| 00:17 | Thank you. Yeah. Okay. . Uh Let's see let me turn |
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| 01:09 | volume up a little bit. Testing. Okay um testing casting. |
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| 01:22 | good. All right. Uh Um today I sent out the uh |
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| 01:32 | weekly email I'll send it out another thursday. So uh so the schedule |
|
| 01:39 | don't think it's been advertised yet on website but it should be open for |
|
| 01:48 | friday and that means like 12 midnight AM very early. So the only |
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| 01:58 | about it is thursday at 11:59 p.m. so no midnight can confuse people. |
|
| 02:06 | so basically very only in the morning coming up when it should be. |
|
| 02:13 | I haven't seen it officially posted yet that's two weeks before the example so |
|
| 02:21 | you have to register at Costco to a reserve a seat. Okay. |
|
| 02:26 | Any questions about that process from Um So usual stuff so pretty much |
|
| 02:33 | week is gonna be uh obviously weekly . Um I think the next one |
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| 02:37 | a unit quiz which is more comprehensive uh there's some artwork uh well so |
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| 02:45 | stuff and we're gonna finish up, up almost pretty close to finish up |
|
| 02:51 | three in fact so I do look so I did post the little |
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| 02:58 | I did post the points for last . Okay yesterday I normally not that |
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| 03:05 | but stuff just happened so um uh uh when I post the points today |
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| 03:15 | it'll be refreshed so you may have know used a thicker last thursday but |
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| 03:21 | register yet or something or and so I refreshed today you should see |
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| 03:26 | Okay so uh anyway so just keep eyes open for that um questions. |
|
| 03:37 | um a few questions after class last about studying for the exams. So |
|
| 03:45 | know number one download that exam. . She. Right, that's step |
|
| 03:49 | . Right. That's that's the guy what's on the exam. Um Look |
|
| 03:55 | the go back and look at the one. Um I guess 1 17 |
|
| 04:01 | lecture. There's like a little snippet minutes or so. I thought about |
|
| 04:04 | to study. You may find that . Um Of course you have questions |
|
| 04:10 | stuff asking here. Come to office can make office hours other times are |
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| 04:17 | possible. So anyway use lots of so you know you use them wisely |
|
| 04:27 | you have questions. Let me Okay so I just want to start |
|
| 04:30 | a bit of a recap of a recap of what we talked about last |
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| 04:36 | . So we kind of you know a bit of time on the |
|
| 04:42 | bacterials, the grandpas negative. The of that uh that in those |
|
| 04:50 | Okay. It's the pepper like hand . Um The differences between the degree |
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| 05:00 | amount quantity of petrol like hand versus um a gram negative quite different. |
|
| 05:11 | The additional outer membrane of a gram . Right? Lacking in a gram |
|
| 05:17 | . The of course they both have set of plastic membrane. We called |
|
| 05:22 | inner membrane in gram negatives because they an outer membrane so kind of just |
|
| 05:26 | reference there. And then we have course a para plastic space in here |
|
| 05:32 | a gram negative that can contain unique of enzymes and other proteins. Um |
|
| 05:38 | the other thing about the gram negative this little policy Sacha ride layer. |
|
| 05:43 | , heavily sort of lip, lip , fat sugar combination. Right. |
|
| 05:50 | that outer membrane can have various Um It can produce a new |
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| 05:58 | The old quality Sacha ride, right portion out here. Carbohydrate portion also |
|
| 06:05 | here is kind of close up of um produce a response right? Your |
|
| 06:10 | can react to that. Uh The toxin effect with the lipid aid |
|
| 06:15 | Right? Program negative infections and so dies and is LISZT either by your |
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| 06:22 | immune system cells counteracting it, your counteracting it. Um Then you can |
|
| 06:27 | this material which then can produce a response to yourself much elevated, particularly |
|
| 06:35 | the severity of that toxic effect relates the severity of native infection like in |
|
| 06:42 | blood and traveling throughout. Much more . Right? Because you can activate |
|
| 06:47 | more selves amuses themselves that way create too much of a response the |
|
| 06:52 | response in your body that you can't . Um localized infection hasn't spread then |
|
| 06:59 | contained. You don't have so much the toxic effect. Okay, so |
|
| 07:03 | all related to how how the nature seriousness of the infection. But all |
|
| 07:07 | negative theoretically have had that ability to that effect because they have it as |
|
| 07:13 | of their outer membrane. Okay so just terms right in terms you probably |
|
| 07:21 | . And we had we had several in class. We had the black |
|
| 07:26 | quiz. Had had a question about . So um you got any questions |
|
| 07:33 | this here? So think of something let me know. Um The always |
|
| 07:39 | of it as the kind of a analogy but I think the oreo cookie |
|
| 07:45 | uh negative is the oreo cookies and is the oreo cookie minus the |
|
| 07:50 | Okay so the white layer like so All right, a little bit. |
|
| 07:57 | some different stuff here. So people hand synthesis. Right? As you |
|
| 08:01 | imagine it's a the pepper like hand a polymer courses chain of repeating um |
|
| 08:14 | uh emphasize that material um requires multiple . Okay, um and can vary |
|
| 08:26 | on the cell type. Like a which is circular rod shaped bacillus. |
|
| 08:34 | can have differences in terms of how occurs. Okay. And this |
|
| 08:37 | R. E. B. As learn shortly. Okay that is a |
|
| 08:45 | sino skeletal element. Right? Give more details in a little bit. |
|
| 08:51 | uh it's single as a rod shaped . Okay, this serves as kind |
|
| 08:57 | a scaffold for to direct the synthesis cell wall material. Okay So you'll |
|
| 09:03 | multiples of these. Okay. Throughout length that you see here, the |
|
| 09:11 | of the rod shaped cell. And as this occurs, right, |
|
| 09:17 | this occurs, the synthesis. The cell is kind of elongating across |
|
| 09:23 | a little bit more elongated as that material builds. Okay. And and |
|
| 09:33 | as we'll see shortly another element comes play. It's all preceding cell |
|
| 09:41 | So bacteria divide by. Okay, this kind of processing a rod shaped |
|
| 09:48 | a little bit bigger as social sciences and it's growing Okay. And there's |
|
| 09:52 | point where it's gonna split into, ? So you're gonna see another side |
|
| 09:57 | skeletal element appear in the middle. . And I'm getting ahead of |
|
| 10:03 | But that's that's okay, while we're . It's worth mentioning that's that |
|
| 10:07 | T. S. Z. That it begins to be synthesized in the |
|
| 10:12 | of the cell that orchestrates the early division of the cell segmentation segmentation occurs |
|
| 10:20 | will zoom in on that a little . But it's worth mentioning at this |
|
| 10:24 | , because you have this other synthesis type of M. R. |
|
| 10:29 | B. It'll scaffolds all throughout the of the cell but then it elongates |
|
| 10:35 | then there's a trigger for it to into two cells. Right. And |
|
| 10:39 | ftse kind of facilitates that. All bacterial cells as far as I |
|
| 10:46 | . Have that circle whether you're finds middle of the cell. Right? |
|
| 10:54 | where the division will occur as it . Okay, so I'll fill in |
|
| 11:02 | details here shortly. But that's kind what's going on. So you can |
|
| 11:05 | depending on cell type shape. Very rod shaped cells have going on throughout |
|
| 11:13 | length of the cell as you see . Okay, the little red bands |
|
| 11:19 | pepper black hands being synthesized. It occurs in the middle of a caucus |
|
| 11:25 | . All around shapes. All All right there. And in a |
|
| 11:32 | variations. Right. Maybe many on end or the other. Right. |
|
| 11:37 | call that one pole to sell or other. And this can lead actually |
|
| 11:42 | this kind of polar growth can lead some kind of contributes to kind of |
|
| 11:49 | of the weird morphology. We see you have to growth at one end |
|
| 11:53 | the other. It can lead to of some what we call branching type |
|
| 11:58 | . Often called irregular forms. um it's due to this kind of |
|
| 12:05 | growth occurring a little bit differently than is from the other one. Not |
|
| 12:09 | symmetrical. Right, symmetrical growth is of occurring to the rod and the |
|
| 12:14 | , but sometimes you get these other of weird forms that occur. You |
|
| 12:18 | have heard the term P. More fick, you know, is |
|
| 12:24 | that grows in kind of a non branching type of way. Okay, |
|
| 12:30 | that's due to this polar growth Okay, so, um so the |
|
| 12:38 | a good question here. Okay, this is gonna these topics. We're |
|
| 12:44 | lead us into the last couple of on the part one of Chapter |
|
| 12:48 | Okay. And it has to do things other than negative cell types that |
|
| 12:57 | necessarily fit that mold. Okay. some other external features. Okay, |
|
| 13:25 | don't be confused. Michael Bacterium, two very different jerry. Okay, |
|
| 13:47 | . Going down for a second. , here we go. five |
|
| 14:23 | Okay. Um answer deals at Somebody else you had question? Uh |
|
| 14:41 | , I know. I saw somebody come on, that's not 32. |
|
| 14:53 | did? What do you say Mhm. So, so penicillin targets |
|
| 15:15 | wall synthesis. Right? We lack cell wall. We're not gonna have |
|
| 15:19 | effect that's going to affect them. have a cell wall papers like what's |
|
| 15:24 | gonna do to it. Nothing. , so that is the true |
|
| 15:31 | Okay. They do contain after like a lot but they do have it |
|
| 15:38 | there. Okay. A capsule um not a biofilm. Okay. It's |
|
| 15:45 | a capsule fits the definition of what is. Okay, that's not what |
|
| 15:54 | is gonna loose assemblage of sugary glop the set, so to speak. |
|
| 16:02 | . It captures very tightly bound Gene encoded structure often the careless |
|
| 16:08 | Okay, um is a feature of of those that have a cell |
|
| 16:13 | Okay. Um so we're gonna cover here now. So you're a typical |
|
| 16:18 | walls. Okay so michael plasma is very small and in terms of they |
|
| 16:28 | respiratory pathogens because type of pneumonia infected cells but they do lack of cell |
|
| 16:38 | . Right? Not not a lot bacteria lack of cell wall but they |
|
| 16:43 | okay. Um RK IKEa they're more in terms of having to sell wall |
|
| 16:51 | not. Okay many many don't certain do and if they do they don't |
|
| 16:59 | quite identical structure of the like hand see in bacteria similar but not but |
|
| 17:06 | identical. So we call it pseudo is like the old term of like |
|
| 17:12 | they use Sudo kind of like like somewhat like it but not exactly |
|
| 17:18 | Micro bacteria. So these so example oftentimes certain features propio has you can |
|
| 17:32 | you can actually manifest itself and how looks like on a culture in liquid |
|
| 17:38 | plate. Okay. And that's particularly for micro bacteria. Okay. Um |
|
| 17:46 | of course the familiarity with this is anthrax. No no I'm sorry |
|
| 17:52 | Right, coke and tuberculosis leprosy is one called mycobacterium. Um It is |
|
| 17:58 | of those that exhibits that kind of little bit on growth but you can |
|
| 18:04 | in culture mycobacterium is the one here on the right side. Something like |
|
| 18:12 | coli growth that you see on the . So kind of it's what it's |
|
| 18:16 | uniform submitted uniform cloudiness in the liquid there, kind of all suspended in |
|
| 18:22 | on the other side for us to of gather at the air liquid |
|
| 18:27 | So the growth is kind of piling up here and so on. A |
|
| 18:33 | was kind of like that which is kind of put a loop in there |
|
| 18:39 | have kind of a waxy texture to . Very strange. And all this |
|
| 18:44 | to its still envelope. The nature the cell envelope. So it's very |
|
| 18:48 | it does have pepper look like him right here, not super thick, |
|
| 18:56 | nonetheless it does have some of Um But then that's very sick, |
|
| 19:04 | sick envelope of very lipid components. . And it's what makes it stick |
|
| 19:16 | , stick together when they grow, is why they grow the way they |
|
| 19:20 | . Okay. And the texture of colonies is do the relax the layer |
|
| 19:25 | lipids in their cell envelope. so and this characteristic um is what |
|
| 19:33 | know why It grows slowly typically take for optimal growth about 48 hours to |
|
| 19:41 | , you know, enough growth on . It takes about 89. You |
|
| 19:45 | lots of growth and it has to with that fitness on that. So |
|
| 19:52 | doesn't diffuse in very quickly. Okay so materials that uses the growth kind |
|
| 19:59 | comes in slower rate. So they slower as a result also means antibiotics |
|
| 20:03 | also have a hard time getting penetrating layer. And so not surprisingly, |
|
| 20:09 | number of multi drug resistant tuberculosis Um a lot of the complications occur |
|
| 20:17 | to this very thick envelope and penetration how slow antibiotics penetrated. So um |
|
| 20:24 | it's a uh certainly is a it it in terms of how it can |
|
| 20:29 | . And uh these causing types Okay. Um so any questions about |
|
| 20:41 | . So so just remember because they confused, Michael plasma micro bacteria, |
|
| 20:47 | different things. Um yeah, I'm to be blind. Yeah. Um |
|
| 21:04 | we are I was I point this because most people are familiar with, |
|
| 21:10 | I go, oh, tuberculosis. that's when I go back to |
|
| 21:12 | Okay. But you know there are that are we have a lab strain |
|
| 21:17 | use that's benign. They typically typically microorganisms. So there's there's plenty of |
|
| 21:24 | that species that are like non disease . We're usually interested in the ones |
|
| 21:29 | familiar with and most are familiar with one. So, but yeah, |
|
| 21:33 | a lot of these uh patterns we'll about, there's usually a number of |
|
| 21:39 | act or an insane general but aren't caused? Absolutely, yeah. Um |
|
| 21:47 | other questions. Okay, so for that God disease, foodborne illness and |
|
| 21:54 | that anything at all. Right. probably that that category that disease causing |
|
| 21:59 | . So um okay, so external the envelope. Okay, so capsule |
|
| 22:07 | often is a virulent factor and those have it. Okay, It's a |
|
| 22:11 | so you can see kind of the of the three types here. |
|
| 22:14 | This is a capsule. Okay, here, slime layer here biofilm |
|
| 22:21 | Okay so biofilm is really a it's collection of millions of cells that come |
|
| 22:28 | and um and we'll talk about that later. But it's it's it's a |
|
| 22:34 | a random process where they always kind come together and form film. |
|
| 22:39 | It's a an orchestrated june control process form a biofilm. They don't just |
|
| 22:46 | willy nilly. Okay. Um It's common thing about all biofilms is |
|
| 22:53 | It involves a surface in terms of we haven't gotten there yet but pillai |
|
| 23:01 | attachment to the surface. Those are of the basics for starting a |
|
| 23:05 | remember? And so it's a collection cells coming together and they do secrete |
|
| 23:12 | , sugary substance which is one of kind of the glue that holds it |
|
| 23:18 | together. Right, so a biofilm a is a product of a lot |
|
| 23:23 | cells. There's not a single cell . Okay. But it is the |
|
| 23:29 | for for capsules. Okay, so um like I said those bacteria that |
|
| 23:39 | this is often a factor shepherd uh or very thick capsule. Right? |
|
| 23:47 | these are virulence factors. They basically covering itself, they hide potential antigens |
|
| 23:56 | the body might recognize otherwise. So by capsule covering it then maybe |
|
| 24:02 | body can't see all the antigens that present there. That helped to kind |
|
| 24:07 | avoid the immune system to a Okay. The slime layer is more |
|
| 24:12 | product of its metabolism. You can cells on different types of carbohydrates oftentimes |
|
| 24:23 | . And the XS kind of gets it kind of just loosely around the |
|
| 24:28 | . Okay. Um it's kind of random kind of more than a random |
|
| 24:33 | of feature. Uh So unlike a capsule with gene code. So slime |
|
| 24:40 | are not usually, like I byproduct of metabolism, they secrete excess |
|
| 24:47 | and it just sticks to. And so the it can it can |
|
| 24:53 | a form of protection in some cases sure it can maybe facilitate adhesion. |
|
| 24:58 | . But it's not something they're necessarily producing, it happens to be something |
|
| 25:06 | byproduct reform and it gives them this . Okay, so um that makes |
|
| 25:13 | . Any questions about that. So so that really finishes part one. |
|
| 25:22 | , so part two kind of are inside the cell. Right, what's |
|
| 25:28 | pro carrying themselves? What's going on ? Okay, so um Let's start |
|
| 25:36 | with a question here. So part . Okay, so let's look at |
|
| 25:39 | one. This relates to the site skeletal elements which I just gave you |
|
| 25:48 | . Right? Hey there that's Okay, I'll let you figure out |
|
| 25:55 | rest and there is a false answer . So there is a false |
|
| 26:34 | Exactly. Yeah. All right. Down four. Well yeah, if |
|
| 27:24 | answered F. You are correct F false. So um some of the |
|
| 27:37 | are they actually are homologous to micro but it but they don't but fragile |
|
| 27:45 | is way different in precarious. It's a propeller rotation. Not not like |
|
| 27:52 | . Cariou has a black ash. micro tubules. Right? So very |
|
| 27:58 | different motion. Okay but all A . C. D. And |
|
| 28:02 | Are all true. Okay so um live here. So this is just |
|
| 28:08 | for um comparative purposes. I'm not test you on your periodic psycho skeleton |
|
| 28:14 | as a comparison that maybe is it's much more developed and varied in |
|
| 28:20 | Right? Your side a skeleton right buildings acting um muscle contractions right? |
|
| 28:28 | Also in uh acting is used to if you were called intestinal cells. |
|
| 28:34 | the micro ville I those are acting that are prelim arising, creating those |
|
| 28:39 | . Micro tubules involved in fractured And you carry outs um My topic |
|
| 28:47 | micro tubules. So the function is um intermediate filaments, those kind of |
|
| 28:53 | organelles. So that's the varied functions very complex structure in new carriers. |
|
| 29:00 | they did find analogous uh features in carrying. Okay. And most of |
|
| 29:07 | they're related to related to um cell synthesis. Um Except ation. Kind |
|
| 29:17 | that process kind of integrates all that know the the and synthesis. Um |
|
| 29:26 | In fact cell envelope component synthesis. , um meditation. These are all |
|
| 29:33 | of become integrated in when the cell to replicate so many of their sighting |
|
| 29:39 | elements that kind of play a role different parts in this. Okay. |
|
| 29:44 | have a part kind of in some the shape of the cell. |
|
| 29:48 | And so we see that here in mutants of this one type called NPR |
|
| 29:54 | some acting. I'm the type that's in these sort of skeleton element. |
|
| 30:05 | course deep anymore. It's kind of a blog. Okay, so these |
|
| 30:12 | can also provide form to the self or helping it at least. Um |
|
| 30:19 | so looking at all three of Right, so all cells uh called |
|
| 30:26 | cells will have this F Tsz Okay, so it forms now it's |
|
| 30:33 | it's not there all the time. . The elements of these form during |
|
| 30:42 | binary fission. Ok. And so kind of form at the end of |
|
| 30:47 | process of identification. And then you to have a splitting in the |
|
| 30:52 | And that's kind of when this ftse form is called a disease room. |
|
| 30:58 | also the rod shaped cells as Okay. And it kind of sets |
|
| 31:04 | of the cell and the central portion the south that are being talked about |
|
| 31:10 | . Right, so here again you see this will still form an Iran |
|
| 31:16 | cell as well. Okay, now have the addition of these M. |
|
| 31:20 | . E. B segments. And these form so also so what kind |
|
| 31:25 | elongate a bit? And then when signal occurs where the split then we |
|
| 31:31 | this Ziering form. Okay now these are what we call comma shaped. |
|
| 31:39 | call it vibrio okay shape. Um it's due to this other element here |
|
| 31:48 | crescent. Okay so this is the that has all three elements. |
|
| 31:53 | The F. Tsz it has the B. Being a rod shaped cell |
|
| 31:58 | then also has this C. E. S crescent. So it |
|
| 32:04 | of mold on one side of the to create that kind of comic the |
|
| 32:13 | organism. Vibrio cholera that's that's one those types that's is common shaped. |
|
| 32:18 | um so when we kind of integrate with cell division. Okay and so |
|
| 32:28 | as well learn material cells grow um they will um somewhat increase in size |
|
| 32:40 | ? There'll be a point where they elongate a bit. Even. Even |
|
| 32:45 | circular cell will kind of somewhat large then it will split. Okay so |
|
| 32:52 | have a reputation and then you'll have formation of having to to create cell |
|
| 33:02 | material where the cells are going to . Okay and that's what you see |
|
| 33:07 | on these diagrams. So here's kind unfolding in on both sides is a |
|
| 33:13 | cell caucus. And then here you the complete septum forming here. Right |
|
| 33:19 | then they'll break off into two And so what you have here is |
|
| 33:23 | zone. Okay, So the zone so now this is occurring, whether |
|
| 33:31 | a road trip, sell cockles, have you? It's occurring in the |
|
| 33:35 | of the cell because now we have FPs Z is what's what is this |
|
| 33:40 | what's providing like the scaffold for this occur in the middle of the |
|
| 33:48 | Okay. And so since this is pepper of light cancer, you're gonna |
|
| 33:53 | news synthesis here in there on Both cells are forming. So while |
|
| 34:02 | occurring along the parts where they they were connected and then eventually |
|
| 34:08 | Okay, and so let me just you that I was looking on the |
|
| 34:15 | to find a good video, but really not a good one to be |
|
| 34:18 | . But let's just look at this for grins. Okay, So here |
|
| 34:23 | kind of a section of this would a gram negative uh uh, it's |
|
| 34:39 | energy recurring process, right? Where basically building a palm, right? |
|
| 34:45 | like, and that's going to take taking small units and making bigger |
|
| 34:48 | right? You're gonna take a lot energy to do that. Okay. |
|
| 34:52 | so, um, and there's multiple components. And don't worry about all |
|
| 34:58 | stuff you see in the animation is just for informational purposes. Okay. |
|
| 35:03 | there is the portion that kind of , altogether, this all together. |
|
| 35:08 | becomes the divas. Oh uh this this is a british. They leave |
|
| 35:13 | e off zone called but nonetheless, thing. Okay, um And so |
|
| 35:21 | multiple components, lots of components come to bring us about. Okay. |
|
| 35:25 | what's gonna happen is it's all integrated its all part of a binary |
|
| 35:32 | Ok, Because that's going to lead the citation and the splitting of the |
|
| 35:37 | . Right? So before those two gonna split, you've got to create |
|
| 35:46 | this example of uh and so um what the devil's own brings about right |
|
| 35:55 | the process of separation and synthesizing this . Okay? And there you see |
|
| 36:01 | ring forming during the process. So kind of begins to form people come |
|
| 36:08 | from the ring. Then the segmentation . New cell envelope material occurring on |
|
| 36:14 | poles, then splits. Okay, you see uh what's going on? |
|
| 36:22 | , this is what the zone is its thing right now. Uh if |
|
| 36:27 | look at this, right? new, new brand new solo |
|
| 36:35 | my picture went away uh is posit, okay. Is occurring um |
|
| 36:47 | you. Right, okay, right , nope. Not here, right |
|
| 36:54 | in that picture there. Okay, , so here over here on these |
|
| 37:05 | , right? That's not new, ? So every time the cell divides |
|
| 37:11 | have, and this is true for shaped cells, you're gonna have one |
|
| 37:18 | splits one new one and one the one when you went on. So |
|
| 37:26 | okay. And so um and so me go back to here. Okay |
|
| 37:39 | not that one yet. So um that's how this this comes back. |
|
| 37:44 | right, so the is kind of this whole process because it forms in |
|
| 37:48 | middle of the cell segmentation occurs in . But now the how the cells |
|
| 37:59 | right? Where you get your different like oxy that are in grape like |
|
| 38:04 | . Right? That staff right? have multiple planes of division this way |
|
| 38:11 | way that way. And then the cells that form are basically a |
|
| 38:16 | Right? Maybe they form more right in one plane like this then |
|
| 38:21 | have diplodocus or streptococcus form. so kind of depending on how the |
|
| 38:28 | a Caucus at least the plane of vision will determine how with clusters or |
|
| 38:34 | etcetera. Okay, so um so put this question in um because it |
|
| 38:43 | with cell wall synthesis that's going on . Right, so penicillin. |
|
| 38:48 | We know penicillin acts on inhibiting cell synthesis. Okay, so which of |
|
| 38:55 | is going to be most susceptible to effects of Minnesota slow or non rocking |
|
| 39:09 | caucus which is grandpa it's fast growing also read popular it fast growing. |
|
| 39:21 | I'm not sure. Alright, um can be differences both in growth rate |
|
| 39:31 | in gram positive gram native baby. the timer on. So antibiotics depending |
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| 40:02 | antibiotic type and be influenced in terms its effectiveness based on growth rape. |
|
| 40:14 | of course gram positive gram negative Okay, so counting down five |
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| 40:27 | Okay, alright let's uh delve into . Okay, so first off is |
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| 40:37 | growth rate? Okay, so so if you have a population right? |
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| 40:46 | the rapidly dividing right this form here the official right there elongated and splitting |
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| 40:55 | two. Writing lots of forums like . Okay, so fast growing population |
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| 41:03 | many more forms like that right? to a slow growth type. |
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| 41:09 | Which maybe is has a few types devices. Very slow rate of |
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| 41:14 | Right? So which of these more number of targets for penicillin? |
|
| 41:25 | growing population. Right? More more find and chew on and effect. |
|
| 41:33 | . Slow growing population is less susceptible that. Okay, so for |
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| 41:40 | fast growth, that's where populations. what you may not be aware of |
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| 41:49 | the grand positive negative effect. So turns out penicillin I think because of |
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| 41:55 | size. So remember the grand negative the outer member, right? It |
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| 42:00 | poor Horan's molecules that enable them to in. Okay, But penicillin doesn't |
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| 42:06 | an easy time getting through them. it's less effective getting into the outer |
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| 42:13 | because remember it has to get through because that's where the light is on |
|
| 42:18 | other side of it. It's a plaza. Right so penicillin has a |
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| 42:22 | time penetrating, Not not easily getting the outer membrane. So gram negative |
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| 42:28 | a result is less susceptible to Right um than grand positive. So |
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| 42:38 | this particular question, the fast growing is most susceptible now, doesn't not |
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| 42:48 | . Um if you get more broad type, not not penicillin but uh |
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| 42:57 | , I think amoxicillin, they're a bit small and they can actually fit |
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| 43:02 | the pores more efficiently. So those have a better effect on grand |
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| 43:07 | Right. But the growth rate still applies right, you have to grow |
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| 43:13 | acceptable but there are types of antimicrobials you can apply that use that can |
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| 43:23 | that are independent of growth rate. ? Something that kind of just obliterates |
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| 43:31 | cell membrane. Right. Um there detergent like molecules that are many programs |
|
| 43:40 | that can dissolve the membranes, And that's not a function of growth |
|
| 43:45 | that you can just whatever it. , so some antibiotic antimicrobial depends on |
|
| 43:53 | have an effect in terms of this growing negative positive, what have |
|
| 43:58 | Right. So there's all these things consider which very often why brian specter |
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| 44:07 | both types. So um anyway, questions Yeah, the grand. |
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| 44:38 | But that mutation in a fast growing but it also it's it's not instantaneous |
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| 44:46 | . So it takes time. you know that's also equally treated for |
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| 44:52 | if that thing is not really being to the to as well. So |
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| 44:58 | don't know that necessarily correlates. what did you figure out? |
|
| 45:10 | well number one the of light can more easily accessible to the penicillin is |
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| 45:18 | there almost Right. So the poorest is relatively porous so we can get |
|
| 45:25 | there and attack those enzymes to carry synthesis. There's no barrier that has |
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| 45:31 | get through. Like it would in right now, I'm not saying that's |
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| 45:37 | to every out just mentioned there's type can use different types of not not |
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| 45:44 | gets in easier to the membrane. you do have it's not like penicillin |
|
| 45:49 | work very well. Like you're out have choices to make and it's all |
|
| 45:52 | of based on cell molecule size. it may be better. So |
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| 46:10 | Um Well if well the thing is one strategy some some types use it |
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| 46:18 | to actually stop growing. And so happens is because the antibiotic, the |
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| 46:23 | of antibiotic isn't forever, it will the body eventually. Right? And |
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| 46:27 | if the population is slow growing, kind of waits it out. |
|
| 46:32 | the antibiotic disappears then it begins to again. Right? So the slow |
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| 46:37 | . So in this example kind of the slow growing type is less susceptible |
|
| 46:43 | the is not occurring that much because not wrong. So that means there's |
|
| 46:51 | of availability targets for penicillin to Right. Again, slow growth. |
|
| 46:56 | going slow is also because the other biased protein. Those that target |
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| 47:00 | Citizens are also kind of growth to better on fast growing populations too. |
|
| 47:06 | sometimes have developed let's just grow slow when everybody disappears they will start growing |
|
| 47:14 | . Right? So that's we've seen we call those per sisters. So |
|
| 47:19 | you know. So like I said it's always it's a battle between us |
|
| 47:22 | them. They have different strategies. evolved to interact these things. |
|
| 47:31 | Pretty much. Yeah. Right. don't grow. Your friends are |
|
| 47:36 | Yeah. Any other questions. So okay so this is gonna lead |
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| 47:43 | into is it before and after. . So take a take a shot |
|
| 47:49 | . We'll see it again in a minutes. Okay. So we're gonna |
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| 47:54 | at the structures of more structures inside cell. Um Clock goes up. |
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| 48:57 | texting my ta over micro lab so not like goofing around. I promise |
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| 49:06 | them what to do. OK Counting five. Right? Which is |
|
| 49:36 | Who answered G. As in You did. What are the two |
|
| 49:46 | and what B. And E. correct? So it is it is |
|
| 49:53 | . Well I was just giving you can tell you that yet. Be |
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| 50:02 | Jack. All right. Um So let's look at um be it |
|
| 50:11 | fault. Okay. So um let's at the nuclear. So one of |
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| 50:18 | basic features. Right lack of a . Right So their chromosome and bacteria |
|
| 50:28 | the most part and R. F. For the most part are |
|
| 50:34 | chromosome. Okay, we're deploying. right. We have two cents. |
|
| 50:40 | um so the area in the cytoplasm by the chromosome Is the nuclear. |
|
| 50:49 | typically you can see this um not in lab but the you know, |
|
| 50:55 | 1000 x. Maybe at like 1500 2000. You can see what you |
|
| 51:01 | here is brand new. The area the cell that is a little |
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| 51:07 | Right? This area right here, course. And the kind of a |
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| 51:10 | lighter color. Okay. Is right . This is the nuclear Lloyd. |
|
| 51:18 | . So the chromosome is like twisting some parts are expanded and not together |
|
| 51:27 | and coiled and this and that And just takes up the area. It's |
|
| 51:34 | a membrane bound thing. Okay. not an organ l should say. |
|
| 51:40 | , so um you know the cartoon it looks something like this. |
|
| 51:46 | Different loops all domain. Okay. binding proteins to kind of hold |
|
| 51:54 | Remember we have to scrunch it together put it inside of a small one |
|
| 51:59 | 10 micron. On average cell Right? So, you know, |
|
| 52:04 | the chromosomes can be as big as an e coli it's I think around |
|
| 52:09 | million base pairs but you know, between a million to two is probably |
|
| 52:17 | its size. Um but certainly obviously order of magnitude less than the |
|
| 52:21 | Okay. And so um and so of the chromosome will be tightly |
|
| 52:28 | some will be uncoiled because gene expression going on right. Some genes are |
|
| 52:34 | expressed, some aren't. And so that are you have to make them |
|
| 52:38 | . Okay. You have also coiling uncoiling going on july race kind of |
|
| 52:45 | that purpose to coil um to compact . The orient very important as we |
|
| 52:52 | about replication. Okay, so the . So I kind of remember where |
|
| 52:57 | F. T. S. Ring forms right in the middle |
|
| 53:01 | So the story. It's right there that mid point of the cell. |
|
| 53:07 | , Well I should say the story the D. N. A attaches |
|
| 53:11 | the midpoint of the cell inside. . And um that is uh it's |
|
| 53:19 | to be the beginnings of replication It's how the cell can kind of |
|
| 53:25 | hold of as a copy of the forms. Right? Ultimately, when |
|
| 53:31 | cell divides itself gets a copy. , it's kind of it's way of |
|
| 53:34 | it can kind of hold on what of partition it into 22 cells that |
|
| 53:41 | form. Okay, and so um the transcription translation. So remember there |
|
| 53:49 | not a nuclear member. There's no membrane which means I've been in ourselves |
|
| 53:58 | of protein synthesis of transcription translation is transcription translation outside in the side of |
|
| 54:09 | is all in the indo plastic Um what happened? Okay, so |
|
| 54:13 | separation not in precarious. So this why you see the formation of a |
|
| 54:19 | zone. Okay. And that's what little red blobs here are ribosomes. |
|
| 54:26 | , so and the black strand is . N. A. Okay. |
|
| 54:33 | then the blue is um M. . N. A. Okay. |
|
| 54:40 | then the gold this protein. so you have all three things going |
|
| 54:46 | once? Well two things you have and translation occurring virtually simultaneously. |
|
| 54:52 | so of course he was doing transcription . We transcribe protein. Right, |
|
| 55:03 | jean the M. R. By M. R. R. |
|
| 55:08 | is transcription. What you point out you have three. But I'll tell |
|
| 55:19 | now is that there will be what's an R. B. S. |
|
| 55:27 | . That stands for ribbon zone So don't worry about it now, |
|
| 55:32 | because that's how rabbits on finds where go. Okay, so here's the |
|
| 55:39 | . R. A. And this five re prime. Okay, survivors |
|
| 55:47 | . Okay, to translate. And that's how you see the beginnings |
|
| 55:55 | the polyp peptide forming and then uh as this moves along. Right, |
|
| 56:05 | let's say this guy is now down right now the arrivals and binding site |
|
| 56:11 | open. Another one can buy. and so on and so on and |
|
| 56:15 | on. Right? So you fill the whole thing. This whole thing |
|
| 56:20 | what's called the poly zone or poly . Same thing. That's what the |
|
| 56:26 | zone is. Right. A c play peptide chain is longer here. |
|
| 56:34 | it's almost done. It's almost done . Right? Play peptide just about |
|
| 56:40 | form. Right? As we're going that direction. Okay. And so |
|
| 56:47 | now up here, it mentions this And um so as you as you |
|
| 56:58 | , proteins that are synthesized right? are meant to work in the side |
|
| 57:04 | all right. Many are meant to that, right. Others are meant |
|
| 57:08 | work in the membrane or go outside cell. Okay. So for those |
|
| 57:14 | are meant to go outside or in membrane, they have to be guided |
|
| 57:18 | . Okay, and that's what this all about these signal recognition particle. |
|
| 57:23 | the tribal zones that are synthesizing these of proteins, the the transcripts will |
|
| 57:30 | signals on them that these that oh, I'm a protein that's going |
|
| 57:34 | be working out outside the cell. a sequence. So, a signal |
|
| 57:39 | particle, srp can find me and me to the memory in a |
|
| 57:44 | That's really what it's about. so, a process for how to |
|
| 57:49 | proteins meant to work in the membrane to the membrane. Everything else is |
|
| 57:56 | of just happening in the sides. , so the implication right of this |
|
| 58:03 | of this polly's own formation. Means they can rapidly synthesize lots of |
|
| 58:13 | very quickly. It's one of several why parents can grow and adapt so |
|
| 58:22 | because they grow fast. Have a size. They have a small |
|
| 58:27 | They if you if you're gonna grow quickly, need to produce lots of |
|
| 58:32 | quickly. Right. And so this these processes together enables them to do |
|
| 58:38 | . Right? So this all this is built for somebody that can grow |
|
| 58:44 | . Okay. And so um the and very as as fast as it |
|
| 58:54 | Bruce proteins, it can also equally shut it all down. Okay. |
|
| 59:00 | gene control very important in terms of efficient, not wasting energy only expressing |
|
| 59:07 | needs to be expressed at any given . Right. And so it can |
|
| 59:11 | Bruce lots of protein very quickly and can shut it down. Talk about |
|
| 59:17 | part of it in unit three. you know, by by doing this |
|
| 59:21 | it's a very efficient system. And so, fast growth. |
|
| 59:25 | We all we know the old uh was the uh term? It was |
|
| 59:31 | . M. A. T. right. You don't even know these |
|
| 59:35 | . Used to I used to teach bio and and mitosis. And everybody |
|
| 59:40 | the sister comment IDs the chroma did a sister commented. Remember that hair |
|
| 59:46 | torture? Um So it's a Right. It's a complicated process and |
|
| 59:55 | carry out and that is really all copying. But then making sure all |
|
| 60:02 | pairs these chromosomes are ending up in in the right amounts in each |
|
| 60:09 | Right? So my tonic phases. ? And so the end result. |
|
| 60:15 | it's mitosis or binary vision. It's same thing genetically equivalent cells. |
|
| 60:21 | But the way procured does it occurs ? You don't have to have multiple |
|
| 60:27 | because you're just copying one chromosome and participate in the two subs that's |
|
| 60:32 | So of course you can occur very . Okay. How fast? Well |
|
| 60:39 | the 24 hours, 18 12 2 get good growth. But we're talking |
|
| 60:47 | what we call a doubling time right time. How fast you get one |
|
| 60:53 | . So uh you can get 20 20 generations in E coli in about |
|
| 61:01 | to 10 hours. Okay. How does it take for humans to make |
|
| 61:06 | generations 100 years give or take So years versus eight hours. Right. |
|
| 61:17 | do the math on that. And how many cells you have in eight |
|
| 61:19 | . We'll do the math right next . But um the point is it |
|
| 61:24 | very quickly and it all goes back small cell small chromosome transcription translation that |
|
| 61:30 | . So fast and faster mutation All these things come by. |
|
| 61:36 | So the other thing to put in back of your head is that I |
|
| 61:40 | we're all aware of this is that binary vision. Our definition creates clubs |
|
| 61:47 | we all know that and collect population we started winning Colin you have a |
|
| 61:52 | E. Coli in six or eight , Pretty sure a few of those |
|
| 61:57 | not gonna be genetically identical because they what's called a spontaneous mutation rate that's |
|
| 62:02 | little bit higher than ours. Um grow very quickly so generations can accumulate |
|
| 62:11 | it's beneficial or you know it can can stick. So that's the kind |
|
| 62:16 | stuff we'll talk about three. But nonetheless fast growth. Right? |
|
| 62:21 | so replication and if we're not gonna into the leading and lagging strand and |
|
| 62:30 | that stuff, you guys are anything go by? Okay I'm not going |
|
| 62:33 | that again. Just kind of what's to. Okay so um excuse |
|
| 62:42 | The the uh their application. So begins so again the oral origin of |
|
| 62:51 | . That's where we start. Okay remember that chromosome the pro material is |
|
| 62:56 | of in the middle of the Okay. Inside membrane. And you're |
|
| 63:02 | pull apart the strands at the That's what we see happening right |
|
| 63:08 | Okay and you're gonna form works Two replication forks. And so remember |
|
| 63:16 | bidirectional replication? Right so we're going extend from those forks. So we're |
|
| 63:23 | have a rep ozone at east Right? And one rep ozone. |
|
| 63:29 | blue blondes are basically D. A polymerase P. O. |
|
| 63:34 | We're short. All right so each is um has two of those because |
|
| 63:39 | copying two different strands. Right? the same over here on the left |
|
| 63:45 | . Okay? So and so as proceed, you're going here is where |
|
| 63:52 | leading a lagging strand New D. . A. Right shows up here |
|
| 63:59 | then very quickly so you know, gonna copy this forest sequence gets copied |
|
| 64:06 | well. Okay, very early And that's where this will actually, |
|
| 64:12 | can't possibly visualize this, but remember is the so membrane of the cell |
|
| 64:25 | were attached on one side here by story. And as the story gets |
|
| 64:29 | , it also will attach attach, gonna see this on animation here a |
|
| 64:36 | . In other words we're gonna attach koreas as one gets copied and then |
|
| 64:41 | gonna finish replication. Okay, so gonna proceed right by directionally right from |
|
| 64:47 | forks like that. Yeah, we're get two copies. Okay, it's |
|
| 64:52 | have a terminator where the red zones of jump off. Okay, But |
|
| 64:58 | end up with um two DNA Okay, so here and gold blocks |
|
| 65:24 | . Now continue to go blue are F Tsz monitors, they're gonna come |
|
| 65:34 | to form a ring right in the . Okay. Um So here now |
|
| 65:43 | haven't yet finished those complete copies And before we even have done that |
|
| 65:53 | did around that would be a company be so this is gonna give us |
|
| 66:02 | that gets us to two copies to cells. But it's like it's seeing |
|
| 66:07 | playing chess scene, eight moves Right? So start making the copies |
|
| 66:14 | where we're gonna be four cells. ? So we're almost done with the |
|
| 66:20 | round. Alright. And here comes the regular form. Right now this |
|
| 66:26 | thing occurs and we have one. you see one chromosome here, that's |
|
| 66:33 | beginning to be copied for the next when we have four sales. |
|
| 66:37 | So this is how fast this occurs course. And Under optimal conditions, |
|
| 66:45 | of food. Because remember, this lots of energy to do this. |
|
| 66:48 | ? So you have lots of optimal conditions, it can occur, |
|
| 66:53 | growth, right? 2-4-8 to 16 a matter of hours. Right? |
|
| 66:59 | so the way replicated genome facilitates right? So if we look at |
|
| 67:12 | , it's right here, hold Dude that Okay, Not this this |
|
| 67:19 | . Okay, so if you look , here's our chromosome and now |
|
| 67:29 | shut up. Okay. Alright, it's just going a little slow |
|
| 67:40 | speed things up a little bit and we go. Preliminaries. And so |
|
| 67:48 | each represent has to win races, two strands at each fork. And |
|
| 67:56 | so then here we go. And because right now we're not even finished |
|
| 68:01 | round one, we're going to start working next round. Right? So |
|
| 68:12 | there is where it's right, once gonna split some to very quickly it'll |
|
| 68:18 | four of them. So on. , because we're already starting the next |
|
| 68:23 | of replication before we even finished the one. Okay. And now the |
|
| 68:28 | F Tsz ring, cetacean thing. . And uh two cells form and |
|
| 68:35 | this one is already almost done. ready to make two more cells from |
|
| 68:39 | one. Right? And so We go to 48 etcetera, exponential |
|
| 68:44 | . Okay. Um Okay, let's . Alright. Um any questions about |
|
| 68:56 | ? So the polar aging? So we mentioned earlier the fact that |
|
| 69:04 | are when you divide right, particularly a rod shaped cell, right? |
|
| 69:10 | one part one pole is getting new of maturity. Right? And so |
|
| 69:16 | generation, right? You have an and new right old is the is |
|
| 69:22 | red color right? New is the . So you see uh as the |
|
| 69:31 | goes along, you accumulate kind of . And then some new polls. |
|
| 69:36 | . And so the old polls tend to accumulate non functional proteins. |
|
| 69:42 | proteins have a finite life in Typically once they're made, they don't |
|
| 69:47 | and function optimally forever. And so can get get miss misfolded but they |
|
| 69:53 | tend to accumulate in these old Okay. It's thought that's what contributes |
|
| 69:59 | the death of the cell. is this accumulation of old poles? |
|
| 70:04 | the non functional proteins are accumulating there damage. Okay. But they've seen |
|
| 70:10 | some types that there may be some with with antibiotic resistance in some |
|
| 70:17 | How is that? Well, uh the the generation of these older poles |
|
| 70:25 | makes it in some cases less susceptible antibiotic. Um There's different theories out |
|
| 70:31 | but they have seen not not in there are cases where we see more |
|
| 70:38 | this old poles in this population be susceptible to certain antibiotics. There is |
|
| 70:45 | correlation there. Okay so um now polls themselves cells. There are certain |
|
| 70:57 | we see with that. Okay number is that in those four formation we |
|
| 71:01 | about this later but in those four in one in one poll itself is |
|
| 71:07 | typical. Okay. Um in the bank cameras one of these types that |
|
| 71:12 | this kind of weird non uniform Okay and that's due to kind of |
|
| 71:19 | at one pole more so than the pole creates kind of these branching types |
|
| 71:25 | what we call club shaped that you here um It's what we call metamorphic |
|
| 71:32 | a shape that's not uniform, they're all circulars or they're branching and the |
|
| 71:37 | of this and that kind of shape uniform. Okay um and this type |
|
| 71:44 | collar backers one that can form a you see there or a flagellum. |
|
| 71:52 | so the stock is so this is nutrient nutrient. So when clinical movements |
|
| 72:00 | it's an aquatic bacteria so stick in until the nutrients are and it will |
|
| 72:09 | a flagellum and swim to a more environment. Right? And then formal |
|
| 72:16 | it kind of goes back and This way again. Kind of a |
|
| 72:21 | nutrient driven. Okay, again, three of these things that facilities corona |
|
| 72:27 | called back to feature their current because have a whole, wow, it's |
|
| 72:36 | a certain kind of differentiation occurs at pool where it was for get on |
|
| 72:41 | stock or kind of a funky ecology a result. Okay. Um so |
|
| 72:50 | let's see, is there any |
|
