44:41 have to break bonds, I have have what available to break those
44:45 Water. Right? So, water necessary to break Barnes as you digest
44:52 just as an example. So, molecule I break I have to have
44:56 available and then every molecule I make make water. So, there's kind
45:00 a balance there. But it just on which states your body's in.
45:03 we said there's metabolic reactions where we're and breaking Sometimes you're making more.
45:08 you're breaking more water. Is there ensure that those chemical reactions take place
45:14 away liquids or monitor. So, answer that question. So, are
45:20 monomers. The answer is no. , Because remember what we say,
45:23 monomer is a series of similar blocks are built on top of each
45:27 They're like legos here, we don't that. All right. Now,
45:31 looking at this going wait a I see three fatty acid chains here
45:33 the glycerol wires that a monomer because have other classes of lipids. All
45:38 . And that's why. Alright. , let me jump to the next
45:41 and you'll see what I'm talking about . All right. So, there's
45:43 facts. The facts are the the fats here. Alright, Alright,
45:51 lipid. Now here we're We use one next because it's very similar to
45:57 triglyceride. Alright, So again, can see here's my glycerol 123.
46:01 my fatty acid chains one and And then I got something missing
46:05 I'm missing a fatty acid chain. in that place, what I've done
46:08 I've created a different type of phosphoric bond. And what it is,
46:13 a phosphate group. And you can see up there there's a little our
46:16 , a little variable group. And that little phosphate and our group do
46:20 it creates a charge to that to the head region of this
46:26 So, fats, as you probably out or learned at some point in
46:30 life, do not like water. . And fats hate each other.
46:35 . It's fat. It's very Okay. Does it pull out to
46:39 and hang out? But when we a charge that likes to hang out
46:45 water and so now we have this weird molecule. It's a molecule that
46:49 likes water and half hates water. so what it does it arranges itself
46:53 an aqueous environment. A watery So that the head is pointing towards
46:58 and the tail is excluded from And what happens when you have something
47:03 this is you start creating structures like . Now, the term when you
47:08 these two states, it's called amp amphetamines dual state. Right? Think
47:13 an amphibian. Alright. It's named amphibian because it has a dual
47:17 What is the dual state of an in the water or on the
47:22 It exists in both states? It a It goes back and forth between
47:27 two environments. And you can argue there are other animals. Yes.
47:31 , I know there's other animals that back and forth in the water,
47:34 not the way that an amphibian All right. What this antipathy molecule
47:40 ? You can see here, the is pointing towards water and the head
47:44 here is pointing towards water and has itself. So, the tails are
47:48 excluded from water, right there, away from water. And what you've
47:53 here is basically a cell membrane. right. So, what you have
47:59 is you've created an environment where you an area that's unique from an area
48:05 because of the way that these fossil arrange themselves. Okay, so,
48:12 , that's another type of fat, primary role of fossil lipids is cell
48:19 . 3rd type of fat steroids. , big picture of stuff. You
48:23 need to memorize. All right. I want to point out here is
48:27 a steroid has a unique shape. basically four interlocking rings. 1234,
48:32 starts all steroids start off as So, if anyone's ever told your
48:36 is bad for you, you need in your diet so that you can
48:39 steroids. You just don't want to too much cholesterol right now, what
48:45 is we can also make cholesterol. basically what you can do is you
48:49 the right enzymes in place. You make all sorts of unique, different
48:53 of signaling molecules, which is what steroid is. Alright, So,
48:58 just gonna .2 of them out here that you're familiar with right there.
49:01 is estrogen that there is testosterone. look an awful lot alike, don't
49:07 ? Right. But they're very different with very, very different roles.
49:10 right. And you can't get estrogen you've gone through the pathway through the
49:16 up here. These are other You may be familiar with cortisol.
49:19 guys heard of cortisol. Okay, it's a stress hormone right over
49:25 there's progesterone. These are the progestin is again, it's another hormone you're
49:30 familiar with. All right. And isn't the limit. This is just
49:33 big these are the big ones. ? And so you can see here
49:37 are molecules that all share a common with unique changes to them that allow
49:42 to serve as unique type of signaling and they talk or communicate with very
49:49 cells because of those small changes. another type of signaling molecule. I
49:55 it up here just to show you fats are not limited at steroids to
49:58 signaling molecules. These are called the carcinoid. Alright. So basically they
50:03 start off as a 20 amino acids acids or the amino as 20 carbon
50:08 acid. So here you can see The car box select group.
50:12 That would be where you make the bond. But you can see if
50:14 can pull up all the carbons It would be 20. And then
50:17 you do is you take this one chain which has been bent for for
50:20 purposes. And you can make all of different unique things. Right?
50:25 you can make things like the You ever heard of a prostaglandin?
50:33 Priceline you heard of? They're responsible contractions. All right. Specifically in
50:39 , but also in a couple of things that are a lot of
50:43 All right, process Cyclones Again, are molecules that service signaling molecules um
50:50 play a role in contractions. these are the process process cyclones down
50:55 . These are the local trains up that would be an example of uh
50:59 boxing's their primary roles. You can here inflammation, blood clotting and labor
51:05 contractions, plus a whole bunch of types of contractions. All right.
51:09 it all starts off as a fatty . All you gotta do is just
51:12 a little bit of manipulation to And all of a sudden you got
51:13 new kind of signaling molecule that's Anyone who ever take an aspirin,
51:19 ? Aspirin blocks his pathway. um See if it's even up
51:25 I'm not saying it, but it his pathway so it blocks inflammation and
51:30 also interferes with blood clotting. just as an example. And then
51:37 the last one. The lipid, last lipid you need to know is
51:40 wax. Alright again, notice we're naming the wax. We're just pointing
51:44 waxes. And so what is what the wax? Will you take this
51:48 acid? You can see there's a chain. It's been abbreviated for our
51:51 so it has a 14 right So it's a really, really long
51:54 . And then what you do is take a long chain alcohol. So
51:57 it is there's you can imagine very chain you put them together to create
52:00 diaspora bond and it gets something that a lot like this. All
52:05 So it looks like that trestle but it's not the Triassic glycerin.
52:08 something else. It has a unique . The function of this is to
52:12 a protective barrier. Now, I'm gonna ask you all to do
52:16 but I'm sure you, at some in your life, you've taken your
52:18 and you stuck it in your ear you've dug around a little bit
52:22 And you pull out this nasty goop of your pullout dry goop,
52:26 This flaky goop. Alright, that's . Yemen. Alright, sermon is
52:31 a whole bunch of this accumulated. right. It protects your ear canal
52:37 all sorts of horrible nasties. All , So that's just another example of
52:45 . This is just a single ester . So die Esther would be there'd
52:50 an oxygen. It would be like than something and then another oxygen.
52:56 . Good news. We don't need know the chemistry, thank goodness.
53:01 right. So, we're doing Kind okay, about 15 minutes into the
53:08 we've got, I think two more to discuss here then. I think
53:12 good to go. The last bio . Is this one the carbohydrate,
53:16 favorite bio molecule, right? I , don't we all live for
53:23 I mean, you may not like live for carbs, but boy
53:26 I love my carbs. Alright, the carbs are your simple sugars and
53:31 sugar polymers. Alright, all the are going to be classed according to
53:36 size. So in very basic terms have Mono Sacha rides dice Ackroyd's
53:40 Makharadze monos accurate has a single So it's a single monomer. Di
53:46 is two monitors that have been linked . Policy actually means I'm just gonna
53:50 a whole bunch of these monomers and them together and then again, the
53:53 of the monomer here is the mono ride. All right, now they
53:57 have carbon hydrogen oxygen. Just like fasted. But they have a fixed
54:01 . So you can see if H. 20. And then that
54:04 end. So basically, if you I have three carb, I mean
54:07 be a three carbon sugar beets, carbons, six hydrogen three oxygen's.
54:12 that ratio is a fixed number. always true with all the sugars.
54:19 most of them are gonna be in range. But you can have bigger
54:21 . Is that um What's interesting is carbohydrates share a lot in common with
54:28 . Like all you do is switch words around, Well, hydrocarbons,
54:32 do we use those for cars, ? What are carbohydrates, fuel for
54:40 bodies? Do you see? And reason is because carbons that bond that
54:47 bond between carbons has a lot of in it. All right. And
54:51 when you break that bond, you a lot of energy. Alright?
54:54 if you want to really experience go heat up something that's made up
54:58 a lot of carbs. Doesn't matter the potato marshmallow, you know,
55:02 pick pick your favorite card, go it up and then try to put
55:06 in your mouth after you heat it . You know, it's like,
55:11 know, it's it's hard to consume , right? But you do that
55:14 a protein. It's like you get protein. It's like it cools down
55:17 quick carbs and they hold that heat . It's because there's a lot of
55:23 that those carbon carbon bonds can All right, now, we're gonna
55:28 again polymer ization. We're gonna make ones because we're in conversation reactions.
55:32 want to break them down. That's be hydraulics, sis. Alright,
55:36 , here is an example of a chain carbohydrates. And you can see
55:40 each of these are supposed to represent monomer and these are glucose molecules.
55:45 right. And this is supposed to representing glycogen. So, in terms
55:48 function, what carbohydrates do? it's an easy source of cellular
55:52 Right? Monos aka rides and dice rides can circulate very easily in our
55:58 and they can be delivered to the fairly easily. And the cells can
56:02 those mono Sacha rides and bicycle Break the dice aka ride. Break
56:07 these mono sack rides and get a or energy from breaking those bonds.
56:14 right now, every time you break bond, there is gonna be waste
56:17 . So, part of the process breaking down these things metabolism is
56:22 All right. So, think about you run, right, you're producing
56:27 and it's not just because I'm It's because all these chemical reactions are
56:32 energy. All right. That can't captured. Right? The monitors
56:38 If you consume too many of them too many monitors in your diet,
56:41 body doesn't want to get rid of . If you stood in Taco bell
56:44 more than five minutes, your body saying I've used valuable time to get
56:49 meal. Just the same thing as down a wooly mammoth. And if
56:52 get those monomers in your body, not gonna let's just get rid of
56:56 . No storm up. So the point that we store them up is
57:00 store them up in the form of . And this right here is an
57:04 of that glycogen chain. And again can be very very long just before
57:08 can be hundreds if not thousands. your muscles store up sugars in the
57:13 of glycogen, your liver stores of in the form of glycogen. But
57:17 not a long term storage solution. my long term storage solution,
57:22 So what I'll do is I'll take and I'll convert them into fats.
57:26 that's again an example of metabolism. , sugars also play a role in
57:33 as the backbone to genetic material. we looked at that monomer that nucleotide
57:38 the very first thing we looked at a ribose sugar. Alright, so
57:44 have multiple roles. It's not just . And the other thing is they
57:48 actually tag other biomolecules and serve as molecular marker. In other words,
57:54 says, this is something that should should should be aware of, its
57:57 glide consolation. So here's an example glide consolation. It's not a great
58:02 , but here's a plasma membrane. right here are fossil lipids, that
58:07 of glucose hanging off there is. is marking that particular phosphor lipids so
58:12 when something comes along it sees that chain and it says aha, this
58:17 to me. It's a way that marks self for example. So like
58:25 is a way of marking things. sugars aren't just food. All the
58:30 , you can't say you are made of sugar and spice and everything.
58:36 . I don't know where the snakes snails and puppy dog tails come
58:38 but we'll figure that out sometime Alright, so we've just covered now
58:44 the biomolecules in the body. There's basic classes. We gave you some
58:48 of different types as we go You're gonna start seeing these things in
58:52 . Alright, so when you hear word protein, you know what we're
58:54 about? When you hear the word or nucleic acid, you know what
58:57 talking about lipid, you know what talking about? Alright, that's what
59:01 this was. And so our first that we need to know because we're
59:05 gears away from the broader thing that going to kind of focus in on
59:09 single type. Here are the enzymes are a type of protein.
59:16 you have enzymes are catalysts. We're talk about the catalysts. There are
59:21 than one type of catalyst in the . But the most common catalyst is
59:24 enzyme there are RNA enzymes. And use those words, So RNA
59:30 they're called ribose. I'm they kind do the same thing, but they're
59:33 from nucleic acids. Alright. So gonna focus in on the enzymes which
59:38 proteins right now. If you don't , a catalyst job is to speed
59:42 the rate of reaction. And if don't understand, you've probably seen
59:45 if you've ever taken a chemistry whether it was in high school or
59:48 it was in college and you probably at this and said, I don't
59:51 to see these ever again in my . Alright. And really this is
59:55 very simple thing. It says, in order for me to get
59:57 I have to put energy into the . Right? And so in other
60:02 , if I have a ball on table or heck, I'll just I'm
60:05 steal your bottle water bottle if I this water bottle and I set it
60:08 here on the edge, that water has potential to fall, right?
60:14 has an ability to hit the It wants to go to the
60:17 but it's not gonna go to it I do what add a little bit
60:21 energy. And I heard hit it then, you know, you can
60:23 whatever. I've got to do something that water bottle to make it fall
60:27 the ground. All right. So has to be applied Now, the
60:34 it is away from the table or the edge, the more energy you
60:37 to apply. Right? So, example of a catalyst in making that
60:41 fall to the edge is me pulling as close to the edge as
60:50 Now that thing, all you gotta is blow on it, right,
60:53 all the energy has already been Some changes have occurred to change the
60:59 of reaction. That's what that picture there is showing you. It's
61:04 look, that big red curve is much energy needs will be put into
61:07 system to turn that molecule into those little monomers, Right? If I
61:13 enough energy in there, I can instability where they'll break apart. All
61:18 . And so how do I speed that rate? We'll let me lower
61:21 much energy you have to put And that's what the catalyst does.
61:24 right. So, it doesn't change much energy is released when that thing
61:29 and hits the ground. It's still fall the same distance. It's going
61:33 release the same amount of energy doing , I just made it easier for
61:36 to happen. And that's what a is doing. And that's the role
61:41 an enzyme or a Ribas, I'm to make it easier for a reaction
61:45 occur. So I don't have to all this energy doing. So,
61:51 way you can think about this is do I make money? I can't
61:54 hope that my bank account grows or an investment. Right. It's like
61:59 my Bitcoin is gonna grow. But I don't have any Bitcoin right
62:03 it's all crashing but right. If don't have any Bitcoin, it's
62:07 nothing's gonna happen. I have to put money in and then that money
62:13 going to grow based on whatever the happens to be right, people wanting
62:20 and more of it. Right? in order to make money, I
62:25 to first invest money. Does that sense? And that's what you're doing
62:30 is I'm investing a little bit of to get a lot of energy out
62:34 . The way this works with an or ribbons. I'm is I have
62:38 molecule. Alright. This molecule has site that's called an active site that
62:44 capable of interacting with another molecule. . That other molecule, we give
62:49 a special name because things need special . We call it a substrate.
62:54 right. And we don't care what substrate is because we're not looking at
62:57 specific reaction. But whenever you're dealing enzymes, the thing that you're putting
63:01 the system is called the substrate. there's an interaction with the with the
63:06 with the active site that's going to a change in the shape of the
63:11 , which is then going to cause change in the shape of the
63:14 when the change in the shape of substrate, that means energy is gonna
63:18 released, something's gonna happen and then going to get something out of the
63:22 . And that thing out of the is called a product. Alright.
63:26 enzymes convert substrates into new products. the language we use. All
63:34 So an enzyme is going to be for the type of reaction that catalyze
63:38 good news. We don't have to those names. But there's a big
63:40 list probably in your book that shows all these things you don't even
63:44 But they're usually pretty simple. Like refers to breaking down water. So
63:49 turns it into I mean because of hydraulics is reaction. So that would
63:54 why it's a hydroxy place oxidase you oxygen. So, really when you're
63:59 at the name, if it has . S. E. At the
64:01 of it, it's called an All right. And then you kind
64:05 have to learn which ones do which of reactions. But that's a sec
64:08 at the end. Well, I it was that simple. It never
64:13 because there are way too many enzymes there and people just started naming molecules
64:17 then discovered it was an enzyme and was like, well I can't put
64:19 . S. E. At the of it. So not all enzymes
64:21 a S. C. But if has a sc, it's guaranteed to
64:24 an enzyme. Now, the way can think about is all fingers are
64:27 . No all thumbs or fingers but all fingers are thumbs. Right?
64:32 takes you a minute to think about . All thumbs are fingers.
64:37 It's a finger but not all fingers thumbs. The same sort of
64:44 Okay, all aces are enzyme A . But not all enzymes have
64:49 S. E. At the Yeah. These things drive me
64:53 Here's the reaction that we just The enzyme substrate complex is what the
65:01 thing is called together the enzyme and substrate Start off being separate from one
65:08 . When they find each other, form this enzyme substrate complex. All
65:14 . When that happens, that's when start changing the bonds within the
65:19 There's an interaction that takes place. could be ionic in nature, it
65:23 be co valent, it could be electrical. All sorts of different types
65:26 attractions are allowed to take place in an enzyme. And what it's gonna
65:30 , it's gonna lower that activation energy allow the change to occur. And
65:34 what you end up with is that results in the change of the substrate
65:39 that it becomes product. Now the substrate is attracted to the enzyme
65:44 the enzyme is attracted to the But once you get product there is
65:48 longer an attraction. All right. , when you form the product while
65:52 still have a complex for a very period of time, it's like you're
65:56 supposed to be here. So that's you release it. And that's when
65:59 product is released. And now the goes back to its original shape.
66:03 we end up with the enzyme in product off on its own. And
66:06 in this particular thing is trying to you, for example, like
66:09 this would be like sucrose. This be so crazy. And here we've
66:12 sucrose comes in, it breaks the between the two monomers in sucrose and
66:18 out the tupac. So you end with a glucose and fruit toast.
66:22 I probably got that wrong. because I'm not thinking too hard
66:28 that's how that works. Pretty simple plus a straight come together become a
66:35 come one thing, things change no attracted to each other. They break
66:41 enzymes. The same product is different the substrate. When you see arrows
66:48 that, that means that those reactions reversible. All right now, in
66:54 , every reaction every chemical reaction in world is reversible. The truth is
67:00 some are very, very difficult to reversible. So some of them are
67:04 just going to go in one But there are enzymes that basically can
67:08 of serve and allow things to go and forth. And so when you're
67:11 the opposite direction, this is now substrate and then you're going this and
67:15 that's the product. So it just just have to change your frame of
67:19 and with regard to which direction you're . Okay. All right, the
67:29 rules and then we're done. First off concentration matters. Alright.
67:35 if you increase or either the substrate the enzyme, you're going to increase
67:39 rate of reaction. Right? The being if I have one molecule and
67:45 have one substrate, the probability of two things getting together in a very
67:49 , I don't know, just It's very, very hard. But
67:53 I increase the amount of substrate, probability of these things coming together is
67:56 good whether increased the number of enzyme whether increased numbers substrate. So concentration
68:02 . There's gonna be a point though I'm going to reach a point of
68:06 . You guys ever play musical Right? There's only only so many
68:11 you can get in the chair. many butts can you get into a
68:14 ? Just one. Right. So you start off in kindergarten where everybody
68:18 , they'll have like extra chairs for . Right? So everybody gets a
68:21 everybody gets a chair. But if play the game, right, what
68:24 you do you start removing chairs? so now there's there's not there's too
68:29 butts for chairs. And so some are going to be left out.
68:33 , the number of But that can down is equal to the number of
68:37 . And that's kind of where the of saturation is is when I can't
68:41 in or increase the reaction. Even I increase substrate or enzyme, I
68:47 do it any further temperature and ph . Alright temperature. Every molecule has
68:56 optimum temperature in which it functions in body. The optimum. What is
69:00 what is your normal body temperature do guys remember Exactly 37°. I heard
69:08 Truth is closer to 97.7, but not gonna play that game. But
69:12 if you said 98.6 good. That means all the molecules in your
69:16 work optimally at that temperature. All . When I get out of that
69:22 out of this kind of range between and 99°. Our our molecules start coming
69:29 . It's actually about 104 because remember the dangerous temperature. If your body
69:33 204. Right. And why? because that's when your proteins start denature
69:39 , they start unraveling. Right? stop working. If you get the
69:44 too slow, they stopped interacting, stop moving around. They don't have
69:49 same sort of kinetic energy. there's an optimal temperature in which all
69:54 work in the body. All And in fact, our immune system
69:58 that to its advantage to knock out organisms because they may not have the
70:04 optimal temperatures that we do. That's the whole point of a fever
70:08 Great. Ph is also true. molecule has an optimal ph I'm just
70:13 use digestive system for an example. ph in your mouth is about a
70:18 of about seven P. H. your stomach is again it's about
70:22 And then the ph in your small again, around seven. So you
70:25 imagine I go from it's kind of neutral ph it's not quite neutral to
70:30 very acidic ph to a neutral ph . And those compartments are unique in
70:36 they allow for specific types of digestion to take place. Alright, so
70:40 can digest sugars pretty well in my , but when I get down to
70:43 stomach, the enzymes that are responsible digestion in my mouth no longer
70:48 And now I'm doing a different type digestion in my stomach. And then
70:51 that material passes down the small I stopped those reactions introduce new enzymes
70:57 a new ph and they do a type of digestion. Alright, so
71:02 matters all right, Most of the in the body between six and
71:10 All right now, why does this matter? Well, because it has
71:13 do with this question of the maturation this is our last slide for the
71:17 and we are ending a little you know what the odds of that
71:21 are like mill. All right. Dean maturation. So, over on
71:27 left, you can see a functional basically shows you the shape of a
71:32 here. And so when you add temperature or when you add in ph
71:37 disrupts those interactions between those amino acids the protein unfolds and changes shape.
71:46 right. So, you can imagine here, like on the bottom and
71:48 you have here on the left is a functional protein. Afterwards the molecules
71:53 shape where we said there's that active , that area where you're gonna have
71:57 between two different molecules. You disrupt . So, that's why the molecule
72:02 work anymore. Now, in when this happens, what we've done
72:08 we've disrupted functionality of protein. Think when you cook. Alright. What
72:14 you do think about an egg? egg is an easy one. You
72:16 physically see the changes when you break egg in a pan. What color
72:20 the white? It's clear. See . Right. And then you add
72:27 to it. That takes the album and the other molecules in there and
72:32 them to unopened or to open up then to cross link. And then
72:35 you end up with is this white . Right? Yeah, that's what
72:41 does it denature the proteins and it their interactions ph does the exact same
72:48 . Right. It causes molecules to up and change their shape and no
72:52 can work on. And just to this point, it's ph you can
72:57 with, right? Anyone here like . Alright. Ceviche. What is
73:03 ? It's fish or shrimp with a bunch of other things cooked in.
73:09 cooked, but put in like lime or other acidic environments. That causes
73:15 same sort of the natural ation perfectly for you, kimchi same thing.
73:21 right. It's a d natural So, I understand that the body
73:26 proper temperatures, proper phs in compartments ensure that the chemical reactions can take
73:32 so that all those biomolecules we just about teamwork. Yeah, we're
73:40 What are the odds? All I will see you guys on
73:44 We will talk about cells on
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