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00:00 | So today we're going Thio very quickly what we discussed about the somatic sensory |
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00:06 | and then watch a couple of very videos and talk about brain imaging and |
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00:13 | ourselves off the basically some of the and some of the anatomy and function |
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00:21 | we learned during the course. So sensor system. As you know, |
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00:27 | have the skin. We have the endings in the skin. You |
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00:31 | ah, nerve endings that are either small or large, receptive fields rapidly |
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00:38 | slowly adapting where you have areas like and face. You need higher |
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00:45 | so you have better two point There you have smaller, receptive fields |
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00:52 | sensitive. You have four types of three mile unaided and one and Meilen |
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00:58 | carrying the information of appropriate reception sensations, pain, temperature and, |
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01:07 | , temperature, pain and itch and of this information below the neck enters |
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01:13 | the spinal cord and through the sending and forms the rest of the |
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01:19 | N s. We discussed derma tomes each Dermot, um, is essentially |
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01:25 | Nana Tom ical representation off the communication one single spinal normal one side and |
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01:33 | know that the spinal nerves are divided like the vertebra to cervical thoracic lumber |
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01:38 | sacred regions. And we learned that , for example, will delineate one |
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01:48 | the Dermot owns because the herpes virus remains dormant after chicken pox, typically |
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01:54 | is only in one dorsal root ganglion one side, delineating that particular Dermot |
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02:01 | , which is kind of a map correspondence to that particular spinal nerve segment |
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02:07 | the skin. So all of the , as we discussed from the spinal |
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02:12 | , will go through the ascending Darcel , and we'll cross over at the |
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02:19 | off right here off medulla blank The doors will call them nuclear. |
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02:25 | will cross over and we'll innovate the posterior nuclear's off the bow Lemus. |
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02:31 | from there, the primaries amount of cortex or s one neo cortex that |
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02:37 | the matter. Sensor information in the lobe now touch pathway that is processed |
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02:45 | essentially the neck and up that subservient by the cranial nerve, trigeminal |
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02:54 | five cranial nerve five and these air McCann a receptor accents from the |
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03:01 | Remember the cranial nerve? Five. censoring Boehner so the sensor informational go |
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03:09 | in the motor information will come has a motor components. So now |
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03:16 | sensor information will travel and cross over the level right here at the level |
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03:23 | the ponds and the principal sensory gentlemen, will nucleus and projected to |
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03:29 | ventral posterior who is of the And from there, Phil, |
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03:33 | a cortical projections will go into the . Sensory area one to matter. |
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03:39 | Nucleus Area one. So we have maps. We already discussed the |
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03:45 | which is this discontinues disproportionate map off human body as it is being represented |
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03:52 | the amount of space that is dedicated processing some out of sensor information from |
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03:57 | parts of the body. And when looked at the digits, we see |
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04:02 | each digit has its own anatomical has its own sort of a |
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04:08 | The representation for each digit on This is a matter of toppy. |
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04:15 | this a matter topic map that we're is a map for all of the |
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04:22 | from which you have sensations across the . It's discontinuous. It's not scaled |
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04:28 | human body and certain parts of the on this map based lips fingers the |
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04:36 | occupy Ah, lot more space than parts, um, of the |
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04:42 | despite the fact that physically those parts the body a larger in the periphery |
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04:47 | in the C N s, those the mawr important parts. And it |
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04:52 | depends on the type of the organism the environment in which these organisms are |
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04:58 | and their brains. Um, this determine the maps and the specificity for |
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05:06 | somatic talky, uh, in rodents well develops a matter Topic map is |
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05:12 | map from the rodent whisker pad where one of the bris a or each |
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05:18 | of the whiskers has a barrel like representation. Each one of these barrels |
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05:26 | the primaries amount of sensory cortex of rat rig calculus each one of these |
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05:33 | or presents an individual whisker and somatic from that individual whisker. So all |
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05:41 | these barrels combined together here, each of these represent the five rows of |
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05:49 | and each one of the barrels represent whisker information in the primary cortex is |
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05:56 | processed primary somatic sensory cortex from just one specific whisker. And so we |
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06:03 | that this system lends itself thio some interesting manipulations, and these experimental manipulations |
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06:11 | now allow us to determine certain very questions. Help us answer questions. |
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06:19 | example, can we change the Can we? How? How can |
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06:23 | alter this map in the cortex? happens if we change something on the |
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06:30 | ? What happens if we change the of the activity in just one |
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06:35 | Does that whisker ifit's inactivated? Will be able to see that map in |
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06:41 | somatic sensory cortex? What happens if cut off one whisker? What? |
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06:46 | happens if we cut off to What happens to this barrel structure? |
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06:51 | discuss critical period of development, and said there's a lot of plasticity on |
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06:55 | , recalled it With one island's future just six days, you could have |
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07:01 | permanent change in the New York cortical , where you would have changes in |
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07:07 | projections that air going into the neocortex by depriving animal of vision in one |
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07:13 | for 3 to 6 days. And could have a permanent change in the |
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07:18 | arrangements and the maps of the level the cortex. So here. The |
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07:24 | is you are recording activity from sea whisker and e to whisker. And |
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07:30 | can see that the C two whisker to whisker they get activated. Here |
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07:34 | little dots of activity and then the . After the activation of the primaries |
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07:40 | of sensor cortex and subsequently spreads. the C two whisker map and the |
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07:46 | to was come up In this the the experimenters injected seeing Q X |
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07:52 | a PV, which blocks glue dermatologic channels, glutamate receptor channels. So |
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08:00 | means that there is no synoptic activity the level of the whisker. So |
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08:05 | the synoptic activity, when glue excited or synaptic activity is blocked, |
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08:09 | just injected at the layer at the C two. Now, when you |
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08:15 | whisker see too, you don't see activity in the brain, so you |
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08:19 | see how the activity map of the changed when you inactivated whisker C two |
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08:25 | this could be a consequence of a manipulation. This could be a consequence |
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08:30 | a trauma to whisker pad, a of a whisker, Um and but |
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08:38 | you stimulate e to the whisker that haven't the fact that it's just one |
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08:43 | over from C E to area, can still reproduce the map that you |
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08:50 | seeing earlier before you inactivated whisker C . So now you can have very |
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08:58 | manipulations off these maps. And how record activity in this maps is, |
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09:05 | is really the naps and the cortex now representing off what is happening in |
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09:10 | periphery and any changes that may be in the periphery. Any changes in |
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09:17 | levels of activity will then be represented the changes in the cortical maps. |
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09:24 | as you saw with the projections into four, primary visual cortex is changes |
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09:31 | be permanent. So loss of the loss of the inputs could be |
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09:37 | And the restructuring off the cortex can be really significant. So we looked |
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09:45 | an example there quickly. We started this example off the digit map on |
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09:55 | experiment that was done. Been looking the monkey brain maps. So the |
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10:03 | hand here, the left hand map found on the right hemisphere. Remember |
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10:10 | somatic sensory fibers crossover. So it's lateral information that we process so and |
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10:17 | have digit 12345 from the monkey this is Monkey Palm and these are |
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10:24 | actual digits Fingers, monkey fingers. if you live in some matter sensor |
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10:31 | , You have area in this primary sensory cortex that is dedicated thio Digit |
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10:38 | D, one D two D three four d five. And then what |
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10:44 | if you have a surgical removal of third finger of digit three? Then |
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10:53 | look back in this map and you no longer had any matter sensory cortex |
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11:01 | is dedicated to digit three because it been removed. And what happens is |
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11:08 | a matter sensor cortex and the synopsis the communication between neurons in this area |
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11:15 | the loss of the inputs. It because if the loss of this matter |
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11:19 | information coming from that digit results in reorganization of these maps, and this |
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11:27 | is now permanent with a permanent loss this digit. But this reorganization and |
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11:36 | primaries amount of sensor cortex happens all time, and it is a dynamic |
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11:44 | . It is a dynamic map, like the activity in the periphery is |
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11:50 | . And this bottom example, you a digit to and digit three that |
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11:58 | being repeatedly stimulated by the spinning So those two digits are constantly being |
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12:09 | systematic sensations disproportionately compared to the other digits. And when you look in |
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12:17 | map off the monkey following this experimental up now what you're seeing is that |
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12:24 | areas of the brain that are dedicated digits two and three have enlarged significantly |
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12:35 | reorganize themselves. And this critical map that is the area that is responsive |
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12:42 | digit three and digit to is compared two digit for digit one |
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12:52 | That means that repeated activation of these digits reorganizes the primaries a matter, |
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13:00 | cortical map into having basically, these to and digit three cortical activity that |
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13:10 | increased. And this is all not Lee just cortical activity. This is |
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13:17 | synaptic plasticity. This is also formation the new synapses. So the more |
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13:21 | stimulating digit two digit three you for synapses that communicate that information all the |
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13:28 | into the primary somatic sensory cortex and inputs that are coming from digit 23 |
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13:34 | strengthened and the maps at the level the cortex are enlarged at an expense |
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13:41 | other fingers that are not as So now think about what happens every |
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13:49 | to your cell phones, and what are you using? This will tell |
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13:56 | about the fact again that the brain's plastic that the cortical maps can get |
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14:04 | and reorganized that we can, image activity in this cortical maps. |
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14:16 | then we can image this activity using techniques. So think about the phone |
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14:27 | again. I mentioned that at the , in the course off the |
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14:31 | think about the actions that one had take to make a phone call 20 |
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14:42 | ago. Think about actions that one to take to find out the latest |
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14:53 | 30 years ago. You have to to a newsstand, pick up a |
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14:59 | or go to the library and shake a newspaper. If you wanted to |
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15:03 | something from archives, you want to library, and you requested something that |
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15:07 | called microfiche, almost like a So my new things that were tiny |
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15:15 | of all of the journals, newspapers, mostly this was your |
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15:20 | and then what you would do with paper. You would pick it up |
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15:24 | you unfolded, Read a page and . Read a page. How do |
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15:28 | read news? Now? First of , you look at the news on |
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15:32 | TV most of the time, and you read news, it's on the |
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15:35 | . And how do you read news one finger? This hand is |
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15:39 | or the hand that is holding is the phone, and your main hand |
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15:44 | just tapping one or two fingers. think about your maps and actually imbalance |
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15:51 | you would see in these maps where whole Palmer grip is represented much stronger |
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15:57 | on the control lateral side and on left side. Because I'm a right |
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16:02 | individuals so would have a lot mawr a lot more cortical space that's dedicated |
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16:08 | the maps of these digits. that are active on this hand. |
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16:15 | this is an example of all of sonata sensor information. Uh, that |
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16:24 | into the somatic sensory cortex. if you're listening to more music than |
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16:31 | census, auditory senses are potentially It is also quite common that if |
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16:38 | doesn't have very good vision. They . I'm or on their hearing, |
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16:42 | the hearing might be more sensitive than person that has good vision. There |
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16:47 | a limited amount of space in the , so if you are exercising certain |
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16:54 | , if you're activating certain synapses having Auditory visual, sonata sensory Um, |
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17:05 | obviously there's there's there's a complexity in brain networks. They choose what information |
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17:13 | pay more attention to. If we in the dark world, our readiness |
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17:19 | be developed differently. Um, if lived in the world of some of |
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17:24 | insects or bees, we would be in the thermal map world. That |
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17:29 | we would perceive all of the surrounding not as we do as humans, |
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17:34 | rather as hot spots off thermal So that iss what we have, |
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17:45 | we constantly evolve because technology surround us , and because of that, our |
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17:56 | change our brain maps change, our maps evolve, and it's a beautiful |
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18:06 | of life that we all go through is in the brain and prefers very |
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18:12 | its lending itself to learning but can be injured and can also be hijacked |
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18:20 | neurological disorders. and abnormal brain So I'm gonna pause the recording |
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18:28 | So let me remind you hear of visual system. If you recall, |
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18:31 | had the maps of activity and we the maps in this case, the |
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18:36 | dominance columns that where the columns or areas of the brain that were dominated |
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18:42 | one eye over the other eye. we just basically with this, continue |
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18:48 | about brain maps in the New York . Remember this. The structure of |
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18:53 | layer structure off the columns of the columns, small columns of process information |
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18:59 | are linked to the hyper columns. so when we came up, for |
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19:04 | , and looked at the orientation columns , Okay, we said that if |
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19:11 | look at these cortical these air cortical cortical maps Mhm Um, it's very |
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19:20 | because you have orientation columns where cells a particular area of this column, |
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19:25 | responsive to a bar of light a specific orientation. And so how would |
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19:31 | do an experiment like this where you visualized these orientation columns? How can |
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19:37 | visualize all of these individual cells, and yellow? Reacting to one direction |
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19:42 | light orientation of light bar cells and reacting to another orientation of light bar |
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19:50 | mentioned in the past that there is technique that's called voltage sensitive dye image |
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19:55 | technique and this is what I'm about share with you. How is this |
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20:02 | ? And what? How can you activity in the cortex like this? |
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20:07 | how can you pick up activity from different parts of the brain? And |
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20:12 | when you talk about voltage sensitive these air very interesting dies. And |
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20:19 | are the guys that I have worked my laboratory here at the University of |
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20:23 | as well. And what you see on the far upper right corner is |
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20:30 | see, essentially a protein channel that be conducting ions across. Okay, |
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20:36 | these air our channel conductors that are a plasma membrane. What you're looking |
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20:41 | is a cartoon of the plasma membrane you see these little squiggly warms. |
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20:47 | , these little squiggly warms our little molecules, and these little dye molecules |
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20:54 | embed themselves in the fossil lipid bi . And as the current passes, |
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21:01 | the current dip polarize us, is positive current comes in the South, |
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21:06 | see dies that will change their These warms will change their confirmation. |
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21:15 | well, this confirmation will be reflected the fluorescence properties. Most of these |
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21:22 | are fluorescents and the fluorescence property. with deep polarization you'll have an increase |
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21:28 | in in dia activity and with deep . A lot of times you will |
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21:32 | able thio High levels of activity would these red hotspots and low levels of |
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21:39 | or hyper polarization would represent the blue here. And so in the for |
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21:46 | . For the neuroscientists to visualize these activity during visual tasks during visual stimulation |
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21:55 | and to visualize these orientation columns and these columns they're made. This is |
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22:00 | experiment that was actually done because you to open up the skull. The |
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22:06 | day tripper nation have to very carefully up the skull and expose through the |
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22:13 | and through the dura mater, the you have to cut through the meninges |
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22:20 | expose the surface of the brain. , so this is an experimental |
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22:25 | But you might imagine that without bolted guy, a similar kind of setting |
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22:32 | is used to identify the folks side areas in the brain that are generating |
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22:39 | activity, uh, in humans. before neurosurgical activity. Now, this |
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22:44 | an experimental set up, but you do that Experimental set up concurrently, |
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22:50 | can embed an electrode which records the and potential, and you can place |
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22:57 | fast camera. It has to be fast camera processing, 10 kilohertz or |
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23:05 | kilohertz, at least 2000 frames per . That fast camera is mounted on |
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23:11 | of the microscope. So this microscope focused on is looking in this window |
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23:18 | , and you have fast camera and animal's head is mounted and the animal |
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23:22 | being presented visual information. And that camera is connected to the computer and |
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23:29 | computer does is that the changes in fluorescence properties and these vaulted sensitive dies |
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23:36 | reflected and translated into digital change that recorded in the computer. And so |
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23:43 | , you have these voltages sensitive which are fluorescent dyes, and you |
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23:49 | use a microscope or you can use macroscopic in this case. So you |
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23:54 | still be, uh, um enhancing signal some five or 10 times. |
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24:01 | four x or 10 x So it's but its macro because you have to |
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24:07 | a large window. You're not focusing on a single cell. So you're |
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24:11 | a large window. View this with microscope while you're doing the experiment. |
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24:16 | as you present animal with a visual , voltage sensitive dies which are present |
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24:22 | the cortex. So you apply voltage dies onto the cortex that you're going |
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24:27 | image these voltage sensitive dies absorbed themselves the membranes of the neuron. |
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24:34 | And as you stimulate the eyes, reckless of the animal left and right |
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24:42 | or orientation of the signal in one over orientation of the bar, light |
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24:48 | bar, one direction over the What you're doing is you're changing the |
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24:54 | potential, and the changes in the potential are translated into these cortical activity |
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25:01 | . And these cortical activity maps represent changes off the voltage sensitive dye |
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25:07 | Confirmation all properties as the current flows the channels, is to sell |
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25:11 | polarizes some hyper polarizes. So this how these experiments were done. And |
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25:17 | gonna post this article on bolted sensitive image ing. It's a mostly experimental |
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25:24 | of imaging. Andi, Uh, , for example. Window could also |
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25:31 | used for intrinsic optical signal images, unfortunately, won't have that much time |
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25:36 | go over and look at it. , I'd like to share a video |
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25:41 | was done by my graduate student and and my laboratory in voltage sensitive dye |
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25:48 | ing in one second. So the that we did with a new |
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25:54 | my graduate student Ah, lot of had to do with How do seizures |
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26:01 | in the brain, where the mechanisms lead to the formation of the |
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26:07 | where do this seizures originate? And do they travel across different cortical |
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26:15 | What are the dynamics of these The idea was not only to understand |
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26:20 | mechanisms and the dynamics of the seizures them to come up with alternative, |
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26:25 | and un explored ways of controlling these neurological activities. The name of this |
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26:33 | epileptic brain waves, and this was a part of the competition that University |
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26:38 | Houston organized from 10 years ago in ing of scientific activity. And so |
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26:45 | new bomb, uh, managed thio a third prize for basically representing science |
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26:53 | this visualization or, in a artistic visualization. Off science, the |
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28:23 | , so let me explain to you happening a little bit here. So |
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28:27 | is called the stimulation or paired stimulation the hippocampal tissue. This is a |
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28:35 | off the brain. It has a structure. This is called the dente |
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28:40 | to see three area and the sea one area, this black stick. |
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28:45 | here is a stimulating electrode, and slice that is sitting here is a |
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28:51 | of the hippocampus that has been taken a rat brain, and the slice |
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28:56 | been impregnated with voltage sensitive dye. now those little squiggly, warm, |
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29:01 | sensitive dye molecules air sitting inside the of penetrated into the plasma neuronal membranes |
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29:08 | the neuronal membranes, Uh, And as they stimulate as we stimulate |
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29:14 | a stimulating electrode, we see a flow of activity. And so, |
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29:19 | we stimulated with the normal with a solution or normal brain, you see |
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29:28 | levels of activity that's green, and pretty well organized, and it's pretty |
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29:33 | confined. And then, in the image ing, we now induced an |
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29:41 | condition. And so this slices now and the same stimulus, the same |
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29:48 | of stimulus, the same parameters now these massive mountains, as you can |
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29:57 | . And they're quite disorganized, their specific. And even after the |
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30:03 | there is a significant level of activity remains so. This is basically this |
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30:08 | normal activity and normal hippocampus here. this is a bill epic activity. |
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30:14 | this is a bill epic activity mapping hippocampus. So let's watch it |
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30:18 | In this audio visual representation of this thing, That way you can see |
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31:02 | math is now disorganized. Now, is a electric activity. A zit |
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31:08 | produced spontaneously, meaning that there is stimulating. Electra is the structure of |
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31:14 | brain in the scythe when David Byrne and in the in the hippocampus. |
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31:30 | now we're gonna image in the primary cortex, okay? And please pay |
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31:36 | to this. This here where you the block is the surface. The |
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31:42 | is a superficial new cortical layers. this is layer one, and all |
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31:46 | way. Here is layers 56 where see this gray boundary here that's already |
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31:52 | cortical So this is layer six all way to layer one. And this |
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31:57 | primary visual cortex. And what we're here in this experiment is epileptic activity |
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32:04 | forms of its own in this epileptic . And I have a recording electorate |
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32:10 | it's sitting here and recording electrical activity like I showed you in the experiment |
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32:14 | the monkey brains. So the electorate embedded here, and it's picking up |
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32:19 | activity so that we can match individual activity. Ah, local neuronal network |
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32:25 | with the overall view of what's happening this cortex. And so this is |
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32:30 | huge advantage. Well, you can plant 12 electors, maybe four or |
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32:35 | , maybe eight if you drive yourself across this cortex, and so you |
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32:39 | pick up a different points of recording ing techniques such as vaulted sensitive damaging |
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32:45 | . Where one of these peaks represents from about two or three cells allow |
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32:50 | to visualize across large spaces of the . Yes, there is a large |
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32:56 | , even that window that's open on monkey brain. That's few centimeters, |
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33:00 | a couple of inches wide is a window, and so This is what |
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33:07 | sensitive dye allow us not only recorded one point or two points, but |
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33:12 | visualize how the six activity in neuronal is traveling. And you will see |
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33:18 | very classical activity coming from lower levels up the ladder to three. |
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33:24 | you have a lot of lateral projections are intra cortical, and then you'll |
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33:28 | this activity goes back into column like and dies down again. And so |
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33:34 | give you a mass interpretation of a right here with a layers The O |
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33:52 | o. I think this is the map edge Analysis of the way can |
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34:10 | E. There are these very fast in helper in the brain and you |
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34:36 | see these waves of red and blue blue, red and blue drivers and |
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34:40 | the blade through the brain, The trouble. You wanna hear a funny |
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34:49 | ? So we did these experiments and let like half of the world know |
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34:54 | we're picking up fast ripples of activity are very fast or 400 hertz oscillations |
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35:00 | can happen in the brain now. just happy about it that I recorded |
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35:05 | fast oscillations and the brain tissue like going on? I have this |
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35:10 | Cameron was, I think, 9 . Nobody in Houston had the fast |
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35:16 | fast on the camera from both the of damaging as I did. Nobody |
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35:19 | do it like this. My we were so happy were the first |
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35:25 | . And then we figured out that is an artifact. Ha, |
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35:29 | Yes, indeed. We spend months months working on an artifact, and |
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35:34 | know what these air these air surface . But it's a real thing because |
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35:38 | said, Well, how is this way? What is this? We're |
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35:41 | changing anything, but we're getting these . But we did change something. |
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35:46 | put a chemical in the solution and chemical in the solution. Change the |
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35:51 | attention. And as that water tension the surface changed, it also changed |
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35:56 | influence the reflective properties off the tissue , which was really not representative of |
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36:03 | tissue underneath the broader at the And so it's really great lesson that |
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36:09 | can spend time starting an artifact, in the end, it's something that |
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36:13 | extremely interesting for physicists and people that water attention and fluid dynamics is |
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36:19 | because these are very fast fluid dynamics the 400 Hertz, we're, |
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36:27 | Perper for a second. Moving in fun. Things like that chaotic orchestra |
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36:42 | ripples of apple app remain. wait here on the way. |
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37:05 | Okay, okay. Stop for a . Think about this. You're listening |
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37:14 | music. You're getting somatic sensation coming your ears. Wow. Sorry. |
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37:21 | sensation. You can pleasure here, in auditory sound, the sound is |
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37:26 | into your here. You have a map. You have a sound |
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37:30 | right? What if that frequency What if that sound map look like |
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37:35 | ? So the music that you're actually to think about that. What if |
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37:39 | music is actually encoded as a That this professor showing me now that's |
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37:45 | you should think about. This is visual map. It could be an |
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37:48 | map. It's your thought map. that's happening in your cortex. Communication |
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37:54 | these networks, these complex waves of e all my nominees and that led |
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38:08 | nation in style to the job in report. Whoa ! Spooky. All |
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38:45 | , so that was really |
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