| 00:04 | All right. So, does anybody to recorded lectures? Do they sound |
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| 00:10 | or they quiet or loud or No one's listened to him. That's |
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| 00:15 | . You don't have to listen to . I'm providing them for you, |
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| 00:18 | your convenience, not for my So, but if someone listens to |
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| 00:22 | and you find that it doesn't sound . Just let me know and I |
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| 00:25 | adjust the mic in terms of height . What we're gonna do, we're |
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| 00:29 | to continue with cells will not sell . We are going to do sell |
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| 00:32 | were continuing with how materials are transported and forth across the membrane. |
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| 00:38 | we're going to be looking at the transport. We're gonna be looking at |
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| 00:41 | , the dreaded thing that no one understands. But we learn every |
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| 00:44 | every day of our our every year our lives. Right, Alright. |
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| 00:49 | then what we're gonna do, we're jump in and we're going to deal |
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| 00:51 | the question of how to cells talk each other. All right. |
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| 00:54 | that's kind of the big picture of we're going to go. And so |
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| 00:57 | should be familiar to you. I , if you've taken a single biology |
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| 01:01 | and you're familiar with the structure the in the middle, there is the |
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| 01:05 | apparatus up there, that's the rough plasma particular um proteins are made the |
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| 01:10 | ectoplasmic, particularly, they're transported from R r er to the Golgi vesicles |
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| 01:15 | the Golgi? They're sorted and packaged sent to where they need to |
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| 01:21 | All right. So, what we're here in essence is we're determining where |
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| 01:27 | things that need to go out of cell, where they need to |
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| 01:30 | And there's two different ways that we this process. Some cells to create |
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| 01:34 | all the time. Probably is a bad example, but it's an easy |
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| 01:37 | to understand saliva. All right. mean, you're so creating water and |
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| 01:41 | materials and it just it's just nonstop you guys swallow your spit. But |
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| 01:46 | you've been around two year olds, understand that it's just a non stop |
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| 01:51 | factory right there constantly producing slide. that's an example of constituent tive |
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| 01:57 | And so there are products that certain produced that are constantly produced in this |
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| 02:02 | . But there's another pathway, another where we're regulating materials. All |
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| 02:07 | And these are under regulatory control. sort of hormonal, some sort of |
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| 02:10 | mechanism that tells a cell when to that material. Now, sometimes what's |
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| 02:16 | on here, depending on what we're at is that we could be signaled |
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| 02:20 | make this stuff and then secreted And then there's other cases where we're |
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| 02:26 | making things, but it's stored up vesicles and only when the vesicles signal |
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| 02:31 | the cell signal does vesicles moved to cell surface so it can release its |
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| 02:36 | . Okay, So those are kind the two major ways that we secrete |
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| 02:40 | from cells. Now, the way go about doing this. Sorry, |
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| 02:45 | this particular transport. There are different . In fact every year I teach |
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| 02:50 | it seems like they've added another All right. When I was in |
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| 02:53 | there are two types of vesicular There's into psychosis and there was exocet |
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| 02:58 | life was good, everything was And then they start coming up with |
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| 03:02 | things as Figo psychosis and piano psychosis all this other stuff. And basically |
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| 03:07 | is just saying is there are different that sells used as we refine the |
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| 03:12 | that we can look at cells. see that there are different mechanisms. |
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| 03:14 | so someone wants to get a paper . So they note the uniqueness and |
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| 03:19 | they get a paper and then they to name it something. And so |
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| 03:21 | why we have these names. All . But the basic is innocent toast |
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| 03:25 | eggs acidosis. All right. what we're doing here is we're moving |
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| 03:30 | macro molecules. All right, these things that can't use carriers that can't |
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| 03:35 | pumps. Alright, so carriage and are designed specifically for little itsy bitsy |
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| 03:40 | molecules glucose for example, sodium for . Right. But if you want |
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| 03:45 | move oh, I don't know, a large peptide like say follicle stimulating |
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| 03:51 | then what you have to do is have to package it up. Making |
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| 03:54 | er er go to gold, You it up and then you have to |
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| 03:57 | that up to the surface and then vesicles that merges and releases the follicle |
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| 04:02 | hormone FSH out into the surrounding environment there's no way that it can pass |
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| 04:08 | all those little fossil lipids that are uh no, not gonna happen. |
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| 04:12 | . It's like you're trying to go this wall. You can't do |
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| 04:16 | All right now, any time we , anything big requires energy. Like |
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| 04:24 | your butt out of bed this Did it require energy? I'm looking |
|
| 04:29 | ? Yeah, I have an 8:30 . I am not a morning person |
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| 04:34 | had ever. I mean, it just like, you know the kid |
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| 04:38 | kind of gets on the edge of bed just slides out. That was |
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| 04:40 | this morning. Every ounce of All right now, induced psychosis |
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| 04:47 | these are the opposite. Figo psychosis separated because it's a different type of |
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| 04:52 | . It's the mechanism. All So, if you start with induced |
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| 04:57 | and exhaust psychosis and then start adding the unique ones. I think you'll |
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| 05:01 | good in understanding it. Now when look at a membrane you see a |
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| 05:06 | like this, it's like all well I can see it's pinching off |
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| 05:08 | blah blah blah. But in relative those molecules are relative to the molecules |
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| 05:16 | trying to move the vesicles is a surface. Have you ever tried to |
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| 05:20 | a flat surface? Some people are in their heads. Some people are |
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| 05:24 | that. But I don't know. ? So trying to pitch that |
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| 05:27 | So, if you need help to that. And so what we have |
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| 05:30 | we have molecules like clattering. You've of a clattering coated pit. |
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| 05:35 | I need to see somebody's head and up and down. Because if they |
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| 05:38 | teach you stuff in biology, wanted we're gonna have to stop the |
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| 05:41 | I'm gonna have to call over dr . Dr Gifford and dr Medrano and |
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| 05:46 | cheek and give them a talking So did they did they teach this |
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| 05:51 | to you? So, okay, you forgot it, just nod your |
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| 05:53 | . So, yeah, they taught to me. I do what |
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| 05:57 | So class Catherine is a protein that bend the membrane. And there are |
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| 06:02 | of other ones. This other family actually homologous to class. It's called |
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| 06:06 | customer on your slide. It's spelled an A. In the middle. |
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| 06:09 | was wrong. It's an O. the middle. So coat omar. |
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| 06:14 | what they do is they assemble on flat surface on a plane and they |
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| 06:20 | the plane so that the vessel can be formed. And this is how |
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| 06:25 | can pinch things off. All So, we use these both an |
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| 06:30 | psychosis and exhaust psychosis. So, about what exocet Asus I said you're |
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| 06:35 | a vessel from the Golgi apparatus and moving it to where from the golgi |
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| 06:40 | what the memory. Right? So vessel has to form of a flat |
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| 06:46 | , which is the Golgi and has be that nice little ball structure to |
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| 06:50 | transported to the membrane similarly from the . If you're moving something into the |
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| 06:54 | , you have to pinch off the . So these molecules are used in |
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| 06:59 | environments into scientists and experts. Now when I took the class, |
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| 07:06 | was always under the impression that vesicles kind of move around. You |
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| 07:09 | there's like no order organization, things kind of float and go wherever they |
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| 07:13 | to. That's a big lie. ? The truth is, is everything |
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| 07:19 | organized and everything has order inside the . And so this is where the |
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| 07:24 | and the snaps come into place. don't be tempted to memorize all the |
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| 07:29 | . Alright, what I'm trying to you here is that the boat has |
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| 07:32 | doc to go to. All It's not just floating to the surface |
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| 07:36 | the hopes that it's going into the place at the right location to release |
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| 07:39 | right stuff. It's being specifically directed a particular location. It hangs out |
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| 07:45 | until something tells it time to open and release your contents out into the |
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| 07:50 | environment. Okay, so that's what snares do. Now, there's a |
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| 07:56 | snare and a T snare. The snare is for the vets called the |
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| 07:59 | snare is for the target. So the cell surface. So you can |
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| 08:04 | what are you doing? You're taking and you're sending it specifically to a |
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| 08:07 | specific location snaps. On the other , are responsible for disassembling the whole |
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| 08:14 | wants, the materials have been released that you can then take all that |
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| 08:17 | added to another structure and repeat the over and over again. Can you |
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| 08:24 | flex your muscles? You know how do that? Let me see. |
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| 08:29 | , one guy in the back. on, ladies, you can do |
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| 08:38 | . This is a participation class. right. The reason you can flex |
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| 08:44 | muscle is because there's a signal coming a neuron to a muscle cell. |
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| 08:49 | , that signal is the psychologically should a name that you're familiar with, |
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| 08:54 | heard at least once before. All . The acetylcholine is in vesicles lined |
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| 08:59 | on the inner surface of that just above the cell surface of that |
|
| 09:05 | . Right? The motor in You guys remember that from way back |
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| 09:08 | maybe you don't remember it. That's . We'll get to it when we |
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| 09:11 | the muscles. And what happens is that signal comes along? These snares |
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| 09:16 | basically already in place already in ready to go and that signal causes |
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| 09:21 | to release and the snap disassemble so the next or the next basket. |
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| 09:25 | into place. So I ask you flex your muscles and you guys are |
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| 09:29 | , okay, I'm gonna pretend now want you to flex. Look at |
|
| 09:33 | . I can do this all All right. Well, not |
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| 09:37 | I'll get bored in a minute. why? Because I have zero Colin |
|
| 09:43 | being released constantly to allow that to . All right. Now, |
|
| 09:48 | energy dependent process. You can see energy ATP GTP. Right? |
|
| 09:54 | sir. Wow. These are proteins not gonna worry about. This is |
|
| 10:00 | fun part things you don't need to with. All right. So, |
|
| 10:03 | we care about right now is that a dock and the vesicles going to |
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| 10:07 | specific location. So, imagine All right. So, let me |
|
| 10:11 | take a different way. All When you have a cell, you |
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| 10:14 | an april side in the basil basil size against a basement membrane april |
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| 10:18 | is against the lumen of the of organ that you're looking at. |
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| 10:21 | it's the surface golgi releases of Why does the vehicle know where it |
|
| 10:27 | to go? Why does it go to the optical side and doesn't go |
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| 10:30 | the basil side. It's directed, . It has things that are directing |
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| 10:35 | it needs to go and oxygen place that it can then release the materials |
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| 10:39 | the apple side. Okay, what I'm trying to paint here is |
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| 10:44 | picture for you. That things are random. All right. It's |
|
| 10:48 | very organized. So induced psychosis. a lot of different ways that we |
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| 10:55 | things into the cell. All The one that is least interesting is |
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| 11:00 | fluid phase into psychosis or has that name pino psychosis. Alright. It |
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| 11:05 | sell drinking. We have cell That means there must be something that |
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| 11:08 | sell eating right? Whenever you name is usually something, if you have |
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| 11:13 | beta for molecule that means there's probably alpha. Right? And really what |
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| 11:18 | is is basically the membrane pinches off just grabbed what happens to be in |
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| 11:23 | area. Right? So you get imagination and then it pinches off and |
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| 11:28 | is there is what you bring And then you fuse that with the |
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| 11:31 | zone or something and you take the you need and you get rid of |
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| 11:34 | stuff that you don't need, That of thing. So it's very very |
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| 11:38 | specific. The other two types are specific. So, photosynthesis is one |
|
| 11:44 | the new ones that like I there seems like there's a new name |
|
| 11:46 | time you turn around. So this one that they've discovered in endothelial cells |
|
| 11:50 | are the cells that line blood So this is how you get large |
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| 11:54 | from inside the vascular church out of vasculature when they're too big to go |
|
| 11:59 | the capital walls or between the gaps the capillary walls. All right. |
|
| 12:05 | it's the same sort of principle. am I doing? I have a |
|
| 12:10 | , I have receptors. Okay, I'm looking for something specific. I |
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| 12:16 | usually clattering or some sort of Um er And what I'm gonna do |
|
| 12:19 | when enough things buying the receptors I eight in I modify the shape of |
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| 12:25 | cell. I pinch off and and whatever is bound up to those receptors |
|
| 12:30 | in. Now the most common one the one that in the middle of |
|
| 12:34 | when I skipped over. Right. this is what we're most familiar with |
|
| 12:37 | receptor mediated into a psychosis which basically receptors I'm binding to them. I |
|
| 12:43 | off so and so forth. It's this was the first one discovered. |
|
| 12:46 | was discovered a little bit later in capillary epithelium but it's the same |
|
| 12:51 | Different molecules are involved. Uh Then we have this there are really |
|
| 12:58 | videos on youtube with photosynthesis. it's awesome. You take a neutral |
|
| 13:04 | drop of bacteria next to it. chemicals that that bacterial releases basically turns |
|
| 13:10 | that neutral field says all right. got me some dinner and so it |
|
| 13:13 | chasing the bacteria. The bacteria run , run away and eventually grabs |
|
| 13:17 | And what it does is it reaches creates these pseudo podia fake arms, |
|
| 13:23 | fake limbs and it reaches out encircles bacterium. So you've created a vesicles |
|
| 13:30 | notice here you don't get imagination imagination this way you're reaching out and grabbing |
|
| 13:35 | encircling So why Figo psychosis is not induced psychosis is the mechanisms involved act |
|
| 13:43 | . It's also a teepee dependent. right. So The thing that's triggering |
|
| 13:50 | again, substance being ingested macrophages love this and like I said if you |
|
| 13:54 | onto YouTube just type in neutral fill bacteria. There's like 30 videos and |
|
| 13:59 | just fun to watch because the bacteria like I said it's all panicky. |
|
| 14:03 | a bacteria could panic now what we're at here is a vest sickle that's |
|
| 14:15 | to form. Well I think there's license. Um Isn't it? Yeah |
|
| 14:19 | is the license. Um Okay. license some in the zone. All |
|
| 14:24 | . And really what you're doing is basically adding materials to life some Now |
|
| 14:27 | can tell me what it likes to is. Yeah. It's that's that's |
|
| 14:38 | that's good enough. I would mean make it simple. It's a digestive |
|
| 14:42 | of the cell. That's not But that's that's a good way because |
|
| 14:46 | don't have digestive systems. Right? a good way to describe it. |
|
| 14:50 | at the cell wants to break down added to the list zone it chops |
|
| 14:54 | up and the things that it needs takes out the things that doesn't need |
|
| 14:56 | get it gets rid of. So have to build these things and you |
|
| 14:59 | them from the Golgi and you can here what am I doing? I'm |
|
| 15:02 | clattering. I take materials that are from the rough er through the Golgi |
|
| 15:07 | are added to the list zone. got pumps in that place. And |
|
| 15:12 | , what am I doing? I'm in a whole bunch of protons so |
|
| 15:14 | can create an acidic environment. See compartment that we talked about really, |
|
| 15:18 | acidic so I can denature proteins and I can go in and chew things |
|
| 15:23 | . All right. And then what I do? I recycle the |
|
| 15:27 | I recycle the receptors, all the that I need. I can just |
|
| 15:30 | recycling in the circle while the Um Does its business. Does that |
|
| 15:36 | of makes sense? Yes, What India's um simply means a vessel |
|
| 15:43 | into the cell. So what would an X. Is um going out |
|
| 15:48 | the cell. Right. Have I said this in the class? |
|
| 15:51 | I know I said to my but I say it almost every class |
|
| 15:55 | doesn't matter. Biologists are simple We name things for what they do |
|
| 15:59 | what they look like. Okay, if you're ever and I'm not I'm |
|
| 16:03 | dogging you. Right. And there's a general if you're ever confused by |
|
| 16:07 | at something and you're like, I no idea. Stop. Look at |
|
| 16:09 | name. Break it down. And should be able to figure it |
|
| 16:12 | We're not chemists. We don't put and commas and hashes and dashes and |
|
| 16:18 | that don't make any sense to anybody for chemists. Alright, we make |
|
| 16:22 | simple. Right, So in the X zone in or out. That's |
|
| 16:31 | good question. All right. The part. Osmosis. So that's one |
|
| 16:35 | the ways we move molecules were moving molecules. All right, now, |
|
| 16:40 | can look up here and see what answer is. But I usually ask |
|
| 16:43 | I get this is who can explain me what osmosis is. I |
|
| 16:45 | you've all learned about osmosis at one . Right, everyone. Right? |
|
| 16:49 | , but who can explain it? , go ahead across the membrane, |
|
| 16:58 | . Yes. Okay. What do got? Okay, that's so |
|
| 17:05 | Don't you think you're both right, in that confusion, you're on a |
|
| 17:08 | and you're asking a question about And you're sitting there going, |
|
| 17:11 | I'm looking at this and I'm trying figure out, salute. Heil, |
|
| 17:15 | low. Which way does this Oh my goodness, I'm running out |
|
| 17:17 | time. It's the end of I'm never gonna get a medical |
|
| 17:20 | I'm gonna have to go to law . I'm gonna make your lives |
|
| 17:25 | All right. You know what diffusion ? Right, fusion is is a |
|
| 17:30 | substance that moves down its concentration Right? So what is osmosis? |
|
| 17:35 | is water moving down its concentration gradient end. Oh, was that easy |
|
| 17:43 | to make sense? Or do I to explain that? I knew I'd |
|
| 17:46 | to explain. That's okay. That was kind of the goal. All |
|
| 17:49 | . Yeah. I'm going to show this. All right. So, |
|
| 17:52 | have a container divided by a membrane here. You have 100% water. |
|
| 17:58 | not make it understand. Let's make easy, 80% water. 20%. |
|
| 18:04 | , you You can understand why I write on the board. Now, |
|
| 18:10 | is terrible. And you can see here or not at all, |
|
| 18:16 | Uh huh. Mhm. I have go all the way over here because |
|
| 18:22 | is in the way. Yeah. not gonna be able to see mm |
|
| 18:28 | separating 80 water. 20% saw it it is. Okay, over |
|
| 18:37 | So, what is this? Some that 100%. So, there is |
|
| 18:42 | of material inside that space. We're good with that. So, that |
|
| 18:46 | there's gonna be 100% material over But I'm just gonna make up numbers |
|
| 18:49 | . So, here's 50% water Here 50% soluble. Right? Do the |
|
| 18:55 | thing over there. Probably gonna fall kill myself. All right, 50 |
|
| 19:04 | . 50% saw you. Okay. easy stuff, membrane is Premier will |
|
| 19:10 | the salt in the water. What to the water? It goes that |
|
| 19:15 | . What happens to the saw No, I said it was permissible |
|
| 19:19 | both. So, it'll go this until equilibrium is met. Right? |
|
| 19:24 | , just so you guys can see here. Right, water goes down |
|
| 19:29 | concentration gradient. Saw it goes down concentration gradient. Alright. That's what |
|
| 19:34 | membrane that's promotable both to that solid water. Now, if that membrane |
|
| 19:39 | only permissible to the water, what only the water? So water keeps |
|
| 19:48 | this direction and keep going this direction it can't any further. Something prevents |
|
| 19:53 | from going further. Okay, I'm use the example I use in every |
|
| 19:57 | of my classes since I've ever taught because I think it's funny. Did |
|
| 20:03 | ever tell you guys that I have dad jokes. All right. Have |
|
| 20:09 | seen a smart car? Okay. many people can you fit in a |
|
| 20:13 | car? You're not trying. How people can you fit in a smart |
|
| 20:19 | ? I heard four or 5, one. How about nine. I |
|
| 20:27 | ask you if you could fit them . All right, it's a |
|
| 20:32 | It's a volume of space, And you can keep shoving people |
|
| 20:35 | Their shoving people in. Their shoving in there like a clown car until |
|
| 20:38 | volume is so full that the next you put in causes someone to pop |
|
| 20:43 | the other side. Right? osmosis is kind of the same |
|
| 20:50 | The water on both sides has a pressure. That's the word. That |
|
| 20:54 | water pressure. Alright, So, time I add a molecule from this |
|
| 20:58 | to that side? What happens to hydrostatic pressure Over here, it goes |
|
| 21:01 | good. And what happens to the pressure down here? It goes down |
|
| 21:05 | it's going to keep going because the of the water to the solid. |
|
| 21:08 | this is where those damn chemists come and make us all confused with a |
|
| 21:11 | solid concentration. Right? But basically is going to keep trying to go |
|
| 21:16 | here to reach equilibrium. But there's be a point where the hydrostatic |
|
| 21:21 | what we call the osmotic pressure So comes to the point where it |
|
| 21:27 | out the water that tries to come and that's when equilibrium is met. |
|
| 21:32 | , So, as moses in very terms, is simply water moving down |
|
| 21:38 | concentration gradient. Now, if you to add into an area of higher |
|
| 21:42 | concentration, that makes your life That's fine. I just found that |
|
| 21:46 | I did that I always screw things on the test and I tried very |
|
| 21:49 | not to screw stuff up on Well, it's not really that |
|
| 21:53 | but all right. Now, what that says is everything I just explained |
|
| 22:00 | you guys All right, That's basically this stuff. Water in does not |
|
| 22:05 | water out. Sociedad does not equal you out. In other words, |
|
| 22:09 | happening here is there's gonna be a where the pressures in both directions are |
|
| 22:14 | to prevent net movement. All and we're talking about a membrane that's |
|
| 22:19 | permeable to water, I think that's that one is permeable to water and |
|
| 22:22 | to solve you Now. Here's a phrase. Yes, sir. I'll |
|
| 22:26 | back. Move back so we'll get in a minute. I will. |
|
| 22:34 | will hopefully answer your question if I say Wait, wait, wait, |
|
| 22:38 | me when girl? Yeah, Yeah. Make it more resilient because |
|
| 22:55 | , what we're going to look at is we're going to look at how |
|
| 22:57 | cell responds to this type of Alright, So it's hopefully going to |
|
| 23:02 | both those questions again if I don't that could mean I don't know the |
|
| 23:05 | , which is quite possible. All . Number two. It just maybe |
|
| 23:12 | confused or something. I don't All right. You've seen that term |
|
| 23:16 | . Osmolarity. Okay. You know polarity is? Right? It's the |
|
| 23:21 | of particles in solution was really It's by kilograms per liter. But |
|
| 23:26 | But it's basically number of particles in sort of unit, usually leaders. |
|
| 23:32 | basically is the same thing that we care what the particles are. |
|
| 23:35 | So when you go and look at chloride and you say, okay, |
|
| 23:38 | have one mole of sodium chloride. counting sodium chloride and you're saying I |
|
| 23:42 | let's see if you guys remember Number Okay. It's like music to |
|
| 23:47 | ears. All right. I tried to my 14 year old news. |
|
| 23:51 | , what's that? Avocado number. , So it's 6.02 times 10 to |
|
| 24:00 | 23rd sodium chlorides. Right? That's mole. Osmolarity says what happens when |
|
| 24:05 | put this in solution? Well, sodium and chloride associates. So now |
|
| 24:08 | have a mole of sodium. I a mole of chlorine. Right? |
|
| 24:13 | that means I have two moles of . So is my osmolarity Is to |
|
| 24:20 | Mel's as opposed to the one So, with osmolarity, we don't |
|
| 24:25 | what's in solution. We're just counting everything in solution. Okay, this |
|
| 24:31 | what your body cares about. Remember the first numbers I showed you |
|
| 24:35 | that chart showed you uh the intracellular . The extra cellular fluid. And |
|
| 24:38 | said and again, I didn't ask memorize the number. You don't need |
|
| 24:41 | memorize it. Said the the the of the body, no matter where |
|
| 24:45 | look is roughly 290 million Oz Mel's . That includes everything. That's all |
|
| 24:52 | ions, all the proteins, everything in circulation and inside cells brings it |
|
| 24:57 | about that 280 million Oz Mel's. right. Mhm. Okay. |
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| 25:05 | one of the agents that is responsible ensuring that ourselves maintain their size is |
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| 25:11 | sodium potassium pump. All right, , we're kind of jumping around because |
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| 25:17 | don't really understand what sodium potassium we're . But there are there are channels |
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| 25:21 | the cell surface for sodium and potassium was pumped out and he wants to |
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| 25:27 | back in potassium was pumped in and wants to leak back out. All |
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| 25:32 | . So, what we have here we have ions and movement and water |
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| 25:36 | going wherever the ions are right? as we said, the bad chemist |
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| 25:40 | is we want to go where there's . All right. So, what |
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| 25:45 | looking at here is says look. right, Well, if we have |
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| 25:48 | sodium potassium pump constantly saying no, , you go back to your |
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| 25:51 | you go back to your corners over over again. If we kill that |
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| 25:53 | with a chemical called wa bane, don't even know the chemical. I'm |
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| 25:57 | going to ask you what happens is that potassium moves out sodium moves |
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| 26:01 | we move in more sodium and so follows the sodium. So, what |
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| 26:06 | to the cell? It starts swelling ? Now, this makes the cell |
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| 26:12 | , really unhappy because the size of cell and the the osmolarity of the |
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| 26:18 | are important to its function. All . So, the cell has different |
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| 26:25 | . So, up here on the this is the shrinking down here on |
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| 26:28 | bottom. This is what happens when cell expands. All right. |
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| 26:31 | this is in hopes to answer your . All right. So here we |
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| 26:36 | . All right. And they're using simple number 300, because to 90 |
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| 26:40 | . Right? So, here we the inside and the outside of the |
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| 26:42 | as malaria is 300. Water is equilibrium. Everybody's happy the world is |
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| 26:47 | order great. All right. But on the outside we change the osmolarity |
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| 26:53 | a whole bunch of salt in there that we increase the osmolarity 4 |
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| 26:57 | Where does water want to go down concentration gradient where the salute is. |
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| 27:01 | so that's going to cause water lee causes the cell to shrink when the |
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| 27:05 | shrinks because the water is leaving. happens to the concentration of the salute |
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| 27:09 | the cell, it goes up sell function and it doesn't like that. |
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| 27:16 | what it does, it turns on receptors or shooting other channels or I |
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| 27:21 | say turns on it makes them present what it does. It says all |
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| 27:25 | . I know water is getting pumped but I'm gonna move ion so I |
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| 27:30 | water back in so I can get to my original size kind of |
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| 27:35 | Now the question I can't tell which you asked is like is there a |
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| 27:39 | where it says, you know, going to resist right is their |
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| 27:43 | I don't know the answer to But I do know it responds Now |
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| 27:46 | you can imagine putting red blood cell water, water is going to keep |
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| 27:50 | and coming and coming in until it lice is because there is no balance |
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| 27:54 | we're gonna see why in just a . But it's the same sort of |
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| 27:58 | . Hi, reduce the amount of salute out here in the environment. |
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| 28:03 | comes in causes the cell to So what do I do? I |
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| 28:06 | like that. I have diluted the environment cell can't function the way it's |
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| 28:10 | to function. So I'm gonna make different channels and pumps and I'm gonna |
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| 28:15 | things so that water then is directed till I reach equilibrium again. Now |
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| 28:23 | should be to your benefit. If think about it right over the course |
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| 28:28 | the day living in Houston if you less dehydrated or more dehydrated. |
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| 28:35 | Imagine what your body would be like you're constantly going in the wrong |
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| 28:41 | I mean, I don't know about . I mean, I walked all |
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| 28:43 | way over from um S. Two and there's like two stretches of |
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| 28:47 | 200 m each. That just feels walking through hell. All right. |
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| 28:54 | mean, I almost laid down and said this is where I die. |
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| 28:59 | could I've just seen all students. you okay? Doctor Wayne? |
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| 29:01 | no. Just just leave me This is where I died, erect |
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| 29:05 | memorial to me right here. All right, So here's another fun |
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| 29:16 | . Here's a molecule called Yuria you heard of Korea trying to decide if |
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| 29:22 | tell you this story now to make lives easier later. And I don't |
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| 29:26 | if this is going to make it or not? I don't think it |
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| 29:33 | . All right. Your area is Go ahead. Right. Have you |
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| 29:40 | what's that angry? Mhm. No I'm just what I want you |
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| 29:45 | understand here in these concepts is that cell is trying to maintain an |
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| 29:52 | Right? And that has mechanisms to so despite the fact that we modify |
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| 29:56 | adjust the environment. Remember what is of the central themes of physiology, |
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| 30:02 | . So this is these are the that is trying to use to do |
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| 30:05 | to make sure this is just another of this. This is your |
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| 30:08 | your area um is in every cell every environment. It's it's a really |
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| 30:14 | moving molecule. And so what you do is here is look we've added |
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| 30:17 | whole bunch of your area uh and actually it's all membranes are semi permeable |
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| 30:22 | your area. So water comes rushing . And so what you end up |
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| 30:26 | is um well in this particular case out of balance. And so as |
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| 30:31 | goes out you reach uh you know equilibrium in terms of osmolarity. But |
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| 30:37 | also happens is Yuria begins leaching in it's permissible but it's a lot |
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| 30:42 | So what happens the first water goes out and then it slowly comes back |
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| 30:46 | with the area to ensure cell So it's just another example of how |
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| 30:52 | cells are using these properties to maintain size so they can function. He |
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| 31:00 | to work in the E. Sometimes it got scribes a couple of |
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| 31:05 | . Okay. But anyone here actually like as a tech or anything. |
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| 31:10 | . So when someone comes in do you give them pure water? |
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| 31:14 | do you give them? sodium five LR Hugely Extras. Right. |
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| 31:22 | ringers maybe. All right. Well if you give water to someone |
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| 31:26 | already dehydrated, what's going to happen that water is going to go rushing |
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| 31:30 | because there's nothing impeding it which can cause damage to the cells themselves. |
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| 31:36 | right. So what we're talking about is tennis city or what is referred |
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| 31:40 | as effective as morality. So if see one of your friends and they're |
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| 31:44 | , you don't give them water. them water with some salt in |
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| 31:48 | Give them Gatorade. You know, cares if you gained a couple pounds |
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| 31:52 | drinking little bit of Gatorade? You know Gatorade is right. It's sugar |
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| 31:58 | salt. You know the story of ? I like to look around. |
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| 32:05 | , no one knows the story of . What is it? Mhm. |
|
| 32:11 | skippy. That's right florida Gators. want to win football games. So |
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| 32:16 | they did they suck at the time they were the florida gators and they |
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| 32:23 | our team is wearing out in the quarter so we might be winning. |
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| 32:28 | then they peter out and they die they lose and that's why it's |
|
| 32:31 | So they went to the chemists in the school and said, we need |
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| 32:36 | to help us figure out how to past this, what's going on. |
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| 32:40 | back in the day there used to a freshman team and a varsity |
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| 32:42 | Now we only have varsity teams. just have one football team. So |
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| 32:45 | they did is they had the freshmen and they took all this is so |
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| 32:50 | . They took all their equipment, the shirts and stuff and they ringed |
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| 32:54 | out to figure out what was in . Right? So, it's all |
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| 32:57 | sweat. And they figured out all electrolytes that have been sweating, sweat |
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| 33:00 | of the body. All right. they said, all right. So |
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| 33:04 | we need to do is we just to match what they lost. All |
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| 33:09 | . So as it did, they , it's sugar glucose basically. |
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| 33:13 | The glucose is a sugar. That's energy, right? You're gonna need |
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| 33:16 | those last little bit. The salt there to provide for the electrolytes, |
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| 33:21 | just sodium, but some other And some waters. And because, |
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| 33:24 | know, salt and sugar don't taste that good. Let's put a couple |
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| 33:27 | flavors in there. Make it kind nice. And then they had the |
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| 33:30 | team played the varsity team and the team kicked the varsities team, but |
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| 33:35 | knew they had something. So, started feeding their teams gatorade at the |
|
| 33:39 | . This is 1960, and he winning championships and then they sold their |
|
| 33:46 | coca cola. And the rest you know the story? I think |
|
| 33:50 | coca cola. Can't remember. All . These terms you understand hyper |
|
| 33:57 | Hi. Hi. Sale equals same . Hello. All right. |
|
| 34:03 | when you see tonic, that tonic to salute back once again, making |
|
| 34:08 | horribly confusing. So, in a tonic environment, what are we going |
|
| 34:12 | do? We're going to attract water an isotonic environment. Water and solute |
|
| 34:17 | already in balance in a hype. tonic environment. Low salute. So |
|
| 34:22 | going to happen is water is going leave. Okay. So that goes |
|
| 34:27 | to that horrible definition right now. this is important is because we're dealing |
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| 34:32 | where does the water go? here's some examples. All right. |
|
| 34:36 | isotonic sailing. All right. Here's cell on the outside. 290 inside |
|
| 34:42 | South 290. You put in Isotonic . It's 290. Does anything |
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| 34:48 | No, Because both sides have equalized . So in essence, there is |
|
| 34:56 | movement. You just have swelling outside cells. That doesn't do us any |
|
| 35:01 | . All right. What happens if had pure water? This is the |
|
| 35:06 | we don't do when someone's dehydrated again . Ad in water that causes dilution |
|
| 35:13 | the extra cellular fluid. So what's to happen is water is going to |
|
| 35:17 | rushing in until we reach equilibrium? the two environments now are less than |
|
| 35:22 | we started. Okay, so, can be detrimental. When you have |
|
| 35:27 | are trying very hard to do their at the right osmolarity. What if |
|
| 35:33 | put in a bowl? It's of chloride, you know, bullets. |
|
| 35:38 | , shove it on in there. couple grains of salt, 1992 90 |
|
| 35:43 | our osmolarity. It's much, much now. Much lower. Water. |
|
| 35:47 | can't come in. So water flows . Osmolarity has changed. All |
|
| 35:54 | So, what we have here And , if I went back and I |
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| 35:58 | you those those pictures again at the beginning, how does the cell respond |
|
| 36:01 | that starts pumping the ions back and so that it can bring things back |
|
| 36:06 | equilibrium. All right now, the me explaining all this stuff to you |
|
| 36:12 | that when we're dealing with osmolarity and dealing with how the cells function, |
|
| 36:18 | becomes very, very important how we the movement of the ions. |
|
| 36:23 | water and solute are major, major in how the cells function. This |
|
| 36:29 | going to become incredibly apparent in a of slides, like when we start |
|
| 36:33 | about electrical activity, but it's going also become very very important when we're |
|
| 36:37 | about the kidneys, cardiovascular system, respiratory system and digestive system. All |
|
| 36:43 | . So, the movement of materials going to be dependent upon whether or |
|
| 36:47 | we can reach an equilibrium and what's is allowing things to move back and |
|
| 36:53 | ? All right. So, I'm pause. I know that was all |
|
| 36:56 | of like, what the hell? right. I mean, it |
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| 37:00 | But I'm trying to get the concept you guys. That makes sense. |
|
| 37:04 | guys go with concepts. She's I'm so bored, let's do some |
|
| 37:09 | things that are more exciting. Not that's |
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