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GEOL6372 Petroleum Geochemistry - Day2 10-30-2021-Part4
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00:04 these guys are familiar with the marcellus they worked before. I will
00:14 can you stand up and talk about . Yes. So what's the most
00:36 aspect about it? Right, Thank you. Yeah. Yeah.
00:49 , but what's the most important aspect and my sense I would say that
00:58 natural you don't think the organic Yeah. Mhm. Organic enrichment,
01:11 mean what makes it special is that very organic reach and highly fractured and
01:23 french structural. Yeah, because it very um so it's organic enrichment which
01:40 impacts brazenness but its mythology enhances its . So it's organic enriched or organic
01:53 and Britain at the same time. if you know you think organic treats
01:58 be well let's think but it's organic and bring that's why it's so
02:08 Okay, shall we resume guys? right. The marcellus shale in pennsylvania
02:19 It's a typical gas shale outcrop and can see in this photo micrografx the
02:29 result of bedding planes and the near fractures fracture system getting a cross horizontal
02:41 place. Um We basically enhance the of that shell by hydro Frankie.
02:55 do Frankie. Mhm. Um This photo micrografx shows the simulation of the
03:05 frack fix and and in the subsurface would look pretty much the same as
03:14 see there because of hydrofracking so very rich layers and like what highly fractured
03:27 and highly fractured it already. I don't know what's going on but
04:07 can that was my same here. . Yeah. Mhm. Yeah,
04:47 in. Yes. Mhm. Yeah Let's spend a little bit of
05:18 talking about organic enrichment and hydrocarbon generation . Um This is and just like
05:27 Barnett, this is the Barnett shield the world for towards basin. You
05:35 see how highly laminated it is. the elimination of course is consequence of
05:43 water and anoxic sedimentation. This is example. I think I showed you
05:52 before from central to matra. Mm . He's saying open fluid flaky texture
06:05 the 1st Player Orientation and distinct This is a very difficult social for
06:25 assessment. Um We can yeah, this. The geographic properties, this
06:37 laminated texture uh and the fractures and orientation. But the geographic properties alone
06:48 not adequate. We need to know about organic enrichment is a v total
06:56 carbon content these rocks when you know about hydrocarbon generation potential. That was
07:05 ability of these rocks and read hydrocarbons measuring virology skills. Do you know
07:19 paralysis field means? In other how much hydrocarbons are going to be
07:26 off upon thermal treatment of that truck yield. We also need to know
07:34 about whether the organic matter is oil guests from and therefore we need to
07:40 something about organic method type. We to know something about terminal maturity.
07:48 can tell something about the thermal maturity looking at the reflectivity of the veteran
07:54 particles in the sample. There is parameter recall T Ai thermal corporation index
08:04 coloration level of the organic matter yellowish, he's not mature enough.
08:15 brownish is high security. We need know something about volume of the potential
08:28 . The larger the volume of the sources, the more hydrocarbon you should
08:32 from that resource intuitive. Um And course timing generation type. We want
08:52 where the generational expulsion process happens after of there is a wars and
09:05 Now in other words after formation of reservoirs traps then subsidiaries generation expulsion and
09:20 . Sometimes they interact. The entrapment happens much too late. Hydrocarbons are
09:28 and they escape the blue sky. , so generation timing is very very
09:39 . So let's visit organic enrichment in total organic carbon content. Organic better
09:50 sedimentary rocks consists of components that are in common organic solvents. These are
10:00 which means thanks right. We define already. The insoluble organic matter in
10:11 sediments is the carriage the documents in makeup About 5% of the Cinnamon tree
10:24 matter. Unless new hydrocarbons are The courage in insoluble organic matter is
10:38 major constituent of the organic matter in . The relative proportion of courage in
10:51 soluble bitumen versus hydrocarbons. As a of these between depends on the depth
11:03 . In the initial situations you have little bit human. They will do
11:09 . The dominant organic matter discouraging together some dead guard. Did carbon
11:18 carbon that has organic matter that has severe thermal alteration in a previous cycle
11:27 sedimentation. Dead carbon in earth. . We sometimes refer to it as
11:33 tonight. Did I talk about algae ? I mentioned the term and the
11:44 before I did right you tonight? . For tonight by definition is the
11:59 matter from remains of sports and finance so on. So sediments will start
12:10 with some solid, will be a lot of courage in and maybe
12:16 dead card as you take these sediments bury them to different deeper levels.
12:22 going to begin generating hydrocarbons. Uh . Including heavy hydrocarbons, light hydrocarbons
12:35 natural gas together with carbon and the in which will increase with Berio in
12:45 predictable manner as the carriage in content with very young. So does the
12:55 reflectivity of that organic matter in the tradition index or the color of the
13:01 matter go from pale colors either orange deeper grounds eventually. Good black keep
13:15 the documents are minor constituents of the carriages are the major constituent sediments.
13:22 will undergo changes to form actually. with increased variant you increase the corrosion
13:33 and increase the vitamin content and therefore hydrocarbon content of the sentence. Um
13:46 you ever seen a carbon analyzer in labs, you didn't drink?
14:04 Okay the legal corporation, an american manufacturers are the main manufacturers of organic
14:14 analyzers. But the french and the have developed instruments to measure organic organic
14:23 measure carbon content to measure carbon Carbon content is not organic carbon is
14:36 total carbon. What we're interested in the organic carbon. The organic
14:44 So there is a lot of I have to remove these so that
14:53 don't count towards my organic carbon. do that by subsidizing the for
15:06 in mineral assets. So I think sample I grinded and I put it
15:13 these crucibles that you see in the there, they're about an inch in
15:18 , inch in height. They're made of ceramics. So I can set
15:26 a collection of the mhm 2040, . Whatever number of crucibles, I
15:36 about half a gram of raw in christmas. And then and then I
15:45 . Yeah. In our lab we don't shoot as it on the sample
15:51 we can lose much of the sample the process. We simply put our
15:56 of our power powder, rock sample the prisons and we immerse them in
16:02 acid bath. Mhm. Very little at most. We can shake the
16:10 bath right? It's very careful not allowed. There are come out of
16:20 crucible. So it will rise the to 60 mesh with about half a
16:25 . We digest in six normal hcl remove the carbonate carbon. Yes,
16:34 in these filters, these crucibles are and permeable. So they're called featuring
16:42 . So we can put the sample these crucibles as he dies them and
16:46 take that crystal ball and put it the filtration device and filter out the
16:53 ingredients. Yeah, the truck with water after. We have Prince,
17:01 the assets. We can then mount onto these into a auto sampler.
17:09 this and the ultra sampler. We'll the crucible into a ha joan that
17:18 heated. uh we first dry them and analyzed carbon by heating the or
17:27 the rock in the presence of an stream. We have lots of oxygen
17:35 high temperature. We basically melt the In the analyzer in the presence of
17:42 . So all the organic carbon is to carbon dioxide swept into the detector
17:49 determined as organic carbon content. Co which then translates to organic carbon
17:58 This is a typical legal carbon This is we have one of those
18:03 we have more than once as well our lab if you wish, we
18:08 visit our lab maybe next week if like. I can show you all
18:13 instrumentation we have uh we're very proud our lab probably have one of the
18:19 organic chemistry laboratories in the country and should be good to show you
18:25 Really like what increased uh just like this is the legal carbon And like
18:32 is a modern legal carbon analyzer. huh. The same poop is placed
18:40 the crucible in this region and then pedestal carries the crucible into this
18:49 It's isolated with lots of oxygen coming . The carbon dioxide. This form
18:59 swept trump uh huh combustion zone into measuring device that measure the carbon dioxide
19:13 the carbon content by the carbon dioxide is released. So this this is
19:24 total organ in the total carbon We recognize it as organic carbon content
19:35 we have removed by a civilization the current. So the total carbon content
19:42 an stds drug sample is the total carbon content. There's no such thing
19:50 measuring the organic carbon content. You the carbon but because you have removed
19:57 the inorganic carbon then whatever carbon content in the example is organic.
20:07 so the analyzer is a carbon determinate total carbon terminator. Okay, so
20:21 analyze organic carbon content in the carbon can vary from rock to rock.
20:27 here is the history Graham showing the organic carbon content in different rocks from
20:34 the world recognized effective generations. It the after criticism to Allah basin the
20:44 shale in the north sea, the shade in Wyoming the this is creek
20:52 from Utah. It's a Pennsylvanian The Montessori California, 3rd of the
21:02 ratio. Right? Yeah the new shield from Illinois prudhoe bay in
21:13 That ship pretty vicious through the The two are seen from the that
21:20 decent. The Jurassic from Saudi Arabia dewar the source of go on field
21:32 super giant oil field, the biggest field in the world, Jurassic rocks
21:41 Iran as rocks that are as good the Saudi Arabian Jurassic. Uh huh
21:52 . But they're pretty issues in this and they have organic carbon contents In
21:57 10% range. The green river shale you doc is also a very organic
22:07 shale. So these are examples of sharks from different parts of the world
22:14 you can see that all of them organic carbon content of more than
22:23 Do you can just put a break .5%. They say anything more than
22:29 is good enough. I put The at 1%. There is nothing better
22:36 doing the measurement and doing further measurements the rock to determine whether they're good
22:44 rocks or not sure. First step total organic carbon country. It
22:57 Uh huh. The rocks from any Utah you have these organic rich
23:11 They're discreet jones with very high organic contents. So you can go Higher
23:22 1% organic carbon as high as four 5% organic carbon in this film.
23:33 in this film in practice I take or course from samples down the way
23:43 analyze for income continues and describe the current end of the different trucks
23:52 And at what if they occur. here is showing his entrance of that
24:00 the in this field. Okay, hmm. In the british North sea
24:12 analyzed many wells similar to this. here I am showing the depth the
24:22 in thousands of feet and the organic content of these samples. So you
24:30 go from very normal rocks too. rich, organic rich. So
24:40 normal rocks. Organic rich socials. rich socialist. That's one way of
24:53 starting out and depicting the organic rich within sedimentary sequence. And you can
25:00 they're very special. They're not very down the well but they are in
25:07 zones here here and here. yeah. In the bridge. Nor
25:18 that the average organic carbon content of lower cretaceous is about 1%. To
25:24 72 samples. The average of these contents of these samples Is about
25:32 I can call these. Oh, too good potential. Very subjective
25:41 Um, I can have organic carbon . Oh 2% and higher it re
25:52 60 samples. An average organic carbon of These 68 samples is about 2%
26:01 . These are very good socials. lower region two X. Olympian chills
26:09 the upper Jurassic uh huh averaging about . Organic carbon from 37 measurements.
26:19 good. Sure, shrinks in the . I have 17 samples analyzed in
26:27 case And the average organic carbon content the samples about 2%. And I
26:33 these as good to very good source . Okay. Um, I can
26:44 my data in this manner. In history grams. So in the among
26:49 in central. So these are like trusts in central so much. One
26:54 them is called the amazon basin. of them is called the Belem basin
26:58 the man trough. In the belem . In central Sumatra. Um,
27:05 Carbon Contents average about 4% average about . So the he's there very high
27:15 source trucks in central Sumatra in the basin. And the zombies or I
27:24 of course met my organic carbon content the great yeah, yeah, manner
27:33 this. So, total organic carbon is shown by these contours.
27:41 so this is one way of representing data. Um, in the northwest
27:53 basin. Um, I have source called the Telangana car shields. They're
28:04 Australian origin. There are a legacy age and I'm showing the very organic
28:12 zones within these bases and these Okay, so hydrocarbon generation potential or
28:44 yield from social trucks. Um, be determined from laboratory paralysis. They
28:51 not only on the organic carbon content also on the carriage in type encouraging
28:59 alteration levels. So hydrocarbon Neil will on organic carbon content on the type
29:06 organic matter and on the thermal alteration of darkness. So in this particular
29:15 , no, mm hmm. I'm is different Shields, all having more
29:25 1% organic carbon content. And they then qualify as source rocks in river
29:36 maori. And just this convenient organic in the forest city based in village
29:45 week. Shane's from her concert. They all have organic carbon contents of
29:52 than 1% organic carbon. But look the differences in their hydrocarbon generation
30:00 The carbon generation potential as measured by simulation of the generation process, heating
30:09 samples in the absence of oxygen, the products and quantifying these products.
30:17 paralysis healed. We use the term to describing the paralysis yields and paralyzes
30:28 for these different kinds of So Ah I'm simply dramatizing that organic carbon
30:41 is not an adequate measure of source potential, but paralysis yield is a
30:47 stronger way of determining hydrocarbon generation potential . Okay, we talked about organic
31:01 and how we do it. We'll about hydrocarbon generation potential and how we
31:08 my honesty issue. I think I all these slides before. The only
31:39 I want to emphasis here is the of organic carbon enrichment and the qualification
31:47 fair it would So strong qualities. , Okay, So measuring organic carbon
32:14 is one thing measuring hydrocarbon generation potential a different thing. Can subject the
32:23 or outcrop or cuttings too hydrocarbon generation measures the process is called crocodile paralysis
32:36 we use a device invented by the for Safety Patrol and we hate to
32:45 the sample in the absence of Measure the evolved As one is to
32:52 history. I'm going to define these in just a moment we have several
32:58 of Rocky Vampire Allies, Ear's in lab. We have the rocket van
33:03 , and we have the rocket van and we do have the dark
33:10 We have three types of Okay measuring . Just mm bunch of definitions in
33:30 paralysis. We take example. We it and take the products and we
33:37 the products. Some of the product to a carbon dioxide detector. The
33:42 products go into a flame ionization Carbon dioxide detector measures the carbon dioxide
33:51 sealed it by these rocks and therefore a measure of the oxygen content of
33:56 rocks. Right? Um The trivialization , however, it's specific to
34:05 measures only the hydrocarbons that are released the run. So crocodile paralysis.
34:17 measure Certainly extractable hydrocarbons. We call S. one. You're going to
34:24 the s. one repeated time and again. Just the quantity of hydrocarbons
34:30 are released upon ceremony extraction. Um two is the we take the
34:44 we heat it and we I realize we break it up into hydrocarbons.
34:56 took cracking of the carriage. so the quantity S. One is
35:03 thermally extractable hydrocarbons. The free hydrocarbons existing in Iraq. The S two
35:09 . The hydrocarbons cracked from the Our instrument measure both. These quantities
35:16 measure a certain quantity which is the to release from the organic from the
35:24 of the organic matter. So it's , there's two industry, there's one
35:31 there's two are hydrocarbons, there's three the C. 02. So the
35:36 . one and s. two represent releasable hydrocarbons. S three represents the
35:42 uh carbon dioxide. I can measure hydrocarbons or the hydrocarbons that are measured
35:58 bye. Paralysis as one it's the extracting a little bit ehstuhs hydrocarbons cracked
36:05 the collision. There's three is the dioxide generated by the organic matter upon
36:12 . Then there is a quantity we the T max because this is a
36:18 process. These peaks represent the generated with temperature increase. So this one
36:31 be released very early. These two be released upon changer. The thermal
36:39 and the history represents the oxygenated products are measured in the during the paralysis
36:49 . We qualify the hydrocarbons that are into hydrogen index oxygen index and the
37:01 index hydrogen index is the as to to the total organic carbon content.
37:15 I divide the quantity of s. released and measured, I divide them
37:23 the carbon content and I get the the hydrogen index. So it is
37:36 measured hydrocarbon released in relation to the content of the rock. Pete oxygen
37:49 Is the S three released from the process relative to the total organic carbon
38:00 . Yeah. Call that function Then I have this parameter called the
38:09 index which is the three hydrocarbons. one took the total hydrocarbons that are
38:16 from the rock. You can call to production index. Or I prefer
38:21 refer to them as the encouraging transformation amount of organic amount of courage in
38:29 is transform a ble hydrocarbons. Sure one is thermally extractable hydrocarbons. As
38:38 is the hydrocarbons correct from the carriage three is the co two right from
38:43 caribbean T. Max is the temperature which that peak of paralysis occurs because
38:52 is nothing more than a time sequence temperature and the product released. So
39:04 one is buried at a given temperature to Jerry at another temperature. S
39:10 is generated at the same temperature during generation of as to what is measured
39:18 a co two detector instead of a mobilization detector. So I can measure
39:25 one is 2, is three. if I these quantities by the Mhm
39:39 curtain content and get yeah parameters that can use to tell me the hydrogen
39:48 or the oxygen index or the production of these rocks correct? Clear this
40:01 is the amount of hydrocarbons is to the amount of hydrocarbons cracked as three
40:06 the amount of CO two cracked when divided by the toc content. I
40:12 the hydrogen index oxygen index, which a measure of the ability of the
40:21 of the organic matter to generate the ability of organic matter to generate
40:29 . And to get these quantities The and transformation ratio is the S one
40:42 to the s. two. All , encouraging transformation ratio here is a
40:57 of what happens in the paralysis Um, utilization of the existing hydrocarbons
41:05 are already in the rock to give free hydrocarbon measurement. Then paralysis breaking
41:15 of the character into virus products, of the Hydrocarbons and Trapping The Co
41:27 then measuring the amount of viral Ized matter and the amount of viral Ized
41:40 components. So you've got there's one , there's two quantity and there's three
41:51 . And the team max, which the temperature in the paralysis process where
41:59 maximum amount of hydrocarbons are released from rocks Team X. Okay, I
42:08 everybody to remember these numbers is there's two in the history. Not
42:14 remember the numbers. The numbers are to vary with the different kinds of
42:18 but these these quantities if you will Oh um yeah, we have analyzed
42:32 of samples of source trucks. Of 12,000 symptoms we analyzed over the
42:42 The main organic carbon content measured. huh. I mean hydrocarbon generation
42:52 The simplest, They're about 1.5 mg hydrocarbons. Proclaim a frog. And
43:05 effective source rocks that we have recognized good source rocks have values that are
43:13 much higher than the average total hydrocarbon potential for the average as one plus
43:25 two that is measured from these Sure. Rocks that give significantly mhm
43:35 than average we call them. significantly below average or you know,
43:45 or average total hydrocarbon generation potential above hydrocarbon generation potential and significantly above average
43:55 potential. All the non source trucks the world that we have analyzed over
43:59 years have more than one Yeah, HYDROcodone program truck. So we want
44:07 that give us these high heels upon in the laboratory. The mouse is
44:17 cooperating very well with me here. guys, he's a repeat and why
44:32 so many maybe peace in this Okay, so we talked about organic
44:41 and we talked about hydrocarbon generation These are quantities and properties that are
44:47 critical in your assessment of social Next I have to know, are
44:56 going to be oil prone, gas organic matter type? Then we're going
45:05 discuss thermal maturity for electrics and So social penalize others finishing of these
45:25 the distribution of rocks with these high done? No, she's not operating
45:39 well. Yeah, this is a of the total organic carbon content of
45:50 trucks versus the total hydrocarbon generation So the total hydrocarbon generation potential of
45:57 a given rock is very much proportional the organic carbon content. The organic
46:04 content has to be used with caution not all the organic carbon content represent
46:13 generation organic enrichment and hydrocarbon generation potential organic carbon content had carbon generation
46:36 So we have symbols that are not as short strokes or they may be
46:44 source trucks. We sometimes have to careful if we don't measure stained or
46:52 drugs with organic matter and call it . So we have to qualify the
46:59 of the big human that we are in these rocks. Uh, if
47:12 rights are special kinds of organic rich , we have to be careful that
47:19 measure the carbonates and marbles. The enrichment is to these levels. And
47:31 hydrocarbon generation potential is about these We call these probable source trucks is
47:45 writes that. I regret, writes gypsum and hydrate are seldom high quality
47:54 . Can you imagine why the prices not high quality source trucks? It's
48:04 environment is in the region soon. . You got rights and therefore they
48:14 settle very rapidly. So they are to more oxygen and therefore oxidation
48:25 So her evaporates arlo hydrocarbon generation potential right the the the carbonates and morals
48:37 event rights, but they are high sources. Yeah, remember we talked
48:54 the East african rift lakes. Uh talked about like Albert, Lake
49:01 like even Lake Tanganyika, all of lakes have given which and given maximum
49:11 depth and some are not stratified, are seasoned stratified and some are permanently
49:21 . This stratification gives rise to uh preservation. So yeah, these are
49:33 Albert is permanently stratified with very high productivity. Like Edward is person seasonally
49:44 with primary activity. And like even Tanganyika would have these levels of primary
49:56 . Uh huh I think I showed this already. I'm showing e organic
50:05 enrichment of the Lake Tanganyika samples in . The Kiva samples in this beige
50:15 ground. The Lake Albert samples in and the lake Edward samples.
50:23 So if you were to qualify these , you would like to see samples
50:29 this quality. Yeah, you don't to have a lot of symptoms with
50:38 quality. Course, the effectiveness of legs as good quality. Mhm Shortz
50:50 . Very much depends of the photography the leaks photography impact the oxidation level
50:58 the organic matter that is developing in food zone exposed to oxidation or settled
51:07 quickly removed from oxidation players. The , I mentioned that already. And
51:17 showed you the picture of that Organic enrichment of that. Uh sure
51:24 Is more than 2% organic carbon Had a carbon generation potential can reach
51:33 mg for grandma from. So these very high quality source trucks. Shelly
51:42 stones, carbonate rich rocks. Um is a typical example of how we
51:54 characterize a sequence of rocks penetrated by . Uh huh. I want to
52:04 rocks with more than 1% organic carbon more than five mg of carbon program
52:11 . So have done that in these different source trucks happened to be shared
52:19 stones and rhinestones with their average juicy , 3% average THC GDP more than
52:31 . More than 15 mhm milligrams. they're graham frog catching type, can
52:41 be like to carry on and try get a tattoo, wow. We'll
52:48 oil prone gas print. And measured and depicted in this diagram.
53:05 . Yeah. Yeah. Okay. . So I have two goals.
53:25 . In my characterization process one not to measure that you see content,
53:34 I want to measure the hydrocarbons released paralysis from these drugs. Um Here
53:42 showing a program showing this one, two and there's three the free hydrocarbon
53:50 that are released from the rocks. hydrocarbons that are generated from paralysis of
53:56 organic matter in my instrument and the dioxide is released trump parallels with the
54:04 matter in my my And all these if the teacher and here I am
54:12 different different examples. Ah Yeah there's measured by three different methods. There
54:21 to measured measured by three different methods , the rock eval method paralysis
54:27 I. D. Method I paralyzed having a detector that measures the amount
54:34 the paralyzed. Uh huh products and mass spectrometer of the paralyzed products.
54:43 these are different ways by which I measure. He had a carbon heels
54:50 the carriage and type with these three examples. Okay. Yeah.
55:10 Organic matters type dictates oil promise or promise. So let's visit organic matter
55:24 . So short mythology and therefore the product compositions. So these are just
55:44 to bring to your mind what these are being human. As you can
55:50 . It's kind of the 30 components solvent extraction of the rock. I
55:59 the bitumen from the rock song and collect the habitual if I prayed a
56:06 and concentrate. The Benjamin should look that in the collection device. The
56:15 is particularly organic matter. Like that . Karajan residues resulting from the degradation
56:29 polarization plan and algae and bacteria They're insoluble in organic solvents they're preserved
56:37 sedimentary rocks. Any yield hydrocarbons upon rate now carriage in flight. Where
56:47 the collision come from? In primary and oceans and leaks for synthetic
56:56 Such a sentence is healed the organic so in marine and the custom rocks
57:11 are the remains of algal and bacterial on land. Primary activity is related
57:18 higher plant content. Leaf cuticle sports presence structural plan he needs.
57:33 So in short strokes we have to members. On the one hand we
57:41 separate public carriage and he heard the of the application before hydrogen rich organic
57:51 separately leakage. In the other we have human courage, structured Cali
57:59 matter, Suydam office organic matter is in hydrogen. So the hydrogen carbon
58:07 is high in human courage. In hydrogen carbon ratio is low say acrobatic
58:16 is high in lipid content in oil . The human collagen is high and
58:22 laws separate villa corrosion is marine and custom to make urgent is typically terrestrial
58:31 origin. Most most sediments of course going to have the mixed UNIX prophetic
58:42 such as it will take a new that you sure environments upon thermal
58:50 separable Karajan is namely oil. The condition in mainly gas, the miscarriage
58:59 will need oil and gas depending on relief abundance of the oil from constituents
59:06 the gas from constituents correct Any Any questions? Hey, so we
59:26 classify our organic matter based on the . So I'm showing a photo micrografx
59:33 Amorphous organic matter. Sabra public If you were to take the
59:41 they moved the literal method put that matter on a uh huh transmission
59:50 you will see this kind of characteristic is Sabra public carriage. The corrosion
59:59 like this. That's human carriages. trucks of course will have both the
60:08 courage and together with the human courage there are also special kinds of courage
60:13 called the type to courage and exhibited from the sports and Poland's in the
60:21 matter population. Hey guys so the Karajan human courage in mixed exhibited courage
60:31 and of course the mixtures physical mixtures separate public and the human would give
60:39 is very similar to this exotic type courage. The only way to make
60:47 distinction of this is by the morphology the carriage. There are four yes
61:01 are groups one group is called the Night dominated by algal remains hydrogen rich
61:11 prone organic material, algae night you the eggs the nights you have eventually
61:26 of course You will also have the night inert organic matter. This carbon
61:36 carbon content but doesn't have any potential potential to generate hydrocarbons. Yeah okay
61:51 go tonight exit night victory night and and tonight by definition X. Tonight
62:01 definition we tonight by definition and then have dinner tonight which is reworked organic
62:08 that has been oxidized during transport of social of the rocks from highlands sediments
62:19 into the mixture so necessarily the part going to contain and tonight contain eggs
62:31 well contained by tonight coming from higher And we complain 30 night highly oxidized
62:38 matter that ends up as part of goc. Okay so the total organic
62:46 content then is the organic carbon content the mixture of it's a propellant Karajan
62:55 courage in exhibited courage in and mixtures those is there measurable like the term
63:07 ? Their message is solid organic their non christian, they occur in
63:15 , They have distinctive physical properties, chemical properties. Al tonight is the
63:23 tonight and dinner tonight ready touched in . It was morphological classification of organic
63:32 types is this and then the classification the too extreme for getting better
63:42 I want everybody to remember those lights separate public carriage in remember the human
63:50 . Yeah, what it made up their chemical properties and the potential product
64:00 most of the organic matter. Secretary hi in hae jin carton ratio finally
64:06 content. Doreen lacosta. The unit be structured Cody matter. No in
64:11 carbon ratio, high cellulose content and in origin at these definitions. Clear
64:35 . Okay, social types do chemists of identified and separated doubt full types
64:48 organic matter. There are source rocks contain type one carriage. These are
64:58 accustomed algal and bacterial. So their oil prone shells, Type one
65:07 Matter. If you're reading an article you see the term type one organic
65:14 , you automatically think of the question bacterian So shocks all trump if you're
65:24 an article and you see the word shales, algal and bacterial oil prone
65:33 . You visualize type two organic matter these ships. There is a Type
65:41 as a special kind of Type two trucks. The marine carbonates, algal
65:50 bacterial origin. Their oil prone, they tend to have high sulfur compound
65:57 products. High sulfur compounds are not valuable, yep, sure. Algal
66:17 , woody material, hygiene rich, prone hygiene, poor corrosion. Gas
66:25 , oil and gas are formed by thermal cracking of courage in buried in
66:31 grain drops. Yeah. Um we type one source rocks. Type two
66:49 rocks and type three sources. These the environments of deposition of the Type
66:55 . Type two. Type three socials post under lancastrian marine anaerobic conditions from
67:03 from lipids and proteins, oily materials organic matter and the proteins, material
67:12 organic matter. The Type one oils going to have a low gas on
67:19 . They're usually vaccine points their law sulfur and oxygen. They make up
67:28 20% of the crude oils of the . Like to carry genes, make
67:34 75% of the, of the crude in the world. And because the
67:41 matter is type dominated by type to methods that is deposited under marine,
67:47 aerobic conditions or aerobic conditions for mainly lipid plant cuticle presence and proteins.
67:57 these oils will have a moderate gas ratio. They're usually non waxy in
68:03 composition. Hi insult there. and they're usually, I don't
68:11 no finnic components. The majority Crude the world come in. Type two
68:19 matter. Um Less than 5% of crews of the world Come out of
68:28 three carriages like speakers are typically gas carriages. They do generate oil but
68:35 a whole lot of oil is generated these kinds of carriages. Um If
68:47 cheek secure asian population there will be not by a fraction very susceptible to
69:00 . There is a factory fraction that no hydrocarbons and inner traction generates no
69:08 whatsoever. And of course the extractable matter. So type type one source
69:16 will contain the label carriage in the components um and the extractable for getting
69:34 Like one carriage in type two type three carriages right? Described by
69:42 relative abundance of the Lebanon. The inert and the extractable organic matter
69:50 . Yeah. Um Don't need to a whole lot of time on
70:00 I guess Karajan is not 100% label that can drain petroleum on heating the
70:08 . I uh ready reactive went from refractive, not readily friendly reactive usually
70:19 problem. The inert is an underactive of course always extractable organic matter appreciated
70:27 these. Right. The different collision will generate a different mixture of hydrocarbon
70:42 . So you can have he representation these normal paraffin distributions By models,
70:58 from Type one carriage in. Um you have The Type one carriage and
71:13 this population together with this population fighter you have to carry and showing abundance
71:22 this population of hydrocarbons together with this or three carriages showing a very significant
71:32 of the gaseous components. Therefore these gas prone employments. Just a silly
71:48 here to dramatize what courage is made of. And I'm simply showing this
71:59 insulating himself from Hydrofluoric acid because the we separate the corrosion types is by
72:11 the minerals with Hydrofluoric acid and the organic material is the carriage. So
72:20 basically put Iraq in these beakers and add at the florrick acid and we
72:27 a uric acid basically dissolve the rock , insoluble organic material is the
72:42 Uh whereas this is the way the spirits encouraging from rocks in open
72:52 This is the way we separate our from the rocks. We put the
72:57 in. In these cells. These teflon cells. Non reactive cells.
73:03 cells have if a hey listen, the terminals on the vessel. This
73:14 a seal, continue a teflon Forrest permeable filter made up of
73:27 So we have a teflon filter Teflon filter here and this jar contains
73:33 rock material. We won't this these in this unit. And so we
73:44 all these cells containing rocks. And have these valves that bring different re
73:58 , What are the different three Can somebody tell me, what are
74:02 agents were used to isolate and concentrate character hydrochloric acid to remove them.
74:13 is Hydrofluoric acid to remove that silly and chromosomes chloride to remove the pyrite
74:24 dissolve pyrite. So in our So this is very unique. I
74:33 we have probably the only laboratory that these automated devices that allows for reaction
74:42 the trucks with the mineral acids to the rock away and concentrate and collect
74:51 carriage in on teflon theaters make up scenes to these vessels. So the
75:02 come from the agents bottles If I in and allowed to go into the
75:12 cells by these valves when we visit lab and we'll show you this device
75:23 spent liquids leave the system by these and the Karajan is concentrated and collected
75:32 the filters that make up this reactor cell. Okay. These are photo
75:44 graphs of and unite just remains of and bacteria. We can move
76:08 Uh so on the one hand we this kind of courage in called algae
76:14 . We have this kind of courage their basis. Organic matter. 50
76:19 you have this material is called I thanks the remains of particular organic
76:29 . Good tonight sport tonight. This poor prisoner. That's presents from high
76:42 nets. Sure to tonight the Tonight really nice. These are different types
76:55 mushrooms in short strokes and we concentrate by basically destroying the room. He's
77:06 the rockaway in these mineral assets. and other inner essence connecting the organic
77:19 . Good night did unite 49 and everybody to remember these different kinds of
77:28 materials in the right the remains of organic matter after digestion with mineral
77:40 Did you know for the night video raising night. And of course the
77:47 remains. I don't show them here . But they are the algae nights
77:54 to five natural types. Remember And tonight you deny tonight 49 and
78:20 . Crazy night. Can have this . Can you tonight? The cuticle
78:26 organic materials will have this form and course the end tonight. He's not
78:32 here because just alcohol parties collection of nights here we show different sports.
78:53 are trail leads force. They called it because each of these forms have
79:00 chamber here, chamber here in the here three lobes fuel go tonight.
79:12 in this example and I'm showing 40 different coloration levels from pale yellowish
79:24 two orange to deeper orange, two , two Very deep black. These
79:39 eggs unites exposed to different levels of stress. I hate this materials in
79:48 laboratory again go to this level of maturity to this level of thermal
79:56 To this level of thermal maturity. however are natural sports parents that are
80:08 different. Yes and they therefore subjected different time and temperature. The natural
80:19 process is simply exposure of their get matter to different levels of thermal stress
80:35 and I use the resultant of this to tell me the degree of thermal
80:43 that organic matter has been subjected Mm I don't want my sample,
80:50 source trucks to have all of it of this material. I don't want
80:57 source rocks to now be at this of thermal corporation such that all of
81:04 has been converted to hydrocarbons and none that sample that I'm interested in is
81:15 and the optimum level of maturity. want right simple two B represented by
81:27 level of thermal alteration With the veteran reflectivity is between .5 and .6.7 and
81:38 .3. I don't want the level thermal maturation to be much higher than
81:43 . Tonight reflectivity of 1.3% reflectors. other words, the fraction of
81:55 like coming back to me cannot be higher than 2% reflectivity, much higher
82:04 2% of everything that the organic matter been subjected to a very high level
82:11 thermal stress and has lost all its generation potential. But I don't want
82:18 to be so long as to candidate rock has never been subjected to anything
82:26 maturation level to be an effective those I guess so effective source rocks are
82:35 be those ones were the eggs. we have colors ranging in these orange
82:51 bring but not to this black level not to this level that has not
82:59 maturation whatsoever. Uh I keep using term veteran it reflectivity and I have
83:14 reflectivity written here. This material is veteran right 49 but the spore color
83:29 be equivalent to the color to the material that is it contains the tonight
83:40 has reflectivity. He's represented by these . You see what I'm trying to
83:54 here in this very convert way. is not veteran night these are sports
84:07 they have been altered to these to different degrees of darkness implying exposure to
84:18 and higher levels of maturity. If had Vitra light particles as she hated
84:23 these force the veteran knight will reflect eight .2% of the incident light is
84:34 , point 70.9% of the incident light mhm one But 5-2% of the incident
84:45 reflects is yeah, am I describing process properly, organic matter is subjected
85:02 different degrees of thermal stress. Those college pieces are gonna have these properties
85:14 colors. Any veteran of particles, don't have them here but any which
85:21 party they're going to be present in rock that is subjected to this level
85:30 thermal stress. We're going to have value. Oh 0.2 .52.6 All the
85:42 to 2% for reflectivity. In I took my rock. I did
85:52 the mineral material with hydrochloric and Hydrofluoric . I take the organic matter mounted
85:59 a slide and transmission slide put it the microscope objective and allow incidents like
86:07 go through it. Color. Is organic matter? Maybe this color,
86:16 this color, maybe this color with color. Just the extent of
86:23 We're just pulling policies apparently to that I had any veteran night in that
86:29 it will reflect the incident light to degrees .2% of activity 2% reflectivity.
86:39 that, is that description clear your ? Good. Is the color of
86:52 light early to that there will be organic matter reflect the light to different
87:06 with is with myself activity at the level This is a sport sport,
87:18 is a school. So these are nights, this is a piece of
87:25 that's resonate. This is a piece veteran I we call it low grade
87:34 reflections of that vitriol party back to photo meter is party proportional to the
87:48 of thermal stress that the door tonight been subjected to. I use that
87:55 . You tell me the degree of alteration of my sample. Okay
88:05 I don't use sporting nights. I the the great articles, a good
88:14 isT can do an analysis of the , they can distinguish the resonate.
88:21 can distinguish the veteran night. They distinguish the so called Inner tonight and
88:29 night we take the slide and put under the microscope and measure the reflectivity
88:39 that particle percentage of the incident light reflected. Is a measure of the
88:46 maturity level. Okay guys, is clear? Um Mhm. In fluorescent
89:01 there is a night with flores like coordinates florist this level tonight not fluoresce
89:10 all and unite. It will be . The spot tonight with fluorescent resonate
89:21 in here. Tonight is in that matter has no fluorescence whatsoever. The
89:27 night will not be flashing. So microscopy can say my sample has this
89:38 resonate this much tonight. This much tonight. This much energy tonight.
89:44 he will have a table that could the abundance of these different measurements and
89:52 would also have the reflectivity of Well tonight that's in that same to
90:02 the video, right content and will the veterans of activity. We'll see
90:10 reason I content. You will say light content and so on and so
90:15 . So good microscopic will have a thorough description of organic matter types.
90:28 if he does the quantification of these Lazarus and the rich Lebanese, he
90:36 also then have described the wrongness of measurables to generate hydrocarbons. Not only
90:47 he derive the alteration index and therefore maturation level but also the relative abundance
90:56 the different methods in the center. . Okay. Floor color changes with
91:15 volume If increased temperature time will give too this coloration level. If the
91:28 and Poland's in the sample and therefore degree of alteration, thermal alteration.
91:36 I had any vitriol right in this I would measure the reflectivity and I'm
91:42 it here. I'm not describing this and describing the veteran night that happens
91:51 coexist with this material. I'm repeating because I want to make sure you
92:00 what we're trying to look at. matter will have properties they can describe
92:13 . The color will tell me the of thermal maturity. I may have
92:20 that consist of vitor night. The of that material gives me, I
92:28 for the degree of maturation of that . So I can assist the carriage
92:39 From the morphology, can process the maturation level from the colors of the
92:45 points or the reflectivity of the organic tonight particles in myself, is that
92:56 ? Okay. Yeah. Okay. . Right. Okay. So when
93:26 hear me talking about um three types courage in or talking about oil problem
93:34 gas prone. All three types of produced full range of hydrocarbons. So
93:43 encouraging types will give full range of , it's the abundance of these products
93:52 a sample that qualifies it as type , Type two versus type three oil
94:00 . Oil and gas prone versus gas depending on the yeah distribution of the
94:10 that you see in the paralysis. , instruments we have so many repeats
94:44 . I guess. I already have the term which tonight it's a messy
94:50 . There are some remains of portions higher plants. That particle is terrestrial
94:58 but it will be in every rock with rivers, streams. Um We
95:11 represents remains of higher plants, remains higher plants means has a range of
95:25 . Post or division rocks. Somebody you a report and he has it
95:37 sample and he says my veterinary reflections the temple, certain shock you tell
95:46 is making a mistake included in his the tonight that is post or divisional
96:04 . So if it's a Cambrian you should not have individual right in
96:09 any of it. Right. And will be contaminated from perhaps fluffing of
96:18 1 16 well and recirculated organic matter in the population. Right,
96:43 This is a slide showing the normal distribution. The number of carbon atoms
96:52 a molecule for algal precursors, bacterial for the waxy recorders, elegant organic
97:07 . We'll have full range photo carbons bacterial organic matter will have this range
97:19 represented. The waxy components will have material represented. Yeah, sure.
97:46 that consists of dominantly of algae will hydrocarbons in this range source with a
97:53 of bacteria in the sample. It have with range of distribution source that
98:01 a lot of waxy components giving rise waxy crude oils. Will have this
98:07 paraffin distribution. Okay. Okay this an example of um studying the lead
98:20 the piper field. The piper fields hey genetic sandstone. Thanks. Um
98:38 hydrocarbons draft in these conformity is so can take so in simple that we
98:57 here, analyze it and reduce all of things about. It's so strong
99:14 in the North sea. Um We bunch of wealth. I have five
99:25 represented here in a hand. The . C. 22 plus in other
99:32 the abundance of normal para fins With carbon atoms and longer. So the
99:43 of Norman Parabens with 22 carbon atoms longer in this sample is different from
99:52 abundance of normal para fins in this . And if I were to who
100:02 to guess its provenance, I can the dissembled is more distal than this
100:14 increased. Higher plant origin tours the east means proximity to a land
100:25 Yeah that's so shock was proximal to nests more approximately to the roundness than
100:33 sample. Therefore the c. normal terrapins are very abundant here and
100:42 less abundant here. Or the the planned contribution to these different rocks is
100:57 towards southeast. If I do regional . Okay. Um This is the
101:09 study. The regional distribution of major in types represented by humid carriages,
101:19 , encouraging and the increased courage in human condition concentration towards the southeast.
101:33 higher plants origin is represented here. lower plant origin is represented by these
101:47 . So we can talk about um waxy yeah organic matter and related to
102:02 plant versus lower plan. But I to caution you. There are certain
102:13 degenerate mhm hydrocarbons. That could be . Green algae. This particular species
102:32 only seafood 17 hydrocarbons, dan waxy . This called an algae generates this
102:46 of hydrocarbons. Trust this population of Si 15 to si 21 C.
102:54 C. 27. So and anorexia and the waxy components. This LG
103:09 generates The c. 17 to see but also see 22, normal
103:23 This particular algae has a bi modal . The strange and the strange this
103:31 has by modern distribution. This Strange. So my model elle girl
103:42 , blue greens. This particular species only being one mode in this range
103:55 hydrocarbon about this is keep um The algae generates this by model distributions.
104:11 you have this by model solution is model solution and this journey model solutions
104:20 these different kinds of cheese. Um can take an oil, analyze it
104:37 look at the distribution of normal para that I'll measure in the same in
104:43 sample from the from Ecuador. I this kind of normal pair of in
104:52 . c. 15 c. 16 . 17 c. 20 since
105:00 This is the abundance of the normal friends with these carbon numbers.
105:06 Or I can have The distribution like . The c. 15 c.
105:12 c. 30. So I have bi modal distribution. I call it
105:15 flat top for a bi modal When I see crude oils with this
105:23 of distribution, I quickly say that is sourced from like Astra. So
105:35 in centers Sumatra. This is the distribution coming from Lancastrian sourced oil in
105:52 . The distribution is unique model and marine sourced oil. So marine sourced
106:00 . Right? The clustering social Okay. Yeah. Okay.
106:14 Um I have the distribution of marine bacterial source, strong's marine algal bacterial
106:35 truck harmonic distribution of the normal benefits are going to be generated from these
106:43 oils. But there is more in chemistry of the hydrocarbons. Not only
106:53 I measure I mean pattern of the person distribution, but I can measure
107:00 DLC 13 of the normal benefits. signature of the normal benefits in the
107:08 oil When the topic signature is in range, I can say this is
107:19 deep water. Yeah. Organic fishies as of shore California. I can
107:32 in distribution that looks like this with superabundance of the c. to see
107:40 normal benefits. I say that this shallow water organic fishes uh with more
107:49 carriage in as the precursor organic So in the Persian gulf. I
107:55 the oil and analyzed. Yeah They'll 13 values. And I get this
108:03 of distribution well in offshore California and get this kind of distribution. I
108:17 this is a deep water fish. this is the shallow water fishes?
108:27 . Uh huh. Marine source trucks algal bacteria. Hell precursors. He
108:41 fishes. There's this is shallow water keep at the simplest level. You
108:56 at least go that far. Yeah the south china sea um You get
109:10 get their c. 13 value of to -20. That implies deepwater organically
109:23 . You get the l. 13 distribution in the -26 to minus
109:28 per mil shallow water organic fishies. are a more fiscal regions. But
109:37 is a deep water fish is, is a shallow water fisheries. All
109:45 this flat top distribution flat up Both are accustomed fishies. One is
109:58 water fish is one shallow water All I wanted to do here is
110:05 you the strength of this technology in these source rock fishes for a given
110:14 . Sure. If you make a or you find seep, you can
110:20 the CPE and in for what the rock faces is going to be generated
110:28 without even sampling the source rock. . Um It's for 20 Is that
110:44 20. Okay uh Let's break off at this point. Great, and
111:00 resume next week on friday. It's o'clock,
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