| 00:01 | really? Mm hmm. Yeah. . Okay. Mm hmm. |
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| 00:26 | Thank you. Okay folks, Thanks coming, raven bellwether. Um uh |
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| 00:36 | like it's probably a long commute going tonight. But anyway, so we're |
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| 00:41 | down here. So we're gonna the out the email this morning. So |
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| 00:47 | remember the last of the smart work are due uh the usual sunday |
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| 00:53 | sunday due date. But then there's the last one thursday. So we |
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| 00:58 | back on the, On two So we go through today Wednesday, |
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| 01:06 | next monday and that's it. So of that timing, Um and then |
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| 01:11 | finish 26 completely until next Monday. kind of just pushed back to this |
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| 01:18 | during that week. So normally it's you're done thursday through sunday this |
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| 01:23 | It's actually sunday through thursday. So between now and then we'll have to |
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| 01:29 | out another couple more emails. So to remind you, uh so just |
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| 01:34 | a note of that. So a bit a week later, a few |
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| 01:37 | later than usual in terms of Um So Uh today is really just |
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| 01:45 | be a bunch of probably about 10 or so that Karen doesn't questions and |
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| 01:51 | we'll kind of frame discussion around Um so just a couple of |
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| 01:57 | So if you you likely have looked it already, but chapter 26, |
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| 02:02 | , a bunch of different infectious We're going to look at not everything |
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| 02:08 | in that in that chapter, but ones. Some, some spend a |
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| 02:13 | bit more time on than others. but nonetheless this is kind of a |
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| 02:18 | I put together from the notes. so what to know for each |
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| 02:24 | So a lot of this is obviously be heavy memorization types of um one |
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| 02:30 | to do it is through it. like this. Perhaps a table like |
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| 02:35 | . Okay, I I filled out part of it. This is available |
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| 02:39 | on blackboard. Want to take a at it uh and you're likely you |
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| 02:44 | even add a couple more columns But this is kind of what to |
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| 02:49 | about. Uh So common pathogens, disease, of course. Grandstand mythology |
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| 02:55 | applicable. Um bare limbs factors. may be some that are, I |
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| 03:01 | to put diseases that at least have , one case is unique. They |
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| 03:07 | unique things associated with them. Um those factors, maybe some other features |
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| 03:13 | associate with them. Um motive the reservoir. We'll talk about that |
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| 03:20 | . So um That's kind of the what what you want to know |
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| 03:25 | And you will see um we'll have questions, you know, uh as |
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| 03:32 | go to 26, I'll give you idea of also the quiz will give |
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| 03:36 | an idea of the kind of questions expect on this stuff. Um so |
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| 03:41 | you know, that's it's this is suggestion how you can kind of organize |
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| 03:45 | material together for 26. Okay. so um let's see any questions or |
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| 03:58 | yeah, please session. Oh I'm . Yes let me uh glad you |
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| 04:07 | that. I always forget that. we go. Yeah questions. Yeah |
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| 04:14 | yeah you're gonna want to know um Yeah you're gonna wanna know I say |
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| 04:23 | the context of the table like this the strange that no other restraint and |
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| 04:29 | what goes with disease etcetera etcetera. Yeah it's um Yeah pretty much. |
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| 04:41 | it's I don't think it is dunking you might think but we'll go through |
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| 04:47 | um The next couple of days starting . The other questions. Yeah I'm |
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| 04:56 | go see if we go through in context of of uh so most textbooks |
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| 05:02 | your yours does does it in terms system so we'll go through skin infections |
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| 05:13 | circulatory system blah blah blah. So system body system that's how we do |
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| 05:16 | . So. Okay yeah. Um uh let's see. So let's start |
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| 05:24 | we're starting with the questions. We're have a number of these today. |
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| 05:27 | uh so just be ready. So seen the table before. So this |
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| 05:33 | asking um So you got your choices . Through E. And I think |
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| 05:38 | first one here is what is a A. Okay so as your uh |
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| 05:46 | me open this there. Okay so as you're mulling this over so um |
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| 05:55 | obviously as you know we've been uh we started this unit. It's all |
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| 05:59 | about. What does our body What our what our defenses, |
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| 06:04 | physical barriers, different types of immune selves, uh Different kinds of |
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| 06:13 | information etcetera. The uh oops. . Like I started again. Alright |
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| 06:23 | The the all the things that you to fight disease infectious disease of |
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| 06:31 | So here we're gonna look at today is turning the viewpoint to the bacteria |
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| 06:38 | viruses or other pathogens. Okay. at how do they overcome these various |
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| 06:45 | obstacles to them causing disease? And uh they said we've been focused on |
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| 06:52 | that's the answer to the next one well. There's also one here. |
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| 06:55 | what is B. Okay with A his be Okay. Um Same |
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| 07:03 | Okay. Uh So so we've been at this part right here. |
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| 07:14 | And next we're gonna focus on all different mechanisms pathogens have to overcome through |
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| 07:21 | types of enzymes they possess to toxins this to that. So we'll go |
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| 07:27 | all those things. Okay. And know, one of the themes you'll |
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| 07:32 | here is because we mentioned it from perspective of your bodies and your naming |
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| 07:36 | is this concept of buying time. ? So either buying time for like |
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| 07:44 | , right? For your immune system catch up, right? Your immune |
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| 07:48 | to detect recognized? Do their thing time and pathogens buying time to make |
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| 07:57 | invisible right to your immune system buys time to begin to multiply. So |
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| 08:01 | goes both ways. Okay so let's what we got here. Um so |
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| 08:11 | get c. So yeah so a course is the reservoir. Okay that's |
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| 08:19 | source of the pathogen and b. the uh virulence factors. Okay see |
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| 08:28 | see here and here. Okay so the and we saw this before now |
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| 08:39 | gonna really focus on heavily on bee go through you know the routes of |
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| 08:44 | routes of transmission of infectious diseases. you have to get from the reservoir |
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| 08:49 | point from there to you and many diseases. We look at the reservoir |
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| 08:54 | actually other humans. Um And so forces of various factors that enable the |
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| 09:02 | overcome the different chemical physical barriers, system themselves etcetera. Okay um the |
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| 09:10 | between primary opportunistic christ remember opportunistic types originate from your own my profile. |
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| 09:17 | they can cause problems if if ah they actually just give you a question |
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| 09:27 | , let me just that's okay, worry about it. So just remember |
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| 09:31 | factors can be um transmitted uh in cases through plasma through conjugation and other |
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| 09:38 | gene transfer mechanisms. Many are faith a lot of toxins that cholera |
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| 09:43 | anthrax toxin required through fage right? a trans abduction. Okay um so |
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| 09:52 | our focus is really heavily on on types of virulence factors. So let's |
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| 09:57 | at the not quite there yet. um Right so a number of reasons |
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| 10:04 | of course will fall into different Okay so whether its adherents so that |
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| 10:12 | be a very big challenge factor for pathogen types of stick so to speak |
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| 10:17 | your own cells tissues particularly um intestinal . Trying to stick to your |
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| 10:24 | The intestinal wall respiratory pathogens is very that they of course adhere to your |
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| 10:32 | , your mucus membranes of your lungs, nasal area and those those |
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| 10:40 | adherence is a big factor. Um typically things that caused damage to |
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| 10:46 | Uh invasion, colonization and invasion. all about numbers and multiplication of |
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| 10:54 | Um the immune response inhibitors. So are different types of components. They |
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| 11:00 | chemicals, enzymes etcetera that they can to either block complement activation, block |
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| 11:09 | action of antibodies, um different types effects like that. Okay. All |
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| 11:15 | course to to enable them to multiply cause disease. So uh let's look |
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| 11:23 | the question that relates to these two here. The primary and opportunistic |
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| 11:27 | Okay so here we go. Um basically it's comparing to these two and |
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| 11:34 | is which is a true statement. yeah It'll be worth like less than |
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| 11:59 | millionth of your final grade. Trust . Mhm. Okay let's see. |
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| 12:36 | lets see see. Yeah certainly be a true statement. So some of |
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| 12:43 | primary pathogens aren't just there by accident there to cause disease. And so |
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| 12:49 | not going to be a part of normal normal microbiota. Okay opportunistic types |
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| 12:55 | . Um Primary pathogen staff is more example of an opportunistic pathogen. Okay |
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| 13:03 | Ebola are examples of primary pathogens. so be of course the true |
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| 13:09 | Okay so um whether you're on antibiotics may cause an upset imbalance of your |
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| 13:19 | microbiota and allow other types of take um a they gain entry to other |
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| 13:27 | of your body that they don't that don't normally reside and that can cause |
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| 13:31 | . So those are kind of typical for your own microbiota may become some |
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| 13:37 | those will become opportunistic pathogens. Okay so uh here is. Now we're |
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| 13:45 | go into some of these examples of factors. So which of these would |
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| 13:51 | not consider virulence factors? So remember of think back to when we look |
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| 13:56 | the example of E. Coli 0157 E coli. Benign harmless lab |
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| 14:05 | Right so yeah pathogen has virulence factors not everything it possesses. Would you |
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| 14:12 | consider virulence factors? Okay um so we're looking here for wood, he |
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| 14:33 | the grants back. Mhm. Yeah you. Okay so if you answered |
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| 15:04 | that's that's correct. Okay so settle membrane a. Okay A RNA polymerase |
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| 15:14 | . N. A. Um These things you wouldn't necessarily consider various factors |
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| 15:19 | themselves don't enable them to overcome compare necessarily because all all cells have a |
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| 15:26 | membrane all cells have been all cells unemployment rates but those those are in |
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| 15:32 | factors. Okay. But certainly top hi you're on today's enzyme. We'll |
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| 15:38 | about that shortly. Opie a member those are all types of virulence |
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| 15:45 | Um Now the uh so here's just example. Don't don't memorize this, |
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| 15:53 | this is just such an example of are the types of graham's factories you |
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| 15:57 | see in common pathogens. And so top of staphylococcus, aureus stuff, |
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| 16:04 | in the bottom uh this you hear altar in terms staph infection, this |
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| 16:09 | the one that typically causes it, aureus. Um staff progeny causes uh |
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| 16:17 | throat uh different types of infectious diseases the skin. The flesh eating |
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| 16:24 | You probably heard of that? Um fever is caused by streptococcus biology. |
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| 16:30 | a number of different governments factors. not every staph aureus pathogen type will |
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| 16:37 | every single one of these factors. will I sshepardcoxnews priorities have every single |
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| 16:44 | of them but they'll have a collection them. Okay. And these are |
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| 16:49 | in in uh enable it to enact different ways, whether it's to break |
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| 16:55 | blood clots, which is what does to get through the tissue, which |
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| 17:01 | what So so the connections between yourselves and your and your tissues have breaking |
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| 17:08 | . So um uh and as well m proteins about kind of adhering from |
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| 17:13 | other functions activated compliments. So the is they can have a big arsenal |
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| 17:19 | virulence factors and uh it can correlate lots of different factors can correlate to |
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| 17:27 | a more virulent, a deadly Okay. So it depends on the |
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| 17:34 | and what they do in terms of factors. Okay um now the uh |
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| 17:44 | we'll go through we'll look closer, little closer at some of those and |
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| 17:46 | they what they do. But uh again we've seen this before, so |
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| 17:50 | focusing really on going to start Okay. In terms of modes of |
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| 17:56 | and then kind of go into different factors. Okay. And so uh |
|
| 18:03 | look at this question here. So relates to um transmission terms we use |
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| 18:11 | talking about different modes of transmission. so things like a vehicle, motor |
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| 18:18 | , which there's different types of those etcetera. Okay. The G. |
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| 18:42 | . Tract, gastrointestinal tract. Okay let's see, mm hmm. |
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| 19:25 | . I answered. Yes. What's one of the ones that |
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| 19:31 | Good one? Which one? For more on what's what's what's another |
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| 19:40 | ? Alright, so ingesting contaminated food water are both gonna be typical routes |
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| 19:47 | um ah G. I. Tract , um respiratory tract infection. |
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| 19:59 | Right so um so if you look most of transmission. Okay. Starting |
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| 20:05 | reservoir. Remember reservoir is you say want to study pathogen. X. |
|
| 20:12 | . It doesn't have to be a outbreak going on. I just wanna |
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| 20:15 | where where does it naturally live? and for some types it can be |
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| 20:20 | varied. You know it can be water, different animals. Right. |
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| 20:27 | Listeria kind of fits that mode. others are more narrow. Alright. |
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| 20:32 | as only being in humans. Asymptomatic characters. Right. We're all |
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| 20:36 | with that term by now. Um uh look at the number of different |
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| 20:41 | measles, mumps, meningitis, It's actually the you would be the |
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| 20:47 | as I reside in a good portion the population and those persons have no |
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| 20:52 | or symptoms of disease. Um Certainly sexually transmitted diseases. Those are typically |
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| 21:00 | exclusively reservoirs or humans. Okay So zoo and those seeds is also |
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| 21:07 | common um Where the reservoir is an of some sort very common to be |
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| 21:14 | uh insects in particular mosquitoes such as Nile virus, malaria, Yellow fever |
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| 21:23 | others. Okay. Um uh Not just mosquitoes but ticks as |
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| 21:30 | fleas plague please. So my ticks, rabies of course different types |
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| 21:37 | mammals can carry rabies. And so non living. So our poor environmental |
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| 21:43 | , soil water is that sort so like tetanus botulism. These organisms reside |
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| 21:52 | soil. Okay of course fungal fungus, soil is the domain of |
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| 21:58 | as well. Okay um So the getting from reservoir to you. Okay |
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| 22:07 | it can be as something that's contact , these different types of contact |
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| 22:12 | direct indirect droplet droplet droplet which is , it's really there's actually a distinction |
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| 22:21 | in terms of distance. Okay, droplet, you're right, I'm in |
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| 22:26 | face or your in my face and sneeze on you or your sneeze on |
|
| 22:29 | . I catch it. That's typically droplet. If I'm hearing, you're |
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| 22:34 | there, right? And you catch and it's gonna be airborne. |
|
| 22:37 | So there's there's actually a distance component . Um So for me it's for |
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| 22:43 | are um inanimate objects. Alright, a contaminated surface and you touch |
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| 22:50 | right? And you transmit it to . Um They used Kleenex and you |
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| 22:55 | it a door knob or door handle content and you touch it. Um |
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| 23:00 | are our phone lines, direct physical , certainly kissing your partner, sexual |
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| 23:10 | contact. So these will all be course direct contact. Okay. |
|
| 23:15 | vehicle modes comprised uh these and there be some others besides waterborne airborne and |
|
| 23:23 | foodborne meat, blood borne diseases as . Um And so with these |
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| 23:31 | starting with waterborne typically contaminated water sources the how this happens. Um whether |
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| 23:42 | a compromise water treatment system, so common in areas where there may be |
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| 23:48 | sort of catastrophe or disaster such as earthquake or what have you that causes |
|
| 23:54 | breakdown in the infrastructure including water treatment , you know, very quickly uh |
|
| 24:02 | quickly will come to the effects of such as cholera and things like |
|
| 24:07 | Um so um airborne, of course can travel on dust particles. Pet |
|
| 24:14 | , um and and can transmit disease way. Food born of course is |
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| 24:21 | just eating contaminated food. Um It be the handling of food, whether |
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| 24:28 | wrong, sort of the wrong it's it's not keeping a clean area |
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| 24:33 | food preparation is occurring, uh not sanitary procedures, not wearing gloves, |
|
| 24:38 | kind of things. So all that contribute to uh foodborne disease as well |
|
| 24:46 | you have to think about, you , if it's produce um that's contaminated |
|
| 24:51 | obviously starts in a agricultural area somewhere picked and gets to you. There's |
|
| 24:57 | lot of hands that goes through before gets to your mouth. Okay. |
|
| 25:01 | one of those, potentially a area improper handling can lead to foodborne |
|
| 25:07 | Okay, um accidental transmission. vertical transmission fairly easy passing from mother |
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| 25:17 | child during birth of syphilis is and sexually transmitted diseases can be passed from |
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| 25:24 | to offspring that way. But it's about what we call vertical transmission. |
|
| 25:29 | , accidental transmissions. Little a little . That's where um a human best |
|
| 25:37 | I can give of that is Lyme . Okay, so Lyme disease, |
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| 25:42 | think the first reported cases of that About 30 or 40 years ago um |
|
| 25:49 | Connecticut and so lime juice, lime for lyme Connecticut. And in that |
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| 25:58 | as there is all over the humans are developing, right Whether for |
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| 26:03 | or whatever, right, clearing land stuff, right? So in this |
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| 26:09 | there was a particular kind of life with this um tick okay, involving |
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| 26:15 | few different animals and insects and you , humans aren't there where it's a |
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| 26:21 | area and there's really no human encounters than the occasional hiker or whatnot. |
|
| 26:27 | . But when you have now development in your clearing forest land and lots |
|
| 26:33 | humans now are getting in there, kind of just accidentally insert themselves in |
|
| 26:38 | and get bitten and acquired a otherwise it would never have happened. |
|
| 26:43 | this kind of accidental encounter is what to this outbreak. And so um |
|
| 26:51 | that's really what accidental, it's kind a random thing, but it really |
|
| 26:55 | when the human inserts themselves unknowingly in situation where there might be this, |
|
| 27:00 | um pick a reservoir for a pathogen they get acquired that way. |
|
| 27:07 | Where they otherwise wouldn't. Okay, , vector of course insects, mosquitoes |
|
| 27:14 | mentioned, mosquitoes, ticks, party the more common uh types the mechanical |
|
| 27:22 | biological transmission. Right? So mechanical . Think of a housewife flying around |
|
| 27:29 | , lands on garbage or something right the garbage on top of a garbage |
|
| 27:33 | and so then it applies on right, lands on you and maybe |
|
| 27:39 | somehow with a touch of area, touch your mouth, your eyes would |
|
| 27:42 | you and you come down with whatever carrying on its legs. Right. |
|
| 27:46 | kind of a random thing as but acquired that way that that's what |
|
| 27:50 | would call mechanical transmission. Okay. , so theoretically, you know, |
|
| 27:56 | of different diseases could be passed that . Okay, biological transmission. It |
|
| 28:04 | involve parasite life cycle. Like the for example, malaria involves a |
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| 28:10 | particular mosquito species that then feeds on . And the malaria parasite is specific |
|
| 28:19 | multiplying, I think first in the gets in the blood, then use |
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| 28:23 | blood cells as a vehicle to So, so it's a very specific |
|
| 28:27 | . Alright, so that's that's what call biological transmission. So biological transmission |
|
| 28:32 | not be a random kind of a . We could catch anything that |
|
| 28:35 | That's a very specific. So malaria that mold added to a few |
|
| 28:40 | Typically some sort of not always, some sort of a protozoa type |
|
| 28:48 | Protozoa ones tend to have lots of weird life cycles involving different animal |
|
| 28:53 | So that's often where you see Okay. Um, yes. Any |
|
| 29:00 | so far. Okay. Yeah, sorry. All right. So, |
|
| 29:06 | , so let's look at, so all about transmissions. We're gonna transition |
|
| 29:11 | into different types of virulence factors. . And so, uh, and |
|
| 29:18 | this kind of question is relating to this is the the role of a |
|
| 29:26 | factor. So not Alabama's factors fit same function. Okay, summer for |
|
| 29:34 | , summer for these types of Others are for other type. |
|
| 29:41 | Um and so it's kind of what is kind of getting at here. |
|
| 29:48 | looking for. The exception here does is not involved in penetrating or hiding |
|
| 29:55 | host defenses. Okay. Mhm. . Let's see. Okay. Um |
|
| 30:43 | it actually would be toxins here. . So capsules will cover particularly cover |
|
| 30:54 | cell whether it's out of membrane or like and it's gram positive, gram |
|
| 31:01 | . Um that will enable it to of highlights engines. Maybe not make |
|
| 31:06 | as visible also it will enable it not be maybe as easily as Vegas |
|
| 31:11 | . Okay. Um and or genetic that certainly changes the profile of visible |
|
| 31:19 | on the surface that can make it if it changes those. That was |
|
| 31:24 | cold in Chapter nine No 10. This that was a phase variation. |
|
| 31:29 | right. Same thing. Hi, on today's and coagulants is a little |
|
| 31:35 | how you're gonna days can break apart connections between tissues and able to penetrate |
|
| 31:41 | is can clot and they'll kind of a cocoon around it so hide it |
|
| 31:46 | the immune system. So the choice given I'd say toxins, those are |
|
| 31:51 | about causing damage. Okay, causing in different ways. Um whether it's |
|
| 31:57 | a solid balance in the cell or protein synthesis. These are things about |
|
| 32:04 | damage to the cell toxins are not much really hiding from host offenses. |
|
| 32:10 | . Um Still looking at various factors . Right and the role they have |
|
| 32:19 | uh multiple whether it's um penetrating reading defenses damaging a host Adhering to the |
|
| 32:26 | is another one. So this question which is not a clicker question is |
|
| 32:31 | asking it's a footboard pageant because it caused a skin infection. And this |
|
| 32:36 | to preferred what we call preferred portal entry. Okay so each pathogen type |
|
| 32:45 | its particular Wait enters the body. so foodborne pathogens. So e coli |
|
| 32:52 | right foodborne pathogen you would of course through ingestion of contaminated food. Okay |
|
| 33:00 | that particularly coli is geared for uh acid americans. Think of the journey |
|
| 33:06 | you go into the intestines right then go to the stomach. So acidity |
|
| 33:11 | So it's it's built to withstand Um It also adheres to your intestinal |
|
| 33:17 | . So uh so it's virulence factors really geared towards that way of talking |
|
| 33:22 | . So if you took 157 and on your skin it's really not gonna |
|
| 33:27 | anything maybe cause a rash or Okay but that's about it. Right |
|
| 33:31 | it's about prefer parliamentary. Okay um some of the other types of pathogens |
|
| 33:38 | would take them from their not their normal route they probably not gonna do |
|
| 33:43 | to you. Okay so because Skin and parental rights. So mucus |
|
| 33:48 | of course your respiratory tract pathogens. S. T. D. These |
|
| 33:52 | the ones that use mucus membranes whether in inhaling okay. Um It could |
|
| 34:01 | through sexual contact. Okay. Um of course there's natural openings in the |
|
| 34:06 | . So a staph infection typically occurs getting into uh either through a parental |
|
| 34:12 | where you deposit skins under the So it's kind of a puncture wound |
|
| 34:15 | some type um skin through hair Sweat glands can drink Taiwanese eyes. |
|
| 34:23 | so these are all different routes uh your S. T. D. |
|
| 34:29 | . Are particularly sensitive to drying And so they really rely on the |
|
| 34:35 | of the mucous membranes to to Um Now adhesion. Right that's that's |
|
| 34:43 | big factor for many pathogens to adhere yourselves, respiratory pathogens G. |
|
| 34:48 | Tract pathogens. Um And then of you always have to consider how many |
|
| 34:53 | are infecting it. What's the dose to speak of microbes affecting um that |
|
| 34:58 | certainly play a part. Um And attachment can be so he he's in |
|
| 35:05 | kind of a generic term that is to apply to all any molecules involved |
|
| 35:10 | this in this function which can be it could be just other molecules that |
|
| 35:17 | not collected from bri I typically glycoprotein lipids on the surface. These are |
|
| 35:23 | that can maybe promote adherence to particular of your cells surfaces. In fact |
|
| 35:33 | the so here's some more specific So with e. Coli the |
|
| 35:37 | N. 57 again. Right february very important when they looked at mutant |
|
| 35:43 | lacking from brand they weren't able to disease. So an important feature for |
|
| 35:49 | uh in protein. So this this found streptococcus species several pageants in these |
|
| 35:56 | this group I mentioned in the next open a protein in Neisseria, |
|
| 36:02 | gonorrhea and meningitis or two of the types here. Um Looking at penetrating |
|
| 36:12 | coast defenses or capsule enzymes from collide damaging host toxins. We also were |
|
| 36:21 | of viruses that they're interested in the of course because they infect the host |
|
| 36:25 | use it to replicate. But there bacterial types that do that as |
|
| 36:29 | Okay but then not for the purpose replicating but for the purpose of hiding |
|
| 36:33 | right and then eventually causing damage as . Okay um the uh so let's |
|
| 36:40 | at this process is gonna take us some of the more specific virulence factors |
|
| 36:46 | to both adherents and then penetrating into body. Okay so we'll look at |
|
| 36:55 | . P. A. And Proteins here. Okay So this process |
|
| 37:00 | one that um my syria uses especially meningitis organism as a way to ah |
|
| 37:14 | other parts of your body. Okay it is indeed transito sis. Okay |
|
| 37:58 | I'll elaborate on that in a Let's look at um in host defenses |
|
| 38:08 | and here's the M protein. Yeah streptococcus. So um this like by |
|
| 38:18 | this is the meningitis organism. It's pairs like yourselves cox in pairs. |
|
| 38:25 | too is many streptococcus pneumonia. Um these M proteins on the surface for |
|
| 38:35 | as well as other activities inhibiting complement , preventing preventing figure psychosis. So |
|
| 38:47 | . Very much a factor. Okay here is the the O. |
|
| 38:52 | A. Protein. So the P. A. Protein is actually |
|
| 38:55 | the small little dark spots you see the surface. Okay and so um |
|
| 39:04 | two types of adherence that goes on , what we call kind of a |
|
| 39:07 | attachment in a tight adherence. Okay you see the pill i that are |
|
| 39:15 | from the surface. So remember that I can plumb arise and get |
|
| 39:20 | Diploma, rise and get short. so that's kind of what happens first |
|
| 39:26 | is that these cells kind of anchor on the surface through the pillow, |
|
| 39:33 | pill I shorten and then that promotes tight adherence with the O. |
|
| 39:39 | A. Proteins. Okay then that induces engulf mint by the cell. |
|
| 39:47 | is what the trans transito sis's basically through this cell layer. Okay so |
|
| 39:54 | that in that direction as you see course outside the cells going through this |
|
| 40:00 | there and coming out on the other . Okay so it's not using the |
|
| 40:05 | as a vehicle to replicate itself. it's a ways to get in and |
|
| 40:09 | out. Okay, penetrating deeper into body. Okay. And then of |
|
| 40:13 | on this side you can hitch a with different cell types. Right? |
|
| 40:19 | if if we're exiting near a blood let's say some of our blood vessels |
|
| 40:27 | um are made up of endothelial So if they can get inside and |
|
| 40:33 | the ethereal cell that makes up a vessel then they can get into the |
|
| 40:37 | . Thanks. Um Maybe he gets and they transport yourself into a neutral |
|
| 40:45 | or mon aside right that can go lymphatic fluid and develop into dendritic cells |
|
| 40:53 | macrophages. So the point is this can transport itself different parts of the |
|
| 41:00 | this way. Okay so we'll learn time that this the meningitis organism crosses |
|
| 41:06 | blood brain barrier. Like I mentioned before. So it has to get |
|
| 41:11 | you're into the central nervous system and that takes getting through different cell layers |
|
| 41:16 | that this is how we can do to this transito sis process. |
|
| 41:22 | And you know potentially become a systemic by getting through all the teachers of |
|
| 41:27 | body. Okay. Um Now the questions about so for many pathogens it's |
|
| 41:40 | know it's really about once they infect is how how far can we infect |
|
| 41:45 | we get into different parts of the . Can we obviously that's that's not |
|
| 41:48 | for you because the more it spreads that's more tissues and organs that are |
|
| 41:54 | obviously. Yeah, it's um I when it binds tightly it induces it's |
|
| 42:04 | on one of these receptors that brings endometriosis for the for the cell. |
|
| 42:14 | you have many my cholesterol for example buy into a receptor and then that |
|
| 42:19 | in those ketosis process to bring it . And so it's probably likely exploiting |
|
| 42:22 | of those types of mechanisms. So recall like the viruses can do that |
|
| 42:28 | well. Remember the reception media induced process to bring viruses in is probably |
|
| 42:34 | receptors like that that triggered that And it's my guess it's like uh |
|
| 42:42 | much yeah. Right, right. . Yeah. It's not it's not |
|
| 42:44 | random kind of thing that they're gonna specific in terms of by me, |
|
| 42:49 | specific receptor that induces that. Yeah. Um Okay, so this |
|
| 42:57 | a question about various factors. Okay, so uh correct that this |
|
| 43:04 | actually eat a through e okay, correctly matched. Okay, so functions |
|
| 43:12 | Berlitz factors here. Okay, mm . Mhm. Okay. Yeah, |
|
| 44:31 | you answered d are correct. so invasions that's really about getting inside |
|
| 44:41 | a cell. So your interest cellular use invasions to get inside of the |
|
| 44:45 | uh and the toxin that's found only gram negative. We talked about that |
|
| 44:49 | guess way back in sell procreate itself um OPM proteins. Those aren't exact |
|
| 44:57 | there adherence some other functions but not not extra toxin. Uh coagulates is |
|
| 45:06 | a man he's in it promotes kind clotting. Okay so the of course |
|
| 45:11 | correct. And so let's um look that. So these are all um |
|
| 45:21 | factors here on this line that relate penetration. Okay. Getting deeper in |
|
| 45:26 | tissues. It's gonna be enzymes. they're going they're going to do |
|
| 45:30 | Okay so it coagulates. So staph aureus the pathogen types there's a high |
|
| 45:39 | between pathogenic staph aureus and coagulates Right? There's not many I don't |
|
| 45:46 | coagulates negative staph aureus that are Both of them are coagulates positive. |
|
| 45:55 | and so it coagulates. So of fibrinogen is in our soluble protein factors |
|
| 46:01 | our blood that we enable it to into these network of fibers called fiber |
|
| 46:08 | . Okay. Um And these farmers together the 4:00. Okay. A |
|
| 46:16 | example of that. If you look a scab on top of your skin |
|
| 46:21 | you kind of tear it apart you there's lots of fibers in there. |
|
| 46:25 | ? But but it doesn't always occur occur visibly on top of your skin |
|
| 46:29 | also occur internally as well. Okay uh so it does happen it's |
|
| 46:34 | That process is triggered when you need . But there are bacteria that can |
|
| 46:39 | it on their own and and coagulates what enables that to happen. Okay |
|
| 46:44 | you see there's a test you can to determine this. So this test |
|
| 46:50 | have will have these protein fibers in . If the bacterium is carrying coagulates |
|
| 46:57 | will of course clock that and you'll kind of this solidifying of the medium |
|
| 47:03 | here it's actually staying liquid liquid form it's negative. Okay. Um and |
|
| 47:10 | you have the opposite as well. have enzymes that will break apart blood |
|
| 47:14 | . Okay. Um kindnesses. So like streptokinase, there's a staff specific |
|
| 47:21 | the particular pathogen but the functions is the same. Okay. Hi you're |
|
| 47:27 | it. So these are hyaluronic acid what um holds your tissues together in |
|
| 47:35 | cases connected tissue. And how ironic will break it apart. Okay, |
|
| 47:42 | is very similarly. Uh I'm gonna you an animation of this in a |
|
| 47:47 | . Proteus is of different kinds. So remember a lot of your respiratory |
|
| 47:53 | and others cling to your cells in respiratory track mucous membranes and I. |
|
| 48:00 | . A. Is a very common produced that sits there and can destroy |
|
| 48:05 | pathogen. But if it has a a specific for I. G. |
|
| 48:08 | . You can counteract that effect and can indeed then adhere to the to |
|
| 48:14 | mucous membranes. Okay. Um so look at this here. So this |
|
| 48:22 | um a couple of examples of some the various factors we just looked |
|
| 48:29 | So cross section through the skin. you see a hair follicle there and |
|
| 48:38 | gonna see a pageant coming right Um Since we need a close up |
|
| 48:44 | the tissue so of course there's gonna a layer of skin. Several layers |
|
| 48:49 | cells et cetera. And various enzymes can produce two penetrate. Okay so |
|
| 48:59 | go to zoom in. And so are your cells, right? The |
|
| 49:04 | material is hyaluronic acid. Right? them. You get kind of like |
|
| 49:09 | in a way. Okay and so ironic days enzyme can break apart. |
|
| 49:14 | can then penetrate through these tissues. here are layers of collagen. So |
|
| 49:22 | collagen acts like a foundation or what call a basement membrane. And for |
|
| 49:28 | cells attached to write. And so they have college and a son that |
|
| 49:32 | break apart these fibers and you can penetrate deeper into tissues. So it's |
|
| 49:42 | . Mhm. Let's see what else shot here. Okay so um okay |
|
| 49:51 | the kind of action. So here's blood clot um And here comes staph |
|
| 49:57 | strep I guess. And then it kindness. It can break apart that |
|
| 50:02 | and then gain entry through that So um now back to just over |
|
| 50:12 | second to the function of these Back here. Back here there we |
|
| 50:20 | . Okay so um we'll look at next one on Wednesday and different skin |
|
| 50:29 | and so typically involving staph or strep in particular um can college vary now |
|
| 50:37 | call it levels of skin destruction let's okay two more superficial layers to more |
|
| 50:45 | penetrating. So flesh eating is kind the extreme example we were down in |
|
| 50:49 | bone. Okay. But that ability to these kinds of enzymes and toxins |
|
| 50:55 | well to kind of cause damage and deeper in the tissues uh as bad |
|
| 51:01 | getting you know down to the bone sometimes that happens and then you likely |
|
| 51:06 | a limb or whatnot. So um it all relates to these kinds of |
|
| 51:11 | kinds of these kinds of enzymes it . Um let's let me go back |
|
| 51:17 | here And look at this one. . Uh Two, Go ahead this |
|
| 51:30 | . Okay, I'm gonna I'll say when we get to that part, |
|
| 51:34 | not quite there yet. So let's back to here. And toxins. |
|
| 51:40 | and different types. Okay, so the four or five categories of toxins |
|
| 51:47 | to are the types that inhibit protein are the types that manipulate the the |
|
| 51:54 | of ions across the membrane. Two that produce a hyper immune response to |
|
| 52:04 | affecting the integrity of the cell So, different categories uh what many |
|
| 52:09 | them have in common structurally is this of structure here? This basic A |
|
| 52:15 | . Or a. Is the active of the toxin that does the actual |
|
| 52:20 | , so to speak. And the part which is the bindings. Remember |
|
| 52:24 | XO toxins are made by the cell then secreted outside the cell. So |
|
| 52:31 | toxins have a target. Right so target specific cells and buying into a |
|
| 52:38 | type of receptor, another molecule on surface. And so only if those |
|
| 52:43 | have that particular molecule will be toxin . Okay yeah you have types that |
|
| 52:50 | neurotoxins that only work on chemicals involved neurotransmitter functions. Okay. Others our |
|
| 52:59 | cell type carbon so it just Alright the point is there are targets |
|
| 53:03 | these toxins of course. Remember toxins generally protein in nature and they too |
|
| 53:12 | energies that your body can produce your immune response to them. Okay that's |
|
| 53:17 | basis for tetanus tetanus shot uh that's we call it. Toxoid, |
|
| 53:22 | induces immune response. So a basic of function of a toxin the Xabi |
|
| 53:30 | you see here. So it's produced a pathogen and then we'll exit and |
|
| 53:35 | seek out a target and then on target cell it will bind. Typically |
|
| 53:41 | whole thing gets a window seat toast the cell. Okay and then clips |
|
| 53:47 | the active portion, we will then its function and then the other part |
|
| 53:55 | . Okay so again many many of toxins kind of have this basic kind |
|
| 54:00 | function binding and then the active portion its thing inside the cell. Um |
|
| 54:07 | these are these categories. Right so mentioned about disrupting the cell cytoplasmic |
|
| 54:13 | So cell membrane disruptors hey mollison's will that in the context of uh streptococcus |
|
| 54:23 | on blood auger we'll see clearing right? That's where it breaks apart |
|
| 54:28 | blood cells and it does it because has him. Allison's Okay, Lucas |
|
| 54:33 | are specifically for white blood cells. . Um protein synthesis disruptors. So |
|
| 54:40 | theory respiratory disease shiga toxin shiga is many gastrointestinal pathogens. Okay so these |
|
| 54:52 | inhibit protein synthesis which certainly will kill cell. Um These Lucas silencing |
|
| 54:59 | Allison's kind of are now just like a straw inside the membrane causing it |
|
| 55:03 | lice and causing death that way. cholera toxin and other types that are |
|
| 55:10 | in your intestinal pathogens disrupt the flow ions. So the second messenger pathway |
|
| 55:20 | um do that. Okay, so all are aware of the effects of |
|
| 55:25 | pathogen symptom number one typically diarrhea. ? So that that represents of course |
|
| 55:30 | loss of water from your system. it happens because not always because of |
|
| 55:35 | because the pathogen itself can cause many them are interest saver patterns. Um |
|
| 55:41 | of them uh cause inflammation of the of the intestinal tract and these can |
|
| 55:47 | to kind of these kind of effects well where uh i on balance is |
|
| 55:52 | , remember water goes where the ions . And so if they're coming out |
|
| 55:55 | the cell intestinal cells and water goes it and you have water loss and |
|
| 56:00 | typical symptoms of G. I tract . Okay whether it's stomach through or |
|
| 56:06 | have you. Okay. Um Super . So very much like we're gonna |
|
| 56:12 | about endo toxin effect here in a . It was super energy and similarly |
|
| 56:18 | really about a hyper response. So we went through the inflammatory response |
|
| 56:25 | where it was localized, right? local effect where the blood vessels in |
|
| 56:31 | area kind of get more permeable media come out figures sometimes pathogens in the |
|
| 56:38 | . Um And you get the other of, you know, dilation of |
|
| 56:41 | vessels etcetera. But it's all right? And that's fine when you |
|
| 56:45 | to make it now and more body effect involving potentially all affecting all the |
|
| 56:51 | your immune system and then they all the influential response that's too much. |
|
| 56:56 | body can't handle it. Okay so engines can do that because excess cytokines |
|
| 57:03 | remember information is all about producing these of kinds and they cause different |
|
| 57:08 | So again fine if you're doing it the local localized area of the |
|
| 57:12 | But when you begin to do it wide it becomes too much. And |
|
| 57:16 | that's when your body can go into . So very similarly we'll see that |
|
| 57:22 | with endo toxin effect because this is very similar type of thing. |
|
| 57:27 | Programs as we mentioned one of these , I. G. A proteus |
|
| 57:31 | there are types that are neurotoxins, tetanus toxin uh will destroy acetylcholine is |
|
| 57:40 | of the main neurotransmitters that enabled your system to talk to your muscles. |
|
| 57:47 | texas is all about getting the spasmodic and it's because it interferes with the |
|
| 57:53 | of the neurotransmitter. Okay so um in the toxins these in contrast and |
|
| 58:02 | a toxin is not produced and secreted an extra toxin. These are basically |
|
| 58:09 | part of an integral part of the . Okay and so the effect is |
|
| 58:16 | once that cell dies. Okay so negative. So basically any gram negative |
|
| 58:23 | as I know talks because part of lipid a material right on the outer |
|
| 58:28 | . And so um and when it's it's not a problem. Okay when |
|
| 58:34 | begins to lice then that material is free but then they can potentially encounter |
|
| 58:41 | cells. So here you see um ingesting a grandma. Uh huh digested |
|
| 58:50 | the material becomes available, triggering cytokine and traveling throughout the body Catholic of |
|
| 59:00 | and causing fever among other effects when toxin begins to travel through the |
|
| 59:06 | Okay that can of course alert many of the immune system and they will |
|
| 59:12 | how they would in inflammatory type response . Okay so we're gonna look at |
|
| 59:19 | here. Okay so again the severity this as I mentioned way back when |
|
| 59:24 | talked about this? It's a very gram negative infection really is depends on |
|
| 59:29 | advanced is it. Right. Is just a local infection or has it |
|
| 59:34 | ? Right. If it's a local that hasn't yet spread, that's not |
|
| 59:38 | not gonna be as big a concern but if it gets into the blood |
|
| 59:43 | that's a huge concern. Right? what sepsis refers to infection in the |
|
| 59:48 | . Okay. And so so he lipid a material so gram negative let's |
|
| 59:52 | is is LISZT um that material now available uh and combined with T. |
|
| 59:59 | . R. S right there on toll like receptors on the macrophages or |
|
| 60:03 | cells combine that and then of course whole study kind of effect. |
|
| 60:09 | so again this is a contained infection spread. Probably not that big of |
|
| 60:15 | deal. Right? Because you'll just out some cited kinds and sales will |
|
| 60:20 | to the site and help out with infection. But if this is something |
|
| 60:24 | traveling through the blood but now you activate all kinds of of immune system |
|
| 60:29 | that are everywhere, then they can this effect and dump site of kinds |
|
| 60:34 | the blood and everywhere else. And then many cells respond and you get |
|
| 60:39 | like production fever like this again, a cytokine io to um basic like |
|
| 60:45 | factors that we're aware of that that produced. Um you know, if |
|
| 60:52 | a local infection, not a But if its body wide now you |
|
| 60:55 | affect capillaries, feeding your vital Right. And that can lead to |
|
| 61:01 | loss. Exactly the drop in blood drop in blood pressure. Okay. |
|
| 61:08 | factors can be activated that can then up capillaries right? Um Now you're |
|
| 61:14 | get exchange of material exchange of nutrients those cells begin to die. Okay |
|
| 61:20 | death. So collectively all this when is all happening right again? Typically |
|
| 61:27 | as a result of a septic infections the blood all cells being lots of |
|
| 61:33 | are being activated and producing these Then the body says enough, okay |
|
| 61:41 | when your body says that, that's it goes into shock. Okay. |
|
| 61:45 | then once you're in shock that you have a lot of time at that |
|
| 61:50 | . So it's helped the person. you know what you do in this |
|
| 61:54 | where you have to um you have um uh somehow get rid of this |
|
| 62:00 | endo toxin. There are drugs that do that. Um But but it's |
|
| 62:07 | basically a body wide response, And and it overwhelms the body can't |
|
| 62:11 | it. Okay. And uh yeah I said it's it's it's if the |
|
| 62:17 | negative infection has gone septic and that's a huge concern at that point to |
|
| 62:22 | to prevent this from happening. Um questions about that. Okay so um |
|
| 62:32 | so interested in the pathogens. So we're not gonna talk about viruses here |
|
| 62:39 | we talked about viruses before. Okay focused on bacterial types here that can |
|
| 62:47 | a cell as a way to hide basically. Or handover hideout and um |
|
| 62:54 | it to penetrate deeper into the body spread. Okay, so uh and |
|
| 63:00 | really even further focused on the faculty times. Okay. Right here. |
|
| 63:08 | , so these are types that normally know do their thing outside sales where |
|
| 63:14 | can get inside and they need to , um shigella and salmonella are intestinal |
|
| 63:21 | um foodborne or waterborne and they can spread beyond your intestinal cells and get |
|
| 63:33 | into your body if they do this pathogen mechanism. Okay, there are |
|
| 63:39 | types. Okay, Acacia is a a very somewhat primitive bacterium. It's |
|
| 63:49 | bacterium no doubt, but it doesn't a lot of functions. So it |
|
| 63:52 | kind of multiplies within the cell and of hangs out there are spread by |
|
| 63:59 | . Um but but there are So these faculties of types are are |
|
| 64:04 | of exploits cells for the purpose of out um and and penetrating deeper. |
|
| 64:10 | invasions are kind of what they Okay, so it's a collection of |
|
| 64:15 | a dozen proteins or so that it insert into the cell. Okay, |
|
| 64:21 | this would be a intestinal cell Okay, here's the salmonella is the |
|
| 64:27 | and so it injects these proteins. call it factor proteins. They have |
|
| 64:32 | functions. One of them is to if you recall the intestinal cells. |
|
| 64:39 | . Have these Micro Villi right on side. Right. And that's where |
|
| 64:47 | absorption occurs. Right? You make , you get a lot of surface |
|
| 64:50 | , that's where nutrients are absorbed. ? And so it's due to the |
|
| 64:56 | are due to acting right? Like little tent poles acting plum arises and |
|
| 65:02 | of like holding up a tent Tent pole kind of forms forms kind |
|
| 65:07 | a pseudo pods if you will. . And so similarly these effective |
|
| 65:13 | One of the effects is to work do that with acting in the |
|
| 65:17 | So it kind of forces the cell make this these arms that will engulf |
|
| 65:24 | bacteria. That's what it induces in cells. And so it can then |
|
| 65:30 | inside the cell that way. and so um there you see an |
|
| 65:37 | of what's called membrane mm So here a sort of remembering folds furth via |
|
| 65:46 | invasions, some of which serves to the acting and cause these photos to |
|
| 65:53 | . Now we can get doubled up to speak and engulfed and take in |
|
| 65:58 | cell. And so uh let me show that real quick here. |
|
| 66:04 | so again, here is a intestinal . Okay, salmonella and she goes |
|
| 66:14 | another one, a non motile But it will I think this is |
|
| 66:20 | one that's gonna do it, Okay, come on, which one |
|
| 66:25 | guys are gonna do it? Okay, let me speed this |
|
| 66:30 | There we go. Okay, so and then this injection of these defective |
|
| 66:38 | invasions. Okay, what is things ? Let's speed this up here. |
|
| 66:46 | we go. So, assertion of . And I think it's through a |
|
| 66:49 | . I it does this Okay, talents. So it gets engulfed. |
|
| 66:55 | then it can use that to kind exploit the cell. And so your |
|
| 67:01 | cells, uh your intestines period are vascular arised, right? Lots of |
|
| 67:08 | surrounding your intestines. That's where nutrient occurs. Right? So they can |
|
| 67:14 | the intestinal cell. Get used it get through and then get into nearby |
|
| 67:20 | supply. Yeah, potentially. So also as well creating upset in |
|
| 67:27 | solute balance. Right? So salute water comes out. Uh And so |
|
| 67:33 | you're gonna see who goes into a then. Alright, so or maybe |
|
| 67:38 | the blood. So again, a to kind of exploit uh cells get |
|
| 67:43 | hide from the immune system and then further into the tissues. Here is |
|
| 67:48 | example of So, shigella is a motile type. Okay. And so |
|
| 67:55 | can actually get inside of a cell a similar fashion. Okay. And |
|
| 68:00 | use this um property of being able manipulate acting again. Okay. Uh |
|
| 68:11 | see if they show it here, see mm hmm. Yeah, So |
|
| 68:21 | me pause it. So you see guy Moving around. Right? So |
|
| 68:26 | it does is it takes active monomers it on one pole and claim arises |
|
| 68:32 | . Okay. And so basically uh is the this is the cell. |
|
| 68:37 | . And it claim arises action to but let's say okay here and then |
|
| 68:43 | keeps doing that. It moves, able to move that way. It's |
|
| 68:46 | of a weird motion. But you of see it here around. I |
|
| 68:52 | penetrate into other cells. Okay, it's what we call um formation of |
|
| 68:58 | acting rockets as you see here. , Like that. So it uses |
|
| 69:03 | plum arises the acting on one it gets longer and then this property |
|
| 69:10 | propels itself forward this way. Social gala, listeria which are both |
|
| 69:14 | motile. But this kind of gives motility. Okay, so if you |
|
| 69:21 | um a type that's a faculty active interesting other uh parasites, so to |
|
| 69:31 | . Okay, you get in right the cell then you have to remember |
|
| 69:37 | there are gonna be different strategies, ? Because there's gonna be different fates |
|
| 69:41 | you. Okay, so if you that right, in the form of |
|
| 69:45 | . Okay, well you have to that this will fuse. The cell |
|
| 69:49 | going to say that there is a ozone. Let's fuse with the lice |
|
| 69:52 | and digest digest it. Right? this thing has limited lifetime. In |
|
| 69:58 | mode, we're gonna have to do else is gonna die. Okay, |
|
| 70:02 | strategy is this one. Alright, out, right? Breakout, This |
|
| 70:09 | these are types that can do the rocket formation thing. Right? So |
|
| 70:13 | can move penetrate into other cells. penetrate out here spread. Okay so |
|
| 70:20 | one strategy just to break out. . Um One another one is prevent |
|
| 70:28 | fusion of the license zone and with rest of it. Alright. So |
|
| 70:34 | for next. And then salmonella uses to to really two entrances toast is |
|
| 70:40 | similar to what we saw with nice . Right? It breaks out here |
|
| 70:45 | then goes into other cell types Okay. Um And so does that |
|
| 70:51 | preventing fusion of these two. Um And by preventing fusion it can |
|
| 70:57 | to sell to them exit. Third strategy is to say the heck |
|
| 71:02 | it. I'll just stay inside I'll take whatever the cell throws at |
|
| 71:07 | . Right. So aligned design does . Right? But it's able to |
|
| 71:12 | the acidity and the enzyme action that's because license on license zones are digestive |
|
| 71:18 | . All right. So the bacteria just withstand it gets just able to |
|
| 71:23 | that and survive and basically multiply within the best. Okay so a toxic |
|
| 71:31 | an example that cocktail is very resistant that kind of treatment. So you |
|
| 71:35 | just hang out and survive and multiply these um vesicles. Okay so three |
|
| 71:41 | strategies depending on the particular type. but again what's it what's it enabled |
|
| 71:49 | do? Well while in here it be hidden from the immune system. |
|
| 71:54 | can multiply or and or it can this as a way to spread into |
|
| 72:00 | body or maybe it's the type that that's how it lives, it lives |
|
| 72:04 | of these things and just multiplies that . Grant this is probably uh this |
|
| 72:10 | limit. This strategy is limited to few right more common. Is this |
|
| 72:15 | this? Okay, caution. Okay so remember the other thing here |
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| 72:23 | salmonella shigella or listeria faculty natives, do that sometimes. Okay, it's |
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| 72:35 | a permanent thing for them, They can live outside the cell, |
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| 72:38 | is what they typically do but they do this to avoid the immune system |
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| 72:42 | to spread. Yeah. Um Okay let's look at um this one |
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| 72:52 | So this is um so there's very factors um so we looked at intracellular |
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| 73:02 | so you can have types that have intracellular strategy, so to speak. |
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| 73:06 | we just saw they were gonna have that have extra sales. Right, |
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| 73:10 | many passengers of course cannot get inside a cell and they have to do |
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| 73:14 | thing. Oh they're outside of the , Right, exercise or pathogen. |
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| 73:19 | so oops sorry didn't mean to do . I mean I opened it again |
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| 73:25 | go ahead and answer real quick. my bet. So um Mhm So |
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| 73:32 | a well that let's let's see what is. Yeah. Okay so yeah |
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| 74:29 | is actually a virulence factor. it's one uh staphylococcus uses that. |
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| 74:37 | a um actually kind of smart from perspective of pathogen. We'll see what |
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| 74:44 | does. So that's where is what does have a picture there. So |
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| 74:47 | it does, it actually has a on the surface. Okay. And |
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| 74:52 | able to be a, remember that's oops not quite. That's the fc |
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| 74:59 | , it binds the fC portion of . So these could be antibodies to |
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| 75:03 | cell. But if it has protein on surface it can basically bind those |
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| 75:08 | rendering it basically ineffective against it. pretty uh pretty sneaky. Okay, |
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| 75:14 | kind of so that then the voices being having the antibody antigen interactions |
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| 75:21 | So just making it rendering the antibodies in this case. Okay, by |
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| 75:28 | it on the other end. Remember this is the this would be |
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| 75:34 | business end, right. That would different effects. But if it can |
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| 75:37 | around and then you can stop Okay, um let me just uh |
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| 75:43 | just want to show this. we'll finish this up next time. |
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| 75:45 | I just want to point out this I kind of just summarized all the |
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| 75:52 | village factors that we went through. if you can use that as kind |
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| 75:56 | a checklist. If you will. so do reference that when you're studying |
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| 76:02 | stuff. So any questions. so we'll finish up, there's just |
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| 76:09 | slide to do for this. Then going to diseases, infectious diseases. |
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| 76:14 | folks, be careful driving home, |
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