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BIOL 2301 Human Anatomy & Physiology I - 2301_lecture12_0623
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00:04 okay today is going to be interesting we got a lot of ground to
00:10 catch up with the protection of the . Then we're gonna jump into the
00:14 system itself. We're gonna start looking structure, We're going to focus on
00:18 spinal cord. All right. So in anatomy class, what you'll do
00:22 you'll do the brain first and go the spinal cord, then go to
00:25 peripheral nervous system. For some your book does, it kind of
00:28 , it goes to the spinal cord , then it does the spinal nerves
00:32 it goes back to the brain, it does the cranial nerves. It's
00:35 kind of wonky. But I think easier just to follow the book and
00:39 jump around in the book. So kind of where we're gonna go
00:42 And our starting point here is gonna the blood brain barrier. As I
00:47 , we were saying, there's different in the brain. Started with the
00:52 that we moved to the meninges from meninges. We talked about the cerebral
00:56 fluid. Now we're down to this tiny structure. This weird thing,
01:00 is called the blood brain barrier. it's gonna be abbreviated BBB uh in
01:05 and there are different parts of the that have these kind of unique environments
01:09 are kind of separated and really what have here Is a structure that is
01:16 from uh the glial cells and the that are actually found in the
01:22 Now, I know we've never talked blood vessels. So, I've just
01:26 to give you like a 32nd understanding blood vessels, arteries move blood from
01:32 heart to whatever the organs are, , move blood from wherever the organs
01:37 back towards the heart. The place blood exchanges in that organ is called
01:42 capillary. The capillary is a leaky . Alright. It's like taking your
01:48 putting them together with your fingers slightly separated and like scooping up water,
01:53 would kind of drip through. All right. So imagine taking marbles
01:58 then doing the same thing with water so the water would drip through.
02:01 the marbles would stay in your Right, Okay, so that's how
02:05 work through. About oh I don't , 95% of your body then we
02:10 the blood brain barrier. Blood brain . Like taking those same fingers
02:14 And having them separated. But instead separating it, what the what the
02:17 cells the astro sites do is they um let's go ahead and put a
02:21 bit of superglue between your fingers so your fingers are now glued together and
02:25 can't sneak through. And so when scoop up water, water stuck.
02:28 the only way the water is going be getting out is it actually goes
02:32 your hand. Alright. And this a process called Transito sis when you
02:36 through a cell. Transito sis If you go between cells, it's
02:42 . Oh sis. Alright. So you see that word or hear me
02:45 that word? Or see it on picture? That's what it means.
02:48 right now, the reason we have is because your brain is really
02:53 Would you agree your brain is really ? I mean, we have to
02:56 at all the protections. We we have the skull, we have
02:58 meninges, We have the cerebral spinal . We are protecting that brain from
03:01 sorts of physical damage. So here blood brain barrier is there again to
03:07 as a barrier between the stuff that's in your blood. That could then
03:11 transferred to that tissue and causing Let's think of a fun thing that
03:17 put in our bodies that causes our to kind of go conquer for a
03:22 bit right. Can you think of ? Hmm. I saw lips say
03:29 , drugs. Well, alcohol, , alcohol is our favorite thing.
03:35 sorry. Different generation. So, , when I was college, that's
03:40 it was all about. Remember I to school in New Orleans.
03:42 I was just like, how can go out every night and have fun
03:45 . All right, alcohol is one those things can actually penetrate through the
03:49 brain barrier. We'll see why in a moment. But you can see
03:53 adding one small chemical, right, it can affect the brain imagine of
04:00 the different types of chemicals. Because we've already talked about like ions,
04:06 ? And how were carefully regulating where are. Imagine how if we change
04:12 imbalances, what would happen to your ? So this barrier serves as both
04:18 anatomical barrier because it's physical and it's physiological barrier determines what goes in and
04:25 comes out of the brain tissue. right. Any sorts of changes that
04:32 do to the brain or two, fluid, that extra cellular fluid in
04:35 brain can cause disastrous effects. So that in mind, let's kind of
04:41 and see what the anatomical restrictions And then we look at physiological
04:48 These are the structures. Alright, I've already mentioned that we have tight
04:52 that instead of there being uh spaces the capillaries. So, so here
04:58 your capillary, it's the red So you can see where the capillaries
05:02 separated. Instead of that being a junction where things could sneak through that
05:07 a tight junction. This is being primarily by the astrocytes. Astrocytes being
05:12 glial cell, that's the purple cell you see right here. So the
05:16 come along and wrap themselves around the and say, hey capillaries, we
05:20 you to tighten up those junctions. nothing come through. And that's what
05:24 is you seal those tight junctions and we also have these other cells.
05:29 parasites, not parasites, parasites The next to sell. And they're
05:35 as well and their job is to of have this conversation with all the
05:41 cells to kind of determine what's going . So if I have something that's
05:45 the blood that I want out here the extra cellular fluid near my
05:49 it first has to pass through the . If there happens to be a
05:53 there, it has to go through parasite parasite and then it has to
05:57 through the astra site, that means one of those structures has to have
06:02 right receptor, right or the right or the right carrier molecule to allow
06:07 to happen. Right? So you see it's like getting your I.
06:11 . checked every 10 ft as you're down a pathway. All right.
06:16 so not only do we have we also have a basement membrane that
06:20 in between the capillaries and the astro . And so that kind of serves
06:24 a screen door. So even if you can sneak through the capillary,
06:29 it's too big, it's not even near the astrocytes in terms of physiological
06:36 . This goes back to what we a little bit earlier about water soluble
06:40 and lipid soluble substances. Alright, I'm water soluble, I want to
06:44 wherever there's a watery environment. So that means that demands that I
06:49 some sort of carrier molecule passing So I have to have the right
06:55 there to be able to move it cell to cell to cell for that
06:59 sis if I'm water. Remember we water kind of breaks the rules.
07:03 can kind of go where it wants go because it's small. So it
07:06 actually diffuse through the layer. But has to follow the rules of
07:11 right? So if there's less water the brain and more water in the
07:14 , water will flow towards the But naturally there should be balance between
07:20 two. So there should be no specific flow one way or the
07:24 Alright. And then lastly, if lipid soluble you don't want to be
07:28 a watery environment, you want to wherever there's fat. Right? And
07:32 plasma membrane. So what's gonna happen that lipid soluble substance is gonna find
07:36 way through those cells just fine because basically jumping from plasma membrane to plasma
07:43 . The plasma membrane moving just wherever need to go down their concentration
07:52 This is just not working. Oh is. Okay. All right.
08:00 , what we have here is we a way to control what's going in
08:04 what's going out of the brain. . We can determine what's near
08:08 Now. The blood brain barrier is to be found around the blood vessels
08:13 the cerebrum. All right. I we don't know the three women is
08:15 gonna learn more about this a little later. All right. So as
08:21 said this is what we're making is selective transport mechanism. Or elect a
08:26 transport process to move things in and the blood brain barrier at the
08:30 Oid plexus is just gonna be there the epithelial cells and the idea here
08:35 remember the cord plexus. What are doing? We're making cerebral spinal fluid
08:40 we want to be able to pull much more easily from the blood.
08:44 the structure of the core Oid plexus a little bit different. But it
08:48 a barrier. It's still there so anything can come in. It's just
08:53 as dense. And then lastly there parts of your brain that have no
08:58 brain barrier. Alright. And so places are where you want to actually
09:03 into contact with the blood so you see what's going on. One structure
09:07 the hypothalamus. We'll get to where structures are in the next unit.
09:12 the hypothalamus is, its job is determine which hormones need to be released
09:17 you usually dependent upon some sort of coming from the another um structure.
09:23 a hormone as well. So you to be able to have easy exchange
09:26 those environments. Penal glands. The thing. Um I mentioned the court
09:32 . It has to have a certain of permeability but then we also have
09:36 centers. All right. Why the center. The most likely way that
09:46 poisoned yourself by putting something in your . All right. We are creatures
09:53 put weird things into our bodies solely eating things. All right. That's
09:59 we explore our environment. That plant good. I will eat that.
10:04 frog looks tasty. I will lick , whatever. All right.
10:09 the natural way, the most likely to get something that's dangerous to your
10:13 is likely that you've ingested it. once you've ingested it, that toxin
10:18 into your blood and then it circulates your vomit center is kind of looking
10:22 those toxins and says, oh, a toxin. Hmm. I wonder
10:26 it got in the body. Probably something. We threw it away we
10:30 and throw up. Isn't that So, if you get bit by
10:34 rattlesnake and injects you with the You know the one the first thing
10:38 do besides the profuse sweating you vomit your brain says, well, I
10:45 ate something. Didn't follow the 5 rule. Yeah. So anyway,
10:52 that's the blood brain barrier. And kind of just shows you a little
10:55 more clearly so you can see, ? So here's that simple diffusion.
10:58 talking really, really small molecules. talking like water, oxygen. You
11:03 , the gasses. Some lipa. drugs can actually pass through. If
11:07 look at this chart, it even ethanol. It's able to buy pass
11:11 the tight junctions. Just fine because very, very small molecules and they're
11:16 dependent upon any of those much more rules, we have some molecules that
11:24 to have the receptor. So, that trans psychosis I was referred
11:28 That's the receptor mediated transport. the idea is if I have the
11:31 receptor, I combined it, I across and move it into the into
11:36 fluid so that the next cell can it up and so on. And
11:40 , some cells or some molecules will specific carriers that are available. These
11:45 the easy ones to think about, amino acids, for example,
11:48 for example, are things that the would want. So, you're already
11:53 have those carriers available so that you just pluck that stuff from the blood
11:58 you need it. All right. if you don't have the right
12:02 if you don't have the right if you're not that Itsy bitsy teeny
12:06 molecule. If you're not lipa you're not getting in. And usually
12:10 is the place where I tell the about the P for the week
12:14 But I'm not gonna do it If want to find out about it,
12:16 listen to an old lecture. Don't enough time for that story. All
12:23 now, here's where we're going to in for the first time into some
12:27 anatomy. So, sorry. All . What we're gonna first do is
12:33 gonna look at the blood vessels of brain. Alright. And if you
12:37 at the brain, what we've done we've taken the brain and we're looking
12:40 it from the bottom side. this is the inferior view. Here
12:44 your spinal cord coming out and towards . All right. It's really hard
12:48 do in three dimensions. When you're at a two dimensional structure. And
12:52 you can see is I've kind of a line here, this green line
12:55 represents the separation of the anterior portion the brain and the posterior portion of
13:00 brain. Alright. And what we is that we have these kind of
13:05 circulations that serve each half. There's three circulations that we're going to look
13:09 . But I just kind of want separate out in those two. And
13:13 circulation is And here in this post is served by this unique connection in
13:18 brain called the Circle of Willis. basically, what is a series of
13:22 that form a circle so that if include one of those vessels, there
13:27 a way for blood to find its around to the vessels on either
13:32 It's kind of cool. Can we a time out real quick? only
13:36 80% of us have circle of Willis we talk like this is an absolute
13:41 not an absolute But just presume we have it. Okay. So I
13:47 80%. Don't sorry, Don't 80% us do have that circle of
13:53 So, it's just very strange. portion. Alright, So, what
13:58 gonna do is we're gonna name some and and looking at this, you
14:01 see how they've again overloaded the And we're just gonna focus in on
14:05 of them. All right. you've heard of your carotid artery,
14:09 ? If I strangle you, I'm to compress the carded artery, it
14:12 up through the neck and then it up into the brain. This,
14:15 here represents that point where it's now up with the brain. And what
14:19 does is it actually divides into three . All right. It joins into
14:26 we've got this branch right here, middle cerebral, right? We also
14:31 the anterior cerebral. So, those are kind of the important ones.
14:34 we have some other branches as All right. And we're gonna be
14:38 to this is that part of that of Willis, The communicating artery to
14:42 sure that the blood is actually going in that circle to be able to
14:46 blood towards towards the posterior sides. , when you think of the internal
14:52 , what they're doing is they're supplying to the anterior portion of the brain
14:58 that anterior cerebral. So, there's one branch and that middle cerebral the
15:04 branch. So it's dealing with the part of the brain Anterior and middle
15:09 are the two big ones. When talk about the middle or sorry,
15:12 posterior segment, what we're gonna be is we're gonna be looking at the
15:17 arteries. There's a pair of They come together and they fuse they
15:21 this basil or artery and then that artery then supplies not only the
15:27 but the little tiny brain in the called the cerebellum plus mother's structures.
15:32 right. So we say as you see here is that basal artery makes
15:35 the base. Alright? And it an artery called the anterior inferior sarah
15:42 . So, I want you to that this is an adjective sarah Beller
15:46 cerebral. Very very similar. But refers to the cerebrum. One refers
15:51 the cerebellum. Cerebrum is your big . Cerebellum. Is your little
15:56 literally. That's what it means. right. They're not big brain.
16:00 brain, but that's when you look them, you're like, oh
16:03 okay, this would be your This big thing in the back is
16:07 cerebral so anterior inferior. So when hear that, what do you what
16:13 you think of when you hear anterior in front and below? Right.
16:19 that's what it means. So, just shows you where it's going with
16:22 to the cerebellum. All right. forms what are called the ponte een
16:29 . All right. The Ponty means right there. They intervale or
16:34 Innovate. They vascular rise the We don't know the ponds is
16:39 But you can see where the name from, Fontaine refers to ponds.
16:46 also have the superior serra bela Alright, So the superior serra bela
16:52 have lost them here. Okay, right there. Alright? And again
16:56 goes over the top of that The one that I didn't highlight here
17:03 I should is the posterior cerebral So here it is, right
17:07 And so that's gonna be providing blood the post airport of the cerebrum.
17:15 , so the ones that I highlighted really kind of the important ones.
17:18 , what you don't see on here you, whenever you see a drawing
17:22 blood vessels, red is usually going be an artery. Blue will be
17:26 vein. So you notice there's no in here. So they're not showing
17:29 . But the blood returning from your arrives via or leaves via the internal
17:37 . Alright. And how we get the internal jugular is through these dural
17:41 and this combination of other sinuses joining to form these structures here. I've
17:47 everything away so that you can see the brain. So this is the
17:53 . That little tiny thing down there the cerebellum. This is the brain
17:57 and this bulgy part right there is ponds. Alright. So the Pontiac
18:02 would be right there. But it kind of shows you it's like where
18:05 this blood go? And so when talking about the anterior cerebral artery,
18:11 really dealing with the frontal lobe and top part of the brain. We're
18:16 about the middle cerebral artery, which that big one that goes on.
18:19 basically the bulk of the middle of brain. And we were talking about
18:22 posterior sara Bella or cerebral arteries. been seeing cerebellum, cerebral cerebral cerebral
18:28 artery. It's going to be the here, part of your brain.
18:32 , you can kind of see there's organization to how the blood vessels
18:36 And fortunately the nomenclature kind of goes it. And as we mentioned,
18:44 our circle of Willis, right, whole structure right there. And what
18:49 does is ensures that there's an overlap flow of blood to the front and
18:54 the back of the brain. This an important structure. We want to
18:57 sure that nothing blocks the blood so the tissue stays well or alive.
19:04 , what we have this little tiny right there. So, remember this
19:07 the anterior cerebral there's anterior cerebral coming . So you can see part of
19:13 forms that circle of Willis. Is communicating artery in there? All
19:18 So, basically you have two separate that are coming together but it's like
19:22 , no, no. We're gonna ahead and put another little bypass right
19:25 to make sure that blood can go that circle shouldn't need to. All
19:31 . And then here's the baseler Right. And where's that basal artery
19:35 from? It comes from the vertebral and then there's a bunch of spinal
19:41 as well that we're not really going focus on. All right.
19:47 those are blood vessels that you've got know. This is kind of the
19:50 list. Know them. All May .1 of these and say,
19:55 is it so far? You guys me? All right now, we're
20:04 move into the spinal cord. But we do that, let's kind of
20:08 sure we understand which types of cells we're working with. We've been talking
20:11 neurons. Remember the neurons are the cells, they're the quarterbacks there.
20:15 excitable cells that the nervous system We've looked at the multipolar neurons as
20:21 example of neurons communicating. But in central nervous system, the primary neuron
20:27 called a pyramidal cell. Can you me why you think it's called a
20:30 self because of its shape? That's . And you can see it.
20:35 mean, it's it's it's almost stupid I asked the question. All
20:41 It is a type of multipolar But notice that the axon doesn't really
20:47 out quite so clearly. Right. because it's in the small networks.
20:51 so it doesn't need to send a , very long axon, very far
20:55 . It's really just talking to a cell. That would be like right
20:59 here. Okay, so that's kind why it has this unique shape.
21:04 . But it plays a major role you understanding it. I want you
21:12 think about the pyramidal cell. Your cells are processing the idea of the
21:18 cell cognition. Understanding okay, thinking is the best part your brain
21:27 Thinking about. Thinking alright, you're the idea of processing information. Mm
21:37 . Deep thoughts. The rest of cells. These supporting cells are a
21:44 bit smaller. They're not quite as to us but they're very important.
21:49 you didn't have them, the neurons do their things. So what we're
21:53 about now, these supporting cells are glial cells are what we call neuro
21:57 And there are six different types of for that are in the central nervous
22:02 to that are the peripheral nervous We've already talked or mentioned them a
22:06 bit as we've been going along. now these neurons are capable of
22:12 They're the ones that multiply and divide needed even into adulthood and beyond.
22:18 do not transmit nerve cells and they outnumber the number of neurons almost
22:24 So they make up about half the of the brain and about half the
22:28 of the entire nervous system. So everywhere. They're all over the
22:32 They're just much much smaller than the themselves and when I use examples like
22:36 the neurons a quarterback the reason I them a quarterback. Because if you
22:39 anything about football, football teams are up on each side of how many
22:45 Come on guys. Thank you. is what we're looking for. So
22:50 means we have 10 players in one . Right? So this is the
22:56 of the football team, quarterback doesn't good. If he doesn't have a
23:00 quarterback can't throw a pass that can caught if there's no receiver.
23:06 So that's why use as an example the six types, you can see
23:11 broken them down here. So here the central nervous system. We have
23:14 handymen cells. We mentioned them. talked about the L. A.
23:17 sites. We mentioned the astro sites never mentioned micro glia micro glia.
23:22 you want to call it that if was hard, but micro glia,
23:26 ? And then we've talked about Schwann . We haven't ever mentioned satellite
23:30 So these are the peripheral, those the central nervous system. They all
23:36 off life from the oligarch. Dendrite cell. All right, in
23:42 these are the cells that give rise other types of cells. They're all
23:46 the central nervous system. What they is they kind of sit around and
23:50 they sense their environment. They have little tiny growth cones, which is
23:54 fancy word for saying an extension that receptors and it detects chemical messages and
23:59 chemical messages tell them where to And so in this case you can
24:03 what we've done is we've formed an contender site that all good inter site
24:07 located to where it needs to And it sent out its extensions to
24:10 around the cell to create those Myelin in this little cartoon. All
24:18 So where we have damaged areas? are things that can come in and
24:22 . Alright. So they're kind of progenitor cells of a bunch of different
24:25 of cells in the brain. We've talked about the tender side. I
24:31 want to go any much further. than to say When you see these
24:34 , they can't draw how widely spread do. I mean they can myelin
24:39 up to 50 axons. So they that. You can understand why they're
24:43 all ago. It's like all these that go from it and they can
24:47 of wrap around all a bunch of cells. All right. They also
24:51 tell neurons stop growing, stop doing you're supposed to do. They basically
24:55 and say I'm in charge. All . We've talked about the neural insight
25:03 the Schwann cell again it's producing Myelin . This is a kind of better
25:07 at it. So here's that ax this is a cell and you can
25:10 what it had done wrapped itself around times. This is central nervous
25:15 This is peripheral nervous system. So can see now, here's my my
25:19 chief, my own chief, my chief. Each of those represent a
25:22 cell. All right. Where they're , also determines how if we damage
25:31 cell where that damage neuron will actually again. They actually kind of serve
25:36 a path to say, this is you were grow back this way if
25:40 capable of growing, but it only for a short period of time.
25:44 , ma'am. Which yeah. Why they divide? Because you have cells
25:59 it not to? That's right. that sense, the neurons stopped doing
26:05 we would expect to sell to do other cells are telling it don't do
26:10 . Right? So that's kind of of the thing is there's a lot
26:14 stuff in biology. I'm just this just an aside, there's a lot
26:17 chicken and egg stuff that it's like learned something that I find out why
26:21 does it. And you're like, , well, that wasn't quite clear
26:25 first time and it's just gonna happen all of I mean, especially when
26:29 get into these classes where you're starting dive down into the alphabet soup of
26:34 . You know, it's just like yeah, I'm still right. For
26:44 is correct. So what will Yeah, go ahead. No,
26:47 , go ahead. They can repair . Right? So, the reason
26:54 don't see a lot of repair in cns is because the cells remember we
26:57 those pyramidal cells and we go back they're not very big, right?
27:02 only have these very very small extensions the peripheral nervous system. Typically ourselves
27:07 these long multipolar cells. So we these long axons that travel far
27:12 If I chop my ax on I've done no damage to the cell
27:16 , where all the cellular machinery If I do damage here is a
27:22 chance, I've actually done damage to cell itself. So, that's why
27:26 there's less of a chance of All right. So, and we
27:31 talk about I think your book actually about repair. But at one point
27:35 just decided like this really isn't that to know how it creates the the
27:41 . It's just astrocytes named for right? No, no. It's
27:53 because its star shaped the star Alright, Most abundant glial cells in
28:00 nervous system. These are like the tissue. This is kind of the
28:06 that holds everything together, functionally it establishes the physical structure of the
28:11 . So it is scaffolding onto which neurons are actually built. So,
28:16 can see right here in this little , here's my astro side. It's
28:20 the capillary where it should go. telling the neurons where it should be
28:24 it's holding everything into place that's its . Alright? It also controls the
28:31 environment. Remember what we did? had a whole bunch of astrocytes creating
28:36 barrier blood brain barrier. So what doing in the first place is
28:40 I will determine what gets into this here. Alright. I'm telling the
28:45 what to do and then I'm going be the ultimate arbitrator, ultimately one
28:50 deciding what's getting in and what's getting . Because in order to get from
28:54 , you have to pass through that and pass into this cell and then
28:58 cell decides when it's gonna let something into the extra cellular fluid it stores
29:03 glycogen. Glycogen can be broken down glucose. It provides the glucose and
29:09 lactate to these neurons to allow them be functioned be functional. Excuse
29:15 All right. So, very, vital role as a cell that controls
29:22 extra cellular fluid in the environment surrounding astro site. This is another important
29:28 right here. It actually serves at site of the synapse to help maintain
29:34 synapse. So, we look at synapse and go, okay, here's
29:37 pre synaptic cell. Here's the post cell and then stuff happens in between
29:42 . But that synapse is actually held place because astro sites are surrounding
29:48 We talked about a little bit about do we stop you know, activity
29:51 the synapse and we had that You know, if you went back
29:55 looked at it and I was like , sometimes there's these astrocytes that take
29:58 the neurotransmitter. There you go. what it's doing. Alright. It
30:04 to repair the damage that you see nerve cells. Alright. So if
30:11 are damaged, they can actually multiply fill in that space and act as
30:15 tissue and last thing they can do they can stimulate other cells to
30:21 So for example, they tell the good danger sites where to go and
30:25 to do. So astro sites are important? This is this is just
30:29 short list. Astra sites are really important cells. They just don't
30:34 that sexy job of sending signals. no. Astro site neurons can't do
30:42 they want to do or or what designed to do. Epidermal cells we
30:49 produced cerebral spinal fluid. You can here the cilia on it and if
30:52 look closely you can see kind of little hairs there, so remember what
30:56 are they're found or localized within the . The cord plexus is where the
31:01 vessel gets really, really close to surface of the ventricle. So what
31:04 doing is these epidermal cells are actually fluid and materials from the blood and
31:11 that cerebral spinal fluid that then fills ventricle and then it says,
31:15 you move that way I'm gonna make so that's the easiest way to think
31:20 these micro glia, there's nothing we about these things that are useful at
31:28 point. Every time we turn around see a new paper or something new
31:33 them. Alright. We're gonna go what the textbook says. Alright,
31:38 it just makes our life easy About 10 to 15. 10 to
31:43 of the central nervous system is made of these micro glia. Now they're
31:48 microgreens. Micro small glia, small cells, that's what they are.
31:52 just the small ones. And what do is they just kind of sit
31:56 and do nothing for most of the and it appears that they're related to
32:01 monos. Aight all right, That is a modest site. And
32:04 know you haven't learned this stuff. mon a site is an immature macrophage
32:09 a macrophage is a cell that chews and destroys foreign material. Alright,
32:15 learned a little bit about that. it just kind of sits around and
32:19 pretty much nothing, it just kind releases growth factors and says,
32:22 what's going on? Make sure everything functioning right? But when they become
32:26 , if damage happens to the brain that converts that mona's site like selling
32:31 the macrophage and it migrates to where damaged tissue is and begins to focus
32:35 ties it. Lot of research done uh the word stroke, stuck in
32:45 head and that's not what a concussion , what I was looking for.
32:48 lot of concussion research has shown that you get a concussion, you activate
32:53 cells like crazy. They start migrating over the place. It's wild.
32:57 . So, the way you can of this is that you can think
33:00 it as an immune defense cell. . So, it's able to find
33:04 wrong things in your brain. So something leaks into your brain and it's
33:08 supposed to be there, this is cell that's there to fight it.
33:12 right. It also helps to prevent in terms of the immune response.
33:16 that's where we're going to leave But there's a lot of evidence that
33:20 may actually serve as a neural stem . There's a lot of evidence that
33:25 a lot of other interesting things. so maybe in 10 years you're going
33:30 find out that this is the most cell in the brain. It would
33:36 into new neurons. So, the that I've been telling you is that
33:43 nervous system doesn't repair itself. We're go ahead and say it doesn't repair
33:47 . Just just trust me on that . Okay. But it might it's
33:52 a lot of evidence that keeps pointing direction, but we're keeping it
33:57 We're not changing. We're not we're going to go with what the paper
34:00 three weeks ago, right? We're trust what the textbook says and let
34:04 science work itself out and it's actually not true. It's not from three
34:07 ago, it's been around for about or four years. So now we
34:13 the population of the cells. All . We got our neurons which are
34:18 pyramidal cells, but they're not just cells. We've got four different
34:21 So, I didn't even talk about cells. What's the satellite cell?
34:25 cell is like an astro site except in the periphery. That's how important
34:29 is. I just don't even have slide for it. Okay. We've
34:36 about the glial cells. All And when you think about the nervous
34:40 , what what is the nervous What is its job? It receives
34:44 . It processes information. And then transmits a response to the information that
34:50 just received and processed? Does that of makes sense? In other
34:55 if I'm outside and I touched something , I detect that hot. I
35:03 that signal and say, the thing touching is hot. It's probably causing
35:07 . My brain then sends a signal back down and says, alright,
35:10 go ahead and just move that And that is what we're talking
35:14 It's receiving the signal processing what that means. And then how do I
35:20 to the signal that's ultimately what the system is responsible for. All
35:27 It can store information in a right? It can ignore information.
35:34 fact, much of the input, of the sensory input that you receive
35:38 a regular basis is completely ignored. ? If it doesn't have a direct
35:43 on your behavior, right? This your brain goes, let's not worry
35:46 that right now. Right. And this stuff is occurring at the level
35:51 the neuron. Right? So, going to kind of talk broadly,
35:55 remember that we're dealing with how neurons talking to each other through that chemical
36:01 . All right, They send that ultimately onto the muscles. That's
36:06 glands, for secretion and other cells tell them what to do. But
36:12 isn't all that it does. You here and thinking about the brain and
36:16 about yourself is consciousness? You are aware, Your brain, your nervous
36:22 is responsible for that. It is for your perception of the world around
36:29 . Alright. That's dependent upon the of sensory input that you're getting.
36:34 responsible for language, for you being to understand these sounds that I'm making
36:40 have They have meaning to you, . For reasoning. Should I eat
36:46 oreo that I dropped on the It's only been there for three
36:51 You know, memory. Think about , I don't know think about the
36:56 person you had a crush on. you picture him when I when I
37:01 that all of a sudden your brain back there. See that's memory and
37:05 evoked some sort of response to write some sort of emotion, whether
37:10 was good or bad. Right? all in the nervous system. All
37:18 . So when we're looking at this , we're going to kind of point
37:21 the areas where different things are actually . All right. But I want
37:25 to understand that like when you talk a memory, a memory is not
37:28 stored inside a neuron, a memory the way that a neural network,
37:35 bunch of cells talking to each other in a specific sequence in a specific
37:41 . And so all we gotta do just cause a repeat of that sequence
37:45 your brain takes that signal and basically this is what it means.
37:52 your brain is formed during embryo while an embryo and then it continues develop
37:59 . There's a lot of research that that your brain is almost completely rewired
38:06 during puberty. So basically during your , so remember all those horrible fits
38:12 you had and how everyone made you and nothing was ever fair and
38:17 blah blah. You know, all stuff that's your brain rewiring itself to
38:22 a mature brain so that you can a functional in the world today.
38:26 . And what does functional mean? not gonna go there were just basically
38:31 feed yourself and reproduce. How's Okay. The brain uses different ways
38:37 organize itself during development. Alright, very early on we call this development
38:44 neuro brain, right genesis beginning. during early neurogenesis when you're an
38:51 we use this type of this um called radio migration. And hear what
38:58 is is if you look at the , you'll see that there's these different
39:01 . All right. And we're not spend a lot of time talking about
39:04 layers in the in the gray matter it gets confusing and it's and it's
39:07 and and and truthfully for our purposes not really that important. But the
39:12 is that I hear I've got a the green stuff represents glial cells.
39:16 what that neuron does is it migrates layer to layer to layer, usually
39:22 finding a glial cell and then migrating the length of that glial cell using
39:26 chemicals that that glial cell is signaling it to tell it where to
39:30 Right? So that's what radio migration . But once you become an
39:35 you're going to use something that's a bit different. Alright, so that
39:39 , those changes that take that take , say during puberty are going to
39:44 something a little bit different called tangential . And here what you do is
39:49 move within the layer that you're in you move back and forth. Unless
39:54 signal tells you to shift that layer then you move again back and forth
39:58 that's kind of what this is trying demonstrate to you. So what's happening
40:02 is that the way your brain is and changed differs depending upon where you
40:09 in your development. So early on using radio and then later on using
40:17 . All right. But neurogenesis is process of organizing our brain. So
40:22 becomes functional now. Neurogenesis we said dependent upon some signals. Right?
40:29 said. The glial cells here are signals out and then what causes it
40:33 move from layer to layer is a of signals that are telling those cells
40:38 to go. And this process of a chemical signal is called chemo
40:45 It is not only done in the is done all over the place.
40:48 right. Chemo taxes is simply using signal that's usually chemical chemo. And
40:55 that chemical trail. If you've watched shark week, you've watched the shows
41:00 they're talking about a little bit of in the water and the shark sits
41:03 and can follow the trail of That is a form of chemo taxes
41:08 a macro stage. Right? That's you're doing here is you're taking that
41:12 chemical and there's more chemical here. gonna keep following the trail of chemical
41:16 there is more. I'm gonna just going following it until I find the
41:19 of the chemical the portion of the that does this is that growth
41:26 All right. That's what that fancy is. So, it's basically you
41:28 imagine I've got these extensions and other corns and there's these that's what these
41:32 represent. Those little red things. this is the cell as it's stretching
41:37 out and then it has portions of cytoplasm kind of sticking off with little
41:42 on the end, looking for where chemical is coming from and it just
41:45 of follows it along. It can all these really kind of unique
41:51 It can cause branching, right? can cause sensitivity to other cues.
41:56 example, things that repel the acts away or can say this is the
42:00 you need to go. And ultimately happens is we end up creating this
42:05 of cells that are interconnected or they're other cells. And then what we
42:13 do now is based upon where these are. We can make modifications to
42:18 network through a process called neural You've probably heard the phrase can't cheat
42:24 teach an old dog new tricks, ? You heard that? I can't
42:29 that. That's that's too complicated. not true. Your brains are
42:36 not barbie plastic, malleable and And in fact, that's how your
42:42 actually learns and stores information. All . So, what I want you
42:48 do is don't focus on this. want you to focus here. So
42:51 right? Here represents how your brain a bunch of cells. So each
42:54 those dots represents sell each line represents connection between those cells. So this
43:00 is talking to that sell that sell sell on. That cell. The
43:03 is talking to those two cells and on and so on. And so
43:06 . These two cells are all lonely sad because they're not part of the
43:10 . All right. But what happens you create an experience, right?
43:14 little baby, You stick keys in mouth metal tasting right? And so
43:19 happens is is that through this process neurogenesis, through this process of chemo
43:25 and extending you're going to start creating connections. And so you can see
43:31 cell has started creating a connection This cell has started creating connection
43:35 so on and so forth. That's the dotted lines represent. So,
43:38 cells that were initially not part of network are becoming part of the
43:42 As your brain is trying to you know, these interactions. You
43:48 , whatever it happens to me and just have keys in your mouth.
43:50 don't know. But what will happen as you continue doing whatever that activity
43:57 and start reinforcing it through practice is going to strengthen certain interactions.
44:06 And so the signaling between the cells going to increase in certain areas and
44:11 in other areas. And so what up happening is over time you reorganize
44:16 network so that there's this new interaction this is what represents whatever that new
44:22 that you just learned now again, is just cartoon stuff. And the
44:26 here is you start off with something this and you end up with something
44:30 this and that's simply through experience and that our brain changes. All
44:38 How many guys know how to How many 10 years ago? You
44:42 know how to drive? Well, of you should be like, I
44:46 know I mean yeah, you played theft auto, but that ain't
44:50 That's that's that's just fun, Right? You learned how to
44:56 You sat through the boring lectures, watch the videos of the trains running
45:00 people and cars, right? I kids going through drivers at right
45:06 I'm doing the parent teaching ones. it's gonna be a lot of
45:11 But the idea is that, you , this is what your brain was
45:15 before you drove right in that area learned how to drive. And then
45:19 you became more proficient at it Now can weave through cars on the highway
45:24 80 mph, right? Yeah, too hot. So, so the
45:34 here is don't think of a connection so much of a if I do
45:39 connection, then X will happen. the network is going to create those
45:44 . It's kind of like saying I'm to five friends. You're not you're
45:50 to as many connections as needed in to perform whatever the function is,
45:56 ? So if you need to have friends to run for political office,
46:00 gonna find 1000 friends, right? will be strong friends. Some will
46:04 weak friends, right? If you need five friends to walk with you
46:09 the aisle, you're going to figure how to do that as well.
46:12 ? So each of those networks that creating are gonna be unique for whatever
46:15 task is, it needs to be and it's gonna, you're basically what
46:19 gonna see here in just a second that the clusters of cells are all
46:24 be associated with one another because they're involved in whatever that activity is.
46:28 right? And so if you think a baby, then this is kind
46:32 a way you can think about it in that first year of life,
46:35 them learning how to do stuff and their brain to start developing these
46:41 I mean, they they do things you stick out your finger and they
46:45 it right? And then they're you know, they're like amazed.
46:49 what they're doing is they're training their . If I reach for something and
46:53 it, then I'm actually touching something that's training the brain to believe this
46:58 what happens when I reach out. know, or when they grab the
47:01 and start looking, it's like, , this is what something tastes
47:04 I'm gonna explore my environment through right? And when you smile at
47:09 and they respond back, you you smile at them, they smile
47:12 you and you smile back and it's oh when I do this, this
47:16 the response I get. And so building up that activity by reorganizing the
47:22 and how they interact with one right? And that's kind of
47:28 again, that's like the kindergarten I mean I'm not saying you got
47:31 kindergarten, it's just like this is the baseline understanding of the nervousness if
47:35 really want to understand the nervous if at some point you have time
47:38 take the neural path or the neurophysiology doctors burke's teaches. It's a great
47:43 to learn this stuff in more All right, so this is kind
47:48 like, what I was just trying say is like, you know,
47:51 we're gonna do is we're gonna do and integration. So we're learning information
47:56 the neurons already grouped together in these patterns. Alright. And what we
48:01 is we call these things pools. it's a neuronal pool or neuronal
48:06 All right. So if you hear words, just think lots of neurons
48:09 alright. And typically they're going to a functional group as a whole.
48:14 basically they all kind of are able process the same type of information.
48:19 you're doing is you're trying to figure which ones are gonna work together and
48:21 what they do is they then send information off to the next group of
48:24 of cells that then do something and on. All right. So if
48:29 thinking about the neurons, they're either to be very very localized. So
48:32 you've got all these neurons in a place and this is gonna make a
48:35 of sense when we start going through rebrand and saying this is where X
48:38 processed. Like this is the visual . Okay, so that means specific
48:44 of vision is processed in this All right. But you might also
48:49 that the neurons are going to be throughout the cns. So it's not
48:53 that one location. That information is there. And then it's moved to
48:57 different location. Again, I use here because in the brain while the
49:03 visual cortex is the occipital lobe, you're gonna see is there's a
49:07 So that's called V one. That's the abbreviation visual one. There's a
49:11 two and V three, V V five, V six, A
49:14 seven, V eight, V nine V 10, V 11. And
49:17 a Bs and CS from any of things and I think it goes all
49:19 way up to like 17 or We'll never have to learn any of
49:23 . Alright, but the idea is in order for me to look at
49:26 and understand what it is. It to go through all of these different
49:29 of processing before your brain can Oh, lollipop. Right. What
49:39 is being sent to And where that is going to be sent from is
49:43 to be restricted. Right? I'm going to send visual information to an
49:48 that's responsible for processing spell. It make sense. Right? So,
49:53 that information comes from is from the , right. I'm not gonna send
49:57 from the back of my knee to eyes or to the visual cortex saying
50:01 you did you see that? Because there's no there's no input from
50:06 area. All right. So we're where the information comes and goes.
50:11 then those uh circuits can be either simple or they can be very very
50:16 . And what we do is we them down into four basic types.
50:19 I want to show you what simple complex looks like before we go into
50:23 of the four different types. All . Again, that rule that we
50:29 about, the synaptic delay, those apply. So the more complex the
50:35 , the more synaptic delay you the longer it takes to process
50:39 Okay, so this is simple versus . This is just a generic,
50:44 versus complex. Alright. We got , basically. What you see here
50:49 one neuron talking to another neuron. common in the peripheral nervous system.
50:54 very common in the central nervous All right. You'll see this neuron
50:59 to that neuron which talks to that peripheral nervous system often what you mostly
51:04 in the central nervous system are these things. And this is just an
51:08 of a complex. You can see got this talking to this cell,
51:11 then this cell talks to the next , but it also talks back to
51:14 cell that talk to it in the place, that's complex, Right?
51:18 what that means is you now have circuit that's kind of reverberating on
51:24 Yeah, like there's like a physical , so in this case what it
51:33 , it's you can think of it I'm not gonna do a good job
51:37 this because I don't know computers that . But it's like how computers process
51:41 . It's there's like binary responses. something or don't do something excite or
51:48 , Right? And so if you imagine a network of cells where it's
51:51 , okay, my job is to the next cell to become excited.
51:54 next cell in the in that chain say releases a hormone or a
51:59 then whatever stimulates me, tells tells me to tell the next cell
52:04 to do next converge back on the cell. And so what you're doing
52:08 you're creating a pattern of response so at the very end, whatever you're
52:13 to get done gets done. what you're doing, like when you're
52:20 is you're actually creating that pattern. . So, remember what I said
52:24 that when you're dealing with uh thinking memory, it's not stored inside a
52:31 , What you're doing is you're creating neurons to fire at a certain
52:35 They might be inhibiting other neurons, might be turning on other neurons.
52:38 so, what you're doing is you're a pattern that's generated when you stimulate
52:42 network. Again, if you can you can recreate that pattern, you're
52:46 to pull up whatever the memory is whatever the idea is. And so
52:50 studying is is generating the pattern. So that it then remains in long
52:57 , right? In other words, storing up the pattern itself. I
53:01 it's very, very I don't know the word I want to use here
53:07 strange, like, what to Alright, so, this is kind
53:18 cool. And you're making me go a tangent, we'll go down the
53:21 and we'll pause for a break. right. So, like I
53:25 it's about the pattern initial study that done to demonstrate that this was true
53:30 they took a bunch of rats and put them in a maze because that's
53:33 we like to do. All And what they did was they put
53:36 in the brains of the rats and were looking at a specific neural
53:40 Alright. So, they were able hone it down to just like a
53:43 area. And what they did is trained the rats to run, it
53:47 amazing, it was like a figure . Alright, So basically it's a
53:51 , you know? So they had a middle track and in that middle
53:55 they had a wheel. And what did is they train the rats to
53:58 around, get to the wheel, on the wheel, jump off,
54:01 go around, create that figure jump on the wheel again and do
54:04 and then come back again and repeat process, right? So there's your
54:08 , right? And what they did they could actually see the pattern being
54:12 in the neurons while they were training rats. Alright. And then what
54:16 did is they kept those those same stuck in their brains, which is
54:20 a horrible way to run around, ? Because you've got wires and you
54:23 the wires with you. But they the pattern as the rats ran and
54:29 rats would actually create the pattern before got to the wheel, you're
54:35 and it's like, okay, this the pattern they get when they get
54:37 the wheel and they would see that rats would think about the wheel just
54:40 they got to it, right? they were thinking this is what I
54:43 to do next. So the idea that the pattern was stored, but
54:47 could also see when the rat would a mistake before the rat made the
54:51 . So if it wasn't going to through the wheel and said it was
54:54 run straight or run past the they say, okay, the pattern
54:58 changed and so I can't see So to answer your question, what
55:04 you trying to do when you study you're trying to generate or create that
55:08 right now? Does this only current the same month that they came out
55:12 that paper? This isn't like There was a study done in humans
55:16 the same sort of thing, but in the brain made a run around
55:21 what they did is they made them videos, right? And it was
55:26 that they would see watch over and again. Very small clips. And
55:30 they were trying to do is trying see what sort of patterns would be
55:33 . And again, they haven't watched over and over again. And then
55:37 they had to interview them and again the electrodes in their brains and they
55:40 see the pattern that was being generated they're watching the videos. And then
55:43 they interviewed him, asked him questions , they could see the pattern being
55:46 in the brain that matched the right or the wrong answer. Right?
55:52 it was the correct answer. The would would be wrong. Yeah.
56:01 . Well, so both of them two or more right. But it's
56:04 how come, I mean how structured is and we're gonna walk through some
56:10 these in just a sec. And so I mean the two easiest
56:14 are the converging and diverging circuits. you ever wondered why you take physics
56:18 get into some of these graduate programs health? It's because you've got to
56:22 what these words mean. I mean that's what it is, is do
56:25 know what these words mean? So just we'll do these and then we'll
56:29 the other ones and we'll take a . All right. So converging circuits
56:34 pretty simple. This is something that you guys can can see.
56:37 I mean here we got a bunch inputs acting on a single cell and
56:44 single cell then is acting on something . So what you're doing is you're
56:48 a lot of different types of information you're consolidating that information into some sort
56:54 response. Right? So an example salivation, right? Think about sitting
57:01 at a barbecue joint. We all barbecue. Yeah, like it.
57:05 right. So you go into a joint, what do you do?
57:07 don't see the food first? You it and all of a sudden your
57:11 just go right and then you look and you're like there's there's the,
57:16 know, it's a proper barbecue So you're actually just walking and picking
57:19 your barbecue and you see the thing want to eat and it's just
57:22 oh man, I can't wait to my fingers on that and then you
57:25 sit at the table and then you touch it and then you put it
57:28 your mouth and it's just like to for, right? So every sense
57:32 your body is like going winter winter dinner, that's what those are,
57:38 would be like the gustatory. That there is the visual that right over
57:43 is the sense of smell, The old factory and all this stuff
57:47 converging on those salivary glands say get to eat and it's gonna start causing
57:54 to salivate, right? That would an example of converging. It's a
57:58 example, but it's an example nonetheless , in a diverging circuit, what
58:04 have is you have an input that goes to different sources or two different
58:10 . Alright? And so the example like to you here is think about
58:13 , alright, walking is simply the of lifting up my leg, putting
58:17 weight forward and preventing myself from right? So walking is not
58:23 what is swimming? Not drowning It's keeping my body above the water
58:31 , but I'm still getting motion But when I walk it's not just
58:35 lifting up and dropping my leg, also maintaining balance, right, It's
58:40 ensuring that posture takes place. So are muscle groups that are involved in
58:46 that I don't even think about because I think about walking I think about
58:49 and dropping my legs over and over , right? But there are muscles
58:53 my toes, there's muscles in my , there's muscles in my belly,
58:57 muscles all over that allow me to that thing. So the signal might
59:02 time to walk, right? That's that is. And then it's convert
59:06 it's diverging to the different parts of body and those different systems to tell
59:12 time, what do we do? then those cells downstream? Say
59:16 I'm going to tell this cell to excited, I'm gonna tell that muscle
59:19 there to relax, I'm gonna do this. And so all those signals
59:22 going all over the place to allow to create that one simple step
59:29 We got the weird ones. All . The weird ones are the reverberating
59:35 or the rhythm generating circuit, and parallel after discharge circuit. Alright,
59:40 here in the rhythm circuit, you see we're starting off with one
59:44 we're just putting two in this to our lives easier, but you can
59:47 what I have is I have a . So this cell is talking not
59:51 this one but two. That Alright, this cell is talking to
59:54 cell as well, but it's actually , it's actually activating along the axon
59:59 then this cell is actually river to , reverberating back to the original cell
60:05 it's actually stimulating the cell, which also stimulate that cell. So what
60:08 doing is you are creating an activity gets bigger and bigger and bigger and
60:13 and bigger and bigger until something comes from the outside and says stop
60:18 Think about breathing. Right? When inhale, does your inhalation continue on
60:25 , right? It goes and then stops and then your muscle relaxes and
60:31 when you inhale again and you just that pattern over and over and over
60:38 over again. It's because you have series of cells that are reverberating to
60:43 that big, big big, big and then something comes along and says
60:46 all the signals and it all goes and then you relax and then let's
60:50 it. And that signals which then and signals and signals get big,
60:54 , big, big big again and along says kill it all and then
60:57 relax again. All right, this these when you see these kind of
61:02 that's a central pattern generator, It uses these types of circuits.
61:07 one. Think of any sort of activity that you have is walking rhythmic
61:15 right, Here's a fun one but pizza govern your mouth. Just
61:24 can't stop, right, get tired one side, what you do,
61:28 it over to the other side keep , right rhythm, rhythmic pattern
61:33 parallel after discharge is one of those of weird circuits where the responsive cell
61:41 then the cartoonist here tried to do and it's not an easy thing to
61:45 . The response to sell isn't just a burst response or a series of
61:50 or you know like a growing Like you see here instead this cell
61:54 going to receive multiple inputs in So you can imagine like here that
62:01 cell, you know, is probably of the first one that's gonna be
62:04 to send a signal. But over we've got synaptic delay, synaptic
62:07 synaptic delay. This cell is shorter that one. So this one probably
62:11 the second signal. That's probably the signal. This will be the fourth
62:15 . So this cell is receiving a like this. It's like Yeah there
62:21 four there. Okay, so that is a series of 1234. And
62:28 this signal is not just one it's gonna be many responses but through
62:34 same pathway. So you get this I dis elongated response in this
62:42 Now I said here it's probably involved higher order thinking. So in these
62:46 networks they're all interconnected with each Like so and so you can imagine
62:51 happening is you can now create right? So this may be going
62:56 a big response after 1234. And maybe it's going through some sort of
63:01 circuit that keeps this thing going all the place. And it's repeating that
63:06 that ultimately becomes an idea or a . Thank you. The Middle
63:22 No, remember. Yeah, it to go remember. Because when we're
63:27 with the synapse, those two cells almost touching. You have a
63:32 Did you ever play the I'm not you game with them? Always.
63:36 . You know, you know what game is? Right? You can't
63:39 mad at me. I'm not touching . It's like this stuff. I'm
63:41 touching you. You can't be Don't be mad at me. You
63:45 get mad. Right? That's what's what neurons are doing. They're playing
63:48 I'm not touching you game right So close that the only interaction they
63:53 is by those chemicals and those chemicals they float away, they get
63:57 So you can't skip over a you have to go through the neuron
64:00 that chemical signaling. Right? So well let's use this one right here
64:06 you can see one there's another here's another cell. So you can't
64:09 go, oh I'm gonna jump over cell because whatever chemical that synapse releases
64:15 never get to that cell. And talking. That could be millimeters,
64:20 ? It won't be able to reach . It has to have that
64:24 that connection between them and what the can't really do is show you how
64:28 that that uh that dendrite is to um tele Andrea they're literally right there
64:35 to each other. Yeah. So happens if you kill this? What
64:45 if that neuron is damaged or dies some, what would happen? So
64:52 would lose this connection? Right, now this cell isn't responsive in
64:57 in this pathway. So this cell here, which is using all three
65:02 really all four pathways would then amplify it's signaling through the others. And
65:08 that original pattern that you're trying to , which would be the 1234 is
65:12 gonna be a 123. But how you make it do what you needed
65:16 do? So you might lose the , right? You might have have
65:21 reorganize how you think think about a , right. If you've known somebody
65:27 had a stroke, they have a time in the same sorts of movements
65:31 they were doing previously. Right? they go to a physical therapist and
65:36 an occupational therapist and the occupational physical retrain how to do simple movements or
65:43 complex movements in the case of an right? And what you're doing is
65:48 going through that process of of really neural plasticity and saying that network that
65:55 formally had no longer exists. We to find a new way for you
66:01 learn this pattern of activity. That's job. All right. I guess
66:09 is the last one because we'll get the spinal circuits. So,
66:12 as I said, the circuits themselves gonna be developed very early on during
66:18 and neonatal growth. And then they're be maintained through that plastic stick.
66:23 plastic nature of the nervous system. , So we're going to reinforce,
66:27 going to break down, we're going make new things. So, these
66:31 are what we are doing to create networks. Right? So everything that
66:37 do is gonna be dependent upon how create those networks and whether or not
66:44 maintained. All right, simple circuits regulate complex behaviors. And what they're
66:52 do is they're gonna produce what we to as reflexes. We're gonna pause
66:56 reflexes and we're gonna come back and with the reflexes. Uh man,
67:00 just kept going there, so take a like a five minute break,
67:04 guess. And then we'll come back try to finish out here. All
67:20 , we're gonna move on. We're talk about reflexes. Um and try
67:24 get through this as like I quick as I can, we're gonna
67:27 from reflexes, spinal cord spinal nerves they kind of all kind of blend
67:32 because when we learn about the most of our reflexes are occurring at
67:38 level of spinal cord. That's not true, but most All right.
67:42 what are the reflex? A reflex definition is a rapid, pre
67:46 right. Involuntary reaction in a muscle gland or to some sort of
67:51 So stimulus is anything sensory input that's to initiate the reflex. Rapid means
67:56 not gonna have a lot of neurons . When we say pre programmed,
68:00 gonna get the same response every time all done this one. Right?
68:04 knee jerk reflex, you go to doctor, put your leg on the
68:06 of the table and you can sit and wax at the at the
68:09 Your leg just jerks right? You do anything about it like you don't
68:13 a choice. It's involuntary meaning you not have a conscious intent to let
68:19 happen. This right here is an of another type. Alright, this
68:23 here would be the suckling reflex. ? You can't see it because it's
68:26 a moving picture. But if you a newborn and put your finger at
68:30 mouth, it will turn its head that finger as if it were a
68:34 so that it would begin suckling. , It knows anything right around
68:38 I'm supposed to latch onto. And that's what it's doing. So the
68:43 cord is primarily responsible for the integration many of these basic reflexes. There
68:48 different types. We have what is basic or what are called conditioned
68:52 Basic reflexes are the ones that are in responses. You are not taught
68:57 . They just happen when you look a baby and smile at the
69:01 The baby naturally smiles back. That a natural reflex of basic reflex.
69:05 is pre programmed to say, I look cute and smile back at you
69:09 you smile at me. Alright. programmed to do that a condition reflects
69:14 what you practice and learn. Think all those years of going to school
69:18 when that bell rings at the end class, what does that mean?
69:21 up my stuff, Get up and , right. If you hear the
69:24 in the middle of the class, begin doing and go, wait a
69:27 . It doesn't seem right. Here's example of a conditioned reflex. You're
69:31 along, you see a yellow What do you do speed up?
69:37 , You've been conditioned. I'm not for that red light. It's gonna
69:41 four seconds. I can get through light right now. You also know
69:45 Pavlov and his dog and so that's that's the classic example of the conditioned
69:50 . Alright. Um This picture is the one most important picture that you're
69:55 see in this unit. Not because the reflex, but it's gonna repeat
69:59 over and over again. All It's a good way to understand.
70:03 only the reflex arc, but also difference between the periphery and the central
70:07 system. Um And how it all together. So, you'll see this
70:11 over and over again. So just of go okay I'm gonna I'm gonna
70:16 this. All right. So the arc is real simple. Alright,
70:19 five parts to it. There's the where the receptor is. Alright,
70:24 this is where the stimulus is detected this particular case. We have a
70:28 . I always say it's an electric because they put lightning bolts right?
70:31 that nail has been penetrated and it's touching some sort of touch receptor.
70:36 right. And then that signal that's by that interaction, then it's going
70:41 travel along what is called the a pathway. Alright, I'm gonna put
70:46 strong accent on the a a ferret if I did a nice texas
70:51 we just call it an affront and sounds a lot like different.
70:56 So it's an a different and then gonna process in what is referred to
71:02 the integration center. All right, the third step. This is processing
71:08 . I've just been jammed or stabbed nail. What do I do?
71:13 , response is when I feel pain this place I move my hand
71:16 Okay well let's tell that area to the hand away. And so you
71:23 the signal down the different pathway to structure that does the job of
71:29 which we call it the effect. it causes the effect. So receptor
71:36 a ferret into the integration center Integration processes or integrates information. Then we
71:43 the signal down the different pathway, out pathway to the effect which causes
71:48 effect. All right. And each these represent where an action potential is
71:54 . Now reflexes could be mono mono means one and then synaptic means
72:04 . How many synapses? One mono here. 1, 2. So
72:10 becomes poly synaptic. Don't let the scare you. Okay so this is
72:17 most simple type of reflex that stretch . The knee jerk reflex is an
72:23 of a mono synaptic. There is neuron between the different neuron and the
72:30 a different different right So I stimulate received that there's a receptor sends a
72:36 . It just goes right on to next neuron and causes the effect.
72:40 is still an integration center. Where when that where that synapses but it's
72:45 is a very very simple reflex. , no other input is being there
72:50 modify polish synaptic. We will typically within their at least one interneuron.
72:57 is an in between neuron. It so in the name. Alright so
73:01 again I'm being an idiot. In lab I put my hand over a
73:05 burner. Don't do that. It and then what's happening? I feel
73:09 heat goes in. I process information move your hand away there goes to
73:14 effect. Er I move my hand from the heat. This synapse while
73:20 seeing here is being very very may actually cause other or there may
73:25 be collaterals that go to other places you burn yourself? What is one
73:28 the things that you usually say? only way you can do that is
73:33 a signal is sent up to the nervous system to the brain,
73:36 So that interneuron allows you to send up. There's also other places where
73:42 may need to send information. So I contract this muscle I need to
73:46 that muscle. So, what we're seeing in here is all the other
73:50 that are taking place here for me move my hand away, because all
73:54 concerned about right now is how do move the hand away? So policy
73:58 have multiple neurons that are integrated into pathway to allow other things to
74:08 Some reflexes are called autonomic reflexes, are called somatic. If it's dealing
74:14 your organs. So think about your grumbling when you smell good food,
74:20 ? That would be something that's affecting organs. It's affecting through the autonomic
74:25 system. We keep using this word and over again, even though we
74:28 talked about it yet. All So that is the autonomic when we're
74:33 about somatic. You're dealing primarily with . Alright, so like again,
74:38 I step on a tack and look foot, that would be a somatic
74:42 , Right? If I like I if I smell food, my stomach
74:47 grumbling, whatever that's autonomic, please confuse autonomic with automatic. All right
75:00 , as I said, we're going move into the spinal cord, we're
75:05 finish up with the spinal nerves. , spinal cord exits via the base
75:11 the skull. Alright, So what going to see is we're going to
75:15 we have the brain, the we have the midbrain and from that
75:18 brain that keeps going down in that of spinal cord, it's encased by
75:23 vertebral column. Remember when we looked the vertebrae we had that um framing
75:30 so we were able to create a through which the spinal cord travels.
75:35 protected by the bones of the It's protected by meninges, all three
75:40 . It's protected by cerebral spinal So just like the other structures that
75:45 when we said protect the central nervous . We weren't excluding the spinal
75:52 When we talked about the vertebrae, talked about there being different vertebrae,
75:55 had cervical, we had thoracic, had lumbar, we had sacral and
75:59 had cox ideal. Alright, the cord is divided along those lines based
76:05 where the spinal nerves are located. right, so the spinal nerves are
76:09 exit out through and in between the at these different locations and so where
76:15 spinal nerves are, you can see kind of look like the little tiny
76:18 legs here. They're basically you can , okay, the first group,
76:23 many would there be? Seven would cervical then, thoracic would be 12
76:30 five, so and so and so . Right. So those nerves are
76:34 to be named spinal nerve number or , one cervical to cervical three.
76:38 and so forth. Just like we when we learned the vertebrae.
76:43 The thing is, we're not there . So that's the spinal cord.
76:50 we take a slice through the spinal , we can see its organization.
76:54 right now, this is not a picture of it. But you can
76:58 this side right here, the dorsal the ventral or the post here in
77:01 anterior sides are a little bit So you can kind of it's a
77:05 bit more squished. You can see there's some grooves, right? So
77:10 the dorsal side we have the dorsal media or posterior medial. Focus on
77:17 anterior ventral side. We have the medial fissure. So this is a
77:23 . It goes deep. The sulcus kind of goes down a little bit
77:27 right, depending on where you make slice of the spinal cord, you're
77:32 to see different shapes to it, it's going to have that same generic
77:36 . All right. The idea of a little bit flat and a little
77:39 elongate, but in areas in different , you're going to see different
77:45 The gray matter is going to be central. The white matter is located
77:50 and there's that central canal that I . That. Is that tube that
77:56 off with the ventricles. So what white matter? Do you remember?
78:02 does white matter? Axons? It's basically pathways. So basically how
78:09 sending signals. And so if we at the white matter here, you
78:13 imagine what we have is we have bunch of axons moving towards you and
78:16 from you. Alright, in and of the out of the screen.
78:20 so there's basically three columns here that call funicular. Alright. That's the
78:26 we use instead of calling it a . It's a funicular. Just pick
78:30 half if you like the left That's great. If you like the
78:33 half, that's fine because it's the and the right is how we kind
78:36 divide things. But what we have up here at the dorsal side or
78:41 posterior side. We call it the or posterior. For Nicholas over here
78:46 the lateral ridiculous. And then down is the ventral or anterior funicula so
78:53 follows all the patterns that we've learned ? Very, very simple. All
78:57 . And these tracks are gonna be or bundles of fibers that are traveling
79:04 with similar origins and or similar All right. I'll elaborate on that
79:12 about two slides. I want to to the gray matter. All
79:16 When you draw gray matter, make life easy draw a nice simple
79:19 So, here's what you do is go, All right. There is
79:24 spinal cord. All right. Here's weird looking butterfly. The gray matter
79:32 divided up in what are called Alright, So, you can see
79:38 have one horn to horn. Three . Right up there. Not so
79:42 to see the horns, but they're still there. Okay, This horn
79:49 the dorsal horn. This horn is lateral horn. This horn is the
79:56 or anterior. This is all post . You can use either term.
80:00 tend to stick with dorsal, dorsal or ventral. All right.
80:06 each of these and you can see gray matter. There's your central
80:10 Gray matter uh covers that central What I wanna do is I just
80:19 to point out what these are. gray matter consists of what type.
80:24 what what is gray matter? Generally , if white matter is axons,
80:29 matter is cell bodies. All So, here what we have are
80:35 cell bodies of sensory neurons. Sorry, that I take that
80:43 Strike that from the record, erase from your brains totally incorrect. Somebody's
80:50 sensory neurons are located way out What we have here are the cell
80:59 of inter neurons. All right. inter neurons are receiving information from sensory
81:09 . So, the information that comes is coming in from that direction.
81:16 , so these are inter neurons. is where the sensory information is deposited
81:23 the central nervous system. In the cord. In the lateral horn.
81:30 going to have the cell bodies of that are motor neurons. In other
81:37 , they leave and they go out a muscle or gland. But these
81:43 the lateral our autonomic if their autonomic means they're going primarily to the smooth
81:51 of the viscera cardiac muscle. Or going to the glands. Their autonomic
81:57 nature. All right. You can't their basically the involuntary muscle. Down
82:05 . In the ventral. What you are the motor neurons of the somatic
82:13 . So they're the ones that deal muscle. Okay, so sensory input
82:18 in via the dorsal horn terminates on neurons in the dorsal horn. Those
82:26 neurons will terminate into the lateral or horns. The lateral horns. Autonomic
82:34 , ventral horn somatic neurons. And are motor. Okay. Century motor
82:46 . It means these are out. , now, we're talking about protections
83:07 by the brown protected by the meninges . All three are there. The
83:10 is that the dura is a single . Instead of two layers, we're
83:15 to see that there's a small space the door and the bone filled with
83:19 . That's called the epidural space epi the dura. Right? We will
83:26 that the meninges extend beyond the length the spinal cord. The spinal cord
83:31 goes to L. two. Your grow faster than your spinal cord
83:36 So your spinal cord shorter than your length. All right. So here's
83:40 spinal cord. Your this so the go down, they cover the spinal
83:44 and they keep traveling down all the to S. two. That's sacred
83:50 . All right, you still have and then sitting over here on the
83:58 . Those little tiny lines are what called articulate ligaments and they kind of
84:02 the entire length down. And that your spinal cord from flopping around while
84:06 move, basically holds it tight to to the structure so that the spinal
84:11 sits in place. So while you still bend and move and stuff like
84:16 , it doesn't bounce around. That's lenticular ligament. This picture here Does
84:23 good job of showing what that spinal does. So here's L.
84:29 That's about where the spinal cord And then you can see that spinal
84:36 continue down and keep leaving along the . There's the line right here that
84:43 you that dura. Look at how dura keeps going past the end of
84:47 spinal cord continues on down all the down. You can see the spinal
84:53 are exiting out where those vertebrae are and they just go by the same
85:00 . The end of the spinal card is called the Conus Miguel Arroz because
85:05 a comb, right? And then spinal nerves keep going down and the
85:10 cords look like a bunch of horse hanging off the back of a
85:14 So it's called the kata Aquafina but see how clever we name things
85:23 what they look like. All There are 31 pairs of spinal cord
85:27 spinal nerves. The exit out via inter vertebral foramen enter between the vertebrae
85:36 . All right. You'll see two . You'll see an enlargement here and
85:41 see an enlargement. It's right up . Okay. That enlargement just represents
85:47 fibers from the limbs from the appendices up. And so it creates a
85:55 of a broader or fatter area. , if you're looking at the spinal
86:00 , you know without all this gunk , what you see of course I
86:04 it out. It looked kind of this like that. And so you
86:12 imagine that there's more fibers coming in the arms would be and more fibers
86:18 the legs would be. That makes . Here we are. Again,
86:28 to the structure. You're gonna see great majesty looks more like a
86:36 What's that called dorsal horn. That that one very good. Alright.
86:49 fibers that are leaving the ventral Alright. So remember those are motor
86:55 and it's the outdoor. And what gonna form is what is called the
87:00 , sorry, it's called the ventral . Alright. On the other
87:05 you have fibers coming in, And that fiber coming in Or those
87:11 those are axons bundled together. It's called the dorsal root. The
87:17 root and eventual route converge and form spinal nerve. So, this,
87:22 ? Here would be the spinal There's your ventral route. There's your
87:26 root. Here's your spinal cord. right. That big fat thing.
87:32 ganglion, What do we say? is having them? Cell bodies.
87:40 ? That's all right. This is we why we play this game.
87:44 right. So, when we are at those fibers, those sensory input
87:50 have to do it over here. it smaller. What we have here
87:57 we have a series of sensory fibers in like so, terminating on those
88:03 neurons. Right? Sorry about the . I'm just gonna make a
88:07 right? So, this is that neurons. So, their cell bodies
88:11 located in that ganglion. All So, the sensory fibers, cell
88:18 in the dorsal root, gangland. , we're going to learn not a
88:22 , but a cadence to help us patterns. We're going to start with
88:25 spinal cord spinal cord. The fibers are coming in and going out are
88:31 in or going out via the Now, the truth is there's actually
88:34 a smaller structure because the roots are little bit thick. So there's little
88:38 structures that are called root. Let's you go spinal cord to root.
88:41 root. Let's to root, convergent form the nerve so far with
88:49 . Let's do it again. Start here at the spinal cord fibers going
88:54 , fibers coming in via the Let's root. Let's are basically the
88:57 tiny versions of the roots. The come together form the nerve spinal
89:05 There's route. Let's root. Let's the root roots come together. There's
89:09 routes come together for me nerve spinal . Alright, spinal nerve contains fibers
89:20 in and going out, right? like a highway. There's not one
89:23 , it's two ways right there all individually. So there's no mixed
89:28 And what you're gonna do for a , you have this very fat,
89:32 short nerve that nerve splits into three . Alright, these branches are called
89:42 ramos. For single. Remy plural Raymond. We have a dorsal
89:50 eventual ramus. Where do you think dorsal ramus is On the back
89:54 Where do you think the venture one front side and then we have this
89:57 one called the Remy communications right? gonna ignore this one as part of
90:03 autonomic nervous system. We will come to it. Alright, so right
90:08 we're not gonna worry about it. can see it sits off over here
90:10 the side. Okay, and we're to deal with that in the next
90:15 . Because if we spend a lot time talking about it, you'll get
90:19 . I want to focus on the to the dorsal and the ventral and
90:23 then I don't even really want to about the dorsal all that much.
90:26 dorsal is simple. All right. , you start off over here,
90:29 the spinal cord, spinal cord goes route. Let's root. Let's too
90:34 . Roots to nerve nerve splits. dorsal ramus, muscles of the
90:41 sensory input of the back. That's simple. Right? So dorsal,
90:49 . That's easy. The ventral ramus the one that is interesting.
90:56 It deals with all the primary nerves your body when you think of a
91:01 other than the ones in the That's where they come from. Is
91:05 the ventral ramus. All right. what they're gonna do is we're going
91:09 see some really kind of weird interaction these Raymond. Where am I communications
91:15 part of the autonomic nervous system. they're they're part of the three
91:18 So, again, we got the cord spinal cord goes to route let's
91:21 . Let's two routes, routes to nerve splits into the dorsal ventral Remy
91:27 well as Remy communications dorsal deals with back muscle and skin. What is
91:32 skin for? Is that sensory or or sensory motor? Century. I
91:39 spider crawling up my back. There's be sensory nerves in my back that
91:43 , hey, time to start doing thing. Right? muscles flexing.
91:51 , So just remember sensory means, motor means affecting. All right,
92:00 venture Ramos is going to branch off a kind of a weird way Now
92:08 we get into this weird way, I want you to see is the
92:12 of your body. Alright. These nerves which go into these different Remy
92:19 going to be organized topographically so that you go into the spinal cord,
92:25 thing that's furthest down from your body going to be more immediately located and
92:31 you move up they're going to move laterally. Think about how you get
92:37 the highway right? When you get the highway, Here's a really good
92:42 right down here at the 288-59 right? You get down to those
92:46 lanes, let's say you're in the far right lane, right on 2
92:53 . Well really it's 59 so you're have lanes that disappear after 2 88
92:59 down to two lanes, you go that horrible crawl, you know,
93:01 know which one I'm talking about. goes like three miles an hour and
93:05 cursing every big truck on the highway all the slow people who are sitting
93:09 their phones right, Because that turn this All right, but if you're
93:12 that left or that total right what's gonna happen is is that that
93:16 lane doesn't stay a right lane much , does it? Another lane will
93:20 and join you. Now you're in middle lane. You travel a little
93:23 further past Louisiana, Two more lanes in and now you're five lanes,
93:27 basically one lane from the left, , and you travel a bit further
93:32 in front of lakewood. And now have like six lanes right? And
93:37 you get over back to 6 10 it like shrinks back down to three
93:41 right? And so what I'm trying show you here is like these fibers
93:46 being pushed because more fibers are coming and they're maintaining their position inside the
93:53 cord, right? These are not that just kind of go wherever.
93:57 just jam them in there. There's organization to it, which makes it
94:03 to understand this material as we move when we start looking at the white
94:06 in its organization. All right. that's just kind of what it's showing
94:11 is that there are nerves that are , that go more medial and as
94:14 go up, they stay uh they on the lateral side. Also,
94:22 nerds are named for where they're That also means the body is divided
94:29 where those nerves go and go to where they come from. And so
94:33 we have is there's an actual We call the derma tone, where
94:37 sensory information is found and we call the Maya tome where that spinal nerve
94:42 and innovates a muscle, Right? again, it's easily mapped. I
94:48 for example that um a nerve traveling L. one is going to represent
94:54 area. It's never gonna represent this . So if you have that like
94:58 tingle or you lose sensation in a of your body, they know,
95:05 know physician with the order. You know. Oh that would be The
95:10 that's innovated by c. 5 All right, so there's a map
95:16 you can actually create to your body's of cool that ramus. So this
95:23 what you see here. See little . Those are the ramus is that's
95:27 ventral ramus or the anterior ramus. . In this case the cervical
95:35 So you can see C12 Yada Yada . So over in here we have
95:40 spinal cord, spinal cords are going have fibers that go in and come
95:45 via the route. Let's root. form roots. Don't do the
95:51 You're gonna lose it. Alright, cord cord to its roots. It's
95:56 roots. Roots to nerve nerve splits form ramos dorsal, ventral, rami
96:04 dorsal for the back skin and muscle ramus is where we're focused and this
96:09 what it does. It looks like in Houston. I was just going
96:16 . Now, the purpose of a . And I'm just showing you this
96:20 . There's an easier way to learn . The purpose of the plexus is
96:23 ensure that a nerve or information going and from a location can get there
96:30 say between here and your home there's massive accident on your normal route.
96:38 there another way to get to your ? Yeah. You're not stuck on
96:42 . Right thank goodness. Right now not an efficient route. Probably a
96:49 you don't prefer but there is a and that's kind of what these plexus
96:54 . Are there not entirely like that you're not gonna get the full
96:58 But basically information coming out of the can then be sent down. It's
97:04 know one track or another. And you end up with is you may
97:07 larger nerves by combining different Remy to the name nerves of the body.
97:16 for example information from your forum will two different Remy to send information up
97:23 the spinal cord. Right? So ensures that if damage occurs. Say
97:30 At least I got information going through . three. That makes sense.
97:35 there's multiple pathways to the same place form these larger structures like.
97:45 Oh it looks like this and you to first dissect it out and figure
97:49 out and play with it right? that's in essence how they identified all
97:54 . All right. Yeah. Well they're all yellow and beige and very
98:00 but its position what they're innovating and they what what they what sort of
98:06 is detective when you stimulate them. right now, I'm showing you this
98:12 because your book uses these pictures. . Which kind of looks like the
98:19 maps from new york, you So if you don't know how to
98:22 a subway map, you might be little screwed. But you know,
98:26 think these are easier to understand Trying to look at a picture like
98:29 and go, oh all right. it's it's easier of course if you
98:35 a cadaver and you're able to tease things out because you'll know what you're
98:38 for and where they go where they from. But I want to understand
98:42 this is not one fiber. Each these represents hundreds if not thousands of
98:47 traveling in the same direction. And gonna be divergence as you move further
98:52 further down because you're gonna be innovating different parts, right? You're not
98:56 sending one nerve fiber down to innovate the skin on the back of your
99:00 . There's gonna be multiple nerves in , right? And they're converging together
99:04 a larger nerve structure which then converges other stuff to form a larger nerve
99:09 and so on and so on and on. All right. So we're
99:14 be looking at these plexus. There's of them that you need to
99:18 Okay, there's some sub plex is we don't ever focus on. But
99:21 are the four major ones. What's is that those ventral Remy in the
99:28 region don't use plexus. Is and reason is because we're gonna form what
99:33 called the intercostal nerves enter means in costal ribs. In between the rib
99:42 . See it's you see how easy is. If you if you take
99:46 the magic and the mystique it becomes little bit easier. Alright. And
99:52 the thoracic nerves are the intercostal There's a portion of T. One
99:58 that is going to form part of brachial plexus. And we're not gonna
100:01 not gonna sit there. And which does is formed by which things?
100:04 don't do that. I'm not gonna you. C. Two and
100:07 Three form what? That's that's not to be the case here. All
100:11 . But here you can see the me basically look you can come out
100:16 ? So there's one you can't see dorsal I mean, I guess right
100:20 there is the dorsal. Alright. there's a split. This remains the
100:25 my communications and that interior ramos just coming around and that is an intercostal
100:32 . So what do those innovate? the upper ones, right up in
100:38 , the tickle points, right? up here in the upper cavity then
100:44 work your way down. That's gonna the anterior chest and you work your
100:47 down. That's finally down into the . Alright. And really it's again
100:52 and the skin, That's what you're with When you deal with the
100:58 these four plexus is The Easiest one a cervical plexus. Alright. The
101:04 plexus are just gonna be c. through c. five and a little
101:07 of T. one. All They're going to create the nerves that
101:12 with the superficial neck. What does mean near the surface? Alright.
101:18 we're gonna talk about the muscles. its muscles of the hyoid, the
101:23 at the surface of the neck and the lower portions of the head.
101:29 are the muscles you need or not muscles these are the nerves you need
101:33 know. So, I've divided it or your book is divided up into
101:37 parts. The cutaneous branch and the branch. Cutaneous meal deals with the
101:43 . So what they're talking about here sensory input. So cutaneous is sensory
101:50 deals with muscles and movement. so here you can see them.
101:56 just gonna point them out just on on the map. I'm not gonna
101:59 you a picture of a plexus. just gonna ask you for if I
102:03 you anything, it's like here's the plexus, What does the occipital nerve
102:08 ? Well it innovates the occipital Where's your occipital scalp. There you
102:14 . That are magic. A regular oracles, your ears. So skin
102:23 the external auditory meters. So that's hole through your ear. That's your
102:29 canal, cervical, the anterior portion your neck. So that would be
102:34 post ear portion. So my anterior be right up here. Sucre,
102:41 , vehicular, above the clavicle the skin of the shoulder. Do
102:46 see how this is? Pretty All right. Now again, you're
102:50 some point you're going to take a of anatomy where it's gonna be a
102:53 more difficult than this. But right , this is where we want to
102:57 muscular branch. We're dealing with the nerve. So, I'm just trying
103:00 show you where they where they So, it's, you know,
103:03 occipital cervical. I'm not going to it out for you, but when
103:06 talking about the muscular branch, here's muscular nerve. They're super close
103:10 They misspelled it. And then the nerve. All right, muscular
103:14 that's the muscles of your throat. , right in there. Right.
103:20 then the frantic nerve innovates the What allows you to regulate your
103:28 Alright. Important nerve to know How we doing on time? Is
103:33 time? Damn it. Well, least we got We only have three
103:37 . Yes, I got a lot . We're gonna finish tomorrow. I
103:44 it. All right. You guys have fun at the lab.
103:50 I slowed down down there at the there. That was the problem.
103:57 do not do
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